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初三数学总复习资料_分专题试题及答案(90页)[2]

初三数学总复习资料_分专题试题及答案(90页)[2]

初三数学总复习资料_分专题试题及答案(90页)(word版可编辑修改) 编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对,但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望(初三数学总复习资料_分专题试题及答案(90页)(word版可编辑修改))的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

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《数与式》考点1 有理数、实数的概念1、 实数的分类:有理数,无理数。

2、 实数和数轴上的点是___________对应的,每一个实数都可以用数轴上的________来表示,反过来,数轴上的点都表示一个________.3、 ______________________叫做无理数。

一般说来,凡开方开不尽的数是无理数,但要注意,用根号形式表示的数并不都是无理数(如4),也不是所有的无理数都可以写成根号的形式(如π)。

1、 把下列各数填入相应的集合内:51.0,25.0,,8,32,138,4,15,5.73 π- 有理数集{ },无理数集{ }正实数集{ }2、 在实数271,27,64,12,0,23,43--中,共有_______个无理数 3、 在4,45sin ,32,14.3,3︒--中,无理数的个数是_______4、 写出一个无理数________,使它与2的积是有理数解这类问题的关键是对有理数和无理数意义的理解.无理数与有理数的根本区别在于能否用既约分数来表示。

考点2 数轴、倒数、相反数、绝对值1、 若0≠a ,则它的相反数是______,它的倒数是______。

0的相反数是________。

2、 一个正实数的绝对值是____________;一个负实数的绝对值是____________;0的绝对值是__________。

物流师总复习资料二(计算题及答案)

物流师总复习资料二(计算题及答案)

物流师总复习资料二(计算题及答案)物流师总复习资料二(计算题及答案) 主编:赵健主编:赵健计算题应试部分实战模拟1、某企业准备建一综合型仓库,其中就地堆码货物的最高储存量为600吨,仓容物资储存定额为3吨/平方米,上架存放的货物最高储存量为90吨,货架长10米、宽2米、高3米,货架容积充满系数为0.6,上架存放货物的单位质量为200公斤/立方米,若面积利用系数为0.4,则该仓库的设计有效面积应为多少平方米?解:就地堆码所需要面积为600/3=200㎡,每个货架存放货物重=货架容积×单位容积存放货物重量×货架容积充满系数 =10×2 ×3 ×0.2 ×0.6 =7.2(吨)90吨货物所需货架=90/7.2=12.5个,实际所需13个。

13个货架所需面积=2× 3 ×13=78㎡实际堆放所需面积=200+78=278㎡。

在利用系数为0.4时,所需仓库设计有效面积S :S=278/0.4=695㎡2、某单位计划期需要采购某种物资200吨,甲、乙两个供应商供应的物资质量均符合企业的要求,信誉也比较好。

距企业比较近的甲供应商的报价为320元/吨,运费为5元/吨,订购费用(采购中的固定费用)支出为200元;距企业比较远的乙供应商的报价为300元/吨,运费为30元/吨,订购费用(采购中的固定费用)支出为500元。

请判断,应如何选择该物资采购的供应商? 解:根据以上资料,可以计算得出从甲、乙两个供应商采购所需支付的成本: 甲供应商:200吨×320元/吨+200吨×5元/吨+200=65200(元),乙供应商:200吨×300元/吨+200吨×30元/吨+500=66500(元),甲供应商的采购成本比乙供应商的采购成本低1300元(66500—65200),在交货时间与质量都能满足企业需求的情况下,甲供应商为合适的供应商。

大学英语2总复习题(带答案)

大学英语2总复习题(带答案)

