中级宏观经济学 巴罗
巴罗宏观经济学课件 (2)
¡ ∆A/A= g
Long-Run Economic Growth
¡ Exogenous Technological Progress
Endogenous Growth Theory
The basic R&D model
• Assumptions
1. The labor force is the single production factor
2. Generalized Cobb-Douglas function without capital
l Alternative opportunities for talented individuals: rent-seeking
l Learning-by-doing:
Endogenous Growth Theory
¡ Optimal intellectual property rights
¡ The Diffusion of Technology
l (y/k)*= δ+(1/s)·[n+g/(1−α)]
l For Cobb-Douglas function
1
k
s
n
sA
g /(1 )
1
Long-Run Economic Growth
Long-Run Economic Growth
Long-Run Economic Growth
Endogenous Growth Theory
巴罗 宏观经济学 ppt 章节9
Macroeconomics
Chapter 9
28
The Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment
Macroeconomics
Chapter 9
18
Capital Input
The Cyclical Behavior of Capacity Utilization
The Federal Reserve computes capacity utilization by expressing a sector’s output of goods as a percentage of the estimated “normal capacity” of each sector to produce goods
employment rate= 1 − u
Macroeconomics
Chapter 9
21
The Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment
Employment =（1 − u）·Labor force
Total working hours = （1 − u）·Labor force ·working hours per worker
Macroeconomics Chapteroyment, and Unemployment
A Model of Job Finding
Macroeconomics
Chapter 9
27
The Labor Force, Employment, and Unemployment
Chapter 9
宏观经济学巴罗曼昆上财
名义GDP分为两部分：
一部分衡量产量（实际GDP） 另一部分衡量价格（ GDP平减指数）
名义GDP=实际GDP GDP平减指数
2. GDP指标的意义与局限性
GDP核算的意义
判断宏观经济运行状
判断宏观经济运行的3个重要经济指标，经济增长率、通货膨 胀率，失业率都与GDP有密切关系。经济增长率就是GDP增长率， 通货膨胀率就是GDP紧缩指数，失业率中的奥肯定律表明国内 生产总值与失业率的关系。
GDP是一定时期内所生产的而不是所售卖掉的 最终产品和劳务的市场价值
二手货 存货 住房服务与其他估算
2.计算GDP的一些规则
GDP 是一国范围内生产的最终产品和劳务的市 场价值
GDP是计算期内生产的最终产品和劳务的市场价 值
通常这个时期是一年和一个季度（三个月）
GDP 一般仅指市场活动导致的价值
GNP则是按国民原则计算，是一个国民概念，包括本 国居民在国内和国外的财产和劳务所获得的收入， 但不包括支付给外国居民的财产和劳务所获得的收 入。它是一个收入的概念。
GNP vs.GDP
两者间关系：
GNP=GDP+国外净要素收入（Net Factor product) ，简称NFP
其中，国外净要素收入=本国居民从外国获得的 收入–外国居民从本国获得的收入
发达国家GNP大于GDP，说明本国公民在外国的 收入大于外国公民在本国的收入。
国民生产净值（NNP）或国内生产净值（NDP）
NDP或NNP是一国在一定时期内以货币表现 的最终产品和劳务价值中扣除固定资产折 旧（D）后的余额。
NNP＝GNP-D NDP＝GDP-D
国民收入（NI：National Income）
个人收入=国民收入－公司利润－社会保险税 －净利息＋红利＋政府向个人的转 移支付＋个人利息收入
巴罗宏观经济学：现代观点第3章-PPT文档资料46页
y output per worker k capital per worker
Macroeconomics Chapter 3
19
Macroeconomics Chapter 3
20
An example: Cobb-Douglas Production Function
In particular, why did the East Asian countries do so much better than the subSaharan African countries?
Macroeconomics Chapter 3
11
Growth Questions
How did countries such as the United States and other OECD members sustain growth rates of real GDP per person of around 2% per year for a century or more?
