纺织品和服装协定要点.doc
纺织品与服装协议(DOC13)(1)
纺织品与服装协议各成员方：回忆部长们在埃斯特角城达成的协议，“纺织品和服装领域的谈判应旨在依据被强化了的关贸总协定规那么和纪律，制定能使这一部门最终纳进关贸总协定的方法，籍以促成贸易进一步自由化目标的实现〞；同时回忆在贸易谈判委员会1989年4月的决议中，一致同意纳进进程应在乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结束时开始，而且应循序渐进；还回忆到各成员方一致同意应给予最不兴盛国家以特别待遇；兹达成协议如下：第1条1.本协议制订出纺织品和服装部门纳进1994关贸总协定过渡期间各成员方应适用的。
2.各成员方同意以使纺织品和服装贸易的小需求方进进市场的可能性有实质性增长，并使纺织品与服装贸易领域新参加方有商业价值的贸易时机得以开展的方式利用本协议第2条第18款和第6条第6款的。
3.各成员方应对未同意“1986国际纺织品贸易协定〞(以下称作多种纤维协定)延长书的成员方之处境予以适当照顾，并应尽可能地在适用本协议条款方面给予其特别待遇。
4.各成员方同意在与之协商之后，应使棉花生产出口成员方的特别利益，在本协议条款的执行中得到反映。
5.为便于纺织品和服装部门纳进1994关贸总协定，各成员方应将持续的自动的产业调整和在其市场上加大的竞争性考虑进往。
6.除非本协议中另有，否那么，本协议的条款不得阻碍各成员方在世界贸易组织协定及多边贸易协定下的权利和义务。
7.本协议所适用的纺织品和服装产品列于附件中。
第2条1.所有在世界贸易组织协定生效日往常依据多种纤维协定第4条维持的双边协定的数量限制和依据第7条及第8条通报的数量限制，应在协定生效后的60天内由接着维持此种限制和各成员方将包括限制水平、增长率和灵活性等方面的具体情况向按第8条设立的纺织品监督局(以下简称监督局)通报。
各成员方同意自世界贸易组织协定生效之日起，1947关贸总协定缔约方之间维持的所有在世界贸易组织协定生效前一日尚有效地此种限制应按本协议的来处理。
2.监督局应将这些通报分发给所有成员方以供其参考。
《纺织品与服装协议》
一、产生背景 二、主要内容 三、案例
一、产生背景
“乌拉圭回合”把纺织品与服装贸易列为 15个谈判议题之一，并确定将纺织品与服装贸 易纳入关税与贸易总协定规则的谈判目标。经 过发展中国家和地区的不懈努力和坚决斗争， 发达国家被迫作出较大妥协，终于在1993年 12月达成了《纺织品与服装协议》。该协议用 来取代《多种纤维协议》，为最终取消配额限 制制定了过渡性安排，也是世贸组织各项协议 中惟一规定了自行废止内容的协议。
三、案例
2005年4月，欧盟决定对来自中国的 针织衬衫，毛衫，裤子等九种纺织品进行贴别限制措 施的调查，中国表示强烈反对。5月温家宝总理在北京 会见欧盟“三驾马车”外长，就欧盟对华纺织品和服 装出口受限问题表明了中方立场，缓解当前中欧纺织 品贸易摩擦和矛盾需双方共同努力，中国政府以积极 的态度促进纺织品贸易一体化的平稳过渡，主动采取 了包括对部分纺织品加征出口关税、降低纺织品出口 退税率、实行出口自动许可管理等一系列措施。 2005年9月，欧盟决定对从中国进口的化纤布征收为期 五年的最高达56.2%的反倾销税。欧盟还决定对45家 指定的中国公司实行税收优惠，最低税率为14.1%。
8.防止违规转运：为防止以转运、迂回转口、 申报不实的原产地，伪造官方文件、申报不实 的成份、数量、品名或分类规避管制，各国应 依其国内法令采取防制措施，且应相互充分合 作，包括调查、交换资料及以个案要求方式， 协助参访工厂，如经查明有违规情事，并得经 协商后采行挡关，改计扣正确原产地配额，对 运转国采取设限措施。又如证据显示有第三国 涉及违规转运行为，则得对第三国实施配额限 制。对于伪报货物成份、数量、品外及类别者， 经查明属实，相关国家应采取适当法律措施， 惩处涉案厂商。
纺织品与服装协定AGREEMENT ON TEXTILES AND CLOTHING
Members,Recalling that Ministers agreed at Punta del Este that "negotiations in the area of textiles and clothing shall aim to formulate modalities that would permit the eventual integration of this sector into GATT on the basis of strengthened GATT rules and disciplines, thereby also contributing to the objective of further liberalization of trade";Recalling also that in the April 1989 Decision of the Trade Negotiations Committee it was agreed that the process of integration should commence following the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations and should be progressive in character;Recalling further that it was agreed that special treatment should be accorded to the least-developed country Members;Hereby agree as follows:Article 11.This Agreement sets out provisions to be applied by Members during a transition period for the integration of the textiles and clothing sector into GATT 1994.2.Members agree to use the provisions of paragraph 18 of Article 2 and paragraph 6(b) of Article 6 in such a way as to permit meaningful increases in access possibilities for small suppliers and the development of commercially significant trading opportunities for new entrants in the field of textiles and clothing trade.3.Members shall have due regard to the situation of those Members which have not accepted the Protocols extending the Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles (referred to in this Agreement as the "MFA") since 1986 and, to the extent possible, shall afford them special treatment in applying the provisions of this Agreement.4.Members agree that the particular interests of the cotton-producing exporting Members should, in consultation with them, be reflected in the implementation of the provisions of this Agreement.5.In order to facilitate the integration of the textiles and clothing sector into GATT 1994, Members should allow for continuous autonomous industrial adjustment and increased competition in their markets.6.Unless otherwise provided in this Agreement, its provisions shall not affect the rights and obligations of Members under the provisions of the WTO Agreement and the Multilateral Trade Agreements.7.The textile and clothing products to which this Agreement applies are set outin the Annex.Article 21.All quantitative restrictions within bilateral agreements maintained under Article 4 or notified under Article 7 or 8 of the MFA in force on the day before the entry into force of the WTO Agreement shall, within 60 days following such entry into force, be notified in detail, including the restraint levels, growth rates and flexibility provisions, by the Members maintaining such restrictions to the Textiles Monitoring Body provided for in Article 8 (referred to in this Agreement as the "TMB"). Members agree that as of the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, all such restrictions maintained between GATT 1947 contracting parties, and in place on the day before such entry into force, shall be governed by the provisions of this Agreement.2.The TMB shall circulate these notifications to all Members for their information. It is open to any Member to bring to the attention of the TMB, within 60 days of the circulation of the notifications, any observations it deems appropriate with regard to such notifications. Such observations shall be circulated to the other Members for their