历年考研英语(二)考试大纲
历年考研英语二真题及答案
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:R ead the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Thinner isn‘t always better.A n u mber of studies have__1that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases c o mp a r ed to those who are overweight.And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually2.For example,heavier women are less likely t o develop calcium deficiency than thin women.3among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is o ften an4of good health.Of even greater5is the fact that obesity turns out t o be very difficult t o define.It is often defined6body mass index,or BMI.BMI7body mass divided by the squar e of height.An adult with a BMI of18t o25is o ften consideredt o be normal weight.Between25and30is overweight.And over30is considered obese.Obesity,8,can be divided into moderately obese,severely obese,and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem9_,they are not.Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat.Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,10others with a low BMI may be in po or11.For example, many collegiate and professional football players12as obese,though their per centage body fat is low.Conversely,someone with a small frame may have high body fat bu t a13BMI.T oday we have a(an)14t o label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes15in the media with their faces covered.S tereotypes16 with obesity include laziness,lack of will power,and lower prospects for success. T eachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown t o harbor biases against the obese.17very young children t e nd t o look d own on the overweight, and teasing abo ut body build has long been a pr oblem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity,18in health concerns,have stimulated a n u mbe r of anti-obesity19.My own hospital system has bannedsugary drinks from its facilities.Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign20 childhood obesity,even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1.[A]denied[B]conduced[C]doubled[D]ensur ed2.[A]protective[B]danger ous[C]sufficient[D]troublesome3.[A]Instead[B]However[C]Likewise[D]Therefore4.[A]indicator[B]objective[C]origin[D]example5.[A]impact[B]relevance[C]assistance[D]concern6.[A]in terms of[B]in case of[C]in favor of[D]in of7.[A]measur es[B]determines[C]equals[D]modifies8.[A]in essence[B]in contrast[C]in turn[D]in part9.[A]complicated[B]conservative[C]variable[D]straightforward10.[A]so[B]while[C]since[D]unless11.[A]shape[B]spirit[C]balance[D]taste12.[A]start[B]quality[C]retire[D]stay13.[A]strange[B]changeable[C]normal[D]constant14.[A]option[B]reason[C]opportunity[D]tendency15.[A]employed[B]pictured[C]imitated[D]monitored16.[A]c o mp ar e d[B]combined[C]settled[D]associated17.[A]Even[B]Still[C]Y et[D]Only18.[A]despised[B]corrected[C]ignored[D]grounded19.[A]discussions[B]businesses[C]policies[D]studies20.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]without―Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:R ead the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40points)T ext1What would you do with590m?This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie,an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small,tin-roofed house in Florida t o collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history.If she ho pes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment,she could do worse than r ead Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research t o show that the most rewarding ways to s pen d money can be counterintuitive.Fantasies of gr eat wealtho ften involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes.Y et satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat;regret creeps in.It is far better to s pen d money on experiences,say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton,like interesting trips,unique meals or even going to the cinema.These purchases often become mor e valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling mo r e connected t o others.This slim volume is pack ed with tips t o help wage slaves as well as lottery winners g e t the mos t"happiness bang for your buck."It seems mos t people would be better off if they could shorten their c o mmu t es to work,s pen d mo r e time with friends and family and less of it watching television(something the average American spends a whopping two mon ths a year doing,and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving t o charity is often mo r e pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself,and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are co nsu me d sparingly.This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib-a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.R eaders of Happy Money‖are clearly a privileged lot,anxious a bo u t fulfillment, no t hunger.Money may no t quite buy happiness,bu t people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones.Y et the link betw een feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people ar ound the world,and scarcity enhances the pleasure of mos t things for most people.Not everyone will agree with the authors‘policy ideas,which range from mandating more holiday time t o reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers.But mos t people will c o me away from this book believing it was money well spent.21.According t o Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A]A big house[B]A special tour[C]A stylish car[D]A rich meal22.The author‘s attitude toward Americans‘watching TV is[A]critical[B]supportive[C]sympathetic.[D]ambiguous23.Macrib is mentioned in paragraph3t o show that[A]consumers are sometimes irrational[B]popularity usually comes after quality[C]marketing tricks are after effective[D]rarity generally increases pleasure.24.According t o the last paragraph,Happy Money_[A]has left much room for readers‘criticism[B]may prove t o be a worthwhile purchase[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the us[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement25.This text mainly discusses how t o.