Macroeconomics Chapter 3
32
Solow Growth Model
Y−δK=C+s·(Y−δ K) Real income = consumption + real saving
Macroeconomics Chapter 3
33
Solow Growth Model
Y = C + I Real GDP = consumption + gross
29
Solow Growth Model
∆Y/Y= α·(∆K/K) + (1−α)·(∆L/L) ∆Y/Y= α·(∆K/K) − α·(∆L/ L) + ∆L/ L ∆Y/Y − ∆L/L = α ·(∆K/K − ∆L/L) ∆y/y = α·(∆k/k)
巴罗宏观经济学ppt11
Decrease of real demand for money Increase of money supply
Macroeconomics Chapter 11
2
Cross-Country Data on Inflation and Money Growth
Macroeconomics Chapter 11
16
Inflation and Interest Rates
Macroeconomics Chapter 11
17
Inflation and Interest Rates
Real and Nominal Interest Rates
The Real interest rate to be the rate at which the real value of assets held as bonds changes over time.
Denote by πe1 the expectation of the inflation rate π1.
The actual inflation rate, π1, will usually deviate from its expectatir—or unexpected inflation—will be nonzero.
π1 = ( P2 − P1)/ P1 π1 = ∆P1/ P1
Macroeconomics Chapter 11
12
Inflation and Interest Rates
Actual and Expected Inflation
π1 = ( P2 − P1)/ P1 π1 = ∆P1/ P1 π1 ·P1 = P2 − P1
剖析几种经典中级宏观经济学教材
剖析几种经典中级宏观经济学教材鲁峰由于个人兴趣，把国内已经翻译出版的几种主要的中级宏观教材比较了一下，总结一点个人不成熟的学习建议。
本文主要比较的有：多恩布什（6版，人大）；伯南克（6版，机械）；布兰查德（3版，清华影印）；易纲、张帆（人大）；威廉森（2版，人大）；巴罗（5版，人大）；巴罗（现代观点，三联）；曼昆（5版，人大）；萨克斯（全球视角，三联）。
除后两本粗略翻过以外，其他的均读过。
首先说说自己对这几种教材的一般看法和分类。
类别自然是新凯恩斯与新古典两类，前者有多恩布什、伯南克、布兰查德、曼昆，后者有巴罗、威廉森。
萨克斯是个特例，最后再讲。
其次说说学习顺序以及对不同教材的评价。
个人觉得，我们国内的学生最好由新凯恩斯教材入手，一来与国内教材接轨密切，二来与现实结合紧密，能分析一些简单的政策问题，可以获得学习乐趣，三来如果你不想继续深造，那么新凯恩斯框架在你参与实际工作时能派上用场。
接着，对于那些想继续深造的学生，我坚决推荐必须读上一本新古典的教材。
至于为什么，我不再赘述，对现代经济学稍有了解的人都会知道。
下面，我就几种教材分别评述：在新凯恩斯主义的教材中，多恩布什应该是比较老的，优点是它把新凯恩斯主义的核心模型详细叙述了个遍，例如AD-AS模型的微观基础模型（这里的微观基础模型不同于新古典主义的微观基础）它有全面详细的介绍，而布兰查德就没有。
缺点是全书体系不是很清楚，需要自己细心整理。
曼昆的在体系方面就好了许多，而且也对新凯恩斯主义微观基础模型做了比较详细的探讨，唯一的缺点就是他脱离不了“原理式”的写作风格，因此数理深度稍有欠缺。
布兰查德与多恩布什刚好相反，体系十分严谨，结构十分清晰，论述也很有力，而且布兰查德是最不惮于在教材中运用数学的作者之一，因此他的书在数理模型方面远胜曼昆，唯一的缺点就是缺乏新凯恩斯主义微观基础模型。
伯南克的书在以上三本教材风行以后被翻译过来，就在各方面都显得很平庸了。
巴罗宏观经济学：现代观点第7章
Macroeconomics Chapter 7
12
Consumption and Saving
Choosing consumption: income effects
10
Consumption and Saving
Household chooses the time path of consumption—in this case, C1 and C2— to maximize utility, subject to the budget constraint.