information. The TMB may make recommendations, as appropriate, to the Members concerned.3.When the 12-month period of restrictions to be notified under paragraph 1 does not coincide with the 12-month period immediately preceding the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, the Members concerned should mutually agree on arrangements to bring the period of restrictions into line with the agreement year , and to establish notional base levels of such restrictions in order to implement the provisions of this Article. Concerned Members agree to enter into consultations promptly upon request with a view to reaching such mutual agreement. Any such arrangements shall take into account, inter alia, seasonal patterns of shipments in recent years. The results of these consultations shall be notified to the TMB, which shall make such recommendations as it deems appropriate to the Members concerned.4.The restrictions notified under paragraph 1 shall be deemed to constitute the totality of such restrictions applied by the respective Members on the day before the entry into force of the WTO Agreement. No new restrictions in terms of products or Members shall be introduced except under the provisions of this Agreement or relevant GATT 1994 provisions. Restrictions not notified within 60 days of the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement shall be terminated forthwith.5.Any unilateral measure taken under Article 3 of the MFA prior to the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement may remain in effect for the duration specifiedtherein, but not exceeding 12 months, if it has been reviewed by the Textiles Surveillance Body (referred to in this Agreement as the "TSB") established under the MFA. Should the TSB not have had the opportunity to review any such unilateral measure, it shall be reviewed by the TMB in accordance with the rules and procedures governing Article 3 measures under the MFA. Any measure applied under an MFA Article 4 agreement prior to the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement that is the subject of a dispute which the TSB has not had the opportunity to review shall also be reviewed by the TMB in accordance with the MFA rules and procedures applicable for such a review.6.On the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, each Member shall integrate into GATT 1994 products which accounted for not less than 16 per cent of the total volume of the Member’s 1990 imports of the products in the Annex, in terms of HS lines or categories. The products to be integrated shall encompass products from each of the following four groups: tops and yarns, fabrics, made-up textile products, and clothing.7.Full details of the actions to be taken pursuant to paragraph 6 shall be notified by the Members concerned according to the following:(a)Members maintaining restrictions falling under paragraph 1 undertake, notwithstanding the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, to notify such details to the GATT Secretariat not later than the date determined by the Ministerial Decision of 15 April 1994. The GATT Secretariat shall promptly circulate these notifications to the other participants for information. These notifications will be made available to the TMB, when established, for the purposes of paragraph 21;(b)Members which have, pursuant to paragraph 1 of Article 6, retained the right to use the provisions of Article 6, shall notify such details to the TMB not later than 60 days following the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, or, in the case of those Members covered by paragraph 3 of Article 1, not later than at the end of the 12th month that the WTO Agreement is in effect. The TMB shall circulate these notifications to the other Members for information and review them as provided in paragraph 21.8.The remaining products, i.e. the products not integrated into GATT 1994 under paragraph 6, shall be integrated, in terms of HS lines or categories, in three stages, as follows:(a)on the first day of the 37th month that the WTO Agreement is in effect, products which accounted for not less than 17 per cent of the total volume of the Member’s 1990 imports of the products in the Annex. The products to be integrated by the Members shall encompass products from each of the following four groups: topsand yarns, fabrics, made-up textile products, and clothing;(b)on the first day of the 85th month that the WTO Agreement is in effect, products which accounted for not less than 18 per cent of the total volume of the Member’s 1990 im ports of the products in the Annex. The products to be integrated by the Members shall encompass products from each of the following four groups: tops and yarns, fabrics, made-up textile products, and clothing;(c)on the first day of the 121st month that the WTO Agreement is in effect, the textiles and clothing sector shall stand integrated into GATT 1994, all restrictions under this Agreement having been eliminated.9. Members which have notified, pursuant to paragraph 1 of Article 6, their intention not to retain