山西师范大学期末考试试题卷
人文地理学期末考试试题5A卷
第 二 学 期 期 末 考 试 试 题 （卷）8、北美的制造业集中在美国东北部和加拿大东南部，该区被称为：A 中大西洋工业区；B 五大湖沿岸工业区；C 北美工业带（）9、下列哪一组语言属于日耳曼语族A 英语、德语、意大利语；B 德语、荷兰语、法语；C 瑞典语、挪威语、丹麦语（）10、地名往往能反映该地区自然、经济、政治、文化等的历史状况，形成独特的地名景观。
下列哪一组地名属于反映自然状况的地名景观A 临汾、蚌埠、三门峡；B 王家坪、沁源、神池；C 天津、辽宁、风陵渡（）11、印度教可分为许多教派，其中视牛为圣神的属于哪个教派A 毗湿奴教派；B 湿婆教派C 性力教派（）12、16世纪，在欧洲宗教改革运动影响下，出现了代表新兴资产阶级利益的新教派，称新教。
下列哪一组国家为信奉新教的国家A 西、葡、意、法、爱；B 英、德、美、加、澳；C 俄、罗、保、希、塞（）13、烧田聚落属于古代聚落的一种类型，在当前的世界上仍有存在，主要分布在：A 热带季风区和热带沙漠区；B 温带季风区和温带草原区；C 热带雨林区、热带季风区和热带草原区（）14、某一国家的首都人口为510万人，居第二位的城市人口为170万人，该国首都的城市首位度为：A 3 ；B 1/3 ；C 1/5 （）15、根据国际经验，人均GDP达到多少美圆时，国民将普遍产生旅游动机A 400美圆；B 800美圆；C 1000美圆（）16、人类社会的政治活动与地理环境之间的相互联系被称为：A 政治地理现象；B 政治地理单元；C 政治地理结构（）17、影响旅游决策的主要因素除环境感知和最大效益原则外，还有一个因素是什么A 性别及年龄；B 旅游偏好；C 职业及学历（）18、国家权力又称综合国力，它由八大要素组成。
除领土空间、自然资源、人口规模、经济水平、军事力量、科学技术和国民士气七大要素外，还有一个要素是什么A 地理位置；B 政府的质量；C 社会制度（）19、“心脏地带”学说是下列哪一位政治地理学家创立的A 斯皮克曼；B 柯恩；C 麦金德（）20、1987年《我们共同的未来》这一著名的研究报告发表后，才在世界范围内引起可持续发展的热潮。
山西师范大学 A班英语2021—2022 学年第二学期期末考试试题
山西师范大学2021—2022学年第二学期期末考试试题学院外国语学院专业21级A级考试科目大学英语（四）题号一二三四五六七八总分分数评卷人复查人请考生手抄：我承诺“本人坚决服从监考老师管理，自觉遵守考试纪律，诚信考试不作弊”。
我承诺_________________________________________________________________________。
Part I Translation（50%）1.Directions：For this part,please translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English.（25%*1=25%）注意：请在答题纸上作答。
上海自贸区（Shanghai Free Trade Zone）是中国政府于2013年设立在上海的区域性自由贸易区。
上海自贸区位于浦东新区（Pudong New Area），总面积为28.78平方公里，是中国大陆境内第一个自由贸易区，也是进行一系列经济改革的“试验田”（testing ground）。
设立上海自贸区是顺应全球经贸发展新趋势，实行更加积极主动开放战略的一项重大举措。
上海自贸区作为试点（pilot project），是中国经济的“试金石”（touchstone），将为深化改革、促进经济活力起到积极的推动作用。
2.Directions：For this part,please translate the following sentences from English into Chinese.（5%*5=25%）注意：请在答题纸上作答。
1.In recent decades,technological innovation and the division of labor have caused major economicchanges by eliminating the need for special strength or skill in many fields and have turned many paid occupations with enjoyable work into boring labor.2.Winter is but another season for those in normal conditions,but for the poor during wartime,winter is adisaster,a pervasive and constant threat.3.She wound up at a motel,putting down the$260she had managed to scrape together from friends andfrom selling her living room set.4.If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant,well-spoken counterpart by my side,Ijust might edge past the competition.5.Why do women consider their looks so deficient?This chronic insecurity isn’t inborn,but createdthrough the interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors.Part II Writing(50%)Directions:For this part,you need to write a short essay.You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of reading literature.You should write at least200 words.注意：请在答题纸上作答。
山西师范大学教育心理学期末练习题1-4章
第一章概述测试题一、单选题1.个体心理活动的物质基础是（）。
A 人脑B 心脏C 眼睛D 客观现实2.个体心理活动的源泉是（）。
A 人脑B 心脏C 眼睛D 客观现实3.（）是中枢神经系统的最高级部位。
A 大脑B 小脑C 脊髓D 延脑4.（）是有机体通过神经系统对内外刺激作出的有规律的应答。
A 反射B 反射弧C 适应D 行为5.下列不属于无条件反射的是（）。
A 眨眼反射B 喷嚏反射C 吮吸反射D 红灯停绿灯行6.下列不属于认知过程的心理现象是（）。
A 感知觉B 记忆C 思维D 注意7.（）是伴随着心理活动过程所发生的心理特性。
A 感知觉B 记忆C 思维D 注意8.下列属于认知过程的心理现象是（）。
A 记忆B 动机C 理想D 人格9.（）是对事物的颜色、软硬、明暗、气味等的反映。