[A]balancefeeling good and spending money[B]spend largesums of money won in lotteries[C]obtain lastingsatisfaction from money spent[D]become mo r ereasonable in spending on luxuries.― ―an I IT ext 2An article in Scientific America has pointed ou t that empirical research says that,actually, you think you‘re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep -seated need to feel good abo u t ourselves and we naturally employ a nu mber of self -enhancing strategies t o research into what the call the above average effec t‖, or illusory superiority‖, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others —all obviously statistical impossibilities.W e rose tint our memories and pu t ourselves into self -affirming situations. W ebecome defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes t o others to boos t our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we‘re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studyinginto self -enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original ph o t o gr a gh of themselves‘ from a lineup including versions that had been altered t o appear mo r e and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study , is ― automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no app ar ent conscious deliberation‖. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image - which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gen der difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self- enhance the must (that is, the participants who t hou ght the most positively doctor ed picture were real) were doing so to mak e up for pr o found insecurities. In fact thosewho th ough t that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corr esponded with those who sh ow e d other mak e rs for having higher self -esteem. ― don‘t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion‖, says Epley. ―t‘s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselv es‘. If you are depressed, you won‘t be self -enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ‗s study ,it makes sense that why people heat phot ographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level , they don‘t even recognize the person in the picture as themselves, Face book therefore ,is a self- enhancer‘s paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it‘s not that people‘s profiles are dishonest, says Catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,‖but they portray an idealized version of themselves.26.According t o the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that.[A] our self -ratings are unrealistically high―[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural [D] self -enhancing strategies are ineffective27.Visual recognition is believed t o be people‘s.[A]rapid watching[B]conscious choice [C]intuitive r esponse [D]automatic self -defence28.Epley found that people with higher self -esteem tended to.[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness [C] cover up their depressions [D] oversimplify their illusions29.The word Viscerally ‖ (Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning t o.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally [C]particularly [D]aggressively30.It can be inferred that F acebook is self-enhancer‘s paradise because people can.[A] present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional life styles [C]share their intellectual pursuits [D]withhold their unflattering sidesT ext3（暂缺）T ext4When the government talks a bo u t infrastructure contributing t o the economy the focus is usually on roads,railways,broadband and energy.Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that?T o some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.W e have n ot been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute t o economic growth.Then there is t he scale of the typical housing project.It is har d to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project,so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere.But perhaps the mos t significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless,the affordable housing situation is desperate.Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply no t building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government t o help rectify this.It n ee ds to pu t historical prejudices t o one side and take some stepst o address our ur gent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that.The communities minister,Don Foster,has hinted that George Osborne,Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce mo r e flexibility t o the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt.Evidence shows that60,000extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted,increasing GDPby0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers t o fund new developments from revenues.But it is no t just do wn to the government.While these measur es would be welcome in the short term,we must face up to the fact that the existing£4.5bn pr o gr amme of grants to fund new affordable housing,set to expire in2015,is unlikelyt o be extended bey ond then.The Labour party has recently a nnounc ed that it will retain a large part of the coalition‘s spending plans if returns to power.The housi sector nee ds to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants.We need to adjust t o this changing climate.36.The author believes that the housing sector[A]has attracted much attention[B]involves certain political factors[C]shoulders too much responsibility[D]has lost its real value in economy37.It can be learned that affordable housing has[A]increased its home supply[B]offered spending opportunities[C]suffered government biases[D]disappointed the government38.According t o P aragraph5,George Osborne may_.[A]allow greater government debt for housing[B]stop local authorities from building homes[C]pr epar e t o reduce housing stock debt[D]release a lifted GDP growth forecast39.It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would.