the right to use the provisions of Article 6 shall, for the purposes of this Agreement, be deemed to have integrated their textiles and clothing products into GATT 1994. Such Members shall, therefore, be exempted from complying with the provisions of paragraphs 6 to 8 and 11.10.Nothing in this Agreement shall prevent a Member which has submitted an integration programme pursuant to paragraph 6 or 8 from integrating products into GATT 1994 earlier than provided for in such a programme. However, any such integration of products shall take effect at the beginning of an agreement year, and details shall be notified to the TMB at least three months prior thereto for circulation to all Members.11.The respective programmes of integration, in pursuance of paragraph 8, shall be notified in detail to the TMB at least 12 months before their coming into effect, and circulated by the TMB to all Members.12.The base levels of the restrictions on the remaining products, mentioned in paragraph 8, shall be the restraint levels referred to in paragraph 1.13.During Stage 1 of this Agreement (from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement to the 36th month that it is in effect, inclusive) the level of each restriction under MFA bilateral agreements in force for the 12-month period prior to the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement shall be increased annually by not less than the growth rate established for the respective restrictions, increased by 16 per cent.14.Except where the Council for Trade in Goods or the Dispute Settlement Body decides otherwise under paragraph 12 of Article 8, the level of each remaining restriction shall be increased annually during subsequent stages of this Agreement by not less than the following:(a)for Stage 2 (from the 37th to the 84th month that the WTO Agreement is ineffect, inclusive), the growth rate for the respective restrictions during Stage 1, increased by 25 per cent;(b)for Stage 3 (from the 85th to the 120th month that the WTO Agreement is in effect, inclusive), the growth rate for the respective restrictions during Stage 2, increased by 27 per cent.15.Nothing in this Agreement shall prevent a Member from eliminating any restriction maintained pursuant to this Article, effective at the beginning of any agreement year during the transition period, provided the exporting Member concerned and the TMB are notified at least three months prior to the elimination coming into effect. The period for prior notification may be shortened to 30 days with the agreement of the restrained Member. The TMB shall circulate such notifications to all Members. In considering the elimination of restrictions as envisaged in this paragraph, the Members concerned shall take into account the treatment of similar exports from other Members.16.Flexibility provisions, i.e. swing, carryover and carry forward, applicable to all restrictions maintained pursuant to this Article, shall be the same as those provided for in MFA bilateral agreements for the 12-month period prior to the entry into force of the WTO Agreement. No quantitative limits shall be placed or maintained on the combined use of swing, carryover and carry forward.17.Administrative arrangements, as deemed necessary in relation to the implementation of any provision of this Article, shall be a matter for agreement between the Members concerned. Any such arrangements shall be notified to the TMB.18.As regards those Members whose exports are subject to restrictions on the day before the entry into force of the WTO Agreement and whose restrictions represent 1.2 per cent or less of the total volume of the restrictions applied by an importing Member as of 31 December 1991 and notified under this Article, meaningful improvement in access for their exports shall be provided, at the entry into force of the WTO Agreement and for the duration of this Agreement, through advancement by one stage of the growth rates set out in paragraphs 13 and 14, or through at least equivalent changes as may be mutually agreed with respect to a different mix of base levels, growth and flexibility provisions. Such improvements shall be notified to the TMB.19.In any case, during the duration of this Agreement, in which a safeguard measure is initiated by a Member under Article XIX of GATT 1994 in respect of a particular product during a period of one year immediately following the integration of that product into GATT 1994 in accordance with the provisions of this Article, the provisions of Article XIX, as interpreted by the Agreement on Safeguards, will apply, save as set out in paragraph 20.20.Where such a measure is applied using non-tariff means, the importing Member concerned shall apply the measure in a manner as set forth in paragraph 2(d) of Article XIII of GATT 1994 at the request of any exporting Member whose exports of such products were subject to restrictions under this Agreement at any time in the one-year period immediately prior to the initiation of the safeguard measure. The exporting Member concerned shall administer such a measure. The