A 感觉B 记忆C 思维D 注意10.（）提供了个体心理发展的生理基础。
A 胎内环境B 家庭环境C 学校环境D 社会环境11.（）决定着个体的心理发展。
A 胎内环境B 家庭环境C 学校环境D 社会环境12.（）主导着个体的心理发展。
A 胎内环境B 家庭环境C 学校环境D 社会环境13.“一方水土养一方人” 说明（）在潜移默化地影响着人的心理。
A 自然环境B 家庭环境C 学校环境D 社会环境14.下列不属于教育心理学研究内容的是（）。
A 学习心理B 学生发展心理C 社会影响D 教师心理15.（）被称为“俄罗斯教育心理学奠基人”。
A 乌申斯基B 卡普捷列夫C 维果斯基D 桑代克16.（）的代表作是《人是教育的对象》。
A 乌申斯基B 卡普捷列夫C 维果斯基D 桑代克17.（）被誉为“教育心理学之父”。
A 乌申斯基B 卡普捷列夫C 维果斯基D 桑代克18.首次提出心理学是一门科学的是（）。
A 赫尔巴特B 杜威C 夸美纽斯D 皮亚杰19.心理学属于（）。
A 自然科学B 社会科学C 自然科学和社会科学的交叉学科D 哲学20.心理现象包括（）。
山西师范大学期末考试试卷第一学期中文工具书
山西师范大学期末考试试卷第一学期中文工具书院系：_____________ 专业：_______________ 班级：_________ 学号：___________ 姓名：_____________ 密封线密封线以内不准作任何标记密封线11、（《》）是我国第一部大型多卷词典巨著，收词（）个。
12、（《》）在数百年来成为我国最大的字典，直到1915年出版（《》）才超过它。
13．（《》）是第一部官修的韵书，是考生作为考试写诗用韵的依据14．（《》）是一本导读书目，也是一本学习古籍文献的入门书。
二、名词解释（每小题3分，共15分）1、通检2、政书3、资料汇编4、子目5、图录三、写出下列工具书的检索途径（每小题2分，共10分）1、检索建国以来，特别是当前所出版的报刊上的论文。
2、检索成吉思汗年谱有几种？他的传记资料见于哪一部正史？利用哪两本工具书最便？3、检索《【成化】杭州府志》今何处有收藏？利用哪本目录？4、检索“无边落木萧箫下，不尽长江滚滚来”的诗句出自何处可利用哪几种工具书？5、检索解放以来的中国文学方面的最新出版信息可利用哪几种工具书？四、判断题（每小题1分，共5分）1、《十三经索引》查不到荀子的著作。
（）2、《艺文类聚》是检索唐代以后的类书。
（）3、罗隐的传记资料在《二十四史纪传人名索引》中可以查到。
（）4、《翻译出版外国古典文学著作目录》（1949—1979）是建立图书馆馆藏的工具书。
（）5、《中国出版年鉴》可以检索到各出版社的社址、电话号码、网址。
（）五、论述题（每小题10分，共50分）1、与图书、报刊相比，工具书有何特点和功用？2、谈谈地方志在文献学上的地位和作用。
3、试比较百科全书与百科词典的异同。
4、论述年鉴的多功能性。
5、怎样理解现代字典、词典的联系与区别？学科王五、论述题（每题10分，共50分）1、特点：A、概括性B、检索性C、实用性（5分）作用：A、释疑难字词B、治学门津C、提供系统知识（5分）2、A、提供翔实的地方历史地理资料（2.5分）B、提供农民起义和反帝斗争的史料（2.5分）C、提供语言文学资料（2.5分）D、提供人物传记资料（2.5分）。
山西师范大学期末考试试题(卷)
山西师范大学期末考试试题（卷）2007-2008学年度第一学期院系：外国语学院 专业：英语 试科目：综合英语3 试卷号：A 卷 Test of Intensive Reading for Grade II I. Work with words (15%) Directions: Match the explanation and words or phrases 1. malicious A. to direct the course of a ship or plane. 2. imperious B. great joy or delight 3. derive from C. maintain one‘s opinion 4. confer D. rough measure of assessment based on experience 5. impartiality E. having the wish to hurt others 6. ecstasy F. to invent and prepare a plan, theory etc. 7. rough and ready G . to come from a source or origin 8. blaspheme H. commanding, expecting other‘s obedience 9. partake of I. to eat or drink especially sth. offered 10. formulate J. to swear against God or religion 11.hold one‘s ground K. crude but effective. 12. navigate L. ridiculous or absurd 13. prevarication M. treating with equality; fairness 14.rule of thumb N. avoiding giving a direct answer or firm decision 15.ludicrous O. to give or grant. II. Paraphrase and Cloze (15%) Section A: Explain the underlined parts of following sentences (5%) 1. When I am through with school and have a job, I want my wife to quit working and remain at home so that my wife can more fully andcompletely take care of a wife‘s duties.2. ―She will actually be jealous?