现代语言学名词解释

一绪论

1 Linguisitics:Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language

2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants

3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For

example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.

4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and

“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.

5 Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”

6 Semantics:The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things.

7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.

8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social

variation in language.

9Psycholinguistics: The study

of language with reference to

workings of mind is called

psycholinguistics.

二音系学

1 Phonetics: The study of

sounds that are used in linguistic

communication is called

phonetics.

2 Phonology: The study of how

sounds are put together and used

in communication is called

phonology.

3 Phone: Phone can be simply

defined as the speech sounds we

use when speaking a language.

A phone is a phonetic unit or

segement. It does not

necessarily distinguish meaning;

some do,some don’t.

4 Phoneme: Phonology is

concerned with the speech

sounds which distinguish

meaning. The basic unit in

phonology is called phoneme;it

is a unit that is of distinctive

value.

5 allophone: The different

phones which can represent a

phoneme in different phonetic

environment are called the

allophones of that phoneme.

6 Complementary distribution:

These two allophones of the

same phoneme are said to be in

compkenebtary distribution.

7 Minimal pair: When two

different forms are identical in

every way except for one sound

segement which occurs in the

same place in the stings, the two

words are said to form a

minimal pair.

8 Stress: When a certain syllable

of a word is stressed, it means

that the syllable is prounced

with great force than the other

or others.

9 tones: Tones are pitch

variation, which are caused by

the different rates of vibration of

the vocal cords. Pitch variations

can distinguish meaning just

like phoneme; therefore, the

tone is a suprasegemental

feature.

10 intonation: When pitch,

stress and sound length are tied

to the sentence rather than the

word in isolation, they are

collectively known as intonation.

Intonation plays an important

role in conveying meaning in

almost every

language,especially in a

language like English

三形态学

1 morphology: Morphology is a

branch of grammer which

studies the internal structure of

words and the rules by which

words are formed.

2 inflectional morphology:

Inflectional morphology studies

the inflections of

word-formation.

3 derivational morphology:

Derivational morphology is the

study of word-formation.

4 morpheme: Morpheme is the

smallest meaningful unit of

language.

5 free morpheme: Free

morpheme are the morphemes

which are independent units of

meaning and can be used freely

all by themselces or in

combination with other

morphemes.

6 bound morpheme: Bound

morphemes are the morphemes

which cannot be used

independently but have to be

combined with other

morphemes, either free or bound,

to form a word.

7 root: A root is often seen as

part of a word; it can never

stand by itself although it bears

clear,definite meaning; it must

be combined with another root

or an affix to form a word.

8 affix: Affixes are of two types:

inflectional and derivational.

9 prefix: Prefix occur at the

beginning of a word.

10 suffix: Suffixes are added to

the end of the stems; they

modify the meaning of the

original word and in many cases

change its part of speech.

11 derivation: Derivation affixes

are added to an existing form to

creat a word.Derivation can be

viewed as the adding of affixes

to stem to form nes words.

12 compounding: Like

derivation, compounding is

another popular and important

way of forming new words in

English. Compounding can be

viewed as the combination of

two or sometimes more than

two words to creat new words.

四句法学

1 linguistic competence:

Comsky defines competence as

the ideal user’s knowledge of

the rules of his language,and

performance the actual