Macroeconomics Chapter 7
4
Consumption and Saving
Consumption Over Two Years
Combine the budget constraints to describe a household’s choice between consuming this year, C1, and next year, C2.
Macroeconomics Chapter 7
20
Consumption and Saving
The income effect from a change in the interest rate
Since households like to consume at similar levels in the two years, we predict that C1 and C2 will rise by similar amounts. These responses of consumption to increases in initial assets or wage incomes are called income effects.
巴罗宏观经济学：现代观点第10章-42页文档
A higher interest rate, i, provides a greater incentive to hold down average holdings of money, M, in order to raise average holdings of interest-bearing assets, B + PK. That is, with a higher i, households are more willing to incur transaction costs in order to reduce M
At the Federal Reserve. Another name for high-powered money is the monetary base.
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
3
Concepts of Money
Monetary aggregate
A monetary aggregate is the total dollar stock of a group of financial assets defined to be money. The most common definition, called M1
16
The Demand for Money
The Money-Demand Function
Md = P ·L(Y, i) Md/P = L( , i)
Macroeconomics Chapter 10
17
The Demand for Money
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BarroChapter 4TRUE/FALSE1. An increase in the depreciation rate affects the steady-state capital per worker the same way as anincrease in the population growth rate.2. If the saving rate increases, then the optimum level of capital per worker falls.3. An increase in technology causes the real GDP per worker to increase during the transition to thesteady-state.4. An increase in technology cause the growth in real output per worker to be higher in the long run orsteady-state.5. The Solow model of growth says that poorer economies should over time converge towards richerones in terms of real output put worker.MULTIPLE CHOICE1. In the revised version of the Solow growth model the optimal level of capital stock per worker dependson:a. the saving rating. c. population growth rate.b. the depreciation rate. d. all of the above.2. In the revised version of the Solow growth model the optimal level of the capital stock per workerdepends on:a. monetary growth. c. the saving rate.b. government spending. d. all of the above.3. In the revised version of the Solow growth model the optimal level of the capital stock per workerdepends on:a. monetary growth. c. appreciation in the stock market.b. the depreciation rate. d. all of the above.4. In the revised version of the Solow growth model the optimal level of the capital stock per workerdepends on:a. the population growth rate. c. inflation.b. government spending. d. all of the above.5. In the Solow growth model as a growing economy transitions to the steady state:a. the average product of capital falls. c. the average product of labor falls.b. output per worker is constant. d. the growth rate of capital is equal to zero.6. In the Solow growth model in the steady state the growth rate of capital per worker, k*, is:a. rising. c. fluctuating.b. falling. d. zero.7. In the Solow growth model, if technology, A, improves, then in the steady state:a. output per worker grows faster. c. capital per worker grows faster.b. output per worker grows at the same rate,zero.d. all of the above.8. In the Solow growth model, if the population growth rate, n, increases, then in the steady state:a. output per worker grows slower. c. capital per worker grows at the same rate,zero.b. capital per worker grows slower. d. all of the above.9. In the Solow growth model, if the depreciation rate, , increases, then in the steady state:a. output per worker grows at the same rate,zero.c. capital per worker grows faster.b. output per worker grows faster. d. all of the above.10. In the Solow growth model, if labor input, L(0), increases, then in the steady state:a. output per worker grows faster. c. capital per worker grows faster.b. capital per worker grows at the same rate,zero.d. all of the above.11. In the Solow growth model in the steady state the growth rate of output per worker, y*, is:a. rising. c. constant at zero.b. falling. d. fluctuating.12. If the saving rate increases in the Solow growth model, then during the transition to the steady state:a. the growth rate of capital per worker willincrease. c. the growth rate of capital per worker isconstant.b. the growth rate of capital per worker willdecrease. d. the growth rate of capital per worker iszero.13. If the saving rate increases