‖ cried Alan in a rapture.3. When the pleasure got to be the main thing, the fun fetish was sure to follow.4. Only when it was all finished and I was in a triumphant glow of 山西师范大学2007———2008学年第 一 学期期末考试试题（卷） 院系：______专业：__________班级：________姓名：_________学号：___________密封线 密封线以内不作任何标记 密封线achievement did he take me down a peg.5. The lies were most often not what most of us would call earth-shattering. Section B: Cloze (10%)Comprehensiveness alone, however, is not enough to wisdom. There must be, also, a certain of the ends of human life. This may be by the study of history. Many eminent historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the medium of their own passion. Hegel had a philosophy of history which did not suffer from any lack of comprehensiveness, it started from the earliest times and continued into an future. But the chief lesson of history which he sought to was that from the year 400 AD down to his own time Germany had been the most important nation and the of progress in the world. Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but also feeling. It is uncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide but whose feelings are narrow. Such men lack I call wisdom.A. by no meansB. awarenessC. inculcateD. sinceE. standard-bearerF. constituteG. whatH. distortingI. illustratedJ. indefinite III. Vocabulary and Grammar (20%)Directions: There are twenty items in this section. Beneath each item there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D, choose one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.1. He is interested in the short story easy style he likes very much.A. whoseB. whatC. whichD. where2. I don‘t feel like on-line shopping and chatting.A. doB. to doC. doingD. done3. Fire engines and ambulances have over other traffic.A. rightB. priorityC. powerD. advantage4. My car is still not working right; the mechanic it.A. must have fixedB. must not have fixedC. can‘t have fixedD. need to have fixed5. John so much for a raincoat as he did.A. wouldn‘t need to payB. didn‘t need to payC. hadn‘t need to payD. needn‘t have paid6. Having written six science fiction stories, she clearly enjoys pursuits.A. intellectB. intellectualC. intelligentD. intelligence7. The main of the Hope Project are poor children living in remote areas.A. benefitB. beneficialC. benefactorD. beneficiary8. deeper may mean to be still, to progress more patiently.A. GoB. To goC. GoingD. Went9. what to do, I immediately telephoned the police.A. Not to knowB. Don‘t knowC. Knowing notD. Not knowing10. If only he told us the truth in the first pl ace, things wouldn‘t have gone so wrong.A. hadB. should haveC. hasD. would have11. I for a long time, but nobody seems to be in the house.A. have been knockingB. knockedC. have knockedD. was knocking12. Mike‘s uncle insists in this hotel.A. staying notB. not to stayC. that he not stayD. that he doesn‘t stay13. The French dancer who had been praised very highly to be a great disappointment.A. turned upB. turned inC. turned downD. turned out14. Although there are occasional outbreaks of gunfire, we can report that the rebellion has in the main beenA. destroyedB. concealedC. suppressedD. restrained15. The speech which he made the project has bothered me greatly.A. concerningB. being concernedC. concernedD. to be concerned16. He had just left university and was , not trying hard for a job.A. hanging outB. hanging onC. hanging aroundD. hanging up17. The famous banker has influence with the president of the United States.A. consideringB. considerableC. considerateD. considered18. We decided against installing the new heating apparatus for the reason it would be too costly.A. whyB. whichC. asD. that19. In learning a foreign language, English, one should first pay attention to speaking.A. sayB. saysC. to sayD. saying20. He will remain here if .A. neededB. need to beC. need beD. need isIV. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this section there are three reading passages followed by fifteen questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. Mark your answer on your ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passageSign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy：whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born with, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., the world‘s only liberal arts university for deaf people.When Bill Stokoe went to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently form his classroom teacher.Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a from of pidgin English(混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the ―hand talk‖his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? It was 1955, when even deaf peole dismissed their signing as ―substandard‖. Stokoe‘s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说).It is 37 years later. Stokoe---now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture---is having lunch at a cafénear the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators thought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. ―What I said,‖ Stokoe explains ―is that language is not mouth stuff--- it‘s brain stuff.‖1. The study of sign language is thought to be .A. an approach to simplifying the grammatical structure of a languageB. an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of languageC. a challenge to traditional views on the nature of languageD. a new way to look at the learning of language2. The present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by . .A. a leading specialist in the study of liberal artsB. an English teacher in a university for the deafC. some senior experts in American Sign LanguageD. a famous scholar in the study of the human brain3. According to Stokoe, sign language is . .A. an international languageB. a substandard languageC. an artificial languageD. a genuine language4. Most educators objected to Stokoe‘s idea because they thought. .A. a language should be easy to use and understandB. sign language was too artificial to be widely acceptedC. a language could only exist in the form of speech soundsD. sigh language was not extensively used even by deaf people5. Stokoe‘s argument is based on his belief that . .A. language is a product of the brainB. language is a system of meaningful codesC .sign language is derived from natural languageD. sign language is as efficient as any other languagePassage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passageA is for always getting to work on time.B is for being