美国文学史发展概况(老师给的复习提纲)

美国文学史复习提纲一、殖民主义时期的文学(The Literature of Colonial America) 17th.c一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：①narratives 日记, ②journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）about their voyage to the new land2) about adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) about dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Puritans wished to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）Puritans looked upon themselves as a people chosen by God, and it followed logically that anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God's will and was not to be accepted.认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）Puritan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God and to forget his mercy.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton 约翰·科登，Roger William 罗杰·威廉姆斯他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy;William begins the history of religious toleration in America.5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。

没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。

6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 安妮·布雷兹特里特(女) sincere belief in God7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of the Puritan poets was Edward Taylor爱德华·泰勒(1642-1729)8、Captain John Smith, his reports of exploration has been regarded as the first distinctly American literature.学习指南：1、Could you give me a description of American Puritans? (关于美国清教徒的描绘)Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italian, and Portuguese.二、理性和革命时期文学(The Literature of Reason and Revolution) 18th.c一、美国的性质：The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 最终以联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国的建立而宣布结束。

二、代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-17901）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 《穷查理历书》，an annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是科学、经济和政治等时事方面的问题3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借图书的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学的前身。

4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.5) As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。

他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。

6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的表达能力，文笔简洁，内蕴幽默，且擅讽刺。

7）《致》是《自》的简明总结“The Way to Wealth”《致富之道》《自》是《致》的详细注脚“The Autobiography”《自传》, 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因1737-1809 "Great Commoner of Mankind" 最平凡的人1）famous pamphlet "Common Sense" 著名的政治小册子《常识》, it boldly advocated a "Declaration for Independence", and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机。