大学英语2总复习题(带答案)大学英语2 总复习题I. Use of EnglishDirections: In this part, there are 10 incomplete dialogues. For each dialogue, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. — Guess what? I passed the English exam!—________________A. That’s fine.B. It’s OK.C. Congratulations!D. Believe it or not.2. —I must go now. The plane will leave in half an hour. Thank you for seeing me off.—____________A. Good luck.B. Be careful.C. Best Wishes.D. Hurry to catch the plane.3. —Will you be able to come to my birthday party this Saturday?—______________A. No, I’d like to.B.I believe I can’t.C. I’m afraid.D. Yes, I’d love to.4. —Tom, this is Hack, Fred is ill in hospital.—Oh, _________A. it’s sad.B. it’s bad.C. I’m sorry to hear that.D. that’s not good.5. —Excuse me, could you please tell me how to get to the railway station?—____________A. No, I couldn’t.B. Sorry, I don’t know. I’m new here.C. I couldn’t tell you.D. You can’t ask me.6. — Could I borrow your CD of English songs?—________A. No, I am not available.B. I’m sorry. It’s not at hand now.C. It’s very kind of you.D. Thank you very much.7. —Hello, Sally. How’s everything?—_________A. Good for you.B. Oh, I agree.C. That’s right.D. Just so-so.8. — Waiter!—________—I can’t eat this. It’s too salty.A. Yes, sir?B. What?C. All right?D. Pardon?9. — Hello, may I talk to the headmaster now?— __________.A. Sorry, he is busy at the momentB. No, you can’tC. Sorry, you can’tD. I don’t know10. — Do you think I could borrow your dictionary?A. Yes, you may borrowB. Yes, go onC. Yes, help yourselfD. It doesn’t matter11. — What can I do for you, madam?—________.A. I want a kilo of applesB. You can go your own wayC. ThanksD. Excuse me. I’m busy12. —Do you mind telling me where you’re from?—_________.A. Certainly. I’m from LondonB. Sure. I was born in LondonC. Not really, you can do itD. Certainly not. I’m from London13. —May I see the menu, please? I’ve been waiting an hour already.—_________.A. That is the menu, sirB. Yes, please go onC. Here you are, sirD. Of course, sir14. —I want to look up a new word. Could you lend me your dictionary?—____________A. Yes, I can.B. Here you are.C. Sorry, I don’t think so.D. You can take it.15. —I’m sorry that the postcards you want to buy have been sold out.—_____________A. Oh, great.B. That sounds boring.C. That’s all right!D. Oh, what a pity!16. —Do you mind if I smoke here?—__________A. Yes, certainly not.B. No, please don’t.C. Sorry, it’s forbidden here.D. Yes, I mind.17. —Do you think living in the countryside has more advantages?—____________A. Yes, perfectly.B. Well, it depends.C. Yes, it is.D. Nothing at all.18. —You’ve won the basketball game. Congratulations!—____________A. Oh, not really.B. No one else could do it.C. Thank you. We’re really lucky.D. It’s good of you to say so.19. — Excuse me, Sir. Could you hold the suitcase for me?—____________A. It’s a pleasure.B. My pleasure.C. I could.D. With pleasure.20. —Mom, I’m very sorry for having broken the plate.—Oh, boy, ____________A. it doesn’t mat ter.B. no problem.C. that’s right.D. thank you.21. —It’s really nice of you to give me a hand in time!—____________A. Thank you.B. No, no.C. With pleasure.D. It’s my pleasure.22. — Excuse me, when is the next flight from London due to arrive?A. In half an hour.B. An hour before.C. Until the next one.D. Before another one.23. —I’m glad you like it. Please drop in any time you like.—__________A. Yes, I will.B. I’m afraid I won’t be free.C. Is it all right?D. That’s great.24. —I believe we’ve met somewhere before.—No, ________.A. it isn’t the sameB. it can’t be trueC. I don’t think soD. I’d rather not25. — Why don't you have dinner with me tonight?—____________A. The reason is that I have to work over time tonight.B. Sorry about that, but I have to go to a party.C. Because I have an appointment.D. I’d love to, but I have to fi nish my paper.26. — I'm afraid I have spilled some coffee on the table cloth.—____________A. Oh, don't worry about that.B. You needn’t apologize.C. I feel sorry for that.D. Oh, you shouldn’t have done that.27. — You seem to have a lot of wor k to do in your office. You’ve always been working overtime.—____________A. You are right, but don’t you know the meaning of work?B. Sorry, I don’t think so. I get overpaid for overwork, you know.C. That’s right. All work and no play make Jack a dull boy.D. That’s right, but the work is interesting. I don’t mind some extra hours at all.28. —George, I would like to introduce a friend of mine, if Imay: Albert Snow. Albert, this is George Smith.—____________A. How have you been?B. Pleased to meet you, George.C. Mind if call you George?D. The pleasure’s mine.29. —Excuse me. I don’t want to interrupt you…—____________A. No, no. It’s quite all right.B. It w on’t bother me.C. Never mindD. Of course not.30. — I think the movie is really exciting and touching.—____________A. So am I.B. So do I.C. Neither do I.D. The same to you.31. — Which one do you prefer, the window seat or the aisle seat?—_____________A. I prefer a window seat.B. I like neither.C. Both will do.D. I don’t know.32. — Have you ever been to the Great Wall in Beijing?—__________A. Yes, I am .B. No, I don’t.C. No, I’ve never been there.D. Certainly, I went there.II. Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1In the United States there was an unusual tale telling of the daughter of a mechanic. One day while walking along the bank of a lake, the girl happened to see 20 eggs laid by a wild goose. After some time the girl realized the mother would not return to her eggs and she decided to take them home. There she carefully placed the eggs in the heat of a lamp. Several days later the eggs broke and the baby geese came into the world.Geese are known to take the first living thing they see as their mother. Thus, to these young geese, the girl was their mother.As they grew, the girl was able to lead her birds to run across the grass, but she could not teach them to fly. The girl became increasingly worried about this, both when awake and in her dreams. Later, she had an idea. She would pilot a plane to guide them in flight. She asked her father for a plane and he assembled small aircraft for her.Caring about her safety, the father decided to pilot the plane himself. However, the birds did not recognize or follow him, and instead slept in the grass.One day, the girl climbed into the plane, started it and soon left the ground. Seeing their mother take to the air, the birds eagerly flapped their wings and set out. She flew the plane freely in the sky, her young birds following.1. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?A. The Daughter of a Mechanic.B. A Girl and Her Father.C. A Girl and Her Geese .D. How to Teach Birds to Fly.2. Why did the girl decide to take the eggs home?A. Because she liked the eggs.B. Because she wanted to eat the eggs.C. Because her father asked her to do so.D. Because she knew that the mother goose will not come back.3. The baby geese naturally took _________ as their mother.A. the mother geeseB. the girlC. the first thing they touchD. the girl’s father4. What did the girl’s father do to help her?A. He assembled a small plane.B. He piloted the plane himself.C. He taught the geese how to fly.D. Both A & B.5. How did the young geese learn to fly?A. By following the girl in the plane.B. By themselves.C. By following the girl’s father.D. By staying in the plane.Passage 2People once widely believed that intelligent life existed on Mars. The 19th-century discovery of what appeared to be geometric designs cut across the surface was taken as evidence.The lines were thought to have been a system of canals that had been built to irrigate the surface. It is now clear that “canals” —perhaps the most spectacular geologic features of Mars —are natural valleys where ancient rivers once flowed.Another fragmented idea concerns the planet’s seasonal changes in color. Once attributed to the rapid spread of some life-form, these shifts are now known to develop from the movement of fine dust in the atmosphere.By the close of the 20th century none of the many experiments conducted by spacecraft had ever found persuasive evidence of life. Nevertheless, speculation continued over the existence of some form of life, in either the present or the past. In 1996 scientists discovered organic compounds and minerals in a meteorite(陨石), consisting of Martian