[A]lower the costs of registered providers[B]lessen the impact of government interference[C]contribute to funding new developments[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities.40.The author believes that after2015,the government may[A]implement m o r e policies to support housing[B]review the need for large-scale public grants[C]renew the affordable housing grants pr o g r a mme[D]stop gener ous funding t o the housing sector―PartBDirections:R ead the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left columnthat corresponds to each of the mark ed details given in the right column. There are two extrachoices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)Uncommon Ground –Land Art in BritainThe term Land Art brings to mind epic interventions in the land such as R obert Smith son‘sSpiral Jetty, 6,500 tons of basalt, earth and salt projecting into Utah‘s Great Salt Lake, or RodenCrater , an extinct volcano in Arizona, which James T urrell has been transforming into an immense nak ed-eye observatory since 1979.Richard Long‘s A Li ne Made By Walking, however , involved nothing more strenuous than a20-minute train ride from W aterloo. Having got off some wher e in suburbia, the artist walkedbackwards and forwards over a piece of grass until the sq uashe d turf formed a line – a kind of drawing on the land.Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of arange of new forms, including Body Art, P erformance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, whichpushed art bey on d the traditional confines of the studio and gallery . Rather than portraying landscape, land artists u se d the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.The message of this survey of British land art – the most comprehensive to date – is that theBritish variant, typified by Lon g‘s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkierth an its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long‘s photograph of his work is the work. Since his acti on‖ is in the p ast the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains alot of black -and-white p h ot og raphs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain‘s best -known Land Artist and his S tone Circle, a perfect ring of purplishrocks from P ortishead beach laid out on the gallery floor , represents the elegant, rarefied side ofthe form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urb an aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf S treet Study , a square of brick -strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterises most of our experience of thelandscape most of the time.―Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard‘s very funny Across thePark, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittinglyassaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towardslandscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the WiltshireD owns. While it probably wasn‘t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of W ordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman‘s yellow -tinted film T owards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel P almer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can‘t help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply founda way of making his love of walking pay . A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a singlebeautiful black -and-white photograph tak en on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days tak en listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn‘t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape -orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of T urner and Constable.[A] originates from a long walk that the artist took41. S tone Circle42. Olaf Street Study43. Across the Park 44. T owards Avebury 45. Seven days[B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art[C] reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.[D] represents the elegance of the British land art [E] depicts the ordinary side of the British land art[F] embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish out doors [G] contains images from different parts of the s ame photograph.Section III T ranslation46. Directions:T ranslate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that‘sperpetually half fall. But that‘s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn‘t r ecommend. Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.‖ says T al Ben-Shahar , a Harvard professor , According t o Ben- Shalar ,realistic optimists are these who mak e the best of things that happen,bu t no t those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers.When he feels down-sag,after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission t o be human.He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner;some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction,He analyzes the weak lecture,leaning lessons,for the future abo ut what works and what doesn‘t.Finally,there is perspective,which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life,one lecture really doesn‘t matter.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose you are going to study abr o ad and share an ap artment with John,a local student.Write him t o email t o1)t ell him abo u t your living habits,and2)ask for advice a bo u t living there.Y ou should write a bo u t100words on answer sheet.Do no t use your own name.Part B48.Directions:Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET.(15points)Y ou should1.interpret the chart,and2.give your comments.Y ou should write a bo u t150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)。
英语二考研大纲(一)
英语二考研大纲(一)Studying for the English section of the National English Proficiency Test is a daunting task for many graduate students. 考研英语二大纲内容繁多，考生需要掌握大量的词汇、语法和阅读技巧。
The exam covers a wide range of topics, from reading comprehension to writing essays, and requires a thorough understanding of English language. 考试对考生的英语能力要求很高，需要他们具备在不同场景下运用英语的能力。