applicable level shall not reduce the relevant exports below the level of a recent representative period, which shall normally be the average of exports from the Member concerned in the last three representative years for which statistics are available. Furthermore, when the safeguard measure is applied for more than one year, the applicable level shall be progressively liberalized at regular intervals during the period of application. In such cases the exporting Member concerned shall not exercise the right of suspending substantially equivalent concessions or other obligations under paragraph 3(a) of Article XIX of GATT 1994.21.The TMB shall keep under review the implementation of this Article. It shall, at the request of any Member, review any particular matter with reference to the implementation of the provisions of this Article. It shall make appropriate recommendations or findings within 30 days to the Member or Members concerned, after inviting the participation of such Members.Article 31.Within 60 days following the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, Members maintaining restrictions on textile and clothing products (other than restrictions maintained under the MFA and covered by the provisions of Article 2), whether consistent with GATT 1994 or not, shall (a) notify them in detail to the TMB, or (b) provide to the TMB notifications with respect to them which have been submitted to any other WTO body. The notifications should, wherever applicable, provide information with respect to any GATT 1994 justification for the restrictions, including GATT 1994 provisions on which they are based.2.Members maintaining restrictions falling under paragraph 1, except those justified under a GATT 1994 provision, shall either:(a)bring them into conformity with GATT 1994 within one year following the entry into force of the WTO Agreement, and notify this action to the TMB for its information; or(b)phase them out progressively according to a programme to be presented to the TMB by the Member maintaining the restrictions not later than six months after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement. This programme shall provide for all restrictions to be phased out within a period not exceeding the duration of thisAgreement. The TMB may make recommendations to the Member concerned with respect to such a programme.3.During the duration of this Agreement, Members shall provide to the TMB, for its information, notifications submitted to any other WTO bodies with respect to any new restrictions or changes in existing restrictions on textile and clothing products, taken under any GATT 1994 provision, within 60 days of their coming into effect.4.It shall be open to any Member to make reverse notifications to the TMB, for its information, in regard to the GATT 1994 justification, or in regard to any restrictions that may not have been notified under the provisions of this Article. Actions with respect to such notifications may be pursued by any Member under relevant GATT 1994 provisions or procedures in the appropriate WTO body.5. The TMB shall circulate the notifications made pursuant to this Article to all Members for their information.Article 41.Restrictions referred to in Article 2, and those applied under Article 6, shall be administered by the exporting Members. Importing Members shall not be obliged to accept shipments in excess of the restrictions notified under Article 2, or of restrictions applied pursuant to Article 6.2.Members agree that the introduction of changes, such as changes in practices, rules, procedures and categorization of textile and clothing products, including those changes relating to the Harmonized System, in the implementation or administration of those restrictions notified or applied under this Agreement should not: upset the balance of rights and obligations between the Members concerned under this Agreement; adversely affect the access available to a Member; impede the full utilization of such access; or disrupt trade under this Agreement.3.If a product which constitutes only part of a restriction is notified for integration pursuant to the provisions of Article 2, Members agree that any change in the level of that restriction shall not upset the balance of rights and obligations between the Members concerned under this Agreement.4.When changes mentioned in paragraphs 2 and 3 are necessary, however, Members agree that the Member initiating such changes shall inform and, wherever possible, initiate consultations with the affected Member or Members prior to the implementation of such changes, with a view to reaching a mutually acceptable solution regarding appropriate and equitable adjustment. Members further agree that where consultation prior to implementation is not feasible, the Member initiatingsuch changes will, at the request of the affected Member, consult, within 60 days if possible, with the Members concerned with a view to reaching a mutually satisfactory solution regarding appropriate and equitable adjustments. If a mutually satisfactory solution