rock, that collided with Earth around 11,000 B.C. These compounds suggest that Mars may have been inhabited by organisms more than three billion years ago.6. Why did people in the 19th century believe the existence of intelligent life on Mars?A. Because the surface of Mars seemed to be geometric.B. Because the lines were drawn across the surface of the planet.C. Because a system of canals was thought to be there.D. Because it was the Martians that built the canals.7. The “canals” on Mars have proved to be ______ according to the passage.A. the minor geologic characteristic of MarsB. natural valleys on the surface of MarsC. rivers that have kept flowing since ancient timesD. a system that irrigates the whole surface8. What were the Mars’ seasonal changes in color believed to be?A. The natural changes on the planet.B. The seasonal cycles.C. The movement of some life form.D. The storm of dust in its atmosphere.9. How is the 1996 discovery related to the possible existence of organisms on Mars?A. The meteorite containing organic compounds is part of Mars.B. A Martian rock struck Earth about 11,000 years ago.C. The organisms came back to life after the collision with Earth.D. The inhabiting organisms appeared more than three billion years ago.10. How many arguments in this passage lead to the belief of the existence of life on Mars?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Five.Passage 3Gilbert Arenas was born on January 6, 1982 in Tampa, Florida. His father played college football at the University of Miami. In 1984, the pair moved to Los Angeles, California where Gilbert's father was an actor in commercials and soap operas.When Gilbert was about 11, he started playing basketball. By the time Gilbert was 14, he wasalready the best player on Ulysses S. Grant High School in Van Nuys, California. He decided to wear the number "0" becausepeople told him he would get "zero playing time". After his sophomore year, Gilbert decided to enter the NBA draft. Many coaches thought that Gilbert was not ready. As a result, he was drafted a disappointing 31st overall by the Golden State Warriors. Gilbert worked hard at Golden State, despite the fact his coach kept him on the bench for much of the season. When he finally got his chance, Gilbert averaged 14 points and 5 assists per game as the Warriors point guard.After a successful individual year for Gilbert, it was time to test the NBA's free-agent market. Much to the disappointment of Warriors fans, Gilbert signed a 6-year, 65 million dollar deal with the Washington Wizards in 2003. Not surprisingly, he became an instant star with the Wizards. Fans loved to watch him race up the court, dish-off passes, and make difficult shots and lay ups. Although the Wizards only won 27 games his first year in Washington, Gilbert led them with 19.6 points per game. Gilbert, along with teammates Larry Hughes and Antawn Jamison, led the Wizards to the NBA playoffs during his second year. The highlight of the decade for the Wizards was their post-season victory against the Chicago Bulls in the NBA playoffs.11. What did Gilbert’s father do for a living in Californi a?A. He was an artist.B. He was a basketball player.C. He was an actor.D. He was a football player.12. When did Gilbert become the best player on Ulysses S. Grant High School?A. When he was 11.B. In 1984.C. When he was 14.D. As a junior in high school.13. Why was Gilbert drafted a disappointing 31st overall by the Golden State Warriors?A. Because many coaches thought that he was not ready.B. Because the Golden State Warriors liked him very much.C. Because his family has moved to the Golden State.D. Because his performance is disappointing in the season.14. Which of the following players did NOT help the Wizards make the playoffs in Gilbert’s second year?A. Gilbert Arenas.B. Gold State Warriors.C. Antawn Jamison.D. Larry Hughes.15. Which of the following words best describes Gilbert Arenas as described by the passage?A. Overrated.B. Hard-working.C. Talented.D. Both B and C.Passage 4Manners are very important in every country, but the trouble is that different countries have different ideas about what counts as polite behavior. What is good manners in one country may not be appropriate behavior in another. Chinese people may be shocked at what counts as good manners in England.When an Englishman passes a friend in the street he does not always stop to talk. He may just nod, say" hello" and pass on. If two friends do stop to talk, they do not shake hands. It is only at parties for young people (students, for instance) that a person could go up to someone he does not know and introduce himself.On more formal occasions or at parties run by older people a guest always waits to be introduced to someone he does not know by the host, hostess oranother guest who he already knows. At even a formal dinner an Englishman does not wait for a toast before he has a drink. The English reserve toasts for very formal or very special occasions. In these cases the toast will usually be accompanied by a short speech, for example, at a wedding reception or at a party for somebody who is retiring. After a private dinner in someone's house an Englishman will only shake hands with the host and hostess if it is a fairly formal occasion, like a business dinner, and he will usually put his coat on and say goodbye as he leaves the house.Luckily, like Chinese people, the English usually excuse foreign students over matters of etiquette. But even so, perhaps the safest advice for the overseas student, no matter what country he is visiting, is to follow the old proverb: when in Rome, do as the Romans do.16. When an Englishman meets a friend in the street, he may ____________________.A. stop to talk to his friendB. just nod and say “hello”C. shake hands with his friendD. just say goodbye17. What will a person do when he attend a party run by older people?A. Go up to a stranger and introduce himself.B. Ask his friend to introduce him to others.C. Give a speech in front of others to introduce himself.D. Wait to be introduced by the host / hostess.18. On which occasion will the English toast?A. A wedding reception.B. A dinner party.C. A speech.D. A meeting.19. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. Different countries have similar ideas about what good manners are.B. Chinese people seem to be more polite than English people.C. An Englishman will shake hands with the host after a private business dinner.D. The English usually can’t understand foreign students impolite behaviors.20. Which of the following best explains the proverb: when in Rome, do as the Romans do.A. If you go to Rome, you must do things like the Romans.B. When you go to a foreign country, you should learn something about their manners.c. Romans always do the right thing, so you should follow them.D. Manners in Roman are as easy to follow as in other countries.III. Vocabulary and StructureDirections: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. In order to strengthen his muscles, Mike goes to the gym _____ to do exercises.A. increasinglyB. oftenC. regularlyD. lively2. He asked who I voted for and I said it was my own _______.A. thingB. matterC. dutyD. business3. Mr. Smith was determined to _______ the experiment after so many years' interruption.A. carry onB. carry outC. carry awayD. carry forth4. Drunken driving is often the major _____ of traffic accidents.A. reasonB. causeC. excuseD. way5. The case ______ a lot of things, ______ a second-hand watch.A. included; containedB. included; containingC. contained; includedD. contained; including6. His article concerning population control was published in the _____ issue of China Daily.A. latestB. latelyC. lateD. later7. Although many young people are eager to go abroad, he prefers _________ in his own country.A. stay and workB. stayed and workedC. to stay and workD. to be stayed and worked8. The good service at the hotel made up for the poor food to some ________.A. wayB. gradeC. sortD. extent9. Scientists think that the continents __________ always where they ____today.A. aren’t; areB. aren’t; wereC. weren’t; areD. weren’t; were10. As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when __________ and see him.A. will you comeB. you will comeC. you comeD. do you come11. Years ago we didn't know this, but recent science ______ that people who don't sleep well soon get ill.A. showedB. has shownC. will showD. is showing12. They _____ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _____ on it as no good results have come out so far.A. had been working; are still workingB. had worked; were still workingC. have been working; have workedD. have worked; are still working13. —What would you do if it ____ tomorrow?