One of the biggest challenges for students preparing for the exam is the extensive vocabulary that is required. 英语二考研大纲要求考生掌握大量的词汇，包括常见词汇和专业术语。
Remembering and understanding this many words can be overwhelming for many students. 记忆这么多词汇对许多考生来说是一个挑战，需要他们花费大量的时间和精力来学习和掌握。
Another important aspect of the exam is the ability to understand and analyze complex texts. 在考试中，阅读理解是一个重要的部分，要求考生能够理解和分析文章内容。
This requires strong reading comprehension skills and the ability to critically think about theinformation presented. 这需要考生具备较强的阅读理解能力和分析能力，以便能够理清文章的逻辑结构和观点。
考研历年英语二大、小作文真题及范文大全(2011—2014)1117
历年英语二大、小作文真题及范文（2011—2014）一、2014年英语二作文真题1. 小作文Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student, write him an email to1) tells him, about your living habit ,and2) ask for advice for living thereDo not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 Points)2. 大作文Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should interpret the chart, and give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)3. 范文小作文：征求建议信Dear John,I am Li Ming who will go to study in your university and live together with you in one department. Now I am writing this letter to tell you some of my habits and ask you for some suggestions to adapt myself there.我是李明，他将去贵校学习，和你一起住在一个系里。
现在我写这封信是想告诉你我的一些习惯，并要求你给我一些建议使我适应那里。
2015年考研英语(二)翻译大纲解析
2015年考研英语（二）翻译大纲解析在所有考研学子的殷切期待中，2015年考研大纲解析于9月13日隆重出炉。
值得庆幸的是，英语（二）翻译大纲和去年没有任何变化，广大考生尽可放心地按原计划复习。
尽管如此，为了帮助英语（二）考生把握好备考的方向，本文将从考研英语翻译的两个最重要因素——理解和表达——进行大纲解读。
英语（二）翻译部分考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力，考生阅读、理解长度为150词左右的一个或几个英语段落，并将其全部译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺，共15分。
考研英语（二）的翻译部分与大家所熟悉的英语（一）不同，英语（二）考试的翻译部分属于段落翻译，而段落翻译对上下文理解上的依赖性更强。
翻译中最重要的就是理解与表达。
第一步是理解句子内部的逻辑关系，而这种逻辑关系首先体现为句法关系。
理解句法关系必然需要考生具备足够的语言知识，也就是必须有语法做基础。
另外，所要翻译的内容还是由学科知识构成，英语（二）和英语（一）在内容上的不同体现在英语（二）更生活化，涉及很多生活领域中的知识，也较容易理解。
因此考生平时要注意积累相关的知识。
理解的第二步是理解词义。
这一步涉及单词的意义选择。
英语中一词多义和汉语中的一字多义一样，是常见的语言现象。
越是常用的词，其释义越繁多，搭配也越丰富。
如果没有选择正确的词义，很难达到理解。
词义的选择有多方面的影响因素，如词的难度或上下文的难易程度。
考生们必须在不断的翻译练习中提高词义选择的能力。
在翻译的过程中，有了正确的理解并不等于翻译已经完成。
正确的理解是翻译中正确表达的基础；没有正确的理解，正确的表达也就无从谈起。
反之，翻译没有正确的表达，正确的理解也是枉然，翻译也就不成翻译。
在理解的基础之上，下一步需要做的就是表达，即将英语转化为汉语。
有的时候，在同一个正确理解的基础上，我们会有多种正确的表达方法，我们应选用最符合汉语习惯的表达。
这一步主要涉及选词和运用一定的翻译技巧。
2023年全国硕士研究生考试考研英语二试题真题(含答案)
2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Here’s a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today: you’re the CEO of a small business, and though you’re making a nice __1__, you need to find a way to take it to the next level. What you need to do is __2__ growth by establishing a growth team. A growth team is made up of members from different departments within your company, and it harnesses the power of collaboration to focus __3___ on finding ways to grow.Let’s look at a real-world __4___. Prior to forming a growth team, the software company BitTorrent had 50 employees working in the __5___ departments of engineering, marketing and product development. This brought them good results until 2012, when their growth plateaued. The __6__ was that too many customers were using the basic, free version of their product. And __7__ making improvements to the premium, paid version, few people were making the upgrade. Things changed, __8__, when an innovative project-marketing manager came aboard, __9__ a growth team and sparked the kind of __10__ perspective they needed. By looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view, it became clear that the __11__ of upgrades wasn’t due to a quality issue. Most customers were simply unaware of the premium version and what it offered. Armed with this __12__, the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently ___13____ the premium version to users of the free version. ____14_____, upgrades skyrocketed, and revenue increased by 92 percent.But in order for your growth team to succeed, it needs to have a strong leader. It needs someone who can ___15__ the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvement.This leader will __16__ the target area, set clear goals and establish a time frame for the___17___ of these goals. The growth leader is also __18__ for keeping the team focused on moving forward and steering them clear of distractions. __19__ attractive new ideas can be distracting, the team leader must recognize when these ideas don’t __20___ the current goal and need to be put on the back burner.1.[A] purchase[B]profit[C]connection[D]bet2.[A] define[B]predict[C]prioritize[D]appreciate3.[A] exclusively[B]temporarily[C]potentially[D]initially4.[A] experiment[B]proposal[C]debate[D]example5.[A] identical[B]marginal[C]provisional[D]traditional6.[A] rumor[B]secret[C]myth[D]problem7. [A] despite[B] unlike [C] through [D] besides8. [A] moreover [B] however[C] therefore [D] again9. [A] inspected [B] created[C] expanded [D] reformed10. [A] cultural [B] objective [C] fresh [D] personal11. [A] end [B] burden [C] lack[D] decrease12. [A] policy [B] suggestion [C] purpose [D] insight13. [A] contributing [B] allocating [C] promoting[D] transforming14. [A] as a result[B] at any rate [C] by the way [D] in a sense15. [A] unite[B] finance [C] follow [D] choose16. [A] share [B] identify[C] divide [D] broaden17.