in the Solow growth model, then in the steady state the growth rate ofcapital per worker is:a. constant. c. zero.b. unchanged. d. all of the above.14. If the saving rate increases in the Solow growth model, then in the steady state the growth rate ofcapital per worker is:a. higher. c. lower.b. unchanged. d. rising.15. If the saving rate increases in the Solow growth model, then in the steady state:a. capital per worker and the growth ofcapital will be higher. c. capital per worker will be higher but thegrowth rate of capital will be lower.b. capital per worker will be higher but thegrowth rate of capital will remain the d. capital per worker will be lower but thegrowth rate of capital will be higher.same at zero.16. In the Solow growth model during the transition an increase in technology:a. lowers the growth rate of capital perworker. c. raises the growth rate of capital perworker.b. does not change the growth rate of capitalper worker. d. causes the growth rate of capital to fall tozero per worker.17. In the Solow growth model during the transition an increase in technology:a. lowers the growth rate of output perworker. c. raises the growth rate of output perworker.b. does not change the growth rate of outputper worker. d. causes the growth rate of output perworker to fall to zero.18. In the Solow growth model during the transition an increase in technology:a. lowers the growth rate of capital andoutput per worker. c. raises the growth rate of capital and outputper worker.b. raises the growth rate of capital perworker and lowers the growth rate of output per worker. d. lowers the growth rate of capital perworker and raises the growth rate ofoutput per worker.19. In the Solow growth model in the short run, an increase in the labor input L(0):a. increases the growth rate of real output perworker. c. reduces the growth rate of capital perworker.b. increases s•(y/k). d. decreases s+ n.20. In the Solow growth model in the short run, an increase in the labor input L(0),a. decrease the growth rate of real output perworker. c. increase the growth rate of capital perworker.b. increases s•(y/k). d. decrease s+ n.21. In the Solow growth model in the long run or steady state, an increase in the labor input L(0) will,a. increase the capital stock. c. not affect real output per worker.b. lead to a growth of the capital stock perworker of zero.d. all of the above.22. In the Solow growth model in the long run or steady state, an increase in the labor input L(0) will,a. decrease the capital stock. c. not change real output per worker.b. lead to a positive growth of the capitalstock per worker.d. all of the above.Figure 4.1Determinantsof k/ks + ns(y/k)K/L = k23. In Figure 4.1 the distance between s•(y/k) and s+ n is the growth of capital per worker:a. in the transition. c. in the steady state.b. in the long-run. d. none of the above.24. In Figure 4.1 if the saving rate increases, thena. the curve s+ n increases. c. the curve s+ n decreases.b. the curve s+ n becomes steeper. d. the curve s+ n becomes flatter.25. In Figure 4.1, if the saving rate increase, then:a. s•(y/k) increases. c. s•(y/k) decreases.b. s•(y/k) gets steeper. d. s•(y/k) becomes vertical.26. In Figure 4.1, if the saving rate increase, then:a. s•(y/k) and s+ n increase. c. s•(y/k) and s+ n decrease.b. s•(y/k) increases while s+ n decreases. d. s•(y/k) decreases while s+ n increase.27. In Figure 4.1, if the technology improves, then:a. s•(y/k) increases. c. s•(y/k) decreases.b. s+ n increases. d. s+ n decreases.28. In Figure 4.1, if the initial amount of labor increases, then:a. s•(y/k) increases. c. s+ n increases.b. K/L moves away from the optimum. d. the growth rate of population increases.29. In Figure 4.1, if the initial amount of labor increases, then in the steady state:a. the growth rate of capital per workerincreases. c. the growth rate of output per worker is thesame.b. the growth rate of output per worker rises. d. the population growth rate rises.30. In Figure 4.1, if the initial amount of labor increases, then during the transition to they steady state:a. the growth rate of capital per worker andoutput per worker increase. c. the growth rate of capital per workerincreases and output per worker decrease.b. the growth rate of capital per worker andoutput per worker.decrease. d. the growth rate of capital per workerdecreases and output per worker increases.31. In Figure 4.1, if the population growth rate increases, then:a. s•(y/k) increases. c. s+ n increases.b. K/L moves away from the optimum. d. the initial amount of labor