is not reached, any Member involved may refer the matter to the TMB for recommendations as provided in Article 8. Should the TSB not have had the opportunity to review a dispute concerning such changes introduced prior to the entry into force of the WTO Agreement, it shall be reviewed by the TMB in accordance with the rules and procedures of the MFA applicable for such a review.Article 51.Members agree that circumvention by transshipment, re-routing, false declaration concerning country or place of origin, and falsification of official documents, frustrates the implementation of this Agreement to integrate the textiles and clothing sector into GATT 1994. Accordingly, Members should establish the necessary legal provisions and/or administrative procedures to address and take action against such circumvention. Members further agree that, consistent with their domestic laws and procedures, they will cooperate fully to address problems arising from circumvention.2.Should any Member believe that this Agreement is being circumvented by transshipment, re-routing, false declaration concerning country or place of origin, or falsification of official documents, and that no, or inadequate, measures are being applied to address and/or to take action against such circumvention, that Member should consult with the Member or Members concerned with a view to seeking a mutually satisfactory solution. Such consultations should be held promptly, and within 30 days when possible. If a mutually satisfactory solution is not reached, the matter may be referred by any Member involved to the TMB for recommendations.3.Members agree to take necessary action, consistent with their domestic laws and procedures, to prevent, to investigate and, where appropriate, to take legal and/or administrative action against circumvention practices within their territory. Members agree to cooperate fully, consistent with their domestic laws and procedures, in instances of circumvention or alleged circumvention of this Agreement, to establish the relevant facts in the places of import, export and, where applicable, transshipment. It is agreed that such cooperation, consistent with domestic laws and procedures, will include: investigation of circumvention practices which increase restrained exports to the Member maintaining such restraints; exchange of documents, correspondence, reports and other relevant information to the extent available; and facilitation of plant visits and contacts, upon request and on a case-by-case basis. Members should endeavour to clarify the circumstances of any such instances of circumvention or alleged circumvention, including the respectiveroles of the exporters or importers involved.4.Where, as a result of investigation, there is sufficient evidence that circumvention has occurred (e.g. where evidence is available concerning the country or place of true origin, and the circumstances of such circumvention), Members agree that appropriate action, to the extent necessary to address the problem, should be taken. Such action may include the denial of entry of goods or, where goods have entered, having due regard to the actual circumstances and the involvement of the country or place of true origin, the adjustment of charges to restraint levels to reflect the true country or place of origin. Also, where there is evidence of the involvement of the territories of the Members through which the goods have been transshipped, such action may include the introduction of restraints with respect to such Members. Any such actions, together with their timing and scope, may be taken after consultations held with a view to arriving at a mutually satisfactory solution between the concerned Members and shall be notified to the TMB with full justification. The Members concerned may agree on other remedies in consultation. Any such agreement shall also be notified to the TMB, and the TMB may make such recommendations to the Members concerned as it deems appropriate. If a mutually satisfactory solution is not reached, any Member concerned may refer the matter to the TMB for prompt review and recommendations.5.Members note that some cases of circumvention may involve shipments transiting through countries or places with no changes or alterations made to the goods contained in such shipments in the places of transit. They note that it may not be generally practicable for such places of transit to exercise control over such shipments.6.Members agree that false declaration concerning fibre content, quantities, description or classification of merchandise also frustrates the objective of this Agreement. Where there is evidence that any such false declaration has been made for purposes of circumvention, Members agree that appropriate measures, consistent with domestic laws and procedures, should be taken against the exporters or importers involved. Should any Member believe that this Agreement is being circumvented by such false declaration and that no, or inadequate, administrative measures are being applied to address and/or to take action against