[A] announcement [B] assessment [C] adjustment [D]accomplishment18. [A] famous [B] responsible[C] available [D] respective19. [A] before [B] once [C] while[D] unless20. [A] serve[B] limit [C] summarize [D] alterSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by Choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In the quest for the perfect lawn, homeowners across the country are taking a shortcut — and it is the environment that is paying the price. About eight million square metres of plastic grass is sold each year but opposition has now spread to the highest gardening circles.The Chelsea Flower Show has banned fake grass from this year’s event, declaring it to be not part of its ethos. The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), which runs the annual show in west London, says it has introduced the ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity.Ed Horne, of the RHS, said: “We launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our ethos and views on plastic. We recommend using real grass because of its environmental benefits, which include supporting wildlife, mitigating flooding and cooling the environment.”The RHS’s decision comes as campaigners try to raise awareness of the problems fake grass causes. A Twitter account called Shit Lawns, which claims to “cut through the greenwash” of artificial grass, already has more than 20,000 followers. It is trying to encourage people to sign two petitions, one calling for a ban on the sale of plastic grass and another calling for an “ecological damage” tax on such lawns. They have gathered 7,260 and 11,272 signatures.However, supporters of fake grass point out that there is also an environmental impact with natural lawns, which need mowing and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol. The industry also points out that real grass requires considerable amounts of water, weed killer or other treatments and that people who lay fake grass tend to use their garden more. The industry also claims that people who lay fake grass spend an average of £500 on trees or shrubs for their garden, which provides habitat for insects.In response to another petition last year about banning fake lawns, which gathered 30,000 signatures, the government responded that it has “no plans to ban the use of artificial grass”.It added: “We prefer to help people and organizations make the right choice rather than legislating on such matters. However, the use of artificial grass must comply with the legal and policy safeguards in place to protect biodiversity and ensure sustainable drainage, while measures such as the strengthened biodiversity duty should serve to encourage public authorities to consider sustainable alternatives.”21. The RHS thinks that plastic grass __________.[A] is harmful to the environment[B] is a hot topic in gardening circles[C] is overpraised in the annual show[D] is ruining the view of west London22. The petitions mentioned in para.3 reveal the campaigner's ________.[A] disappointment with the RHS[B] resistance to fake grass use[C] anger over the proposed tax[D] concern above real grass supply23. In para 4, supporters of fake grass point out that_________.[A] the necessity to lower the costs of fake grass[B] the disadvantages of growing real grass[C] the way to take care of artificial lawns[D] the challenges of insect habitat protection24. What would the government do with regard to artificial grass?[A] urge legislation to restrict its use[B] take measures to guarantee its quality[C] remind its users to obey existing rules[D] replace it with sustainable alternatives25. It can be learned from the text that fake grass ________ .[A] is being improved continuously[B] has been a market share decline[C] is becoming affordable[D] has been a controversial productText 2It’s easy to dismiss as absurd the Trump administration’s ideas for plugging the chronic funding gap of our national parks. Can anyone really think it’s a good idea to allow Amazon deliveries to your tent in Yosemite or food trucks to line up under the redwood trees at Sequoia National Park? But the administration is right about one thing: U.S. national parks are in crisis. Collectively, they have a maintenance backlog of more than $12 billion. Roads, trails, restrooms, visitor centers and other infrastructure are crumbling.But privatizing and commercializing the campgrounds would not be the panacea that the Interior Department’s Outdoor Advisory Committee would have us believe. Campgrounds are a tiny portion of the overall infrastructure backlog, and concessionaires in the parks hand over, on average, only about 5% of their revenues to the National Park Service.Moreover, increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300 million visitors come to the parks each year: to enjoy nature and get a respite from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms daily life.The real problem is that the parks have been chronically starved of funding. We conducted a comprehensive survey examining how U.S. residents view their national parks, and we found that Americans place a very high value on them — whether or not they actually visit them. The peer-reviewed economic survey of 700 U.S. taxpayers, conducted by mail and internet, also found that people would be willing to pay a significant amount of money to make sure the parks and their programs are kept intact. Some 81% of respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the next 10 years to avoid any cuts to the national parks.The national parks provide great value to U.S. residents both as places to escape and as symbols of nature. On top of this, they produce value from their extensive educational programs, their positive impact on the climate through carbon sequestration, their contribution to our cultural and artistic life, and of course through tourism. The parks also help keep America’s past alive, working with thousands of local jurisdictions around the country to protect historical sites — including Ellis Island and Gettysburg — and to bring the stories of these places to life.The parks do all this on a shoestring. Congress allocates only $3 billion a year to the national park system — an amount that has been flat since 2001 (in inflation-adjusted dollars) with the exception of a onetime boost in 2009 as part of the Obama stimulus package. Meanwhile, the number of annual visitors has increased by more than 50% since 1980, and now stands at 330 million visitors per year.26. What problem are U.S. national parks faced with?[A] decline of business profits[B] inadequate commercialization[C] lack of transportation services[D] poorly maintained infrastructure27. Increased privatization of the campground may_______?[A] spoil visitor experience[B] help preserve nature[C] bring operational pressure[D] boost visits to parks28. According to para.5, most respondents in the survey would ______?