extremely busyC is for the conscientious (勤勤恳恳的) way you do your work.You may be all these things at the office, and more, But when it comes to getting ahead, experts say, the ABCs of business should include a P, for politics, as in office politics.Dale Carnegie suggested as much more than 50 years ago: Hard work alone doesn‘t ensure career advancement. Yu have to be able to sell yourself and your ideas, both publicly and behind the scenes. Yet, despite the obvious rewards of engaging in office politics – a better job, a raise, praise – many people are still unable – or unwilling – to ― play the game.‖―People assume that office politics involves some manipulative behavior,‖says Deborah Comer, an assistant professor of management atHofstra University. ― But politics derives from the word ‗polite‘. It can mean lobbying an forming associations. It can mean being kind and helpful, or even trying to please your superior, and then expecting something in return.‖In fact, today, experts define office politics as proper behavior used to pursuer one‘s own self-interest in the workplace. In many cases, this involves some form of socializing within the office environment—not just in large companies, but in small workplaces as well.― The first thing people are usually judged on is their ability to perform well on a consistent basis,‖says Neil P. Lewis, a management psychologist. ― But if tow or three candidates are up for a promotion, each of whom has reasonable similar ability, a manger is going to promote the person he or she likes best. It‘s simple human nature. ―Yet, psychologists say, many employees and employers have trouble with the concept of politics in the office. Some people, they say, have an idealistic vision of work and what it takes to succeed. Still others associate politics with flattery, tearful that, if they speak up for themselves, they may appear to be flattering their boss for favors.,Experts suggest altering this negative picture by recognizing the need for some self-promotion.6. ―Office politics‖ is used in the passage to refer to . .A. the political views and beliefs of office workersB. the interpersonal relationships within a companyC. the various qualities required for a successful careerD. the code of behavior for company staff7. To get promoted, one must not only be competent but . .A. avoid being too outstandingB. get along well with his colleaguesC. honest and loyal to his companyD. give his boss a good impression8. Why are many people unwilling to ― play the game‖(Para. 5)?A. They are not god at manipulating colleaguesB. They feel that such behavior is unprincipled.C. They think the effort will get them nowhere.D. They believe that doing so is impractical.9. The author considers office politics to be . .A. unwelcome at he workplaceB. based for interpersonal relationshipsC. an important factor for personal advancementD. indispensable to the development of company culture10. It is the author‘s view that . .A. self-promotion does not necessarily mean flatteryB. hard work contributes very little to one‘s promotionC. many employees fail to recognize the need of flatteryD. speaking up for oneself is part of human naturePassage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passageAs soon as it was revealed that a reporter for Progressive magazine had discovered how to make a hydrogen bomb, a group of firearm fans formed the National Hydrogen Bomb Association, and they are now lobbying against any legislation to stop Americans from owning one.