—We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.A. rainB. is rainingC. will rainD. rains14. The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I _____ before.A. was havingB. haveC. have ever hadD. had ever had15. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _______for London to attend a meeting.A. will leaveB. leavesC. will have leftD. left16. I sent invitations to 80 people, ______ have replied.A. of whom only 20 of theseB. only 20 whoC. of 20 of these whoD. only 20 of whom17. No passenger is allowed to stick his head out of the window lest he ______.A. should be hurtB. is hurtC. will be hurtD. is to be hurt18. I consider ______ that I should do my best to help them.A. my dutyB. to be my dutyC. what my dutyD. it my duty19. There was plenty of time. She ______.A. mustn’t have hurriedB. needn’t have hurrie dC. must hurryD. couldn’t have hurried20. Shanghai is the place _____ the great Communist Party of China was born.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. that21. So little ______ about chemistry that the lecture was completely beyond me.A. I knowB. I knewC. do I knowD. did I know22. We have _____ two seats for the 8:30 flight to New Yorktomorrow.A. boughtB. soldC. bookedD. ordered23. Candies and chocolates are treats suitable for festive _______ .A. conditionsB. occasionsC. situationsD. events24. The young couple _______ their new life to a railway train on a long unknown track.A. imaginedB. figuredC. comparedD. cheered25. Some passengers complain that it usually takes so long to ____ in travel insurance documents.A. finishB. fillC. completeD. write26. As the _____ manager of the company, Alan White should be responsible for all the sales of the department.A. chiefB. mainC. commonD. general27. Some customers complain that it usually _____ so long toget refund for the inferior goods they bought.A. takesB. costsC. spendsD. spares28. If the boy had _____ the dog alone it wouldn't have bitten him.A. setB. madeC. hadD. left29. Jack is good, kind, hard-working and intelligent. __________, I can't speak too highly of him.A. As a resultB. By the wayC. In any caseD. In a word30. Stressful environments lead to unhealthy behaviors such as poor eating habits, which _____ increase the risk of heart disease.A. in turnB. in returnC. by chanceD. by turns31. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ______ each year.A. is washing awayB. are being washed awayC. are washing awayD. is being washed away32. Millions of pounds' worth of damage _____ by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.A. has been caused B have been causedC. will be causedD. will have been caused33. In the past, people used _________ that the moon was too far away __________. But now it is possible for man __________ there by spaceship.A. to think, not to reach, to getB. to think, to reach, to getC. to thinking, to reach, will getD. thought, to reach, to get to34. Her son promised __________ in the bedroom until the baby stopped __________.A. staying, to cryB. to stay, cryingC. for staying, to cryD. to stay, to cry35. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter __________ after drinking.A. never to driveB. to never driveC. never drivingD. never drive36. As she is looking forward to __________ from me, please remember __________ this letter on your way to school.A. hear, postB. be heard, postingC. hearing, to postD. be hearing, to posting37. Sports, ______ perhaps you don’t like very much, m aymake you strong.A. thatB. itC. whichD. what38. We’ll visit Europe next summer vacation ______ we have enough money.A. lestB. untilC. unlessD. provided39. ______ doesn’t matter ______ they will come.A. It, whetherB. That, whetherC. If it, whoD. Whether, it40. I have two brothers, both ______ are doctors.A. of whichB. of themC. whoD. of whom41. You’ll fail in the driving test ______ you have more practice.A. ifB. unlessC. whenD. after42. It was with great joy ______ he received the news that his long lost son would soon return home.A. soB. asC. thatD. since43. They always kept on good __________ with their next-door neighbors for the children’s sake.A. friendshipB. relationsC. relativesD. terms44. There was a good __________ of the countryside from the front of the bus.A. sightB. viewC. sceneD. scenery45. I think we should let Maria go camping with her boyfriend. __________, she’s a big girl now.A. After allB. Above allC. First of allD. For all46. If you ever have the __________ to go abroad to work, you should take it.A. possibilityB. offerC. luckD. chance47. The man told his girl friend he would wait for her where the three roads __________.A. linkB. connectC. meetD. combine48. The current political __________ of our country is favorable for foreign investments.A. climateB. weatherC. stateD. occasion49. My house is very __________ for getting to work as it is onlya few minutes from the station.A. comfortableB. suitableC. convenientD. free50. — Mum, it is nice weather. I want to skate this afternoon.—Don’t you think the ice on the lake is too thin to __________ your weight?A. standB. bearC. catchD. take51. Our English teacher __________ our buying a good English-Chinese dictionary.A. askedB. orderedC. suggestedD. required52. __________ from the moon, our earth, with water __________ seven percent of its surface, appears as a “blue ball”.A. Seen ... coveredB. Seeing ... coveringC. Seen ... coveringD. To see ... to cover53. What’s the language __________ in Ge rmany?A. speakingB. spokenC. be spokenD. to speak54. Mr. Lee,__________ of the __________ speech,started to read a novel.A. tired ... boringB. tiring ... boredC. tired ... boredD. tiring ... boring55. __________,the boy couldn’t enter his house.A. Since the key has lostB. The key was lostC. Lost the keyD. Having lost the key56. I think they will go to town tomorrow, __________?A. do IB. don’t IC. will theyD. won’t they57. We told you that he would come tonight, __________?A. didn’t weB. did weC. would heD. wouldn’t he58. You ______ all those calculations. We have a computer to do that sort of thing.A. needn’t have doneB. must not have doneC. shouldn’t have doneD. can not have done59. The columnist feels sure ______ wins the election will have the support of the parties.A. whoeverB. whomeverC. whateverD. whenever60. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up ______ I could answer the phone.A. asB. sinceC. untilD. before61. With the problem ______, we are getting along even more smoothly.A. settlesB. to settleC. settledD. to be settling62. Seldom ______ any mistake during my past fifteen years of service here.A. I did makeB. did I makeC. should I makeD. I made63. I am ______ the same old breakfast every morning.A. bored ofB. bored withC. tired withD. tired from64. The more difficult the problems are, ______ able to solve them.A. I am the less likelyB. the less likely I amC. I am less the likelyD. the likely less I am65. Every spare minute he gets is spent ______ his car.A. to washB. in washC. washingD. on washing66. Don’t get off the bus until it ______.A. has stoppedB. stoppedC. will stopD. shall stop67. ______ one occasion he helped an old woman who was in danger ______ the risk of his life.A. In, asB. On, atC. By, withD. At, in68. —When ______ again?—When he ______, I’ll let you know.A. he comes, comesB. will he come, will comeC. he comes, will comeD. will he come, comes69. Hardly ______ the classroom when the class began.A. had he enteredB. he enteredC. has he enteredD. he had entered70. —Hi, Tracy, you look tired.—I am tired. I ______ the living room all day.A. paintedB. had paintedC. have paintedD. have been painting71. The strike is said ______ by the government’s negligence of the people’s welfare.A. to be causedB. to causeC. being causedD. to have been caused72. The teacher doesn’t permit ______ in class.A. smokeB. smokingC. to smokeD. to have a smoke73. ______ adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the journey till next week.A. Not to have madeB. Not makingC. Not having made。