such circumvention, that Member should consult promptly with the Member involved with a view to seeking a mutually satisfactory solution. If such a solution is not reached, the matter may be referred by any Member involved to the TMB for recommendations. This provision is not intended to prevent Members from making technical adjustments when inadvertent errors in declarations have been made.Article 61. Members recognize that during the transition period it may be necessary to apply a specific transitional safeguard mechanism (referred to in this Agreement as "transitional safeguard"). The transitional safeguard may be applied by any Member to products covered by the Annex, except those integrated into GATT 1994 under the provisions of Article2. Members not maintaining restrictions falling under Article 2 shall notify the TMB within 60 days following the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, as to whether or not they wish to retain the right to use the provisions of this Article. Members which have not accepted the Protocols extending the MFA since 1986 shall make such notification within 6 months following the entry into force of the WTO Agreement. The transitional safeguard should be applied as sparingly as possible, consistently with the provisions of this Article and the effective implementation of the integration process under this Agreement.2.Safeguard action may be taken under this Article when, on the basis of a determination by a Member , it is demonstrated that a particular product is being imported into its territory in such increased quantities as to cause serious damage, or actual threat thereof, to the domestic industry producing like and/or directly competitive products. Serious damage or actual threat thereof must demonstrably be caused by such increased quantities in total imports of that product and not by such other factors as technological changes or changes in consumer preference.3.In making a determination of serious damage, or actual threat thereof, as referred to in paragraph 2, the Member shall examine the effect of those imports on the state of the particular industry, as reflected in changes in such relevant economic variables as output, productivity, utilization of capacity, inventories, market share, exports, wages, employment, domestic prices, profits and investment; none of which, either alone or combined with other factors, can necessarily give decisive guidance.4. Any measure invoked pursuant to the provisions of this Article shall be applied on a Member-by-Member basis. The Member or Members to whom serious damage, or actual threat thereof, referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3, is attributed, shall be determined on the basis of a sharp and substantial increase in imports, actual or imminent , from such a Member or Members individually, and on the basis of the level of imports as compared with imports from other sources, market share, and import and domestic prices at a comparable stage of commercial transaction; none of these factors, either alone or combined with other factors, can necessarily give decisive guidance. Such safeguard measure shall not be applied to the exports of any Member whose exports of the particular product are already under restraint under this Agreement.5.The period of validity of a determination of serious damage or actual threatthereof for the purpose of invoking safeguard action shall not exceed 90 days from the date of initial notification as set forth in paragraph 7.6.In the application of the transitional safeguard, particular account shall be taken of the interests of exporting Members as set out below:(a)least-developed country Members shall be accorded treatment significantly more favourable than that provided to the other groups of Members referred to in this paragraph, preferably in all its elements but, at least, on overall terms;(b)Members whose total volume of textile and clothing exports is small in comparison with the total volume of exports of other Members and who account for only a small percentage of total imports of that product into the importing Member shall be accorded differential and more favourable treatment in the fixing of the economic terms provided in paragraphs 8, 13 and 14. For those suppliers, due account will be taken, pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 1, of the future possibilities for the development of their trade and the need to allow commercial quantities of imports from them;(c)with respect to wool products from wool-producing developing country Members whose economy and textiles and clothing trade are dependent on the wool sector, whose total textile and clothing exports consist almost exclusively of wool products, and whose volume of textiles and clothing trade is comparatively small in the markets of the importing Members, special consideration shall be given to the export needs of such Members when considering quota levels, growth rates and flexibility;(d) more favourable treatment shall be accorded to re-imports by a Member of textile and clothing