[A] go to the national parks on a regular basis[B] advocate a bigger budget for the national parks[C] pay extra for the national parks[D] support the national parks' recent reforms29. The national parks are valuable in that they________[A] lead the way in tourism[B] have historical significance[C] sponsor research on climate[D] provide an income for locals30. It can be concluded from the text that the national park system _______[A] is able to cope with shortages[B] is able to meet visitors' demand[C] is in need of a new pricing policy[D] is in need of a funding increaseText 3The Internet may be changing merely what we remember, not our capacity to do so, suggests Columbia University psychology professor Betsy Sparrow. In 201, Sparrow led a study in which participants were asked to record 40 facts in a computer ("an ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain, for example). Half of the participants were told the information would be erased, while the other half were told it would be saved. Guess what? The latter group made no effort to recall the information when quizzed on it later, because they knew they could find it on their computers. In the same study, a group was asked to remember their information and the folders it was stored in. They didn't remember their information. But they remembered how to find the folders. In other words, human memory is not deteriorating but "adapting to new communications technology," Sparrow says.In a very practical way, the Internet is becoming an external hard drive for our memories, a process known as "cognitive offloading." "Traditionally, this role was fulfilled by data banks, libraries, and other humans. Your father may never remember birthdays because your mother does, for instance. Some worry that this is having a destructive effect on society, but Sparrow sees an upside. Perhaps, she suggests, the trend will change our approach to learning from a focus on individual facts and memorization to an emphasis on more conceptual thinking -something that isnot available on the Internet." I personally have never seen all that much intellectual value in memorizing things," Sparrow says, adding that we haven't lost our ability to do it.Still, other experts say it's too soon to understand how the Internet affects our brains. There is no experimental evidence showing that it interferes with our ability to focus, for instance, wrote psychologists Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons. And surfing the web exercised the brain more than reading did among computer-save older adults in a 2008 study involving 24 participants at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at the University of California, Los Angeles.There may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the Internet but I'd have to imagine that overall the benefits are going to outweigh those costs, observes psychology professor Benjamin Storm:'It seems pretty clear that memory is changing, but is it changing for the better? At this point, we don't know.31.Sparrow's study shows that with the Internet, the human brain will ________[A] analyze information in detail[B] collect information efficiently[C] switch its focus of memory[D] extend its memory duration32.The process of "cognitive offloading"________[A] helps us identify false information[B] keeps our memory from failing[C] enables us to classify trivial facts[D] lessens our memory burdens33.Which of the following would Sparrow support about the Internet?[A] It may reform our way of learning[B] It may impact our society negatively[C] It may enhance our adaptability to technology[D] It may interfere with our conceptual thinking34. It is indicated in Para 3 that how the Internet affects our brains?[A] requires further academic research[B] is most studies in older adults[C] is reflected in our reading speed[D] depends on our web-surfing habits35. Neither Sparrow nor Storm would agree that ________[A] our reliance on the Internet will be costly[B] the Internet is weakening our memory[C] memory exercise is a must for our brain[D] our ability to focus decline with ageText 4Teenagers are paradoxical. That's a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language. But the paradox is scientific as well as personal. In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other. At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers, often to the point of self-destruction. Accidental deaths go up dramatically in adolescence.A new study published in the journal Child Development, by Eveline Crone of the University of Leiden and colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand. The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence. For a long time, scientists and policymakers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved. The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.The researchers studied “prosocial” and rebellious traits in more than 200 children and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old. The participants filled out questionnaires about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive, like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend, or rebellious and negative, like getting drunk or staying out late. Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager and then fades away as you grow older. But the new study shows that, interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior. Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like unselfishly help a friend.Most significantly, there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness. The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others. The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together.Is there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments? One idea is that teenage behavior is related to what researchers call “reward sensitivity.”Decision-making always involves balancing rewards and risks, benefits and costs. “Reward sensitivity” measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk.Teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards—winning the game, impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you. Reward sensitivity, like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we age. Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn’t seem to outweigh the effort of getting up off the couch.36.According to Paragraph 1, children growing into adolescence tend to ______[A] develop opposite personality traits[B] see the world in an unreasonable way[C] have fond memories of the past[D] show attention for their parents37.It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that Crone's study[A] explores teenagers' social resposibilities[B] examines teenagers' emotional problems[C] provides a new insight into adolescence[D] highlight negative adolescent behaviour38.What does Crone's study find about prosocial behavior?[A] It results from the wish to cooperate[B] It is cultivated through education[C] It is subject to family influence[D] It tends to peak in adolescence39.It can be learned from the last two paragraphs that teenagers ______[A] overstress their influence on others[B] care a lot about social recognition[C] become anxious about their future[D] endeavor to live a joyful life40. What is the text mainly about?[A] why teenagers are self-contradictory[B] why teenagers are risk-sensitive[C] How teenagers develop prosociality[D] How teenagers become independentPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Net-zero rules set to send cost of new homes and extensions soaringNew building regulations aimed at improving energy efficiency are set to increase the price of new homes, as well as those of extensions and loft conversions on existing ones.The rules, which came into effect on Wednesday in England, are part of government plans to reduce the UK’s carbon emissions to net zero by 2050. They set new standards for ventilation, energy efficiency and heating, and state that new residential buildings must have charging points for electric vehicles.The moves are the most significant change to building regulations in years, and industry experts say they will inevitably lead to higher prices at a time when a shortage of materials and high labour costs is already driving up bills.Brian Berry, chief executive of the Federation of Master Builders, a trade group for small and medium-sized builders, says the measures will require new materials, testing methods, productsand systems to be installed. “All this comes at an increased cost during a time when prices are already sky high. Inevitably, consumers will have to pay more,” he says.Gareth Belsham, of surveyors Naismiths, says people who are upgrading, or extending their home, will be directly affected.“The biggest changes relate to heating and insulation,” he says. “There are new rules concerning the amount of glazing used in extensions, and any new windows or doors must be highly insulated.”Windows and doors will have to adhere to higher standards, while there are new limits on the amount of glazing you can have to reduce unwanted heat from the sun.Thomas Goodman, of MyJobQuote, a site which sources quotes, says this will bring in new restrictions for extensions.“Glazing on windows, doors and rooflights must cover no more than 25% of the floor area to prevent heat loss, ” he says.As the rules came into effect last Wednesday, property developers were rushing to file plans just before the deadline. Any plans submitted before that date are considered to be under the previous rules, and can go ahead as long as work starts before 15 June next year.Builders which have costed projects, but have not filed the paperwork, may need to go back and submit fresh estimates, says Marcus Jefford of Build Aviator, which prices projects.As the changes are aimed to make homes more energy efficient, they will eventually drive down heating bills. But in the short-term homeowners are likely to face higher costs for work. Materials prices are already up 25% in the last two years, according to figures from the Construction Products Association. How much overall prices will increase as a result of the rule changes is not clear. “While admirable in their intentions, they will add to the cost of housebuilding at a time when many already feel that they are priced out of homeownership,” says Rolande. “An average extension will probably see around £3,000 additional cost thanks to the new regs.”John Kelly, a construction lawyer at Freeths law firm, believes prices will eventually come down. But not in the immediate future. “As the marketplace adapts to the new requirements, and the technologies that support them, the scaling up of these technologies will eventually bring costs down, but in the short term, we will all have to pay the price of the necessary transition,” he says. However, the long-term effects of the changes will be more comfortable and energy-efficient homes, adds Andrew Mellor. “Homeowners will probably recoup that cost over time in energy bill savings. It will obviously be very volatile at the moment, but they will have that benefit over time.”[A] The rise of home prices is a temporarymatter.41.Brian Berry [B] Builders possibly need to submit newestimates of their projects.42.Gareth Belsham [C] There will be specific limits on homeextensions to prevent heat loss43.Marcus Jefford [D] The new rules will take home price to aneven higher lever.44.John Kelly [E] Many people feel that home prices arealready beyond what they can afford45.Andrew Mellor [F] The new rules will affect people whosehome extensions include new windows ordoors.[G] The rule changes will benefit homeownerseventually.【参考答案】41.D42.F43.B44.A45.GSection III Translation46. Directions:Translate following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)In the late 18th century, William Wordsworth became famous for his poems about nature. And he was one of the founders of a movement called Romanticism, which celebrated the wonders of the natural world.Poetry is powerful. Its energy and rhythm can capture a reader, transport them to another world and make them see things differently. Through carefully selected words and phrases, poems can be dramatic, funny, beautiful, moving and inspiring.No one knows for sure when poetry began but it has been around for thousands of years, even before people could write. It was a way to tell stories and pass down history. It is closely related to song and even when written it is usually created to be performed out loud. Poems really cometo life when they are recited. This can also help with understanding them too, because the rhythm and sounds of the words become clearer.【参考译文】18世纪晚期，威廉·华兹华斯因其关于自然的诗歌而闻名。