复习资料化工原理下试卷答案2

复习资料化工原理下试卷答案2

第七章质量传递基础掌握一些基本概念:1、什么叫分子扩散?什么叫对流扩散?答:由于分子的无规则热运动而造成的物质传递现象称为分子扩散,简称为扩散。

对流扩散即湍流主体与相界面之间的分子扩散与涡流扩散两种传质作用的总称。

2、什么是菲克扩散定律?写出表达式3、简述双膜理论的基本论点?答:其基本论点如下:1)相互接触的气,液流体间存在着定态的相界面,界面两侧分别存在气膜和液膜,吸收质以分子扩散方式通过此两膜层。

2)在相界面处,气液两相处于平衡。

(3)膜内流体呈滞流流动,膜外流体呈湍流流动,全部组成变化集中在两个有效膜层内。

4、双膜理论是将整个相际传质过程简化为__________。

经由气、液两膜层的分子扩散过程5、掌握相组成的表示方法:试题某吸收塔的操作压强为110 KPa,温度为25 ℃,处理焦炉气1800 m3/h。

焦炉气中含苯156 kg/h,其他为惰性组分。

求焦炉气中苯的摩尔分数和物质的量之比(即摩尔比)。

第八章气体吸收一、填空题1、吸收因数S可表示为Mv/L,它是_平衡线斜率m_与_操作线斜率L/V_的比值。

2、用水吸收氨-空气混合气体中的氨,它是属于_气膜_控制的吸收过程,对于该过程来说,要提高吸收速率,则应该设法减小_气膜阻力_。

3、在吸收过程中,由于吸收质不断进入液相,所以混合气体量由塔底至塔顶逐渐减少。

在计算塔径时一般应以_塔底_的气量为依据。

4、吸收操作的依据是_各组分在同一种溶剂中溶解度的差异_,以达到分离气体混合物的目的。

混合气体中,能够溶解于溶剂中的组分称为_吸收质_或_溶质_。

5、若某气体在水中的亨利系数E值很大,说明该气体为_难溶_气体。

在吸收操作中_增加_压力和_降低_温度可提高气体的溶解度,有利于吸收。

6、用气相浓度△y为推动力的传质速率方程有两种,以传质分系数表达的速率方程为__ __N A =k y(y-y i)__,以传质总系数表达的速率方程为__N A =K y(y-y*)___。

资产评估总复习题2答案

资产评估总复习题2答案

资产评估总复习题2答案二、多项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分)在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选、少选或未选均无分。