products which that Member has exported to another Member for processing and subsequent reimportation, as defined by the laws and practices of the importing Member, and subject to satisfactory control and certification procedures, when these products are imported from a Member for which this type of trade represents a significant proportion of its total exports of textiles and clothing.7.The Member proposing to take safeguard action shall seek consultations with the Member or Members which would be affected by such action. The request for consultations shall be accompanied by specific and relevant factual information, as up-to-date as possible, particularly in regard to: (a) the factors, referred to in paragraph 3, on which the Member invoking the action has based its determination of the existence of serious damage or actual threat thereof; and (b) the factors, referred to in paragraph 4, on the basis of which it proposes to invoke the safeguard action with respect to the Member or Members concerned. In respect of requests made under this paragraph, the information shall be related, as closely as possible, to。
纺织品与服装协议(WTO组织规则与运行-四川师范大学,潘路佳)
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二、《纺织品与服装协议》的制定
• 1986年，乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判开始，幵制定了反映収展 中国家立场的《纺织品与服装协议》。 • 从根本上改变了管辖纺织品与服装长达数十年之久的贸易体 制，以市场为基础的自由贸易取代了配额为基础的管理贸易， 使纺织品和服装贸易逐步纳入到世界贸易组织之中，为纺织 品和服装贸易自由化目标的实现奠定了基础。 • 明确了10年过渡期内取消《多种纤维安排》的数量限制幵提 高现行双边协议中的年增长率； • 在强化GATT规则和纪律的基础上，真正迈向了纺织品贸易自 由化，通过纳入化进程和提高配额增长率的方式使纺织品贸 易回归于自由化，幵废止了“市场扰乱”的规定； • 明确规定了10年过渡期满后不可延长； • 设立专门的监督机构—纺织品监督机构。
22
《纺织品与服装协议》存在的问题
• 实施反急增措施的进口国应给予有关的出口国公 平、适当的补偿。
7
• 第四个《多种纤维安排》
• 有效期为1986年8月1日至1991年12月31日； • 沿用“反急增条款”，恢复了曾被取消的“合理 背离条款”； • 产品限制范围进一步扩大，在原来棉、毛、人造 纤维产品基础上又增加了所有植物纤维，混纺纤 维和丝混产品； • 収达国家的单方面限制权利扩大。
1992
1994 1994
6540万
6160万 20美元
19
•
专家组认为两份声明数据相差之大使人们对“３月声明” 中数据的准确性产生疑问。美国有300个以上生产内衣的企 业，但在行业声明中只有两个企业的情况，其中只有一个 提供了利润减少、销售量减少等损失情况。但一个企业的 情况不能证明任何问题。 • 专家组还认为，美国未能证明美国产业受到的影响是产 品进口增加造成的。 “３月声明”提供的证据太弱，确实 让人怀疑美国产业是否受到了严重损害，但专家组认为， 它无法就这一问题作出明确结论。由于 “３月声明”中没 有任何一处讨论到损害和进口之间的因果关系（causality）， 美国在没有证明进口增加造成美国产业损害的情况下对哥 斯达黎加实施保障措施，违反了ATC协议第６条第２款。
纺织品与服装贸易协议
第六讲纺织品与服装贸易协议一、多种纤维协定（一）缔结过程从1950年起，许多新独立国家的纺织业获得了很大的发展。
由于纺织品和服装工业只需要较少的投资，许多新独立的国家把纺织和服装业作为工业化的先行部门，大量纺织品涌入国际市场。
美国等发达国家大量进口纺织品，本国的纺织业抵挡不住来自香港、泰国、印度等低工资国家和地区的纺织品的竞争，要求政府采取数量限制措施，保护本国的纺织业。
在关贸总协定主持之下，1961年7月，在日内瓦召开了有关纺织品贸易的国际会议，根据美国所提出的草案，达成“国际棉纺织品短期安排”。
1962年2月，在关贸总协定的安排下，签订了有效期为5年的“国际棉纺织品长期安排（LTA）”，同年10月生效。
长期安排的参加范围扩大到几乎所有的纺织品贸易国，限制范围也扩大了，对所有棉纺织品都实行了有选择的歧视性限制。
长期安排5年到期后，又延长了2期，每期为3年。
随着化学工业的发展，入造纤维在纺织品生产中的用途日益增加，发达国家要求提高纺织品的限制范围和限制水平，缔结一项适用范围更广的多边贸易协定。
1972年，关贸总协定纺织品委员会成立了一个工作组，在长期安排到期之前，商讨今后的纺织品贸易安排。
在关贸总协定的主持之下，42个纺织品贸易国经过艰苦的谈判，达成了“国际纺织品贸易协定”，也称“多种纤维协定（FMA）”，从而把纺织品的范围从棉纺织品扩大到化纤产品，纺织品贸易如受限制范围进一步扩大了。
协定于1973年12月30日签订，1974年1月1日生效，有效期限为4年，适用范围包括棉、羊毛、入造纤维及其制品。
该协定西1978年、1982年和1986年延长了3次，第4次多种纤维协定本应于1991年12月31日到期，参加乌拉圭回合谈判的各方代表于1991年同意将现行协定。
延长至1992年底，待乌拉圭回合纺织品和服装协定生效后就终止。
（二）协定概要国际纺织品贸易协定的宗旨是保证世界纺织品贸易有秩序的发展，减少贸易壁垒，逐步实现纺织品世界贸易自由化，同时避免对进口国市场的干扰。
纺织服装合作协议
纺织服装合作协议1. 协议目的本协议旨在明确双方合作的主要内容和条件，确保双方在纺织服装领域的合作顺利进行，共同实现利益最大化。
2. 合作内容1.双方合作主要涉及纺织服装产品的设计、生产和销售。
2.合作内容包括但不限于：–设计合作：双方共同进行产品设计，在保持产品风格和品质上达成一致。
–生产合作：合作方负责制定生产计划、生产流程和质量控制标准。
–销售合作：合作方负责市场调研、推广和销售渠道的拓展。
3. 合作期限1.本合作协议自双方签署之日起生效，并持续有效期为三年。
2.合作期满前一个月，双方如无异议可续签合作协议，否则视为自动终止。
4. 合作义务和责任1.双方需全力配合完成合作任务，确保按时交付产品。
2.合作方需严格遵守国家法律法规，负责产品的合法性和安全性。
3.双方不得在合作期间与其他竞争方进行类似合作。
4.若一方未能履行合同义务，应及时通知对方并以诚意解决。
5.合作方应保守对方的商业机密和知识产权信息。
5. 付款方式和费用分配1.付款方式：–设计费用：按设计任务情况支付设计费用。
–生产费用：按合作方提供的生产报价单进行付款。
–销售费用：按合作方提供的销售费用报告进行付款。
2.费用分配：–双方按约定比例分配合作所需的费用，具体比例由双方协商确定。
6. 知识产权1.合作过程中产生的所有知识产权归合作方共同享有。
2.如需合作产品的专利申请，双方可协商决定申请人及费用承担方式。
7. 争议解决双方在合作过程中若发生争议，应通过友好协商解决；协商不成，可选择提交相关争议至所在地的人民法院解决。
8. 合作终止1.在合作期限届满前，若双方协商一致决定提前终止合作，则应提前30天书面通知对方。
–严重违反合作协议的约定。
–发生重大侵权行为。
–经营状况严重不良，无力履行合同义务。
9. 其他事项1.本合作协议如有修改，需经双方书面协商一致，方可生效。
2.未尽事宜，双方可另行协商解决，并以补充协议的形式追加到本协议中。
纺织品与服装协定.doc
纺织品与服装协定各成员，忆及部长们在埃斯特角城同意，“纺织品和服装领域的谈判应旨在制定有关模式，以使该部门在加强的GATT规则和纪律基础上最终纳入GATT，从而也对贸易进一步自由化的目标作出贡献”；还忆及在贸易谈判委员会1989年4月的决定中各方同意，一体化进程应自乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结束后开始，并应以渐进性为特点；进一步忆及各方同意应对最不发达国家成员给予特殊待遇；特此协议如下：第1条1．本协定列出各成员在纺织品和服装部门纳入GATT 1994的过渡期内适用的规定。
2．各成员同意以如下方式使用本协定第2条第18款和第6条第6款(b)项的规定：即在纺织品和服装贸易领域使小供应方的市场准入获得有意义的增长，并为新参加方创造有商业意义的贸易机会。
13．各成员对于那些1986年以来未接受《国际纺织品贸易协议延长议定书》（本协定中称“MFA”）的成员的情况应给予适当注意，并在可能的限度内，应在适用本协定规定时给予它们特殊待遇。
4．各成员同意，产棉出口成员的特殊利益应通过经与其进行磋商在实施本协定的规定过程中予以反映。
5．为便利纺织品和服装部门纳入GATT l994，各成员应允许进行持续的自主产业调整，并增加其市场内的竞争。
6．除非本协定另有规定，否则本协定的规定不得影响各成员在《WTO协定》和1在可能的限度内，自最不发达国家成员的出口也可从本规定中获益。
多边贸易协定项下的权利和义务。
本协定运用的纺织品和服装产品列在本协定附件中。
第2条1．在《WTO协定》生效前一日已生效的、根据MFA第4条维持的或根据第7条或第8条作出通知的双边协定范围内的所有数量限制，应在《WTO协定》生效起60天内由维持此类限制的成员向本协定第8条规定的纺织品监督机构（本协定中称“TMB”）作出详细通知；包括限制水平、增长率和灵活条款。
各成员同意，自《WTO 协定》生效之日起，GATT 1947缔约方之间维持的、并在《WTO协定》生效前一日已生效的所有此类限制应适用本协定的规定。
纺织品与服装协定
纺织品与服装协定纺织品与服装协定（Textile and Clothing Agreement, TCA）是世界贸易组织（WTO）于1995年成立后所达成的第一个重要的多边协议。
该协定对于纺织品和服装行业具有重大的影响，它的实施加速了全球贸易的自由化和全球化，也极大地改变了全球纺织品和服装行业的竞争格局。
首先，该协定的实施加速了全球贸易的自由化和全球化。
在协定生效前，纺织品和服装行业一直是全球贸易的重要领域，同时也是各国保护主义政策的对象。
通过签署该协定，各国承诺逐步取消限制进口纺织品和服装的壁垒，逐步实现自由贸易，加速了全球贸易自由化进程。
其次，该协定改变了全球纺织品和服装行业的竞争格局。
在协定生效前，一些发达国家采取了高关税和非关税限制的措施，以保护自己的纺织品和服装行业。