―The constitution,‖said the association‘s spokesman, ―gives everyone the right to own arms. It doesn‘t spell out what kind of arms. But since anyone can now make a hydrogen bomb, the public should be able to buy it to protect them selves.‖―Don‘t you think it‘s dangerous to have one in the house, particularly where there are children around?‖―The National Hydrogen Bomb Association hopes to educate people in the safe handling of this type of weapon. We are instructing owners to keep the bomb in a locked cabinet and the fuse separately in a drawer.‖― Some people consider the hydrogen bomb a very fatal weapon which could kill somebody.‖The spokesman said, ―Hydrogen bombs don‘t kill people—people kill people. The bomb is for self-protection and it also has a deterrent effect. If somebody knows you have a nuclear weapon in your house, they‘re going to think twice about breaking in.‖―But those who want to ban the bomb for American citizens claim that if you have one locked in the cabinet, with the fuse in a drawer, you would never be able to assemble it in time to stop an intruder.‖―Another argument against allowing people to own a bomb is that at he moment it is very expensive to build one. So what your association is backing is program which would allow the middle and upper classes to acquire a bomb while poor people will be left defenseless with just handguns.‖11. According to the passage, some people started a national association so as to . .A. instruct people how to keep the bomb safe at homeB. coordinate the mass production of the destructive weaponC. promote the large-scale sale of this newly invented weaponD. block any legislation to ban the private possession of the bomb12. Some people oppose the ownership of H-bombs by individuals on the grounds that . .A. they may fall into the hands of criminalsB. people‘s lives will be threatened by the weaponC. most people don‘t know how to handle the weaponD. the size of the bomb makes it difficult to keep in a drawer13. By saying that the bomb also has a deterrent effect the spokesman meansthat it . .A. can kill those entering others‘ house by forceB. will threaten the safety of the owners as wellC. will frighten way any possible intrudersD. can show the special status of its owners14. According to the passage, opponents of the private ownership of H-bombs are very much worried that . .A. the cost of the weapon will put citizens on an unequal basisB. the wide use of the weapon will push up living expenses tremendouslyC. poorly-educated Americans will find it difficult to make use of the weaponD. the influence of the association is too powerful for the less privileged to overcome15. From the tone of the passage we know that the author is . .A. not serious about the private ownership of H-bombsB. concerned about the spread of nuclear weaponsC. doubtful about the necessity of keeping H-bombs at home for safetyD. unhappy with those who vote against the ownership of H-bombsV. Translation (20%)A. Translate the following sentences into English in your ANSWER SHEET. (10%)1. 