1.下列各项中,属于资产评估特点的有(ACDE)A.现实性 B.客观性 C.市场性 D.公正性 E.咨询性2.下列各项中,属于资产评估经济原则的有(ABD)A.贡献原则 B.替代原则 C.客观性原则 D.预期原则 E.科学性原则3.造成资产产生实体性贬值的原因有(ABC)A.资产正常使用的磨损B.资产非正常使用中产生碰撞C.受空气氧化出现锈蚀D.技术落后E.利用率下降4.运用市场法评估机器设备时,应对被估机器设备与参照物进行比较,比较因素包括(ABCD)A.个别因素 B.交易因素 C.地域因素 D.时间因素 E.市场因素5.在估算建筑物重置成本的方法中,价格指数调整法由于方法本身的缘故,一般只限用于(ABE)A.单位价值量小的建筑物B.结构简单的建筑物 C.结构相同的建筑物D.用途相同的建筑物 E.运用其他方法估算有困难的建筑物6.根据无形资产的特点,无形资产损耗的估算方法有(BE)A.市价类比法 B.专家鉴定法 C.修复金额法 D.财务核算法 E.剩余经济寿命预测法7.在评估时需要考虑实体性贬值的流动资产有(BC)A.最近购进的材料B.超储积压物资C.在用的低值易耗品D.在产品E.在库低值易耗品8.与资产评估相关的股票价格有(ABCDE)A.票面价格 B.发行价格 C.账面价格 D.内在价格 E.清算价格9.影响企业获利能力的因素主要有(ABCDE)A.企业所属行业的收益 B.企业的资产结构和负债比例 C.企业的经营管理水平D.该企业产品的市场占有率 E.企业所处的地理位置、资源供应等10.评估机构法定代表人对资产评估报告的审核包括但不限于...(ABCDE)A.对评估报告是否符合合法性原则进行审核 B.对评估目的的表述是否明晰进行审核C.对评估结果是否切合实际进行审核 D.对评估范围和对象是否确切进行审核E.对评估报告从总体结构方面进行审核11.以下属于资产评估工作原则的有(ACDE)A.独立性原则 B.预期原则 C.科学性原则 D.专业性原则 E.客观性原则12.决定和影响价值类型的因素主要有(ABCE)A.市场条件 B.评估的特定目的 C.资产的功能 D.评估方法的选择 E.资产的状态13.根据被评估资产能否独立存在分类,资产可分为(BE)A.整体资产 B.可确指资产 C.固定资产 D.单项资产 E.不可确指资产14.折现率的构成一般包括(AB)A.无风险利率 B.风险收益率 C.超额收益率 D.垄断收益率 E.通货膨胀率15.引起建筑物实体性贬值的原因有(ABCD)A.建筑物自然老化 B.建筑物的使用磨损 C.自然灾害引起的建筑物功能减弱D.人为破坏造成的建筑物功能减弱 E.建筑物存在设计上的缺陷16.在估算建筑物重置成本的方法中,重编预算法比较适用于(AC)A.测算建筑物的更新重置成本 B.测算建筑物的复原重置成本C.测算构造简单建筑物的重置成本 D.测算具有完整竣工决算资料建筑物的重置成本E.测算原工程量较合理建筑物的重置成本17.流动资产包括(ABD)A.现金 B.应收账款 C.股权性投资 D.在产品 E.长期债券18.可以作为评估对象的长期待摊费用有(ACE)A.自有机器设备大修理支出 B.自有机器设备更新改造支出 C.租入机器设备大修理支出D.自有房产装修费用支出 E.租入房产装修费用支出19.从产权的角度出发,企业价值评估范围应包括(ABCDE)A.全资子公司 B.控股子公司 C.企业产权主体自身经营的部分D.企业所拥有的闲置资产 E.非控股子公司中的投资部分20.资产评估管理机构对资产评估报告书的运用可以实现的目的有(ABD)A.了解评估机构从事评估工作的业务能力和组织管理水平B.对评估结果质量进行评价 C.作为产权交易作价的基础资料D.为国有资产管理提供重要的数据资料 E.作为支付评估费用的依据2l.下列中可以作为资产评估对象的资产有( BDE)A.没有获利能力的专利B.企业拥有的不动产C.政府公布的经济信息D.企业拥有的商誉E.个人拥有的股票22.资产评估业务约定书包括的主要内容有( ACDE)A.资产评估目的、资产评估对象B.资产评估限制条件和重要假设C.资产评估基准日D.资产评估报告使用范围E.双方的权利、义务及违约责任23.在确认继续使用的资产时,必须充分考虑的条件有( ABCDE)A.资产尚有显著的剩余使用寿命B.资产所有权明确,并保持完好C.充分考虑了资产的使用功能D.资产能以其提供的服务或用途,满足所有者经营上期望的收益E.资产从经济上、法律上是否允许转作他用24.在市场法中,参照物调整的因素主要包括( ACE)A.时间因素B.折旧率政策因素C.地域因素D.税收因素E.功能因素25.机器设备评估时,要根据其特点,确定其评估范围。

高中思想政治总复习及答案2 只有社会主义才能救中国

高中思想政治总复习及答案2 只有社会主义才能救中国

考点规范练2只有社会主义才能救中国一、选择题1.(2021·辽宁高二模拟)历史学家陈旭麓在《近代中国社会的新陈代谢》一书中指出:“在近代中国变革的道路上,如果说19世纪最后几年的时代象征是康有为,那么到了20世纪初年则进入了以孙中山为代表的时代。