increases.32. In Figure 4.1, an increase in productivity:a. raises the steady state growth rate ofcapital per worker. c. lowers the steady state growth rate ofoutput per workerb. does not change steady-state growth ratesof output or capital per worker.d. lowers the steady-state level of capital.33. In Figure 4.1, an increase in the depreciation rate has the same effects as:a. an increase in the savings rate. c. an increase in the population growth rate.b. an increase in the initial amount of labor. d. all of the above.34. In Figure 4.1, an increase in technology:a. increases s•(y/k) c. increases s+ n.b. decrea ses s•(y/k) d. decreases s+ n.35. In Figure 4.1, an increase in technology:a. increases k*. c. decreases k*.b. does not affect k*. d. makes k* zero.36. In Figure 4.1, an increase in the population growth rate:a. increases k*. c. decreases k*.b. does not affect k*. d. makes k* zero.37. In Figure 4.1, an increase in the depreciation rate:a. increases k*. c. decreases k*.b. does not affect k*. d. makes k* zero.38. In Figure 4.1, if the technology improves, then:a. the steady-state capital stock increases. c. the steady-state growth in output perworker increases.b. the steady-state growth in capital perworker increases.d. the population growth rate increases.39. Convergence of economies is the tendency according to the Solow growth model for:a. richer countries to buy up all the capital inpoorer countries. c. poorer economies to grow faster in termsof real GDP per capita than richercountries.b. richer countries to tend decline aspollution damage increases. d. the tendency for richer economies toshrink to the size of poorer economies.40. Since 1960 the data show a tendency of output per worker to converge:a. in all countries in the world. c. in OECD countries.b. countries with different savings rates. d. none of the above.41. The data show a tendency of output per worker to converge:a. among US States from 1880 to 2000. c. in OECD countries from 1960 to 2000.b. countries with similar economies. d. all of the above.42. Convergence will not happen if economies around the world have:a. different saving rates. c. different population growth rates.b. different technologies. d. all of the above.43. Convergence will not happen if economies around the world have:a. different saving rates. c. different levels out labor input.b. different average products of capital in thetransition.d. all of the above.44. Convergence will not happen if economies around the world have:a. different capital labor ratios in during thetransition.c. different levels out labor input.b. different population growth rates. d. all of the above.45. Convergence will not happen if economies around the world have:a. different average products of capitalduring the transition.c. different levels of technology.b. different initial levels of labor input. d. all of the above.46. Convergence will not happen if economies around the world have:a. different average products of capitalduring the transition. c. different optimum levels of capital perworker, k*.b. different initial levels of labor input. d. all of the above.47. Economies are said to have converged if they:a. have the same growth rate in thetransition.c. have the same saving rate.b. have the same capital per worker, k*, inthe steady state.d. all of the above.48. When converging economies:a. have the same growth rate of capital perworker. c. have the same growth rate of output perworker.b. the same steady state capital per worker,k*.d. all of the above.49. Convergence will not happen if economies around the world have:a. different savings rates. c. different optimum levels of capital perworker, k*.b. different population growth rates. d. all of the above.50. Convergence will not happen if economies around the world have:a. different capital per worker growth ratesin the transition.c. different initial starting points.b. different initial levels of labor input, L(0). d. none of the above.SHORT ANSWER1. What are the short and long run effects of an increase in the saving rate in the Solow growth model?2. What are the long and short run effects of an increase in technology, A, in the Solow growth model?3. What are the long run and short run effects to an increase in the labor input in the Solow growthmodel?4. What are the long and short run effects of an increase in the population growth rate the Solow growthmodel?5. Why does the Solow growth model show the economies of poor countries tend to converge over timetoward richer ones in terms of per capita and real GDP per worker?。