在该协定的推动下，发展中国家的纺织品和服装出口量迅速增长，逐渐占据了全球市场的比重。
同时，一些发达国家的纺织品和服装行业不得不进行调整和转型，以适应全球化竞争环境。
另外，该协定对于贸易保护主义和国际贸易规则制定也具有重要意义。
通过该协定，各国在全球贸易自由化和全球化进程中展开了积极的合作，并加强了对于贸易保护主义的打击。
同时，该协定的签署也为未来国际贸易规则制定提供了重要经验和参考。
虽然该协定对于全球纺织品和服装行业的发展具有深远的影响，但是也存在一些问题和挑战，如：首先，全球纺织品和服装行业的竞争格局仍然不平衡。
一些发达国家仍然采取高关税和非关税限制的措施，以保护自己的纺织品和服装行业。
同时，一些发展中国家的纺织品和服装行业受到技术和资金等方面的限制，难以在全球市场中实现公平竞争。
其次，全球纺织品和服装行业的可持续发展问题也需要引起重视。
在全球化竞争环境下，一些纺织品和服装企业为了降低成本和提高竞争力，采取了低价低质的生产方式，导致环境污染和劳工权益问题等。
综上所述，纺织品与服装协定的实施对于全球贸易自由化和全球化进程具有重大意义，同时也加速了全球纺织品和服装行业的转型和发展。
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纺织品和服装协定纺织品和服装协定包括10个条款和1个附件。
协定的最终目的是把纺织品和服装部门最终纳入关贸总协定，并规定给最不发达国家以特殊待遇。
协定的主要内容包括：①把纺织品、服装贸易全部纳人关贸总协定的过程，也称为一体化过程；②纺织品和服装贸易实施自由化的过程；③过渡期保障条款；④反规避条款；⑤设立纺织品监督局的规定；⑤协定所适用的产品范围在附录中列出。
（一）一般条款（第1条）确定了纺织品和服装协定的一般原则：1．在纺织品和服装一体化的过渡时期内，协议对改善纺织品和服装贸易的小供应方的市场准人的实质性增长作了规定，并使新参加方可能发展有商业价值的贸易机会；2．在执行协议规定时，要体现产棉国的具体利益，对多种纤维协定成员方应予以特殊照顾；3．鼓励协议各成员方进行持续的自动产业调整，以增强其市场竞争能力；4．协议所适用的纺织品和服装产品范围，以协调商品名称及编码制度的6位数字的纺织品和服装分类清单，作为过渡期内纳人关贸总协定的基础。
（二）过渡期条款（第2条）是协议的中心内容之一，主要规定了三个方面的内容。
1．通知条款协议生效后60日内，各成员必须将其保持着的多种纤维协定项下的双边协定中的一切数量限制详细通知纺织品监察局，凡未通过的限制应立即取消。
2．一体化比例协议生效日（1995年1月1日）起，应将附件（指有关纺织品和服装产品范围的附件）所列产品的1990年总进口量的16％纳人1994年关贸总协定产品，这些产品应包括毛绦和纱、机织物、纺织制成品和服装四个组中的第一组的产品，剩下的产品分三个阶段取消限制比例：a．在协议生效后的第37个月的第一天（1998年1月1日）将附件内占1990年总进口量不少于17％的产品纳人。
b．在协议生效后的第85个月的第一天（2002年1月1日）将附件内占1990年总进口量不少于18％的产品纳人。
C．在协议生效后的第121个月的第一天（2005年1月1日）全部纳人关贸总协定，届时所有按协议项下的限制均予取消。
另外，实行限制的成员应提前1年将上述每个阶段的一体化产品清单详细通知纺织品监察局，以便转通过所有成员方。
3．增长率分三个阶段提高增长率，具体做法为：在多种纤维协定项下双边协定生效前的12个月的年增长率的基础上，规定每个阶段的年递增系数，两者之和即为一体化的增长率。
三个阶段的年递增系数分别为：第一阶段，自协议生效日起至生效后的第36个月期间（1995年1月1日至1997年12月31日）为不少于16％；第二阶段，自协议生效后的第37个月至第84个月期间（1998－2007年）为不少于25％；第三阶段，自协议生效后的第85个月至第120个月期间（2002－2004年）为不少于27％。
（三）证明条款（第3条）在协议生效后的60日内，各成员方应将非多种纤维协定项下的保持着的限制，不论其是否符合1994年关贸总协定，均详细通知纺织品监督局。
同时还应提供包括以1994年关贸总协定条款为依据的，由1994年关贸总协定认可此项限制合法的证明。
若保持着限制，既不属于多种纤维协定项下，又未能以1994年关贸总协定条款为合法证明的，各成员方应在最迟不超过协定生效的6个月内，向纺织品监督局递交一份逐步取消这些限制的计划，此项计划应包括所有这些限制在不超过本协议有效期内予以全部取消的情况。
（四）调整条款（第4条）由于在纺织品和服装贸易的实务、规则、程序、归类等方面情况的改变，在贯彻和执行协议的限制时，不应使与协议有关的各成员方之间在权利和义务上失衡，以致造成贸易混乱。
这些情况的改变，确属必须时，有关的成员方应将要做出的改变事先通知对方，予以协商，以便做出双方都能接受的合适和恰当的调整。
若协商不成时，任何涉及的成员方均可将此事递交纺织品监督局按规定程序进行调解。
（五）反规避条款（第5条）也是协议的中心内容之一。
各成员方应制定必要的法律规定和行政程序以处理由于运转，改道，谎报原产国或原产地，伪造正式文件等方式而规避对协议执行的行为，并在符合其国内法和法律程序的情况下，各成员方应进行充分的合作来处理因舞弊引起的问题。
任何成员有权就上述规避行为与有关的对方协商，如不能达成一项双方都感到满意的协议时，有关的任何成员可将此事递交纺织品监督局，经过调查，如有足够的证据证明确实发生舞弊行为的，进口方成员可不准其进口，如货物已经进口，则可按真实情况和真正的原产国，调整限制水平的承担者，以反映真正的原产国。
如证据涉及到那批货物转运地的各成员时，则可对转运地的各成员实行限制。
采取上述行动的时间和范围，可在双方进行协商以后进行，并将充分的理由通知纺织品监督局，有关各成员可在协商过程中采用其他补救办法。
任何此种补救办法的协议也应通知纺织品监督局，纺织品监督局对有关成员方提出它认为恰当的建议，如达不成双方都感到满意的解决办法，则任何一方可将此事提交纺织品监督局，以便纺织品监督局审议和调解。
此外，如果有证据证明为了达到舞弊目的而谎报纤维成份、数量、货物名称和归类的行为，各成员应在符合国内法和法律程序的情况下，对涉及的出口商或进口商采取恰当的措施。
任何成员如认为此种谎报发生，而对方又没有及时采取行政措施，或没有采取充分的行政措施来阻止这种舞弊行为时，该成员应与涉及的对方及时协商。
如达不成解决办法，涉及的任何一方可将此递交纺织品监督局进行调解。
但本条款的规定不得阻碍各成员由于在申报中的疏忽性错误而做的技术性调整。
（六）保障条款（第6条）也为协议的主要内容之一。
当某一产品进人某一成员方的境内，且增加的数量对该国工业的同类或直接竞争产品造成严重损害或实际威胁，必须是证明这威胁和损害是由于该产品整个进口数量的增加，而不是由于其他诸如技术上的改变或消费者编爱变化等因素造成的。
确定损害的经济参数有：产量生产率、开工率、库存、市场份额、出口、工资、就业、国内价格、利润和投资等，其中只有单独某项因素或兼有其他相混的因素，均不能作为决定性的主导因素。
保障措施应在国家对国家的输出上，一成员方或各成员方应归咎于进口有明显的实质性的增加的基础上，对其构成真正的和危急的增加，而且在进口水平、与进口的其他渠道、市场份额，以及在商业成交阶段上的进口价格和国内价格等作了比较的基础上，才能作出是否严重危害或实质性威胁的结论。
有权使用保障条款的成员方仅限于维持多种纤维协定限制，并列出一体化方案的协议方，以及未维持多种纤维协定限制，但须作出适当安排的协议方。
使用过渡期保障条款要特别考虑下列各成员的利益：①最不发达国家；②纺织品出口量小于其他各成员出口的总量，或其出口仅占进口国该产品总量的一个很小的比例的成员方；③生产羊毛产品的发展中国家成员方；④外部加工贸易国。
在程序上，协议规定提出采取保障条款一方应与该行动影响的对方或各方谋求协商，如果协商不能达成谅解，可在协商期（规定为60日）后30日内的进口之日，或出口之日实施限制，并同时将此事通知纺织品监督局。
在特殊情况下，如果拖延将导致难以挽回的损害，一方也可采取临时性行动，但在采取行动后不超过5个工作日，即应发出请求协商通知，并通知纺织品监督局。
保障措施的期限最多3年，直至该产品从协议的范围内取消。
（七）强化规则和纪律条款（第7条）所有成员方必须承担乌拉圭回合的具体义务，遵守1994年关贸总协定的规则和纪律。
1．削减和约束关税，减少或取消非关税措施，简化行政管理手续，以增加纺织品和服装的市场准人；2．确保执行纺织品和服装公平贸易条件的政策，包括倾销和反倾销规定的规则和程序，补贴和反补贴的措施，以及对知识产权的保护；3．以总的贸易政策为由采取措施时，应避免歧视纺织品和服装部门的进口。
（八）机构条款（第8条）为了监督协议的贯彻执行并负责审查按协议规定所采取的各项措施是否符合规定，以及须采取特殊要求的各种行动，由世界贸易组织的货物贸易委员会设置一个纺织品监督局。
纺织品监督局由1名主席和10名委员组成，委员应具有代表各成员的平衡性和广泛性，并在适当的间隔期予以轮换，委员应由货物委员会授权的各成员任命为纺织品监督局工作，委员应以个人身份来履行他们的职责。
纺织品监督局应是一个常设机构，并应按协议的要求履行职责而举行必要的会议。
如果成员国之间按协议规定的双边协商达不成相互一致的解决办法时，纺织品监督局在任何一方的请求下，对该事项作一次彻底的和及时的调查后，可向有关各方提出建议。
纺织品监督局认为合适，还可对有关成员国进行监督，在提出建议和实施监督以前，应邀请对案件有直接影响的各方参加。
货物委员会为了更好地监督本协议的执行，应在一体化进程的每一阶段结束时，进行一次大规模的审查，并由纺织品监督局在每一阶段结束前5个月向货物委员会递交一份执行协议情况的综合报告。
货物委员会应保证协议所规定的权利和义务得以平衡而不受损害，应作出适当的决定和合适的措施。
（九）最后条款（第9条）规定在世界贸易组织正式成立后的第121个月的第一天（2005年1月日）纺织品和服装部门应全部纳人1994年关贸总协定，协议不再延长。
（十）附件（一体化产品范围）协议附件中列人以协调制度为基础的海关税则商品分类的第11章的全部产品，第39－40章和第64－96章中的某些产品共900种，均属于一体化产品范围，甚至包括多种纤维协定以外的部分产品。
对下列产品则不应实施协议第6条的过渡时期保障措施：1．发展中国家手工业的手织布料或用毛制成的家庭手工业产品和传统民间手工艺品，不应实施过渡时期保障措施，但这些产品不能超出有关各方之间订立的协定规定范围。
2．1982年以前在国际贸易中已具有很大商业数量的传统贸易纺织品，如黄麻、柳丝、西沙尔麻、波罗麻、龙舌兰纤维和黑纳纤维制造的包装袋、麻袋、地毯底布、箱包、衬垫、席编和地毯等产品，不应实施过渡时期保障措施。
3．纯真丝产品也不应实施过渡时期保障措施。
四、新协定新气象（一）量化监控世界贸易组织协定生效后10年之内，纺织品和服装贸易将全部纳人1994年关贸总协定，整个过程需要花费10年时间。
过程的具体步骤是，从世界贸易组织协定生效时，将1990年进口总量的16％纳人1994年关贸总协定，剩下的纺织品和服装，在10年分成3个阶段来纳人。
第1阶段（世界贸易组织协定生效后3年内），1990年进口总量的17％，第2阶段（世界贸易组织生效后第4年起的4年内），1990年进口总量的18％，第3阶段（世界贸易组织生效后第8年起的3年内），199o年进口总量剩余的49％，全部纳人1994年关贸总协定。
各阶段被纳人产品的详细情况必须通知纺织品监督局，纺织品监督局将对每个阶段的实施情况进行监督。
（二）自由化过程在全部纳人1994年关贸总协定为止的过渡期间，要逐步提高尚未纳人关贸总协定的双边协定规定的数量限额（第1阶段已经纳人关贸总协定规定的16％之外，还剩余的84％部分）的年增长率，增长率在第1阶段提高16％，第2阶段提高25％，第3阶段提高27％。