”康有为和孙中山分别代表的变革事业其实都是()①资产阶级性质的社会改良运动②中华民族救亡图存的爱国运动③资产阶级登上政治舞台后的杰作④中国在完全成为半殖民地半封建社会后的抗争A.①②B.②③C.①④D.③④答案:B2.从1840年6月鸦片战争开始到1949年10月1日中华人民共和国建立是中国民主革命时期,在此期间,以1919年五四运动为界标,分为前后两个革命阶段。

这两个革命阶段的领导阶级分别是()A.资产阶级、无产阶级B.资产阶级、资产阶级C.无产阶级、无产阶级D.无产阶级、资产阶级答案:A3.歌曲《没有共产党就没有新中国》伴随着中国人民在中国共产党的领导下摆脱黑暗走向光明,摆脱贫穷走向富强,成为传世的时代经典。

下列有关中国共产党提出的建国方案表述正确的是() ①主张推翻帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的统治②以实现共产主义为最高理想③赢得除资产阶级之外的最广大人民群众的拥护④经历史和人民的检验成为唯一正确的选择A.①④B.①②C.②③D.③④答案:A解析:中国共产党的建国方案主张建立工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民共和国,经过新民主主义走向社会主义,实现共产主义是中国共产党的最高理想和最终目标。

中国共产党的建国方案反映了当时社会条件下,中华民族和中国人民最迫切的愿望——推翻三座大山,最终赢得包括民族资产阶级在内的最广大人民群众的拥护,在历史和人民的检验中脱颖而出,并成为唯一正确的选择,①④正确。

②表述正确,但与题意无关。

③表述错误,排除。

4.20世纪上半叶,在中国的出路、前途和命运问题上,各种政治力量分别提出自己的方案,进行了异常激烈的较量。

概率论与数理统计(II)总复习资料

概率论与数理统计(II)总复习资料

概率论与数理统计期末总复习一、填空题1. 设来自总体X 的一个样本观察值为:2.1,5.4,3.2,9.8,3.5,则样本均值 = 4.8 ,样本方差 = 9.23 。

2.设随机变量12100,,,X X X 独立同分布,且0,10,i i EX DX == 1,2,,100i = ,令10011100i i X X ==∑,则10021{()}i i E X X =-=∑__________. 解: 设1100,,X X 为总体X 的样本,则1002211()99i i S X X ==-∑为样本方差,于是210ES DX ==,即10021()1099990.i i E X X =-=⨯=∑3.设12,,,n X X X 是总体(,4)N μ的样本,X 是样本均值,则当n ≥__________时,有2E X 4. 设12,,,n X X X 是来自0–1分布:(1),(0)1P X p P X p ====-的样本,则EX =__________,DX =__________,2ES =__________.解:11,(1)ni i i i X X EX p DX pq p p n =====-∑2111(1)i i EX nEX p DX nDX p p n n n=⋅==⋅=-22222111()[]11n i i i ES E X nX nEX nEX n n ==-=⋅---∑2211[((1))((1))]1n p p p n p p p n n =-+--+- 21[(1)](1).1np p n p p p n =---=-- 5.设总体12~(),,,,n X P X X X λ 为来自X 的一个样本,则EX =_________,DX =__________.解:~()i i X P EX DX EX DX nλλλλ====6.设总体12~[,],,,n X U a b X X X 为X 的一个样本,则EX =________,DX =__________.解:2()~[,]212a b b a X U a b EX DX +-==2a b EX += 2()12b a DX n-=7.设总体2126~(0,),,,,X N X X Xσ 为来自X 的一个样本,设22123456()()Y X X X X X X =+++++,则当C =_________时,2~(2).CY χ解:123456()()0E X X X E X X X ++=++=2123456()()33i D X X X D X X X DX σ++=++==12312321)]()13D X X X D X X X σ++=++=123)~(0,1)X X X N ∴++,456)~(0,1)X X X N ++且独立213C σ∴= 8.设1216,,,X X X 是总体2(,)N μσ的样本,X 是样本均值,2S 是样本方差,若()0.95P X aS μ>+=,则a =__________.解:0.95()((15))0.95X P X aS P P t t μ>+=≥=≥-=,查t 分布表0.954(15) 1.750.4383.a t a =-=-⇒=-9. 在总体~(5,16)X N 中随机地抽取一个容量为36的样本,则均值X 落在4与6之间的概率 = ()2 1.51Φ- 。

广州版英语六年级上总复习资料归纳M2答案.docx

广州版英语六年级上总复习资料归纳M2答案.docx

[解析] 文段的前半部分是说对先秦诸子的划分有“六 家”“十家”,“杨朱与老子、庄子不同,其观点立场更不 一样,不宜列入道家,应是独立的一家”,由此可以判断① 处应是后一部分领起句,应填写对这种划分法并不敢苟同之 类的内容;根据文段末尾一句,可以判定②处亦为领起句, 应填同一流派中有继承更有发展之类的内容。
[例 2] 根据下面的文字,补写后面总括性的句子,每句 补写部分不超过 15 个字。
关于低碳经济的解释较多,例如:“低碳经济是以低能耗、 低污染、低排放为基础的经济模式”“低碳经济就是能源高效 利用、清洁能源开发、追求绿色 GDP”,“低碳经济是通过 技术创新、制度创新、产业转型、新能源开发等多种手段,达 到经济社会发展与生态环境保护双赢的一种经济发展形 态”“低碳经济是能源技术和减排技术创新、产业结构和制度 创新,以及人类生存发展观念的根本性转变”。在低碳经济的 背景下,“低碳技术”“低碳发展”“低碳生活方式”“低碳 社会”“低碳观念”等一系列新概念应运而生。
[典例] (2016·全国丙卷) 在下面一段文字横线处补写恰当的语句,使整段文字语意完整连 贯,内容贴切,逻辑严密。每处不超过 10 个字。 自第一颗人造地球卫星进入太空以来,除了载人航天飞行器会回 收之外,其他上天的人造物体陆续被遗弃在太空中, ① 。太空垃 圾已经威胁到人类的航天活动。比如厄瓜多尔的一颗卫星升空后不到 一个月,就与太空中的火箭残骸相撞而报废。这种威胁不仅仅发生在 太空,甚至地球上的人类生活也会 ② 。因此, ③ ,应是人类 接下来要解决的一个重要课题。
[参考答案] ①没有约定俗成的定义 ②广泛的产业领域 和管理领域
(二)阐述转换句的定位补写 阐述转换句多出现在同一个句子的上半句或下半句中, 通常是并列关系复句的另一半,条件关系复句的“条件”或 “结果”等。补写时或合理推出语段未有的新内容,或根据 上下文推出已有的内容。阐述句的补写在语句补写题中有上 升趋势,在复习中应引起关注。
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一、填空题(40%)1. 汤森德(Townsend )机理可以用来解释均匀电场下的 气体 击穿现象。