我感到十分惊讶的是，他用一种超然冷静的态度分析着他们所有人的危险形势。
马克思主义基本原理概论(山西师范大学)期末试题
马克思主义基本原理概论（山西师范大学）期末试题提示：选择题选项顺序为随机排列，若要核对答案，请以选项内容为准1【判断题】教学活动是纯粹的意识活动。
A.对B.错2【判断题】马克思主义最崇高的社会理想是实现自由社会。
A.错B.对3【判断题】反映和创造是人类认识的两种不同的本质。
A.错B.对4【判断题】逻辑证明只能回答前提与结论是不是否合逻辑的问题，不能回答结论是不是符合客观实际的问题。
A.对B.错5【判断题】商品出现在资本主义社会。
A.错B.对6【判断题】在共产主义社会，成为“生活的第一需要”的是劳动。
A.对B.错7【判断题】一切唯心主义都是不可知论。
A.错B.对8【判断题】客观性是真理的本质属性。
A.对B.错9【判断题】科学技术是现实的、直接的生产力。
A.对B.错10【判断题】社会发展的根本动力是生产力和生产关系的矛盾。
A.错B.对11【判断题】拥有股份的总经理是资本家，不应当算作劳动者。
A.错B.对12【判断题】历史分析的方法属于马克思主义的基本方法。
A.错B.对13【判断题】群众路线的方法不属于马克思主义的基本方法。
A.对B.错14【判断题】商品的使用价值与一般的劳动产品的使用价值的不同在于它是交换价值的物质承担者。
A.错B.对15【判断题】资本主义经济危机的本质特征是生产过剩。
A.对B.错16【判断题】社会主义民主的本质是人民当家作主。
A.对B.错17【判断题】人们不能创造社会规律，但可以改造社会规律。
A.对B.错18【判断题】自由是对必然的认识和对客观世界的改造。
A.对B.错19【判断题】看问题，不仅承认“非此亦彼”，也承认“亦此亦彼。
A.错B.对20【判断题】事物的度就是关节点。
A.对B.错21.【单选题】20世纪西方的“上帝观”发生了变化，认为“上帝在我心中”、“上帝代表爱”，这是（）A.客观唯心主义的观点B.主观唯心主义的观点C.相对主义的观点D.形而上学的观点22.【单选题】雕塑《断臂维纳斯》在古希腊和文艺复兴时期被认为是艺术杰作，而在中世纪则被视为女妖。
山西师范大学期末考试试题 高等代数
院系：_____________ 专业：_______________ 班级：_________ 学号：___________ 姓名：_____________山 西 师 范 大 学 2021——2022学 年 第 二 学 期 期 末 考 试 试 题 （卷）密 封 线 密 封 线 以 内 不 准 作 任 何 标 记 密 封 线山西师范大学期末考试试题（卷）2021—2022学年第二学期院系： 数计学院 专业： 数学与应用数学 考试科目： 高等代数II 试卷号： A 卷题 号 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 总分 分 数评卷人 复查人（注意：答案请写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效！）一、辨析题，先判断正误，再简要说明理由。
(每题3分,共15分)1. 数域P 上的任意一个二次型都可经过非退化的线性替换化为标准形，且化成的标准形是唯一的。
2. 数域P 上的所有n 阶上三角矩阵对于矩阵的加法和数量乘法构成数域P 上的一个线性空间。
3. 线性变换的乘法满足结合律和交换律。
4. 线性空间V 的任意线性变换A 都有1(0)V V -=⊕A A。
5. 欧氏空间V 的线性变换A 是正交变换的充要条件是A 保持V 的任意两个向量的夹角不变。
二、简答题。
(每题4分,共20分)1. 叙述矩阵的相似与合同之间的区别和联系。
2. 给定线性空间V 的一个非零向量，怎样把这个向量扩充为线性空间V 的一组基？3. 解释A 在这两组之下的矩阵的概念及其关系。
4. 叙述正交变换的定义，并解释第一类正交变换和第二类正交变换的含义。
5. 设12，，...,n εεε欧氏空间V 的一组基。
叙述12，，...,n εεε的度量矩阵的概念，并给出与，V αβ∈的内积的关系。
三、计算题。
(每题15分,共30分)1. 化二次型为标准形：123121323(,,)2+26f x x x x x x x x x =-。
2. 求下列齐次线性方程组的解空间(作为5R 的子空间)的一组标准正交基：123451234532220,230。
山西师范大学期末考试试题
院系：_____________ 专业：_______________ 班级：_________ 学号：___________ 姓名：_____________山 西 师 范 大 学 2007——2008 学 年 第 二 学 期 期 末 考 试 试 题 （卷）密 封 线 密 封 线 以 内 不 准 作 任 何 标 记 密 封 线7.中共十五大报告指出：“股份制是现代化企业的一种资本组织形式”，“不能笼统地说股份制是公有还是私有。
”对这些论述的正确理解是（）A、现代企业制度就是股份制，国有企业改革就是实行股份制B、资本主义国家的股份制是私有制，社会主义国家的股份制是公有制C、国家和集体控股，具体明显的公有性，私人控股具有明显的私有性D、公有经济单位入股的是股份制，企业职工入股是股份合作制8.当代世界的主题是和平与发展，其核心问题是( )A、人口问题B、东西问题C、南北问题D、环境问题9.我国自改革开放以来，对市场经济认识上的重大突破是( )A、市场经济是法制经济B、市场机制对资源配置起基础性调节作用C、市场经济不属于社会基本制度的范畴D、市场经济是国家干预的经济10.坚持四项基本原则的核心是 ( )A、坚持社会主义B、坚持人民民主专政C、坚持共产党的领导D、坚持马列主义毛泽东思想11.可持续发展强调 ( )A、经济的持续发展B、经济与人口、资源、环境的协调发展C、经济的快速发展D、经济与社会的协调发展12.从最终目标揭示社会主义本质的是 ( )A、解放生产力，发展生产力B、实现共同富裕C、消除两极分化D、消灭剥削13.全面建设小康社会，最根本的是（）A、坚持以经济建设为中心，不断解放和发展生产力B、发展社会主义民主政治，建设社会主义政治文明C、必须大力发展社会主义文化，建设社会主义精神文明D、贯彻“三个代表”的重要思想14.