历年考研英语二真题及答案
考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantage of electronic money, you might think that we should move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically _1 , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2_ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very 3_ of money itself”， only to 4_ itself several years later. Why has the movement to cashless society been so 5_ in coming1. A moreover B however C therefore D otherwise2. A off B back C over D around3. A power B history C concept D sole4. A reverse B resist C resume D reward5. A silent B slow C sudden D steadySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following fourtexts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay, entitled “Making It in America,” in the latest issue of The Atlantic, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines。
考研英语二大纲及样题
D
(1)语法
我们英语二规定了总共有八个语法点，具体的语法点是要考的。只要把这八点做到了，基本上就没问题了。首先第一个就是名词、代词它的用法，数和格，就是可数不可数，这种会考。第二个是形容词。第三个是动词，动词包括时态、语态，时态就是常见的，比如一般现在、一般将来这样子的过去时，语态就是主动和被动。第四点常用连词，连词大家知道常用的就是七个，这个大家把它准备好了，估计在考察语法方面不大。第五个就是非谓语动词，就是不定式和名词。第六个虚拟语气，具体有什么样的表现形式，以及虚拟语气在语言中起到一个什么样的作用，这个应该是一个考察的重点。第七个就是从句，列了宾语从句、主语从句和表语从句。第八个同谓语从句，只要把这些语法点梳理下来了，大概有一个基本概念就没问题了。
第二部分，英语一这部分规定了三种题型，一种是七选五，给你七个选五个。第二种是搭配，第三个是排序。最近几年一直考的是七选五，是比较成熟的题型。英语二第二部分，就是新题型部分也规定了三种题型，这三种题型跟英语一非常不一样，第一种题型就是它给一篇文章，让你看，看完了以后让你做一个配队，左边有一系列小短句子，右边有一系列补全这个句子的成份，七个选五个，配比下来，有两个选不到，这个难度比较低，只要对文章有一个整体的大概的理解应该都可以做。第二种就是小标题，我们也叫搭配题，就是用标题和文章段落进行搭配，这个跟英语一是完全一致的。第三种，是让你先读文章，有五个句子，让你根据文章的意思判断正误，这个难度更低了，你猜一下也有五成的把握。所以英语二第二部分，就是Part B这个难度比较低。
第一点，英语一要求大家能够理解文章中概念性的含义，而英语二是没有的。也就是文章中不太会出现一些特别抽象的，特别复杂的费解的概念。
第二点，它只要求进行相关的判断、推理，而不需要进行相关的引申，没有引申，也就是说在英语二中如果出现我们阅读理解中的一种题型，叫做推理题的话，它推理的难度要小于英语一。
英语二考试大纲解析
英语二考试大纲解析英语二考试大纲解析(精选3篇)考研大纲是对考研科目的考试范围、考试要求、考试形式、试卷结构等权威政策指导性考研用书。
下面给大家分享英语二考试大纲解析，希望能够帮助大家!英语二考试大纲解析（篇1）一、对照新旧大纲作对比并整理每年考研大纲发布后，会有一些考点的删减和新增，对于同学们来说，这些不同往往需要格外关注，是考试的重点。
比如毛中特部分，新增的考点往往还意味着党和国家在整体政策方面的调整，这对于后面的材料分析与时事政治分析题的准备也有重大影响。
二、删除的知识点记住即可，无需太多关注。
在梳理和对比时，要注意逻辑与知识脉络的搭建。
不要机械地归纳，而应该在整理中逐渐领悟考纲新变，同时结合自身的水平，对自己所需的复习进度有一个比较清晰的认知。
三、结合大纲，做好练习在知道考研大纲的变化之后，就需要结合大纲做练习了，用练习检测自己的考纲复习状况，找出忽略的、没完全弄懂的，或者理解错误的知识点，让自己的复习效果达到最优。
最后对于练习中的错误做好总结，并多加记录和回顾。
四、着重看考纲细节变化由于每年大纲总体上变化不大，但是一些细小的地方变化却是很大的，需要同学们自己注意留心一下。
列如去年的考研英语大纲中，大纲给出的词汇数量并无改变，但大纲的词表后面给出了一些词缀的加强和注释，此处变化看似普通，实质却意味着考研英语对词义深度与延伸词汇有了新的要求标准。
因此我们要了解细节变化，调整复习倾向，万万不可忽视。
英语二考试大纲解析（篇2）大纲的作用，除了给同学们一个准备方向，更重要的，还是给命题老师一个命题的标准。
想到自己竟然拿到了考研命题标准，是不是觉得自己已经胜券在握?是的，在某种程度上，你可以这样认为;但是，只是看到大纲还远远不够。
你是否真的了解大纲，是否真的知道所增加或删减的字词背后所代表的实际意义?努力固然重要，但朝着正确方向努力，才是成功的正解。
现在我们就一起来看看今年的《大纲》的变化。
都言“得阅读者得天下”，阅读部分的重要性，从其分值分布就可见一斑。
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2020年考研英语(二)考试大纲
2020年英语（二）考研大纲会在2019年秋季发布，近几年英语（二）考研大纲没有太大变化，参加2020年研究生考试（非英语专业）的同学可以先参考这份大纲进行复习。
I. 考试性质
英语(二)考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。
其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
II .考查目标
考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：
(一)语言知识
1. 语法知识
考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：
(1)名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;
(2)动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;
(3)形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法;
(4)常用连接词的词义及其用法;
(5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;
(6)虚拟语气的构成及其用法;
(7)各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;
(8)倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。
2. 词汇
考生应能较熟练地掌握5 500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组(详见附录相关部分)。
考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。
(二)语言技能
1. 阅读
考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。
题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。
根据阅读材料，考生应能：
(1)理解主旨要义;
(2)理解文中的具体信息;
(3)理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系;
(4)根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义;
(5)进行一定的判断和推理;
(6)理解作者的意图、观点或态度。
2. 写作
考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作。
短文应中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。
III. 考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构
(一)考试形式
考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
试卷包括试题册和1张答题卡。
考生应将英语知识运用和阅读理解部分的答案按要求涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，将英译汉和写作部分的答案书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
(二)考试内容
试题分四部分，共48题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解、英译汉和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用
主要考查考生对英语知识的综合运用能力。
共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇约350词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
第二部分阅读理解
主要考查考生获取信息、理解文章、猜测重要生词词义并进行推断等方面的能力。
该部分由A、B两节组成，共25小题，每小题2分，共50分。
A节(20小题)
本部分为多项选择题。
共四篇文章，总长度为1 500词左右。
要求考生阅读文章并回答每篇文章后面的问题。
考生需要在每小题所提供的选项(A、B、C、D)中选出唯一正确或是最合适的答案。
每篇文章设5题，共20题。
每小题2分，共40分。
B节(5小题)
本部分有两种备选题型。
每次考试从这两种题型中选择其中的一种形式，或者两种形式的组合进行考查。
本节文章设5小题，每小题2分，共10分。
备选题型包括：
1)多项对应
本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。
要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。
2)小标题对应
在一篇长度为450~550词的文章前有7个概括句或小标题。
这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括或阐述。
要求考生根据文章内容和篇章结构从这7个选项中选出最恰当的5个概括句或小标题填入文章空白处。
第三部分英译汉
考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。
要求译文准确、完整、通顺。
要求考生阅读、理解长度为150词左右的一个或几个英语段落，并将其全部译成汉语。
共15分。
第四部分写作
该部分由A、B两节组成，主要考查考生的书面表达能力。
共2题，25分。
A节
考生根据所给情景写出约100词(标点符号不计算在内)的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等。
共10分。
B节
要求考生根据所规定的情景或给出的提纲，写出一篇150词左右的英语说明文或议论文。
提供情景的形式为图画、图表或文字。
共15分。