社会主义道德的原则是( )A 爱国主义B 集体主义C 大公无私D 等价交换15.公有制为主体，多种所有制共同发展，是（）A、我国社会主义初级阶段的一项政策B、我国社会主义的一项政策，C、我国社会主义初级阶段的一项基本经济制度D、我国社会主义的一项基本经济制度16.建设中国特色社会主义政治的基本目标就是（）A坚持和完善工人阶级领导的，以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政B坚持和完善人民代表大会制度C发展民主，健全法治，建设社会主义法治国家D发展社会主义民主政治，建设社会主义政治文明17.占全国人口总数8、9﹪的55个少数民族，占全国人大代表数的14、36﹪，这说明（）A、我国已经形成了新型的社会主义民族关系B、民族平等是民族团结的可靠保证C、个少数民族享有当家作主，行使民族区域自治的权利D、我国各族人民拥有平等参与管理国家事务的权利18.邓小平指出，“贫穷不是社会主义，社会主义要消灭贫穷。
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系别： 年级：_______________ 班级全称：_________ 姓名：_____________
山 西 师 范 大 学 2007——2008 学 年 密 封 线 密 封
三、简答题（每题8分，共40分）
1、（1）幼儿学校的目的。
奥柏尔林十分重视学前儿童的教育。
他认为，在儿童早期就应该开始实施正确的教育。
其目的是，通过把儿童置于有规律的照料和指导之下，创造出一种有秩序的生活；通过教授
正确的法语，使儿童理解法语的赞美诗和说教；通过手工的传授，培养儿童勤劳的精神，使他们学会劳动技能。
（2）幼儿学校的内容和方法。
奥柏尔林认为，在儿童早期的教育方面，首要的任务就是语言教育。
奥柏尔林幼儿学校的保育内容包括：标准法语、宗教赞美诗、唱歌、讲童话和格言、采集和观察植物、地图知识、游戏以及手工编织方法的传授等。
（3）幼儿学校的教师。
为了在所辖教区进行幼儿学校的工作，奥柏尔林聘请一些善良的有编织技能的妇女担任儿童的指导员。
其中，奥柏尔林最得力的助手就是路易斯·舍普勒。
奥柏尔林一般先给这些女指导员讲解教学内容，以便使她们更容易地给年幼儿童讲解。
2、清末的蒙养院，是幼儿家庭教育向社会教育转化的形式，虽然有了蒙养的建制，但幼儿教育仍主要在家庭中进行，采取的是“蒙养家教合一”的方针。
“章程”规定：“蒙养家教合一之宗旨，在于以蒙养院辅助家庭教育，以家庭教育包括女学。
”蒙养院的形式，不过是学前教育从家庭教育向社会教育的一种过渡。
蒙养院是辅助家庭教育的组织。
训练保姆的教材，也要每家散给一本，以供教育孩子使用。
每个家庭都是一个蒙养院。
家庭也可以雇保姆教养子女。
保姆成绩合格，发给保姆教习凭单，听其自营生意，也可受聘于家庭成为家庭保姆。
3、朱熹的儿童教育思想主要包括以下几个方面：（1）重视蒙养教育。
他依据古代的教育经验，把整个学校教育的过程划分为小学与大学两个阶段。
其中8－15岁为小学教育段，即蒙养教育段。
他特别重视蒙养阶段的基础教育作用。
为了说明其重要性，他还把小学阶段的教育形象地比喻为“打坯模”阶段。
（2）要求慎择师友。
由于幼儿模仿性强，是非辨别能力弱，周围的环境对他们的影响很大。
因此朱熹也与古代许多教育家一样，强调在幼儿教育中应注意慎择师友。
（3）强调“学眼前事”。
他规定小学的主要任务应当是“学其事”，学习眼前日用的事。
为使儿童“眼前之事”的学习有章可循，他亲自为儿童编写了《小学》与《童蒙须知》两部教材。
（4）提倡正面教育。
朱熹在教育工作中一贯重视和提倡以正面教育为主。
根据正面教育的原则，他还对教师提出指导、示范和适时启发的要求。
4、民国时期，南京临时政府和北洋政府在教育制度上先后进行了两次学制改革，推动了学前教育制度的发展。
（1）蒙养园制度的建立。
在蔡元培的主持下制定并公布了“壬子癸丑（1912－1913年）学制”。
将蒙养院改为蒙养园，收未满6岁的儿童。
同年，教育部还公布了《师范学校令》和《师范学校规程》。
由于民国初年这几项法规的颁布，就使蒙养园制度得以确立。
（2）幼稚园制度在学制体系上的确立。
1922年11月，教育部通过《学校系统改革案》，这就是所谓“新学制”，又称“壬戌学制”。
此学制规定：幼稚园招收6岁以下之儿童。
正式将幼稚园列入学制系统。
5、卢梭的自然教育理论，以及适应儿童天性发展的教育年龄分期及方法，击中了旧教育的弊病，闪烁着新教育的光辉，在西方教育史上被世人誉为新旧教育的分水岭。
尽管卢梭的教育理论中存在着一些片面、偏激及至自相矛盾的地方，但是，他的教育理论在历史上具有积极的进步意义，同时也促使后世儿童观和教育观的巨大变革，实为开创新教育的一个重要的里程碑，极大地推动了近代幼儿教育理论的发展。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）
1、颜之推的家庭教育思想主要包括以下几个方面：（1）固须早教。
他认为家庭教育要及早进行，有条件的还应在儿童未出生时就实行胎教。
（2）威严有慈。
他要求父母对子女威严有慈，慈严结合，不能无教而有爱，这无疑是正确的。
但他对棍棒教育推崇备至，显然是不可取的。
（3）均爱勿偏。
他认为，在家庭教育中应当切忌偏宠，不论子女聪慧与否，都应以同样的爱护与教育标准来对待。
（4）应世经务。
他主张上自明王圣帝，下至庶人凡子，均须勤奋学习，学习的目的在于“行道以利世”，要掌握“应世经务”的真实本领。
（5）重视风化陶染。
他十分重视让儿童置身于比较优良的社会交往的环境之中。
（6）语言的学习应该成为儿童教育的一项重要内容。
学习语言应注意规范，不应强调方言，要重视通用语言。
2、洛克的幼儿教育思想主要体现在幼儿的体育、德育和智育三个方面。
洛克十分重视幼儿的体育。
在他看来，这是未来的“绅士”首先要具备的条件。
为了使儿童能有强健的体魄，他强调身体的锻炼要从小抓起。
首先就要让他们养成适应冷热变化的习惯。
在饮食方面，他主张儿童过有节制的生活，每天的饮食要极清淡、极简单。
在运动方面，他要求儿童除了坚持每天的户外活动外，还要学习游泳。
洛克认为，德育是形成人的健康精神至关重要的环节，德行是人生最重要。
最不可缺少品德。
为了形成幼儿的德行，他强调进行理性教育，而且理性教育要及早抓起。
理性教育的方法有：“慎奖励，少惩罚；重名誉，恶羞辱；少限制，多练习；树榜样，做示范。
在绅士教育理论理论中，洛克把智育放在较为次要的位置。
他认为，读书、写字和学问也是必需的，但并不是最主要的。
洛克也要求他们学习知识和学问。
但他首先强调幼儿智力的发展与训练，学习的根本目的“是增进心的活动与能力，而不是扩大心的所有物”。
在论述知识教育时，他认为，对幼儿来说，适宜学习写字、图画、阅读、语言、舞蹈和游戏等他还认为，儿童的学习内容要经常变化，不断更新，才能使他们专心勤勉地来接受，而不致感到厌倦。
洛克在幼儿教育上形成了一些独特的见解，科学地按体育、德育和智育分别论述，并赋予了丰富的内涵，提出了许多有价值的。
但是，由于洛克推崇家庭教育而反对学校教育，因此他的幼儿教育理论无疑是论述家庭幼儿教育的。