(放电始于有效电子通过碰撞游离形成电子崩,通过正离子撞击阴极不断从阴极金属表面逸出自由电子来弥补引起的电子碰撞游离所需的有效电子。

)。

巴申(Paschen )定律是指:在⋅δS 较小的情况下,气体的击穿电压与⋅δS 具有有稳定的关系,均匀电场中气体的击穿电压U b是气体相对密度和电极间距离的乘积⋅δS 的函数 。

2. 雷电冲击50%击穿电压是指:气隙被击穿的概率为50%的冲击电压峰值。

多次施加电压(波形1.2/50μs )中,其中半数导致击穿的电压,工程上以此来反映间隙的耐受冲击电压的特性。

多种因素影响气隙的击穿电压,一般的说来,提高气隙击穿电压的方法有(写出任意三种)改善电场分布,使之尽量均匀,改进电极形状,利用空间电荷畸变电场的作用;高气压的采用,减小电子的平均自由行程,削弱电离过程;采用高度真空,削弱间隙中的碰撞电离过程;高电气强度气体的采用,工程上采用含卤族元素的气体化合物,如六氟化硫(S F 6)等,其电气强度比空气的要高很多,可以大大提高气隙的击穿电压。

对于固体电介质,影响其击穿电压的因素有(写出任意三种):电压作用时间,温度,电场均匀程度,电压种类,累积效应,受潮等。

3. 行波通过 串联电感 和 并联电容 都能降低其陡度,改变波形。

架设避雷线还能限制雷电流幅值,避雷线还能限制感应过电压幅值。

两者都能用于防雷保护接线中。

(参阅p277:避雷线是高压和超高压输电线路最基本的防雷措施,其主要目的是防止雷直击导线,此外,避雷线雷电流还有分流作用,可以减小流入杆塔的雷电流,使塔顶电位下降;避雷线对导线有耦合作用,可以降低导线上的感应过电压。

)(参阅p287-288:变电所进线保护段的作用在于限制流经避雷器的雷电流幅值和限制入侵波陡度。

由于线路本身阻抗的作用使流经避雷器的雷电流受到限制,同时由于在进线段上冲击电晕的影响将使入侵波的陡度和幅度下降。

变电所内设备距避雷器的最大允许电气距离,就是根据进线段以外落雷的条件下求得的,这样可以保证进线段以外落雷时变电所不会发生事故)4. 冲击电晕使线路波阻抗00666(1)77cZ Z u u MM u降低20~30%,波速;01cdv c L C ,由于冲击电晕的影响,使行波的幅值 减小衰减,波形 变形,耦合系数耦合系数变大5. 为了降低入侵波陡度可以使用串联电感、并联电容、和进线保护段的措施。

(参阅p215:一有限长的线段,经过多次反射后,可按条件的不同以一集中参数的电容或电感来近似。

)氧化锌避雷器的保护比是指 标称放电电流下的残压与最大持续运行电压峰值的比值或压比与荷电率之比,压比是指 通过波形为8/20 s 标称冲击放电电流下的残压与起始动作电压之比。

6. 输电线路上出现的大气过电压分为两种,一种是 直击雷过电压、 另一种是 感应雷过电压。

7. 雷击杆塔塔顶时,作用在线路绝缘子串上的电压应考虑 塔顶电压()2.6gt tdL chL U I R 、导线上的耦合电压td kU (由于避雷线与导线的耦合作用产生的,此电压与雷电流同极性)、导线上的感应电压(1)gdd U h k (由于雷电通道的电磁场作用产生的,此电压与雷电流异极性) 电压的共同作用(当不考虑线路上的工作电压时)(1)[()]2.6 2.6gt d inschL L h U k R I 。

二、问答题(40%)1. 表征电介质绝缘特性的四个特征参数是什么,它们分别表示什么样的绝缘特性?对于极性液体电介质,其介电常数与温度、外加电压的频率有什么样的关系?为什么? 表征电介质绝缘特性的四个特征参数是:极化特性:介电常数ε;损耗特性:介损t g δ;电气传导特性:电导G 或电阻 R ;电气击穿特性:击穿电压U c 或击穿场强E c 。

极性液体电介质,其介电常数与温度、外加电压的频率有关,极性液体电介质的介电常数主要转向极化决定。

(1)与温度的关系(p4):先随温度的升高而增加,到达最大值后,随温度的升高而下降。

原因是:低温时,分子间的粘附力强,转向困难(转向极化贡献小),介电常数校小;随着温度的升高,分子间的粘附力减弱,转向较容易(转向极化贡献大),介电常数校大;随着温度的进一步升高,分子的热运动加剧,对偶极矩的定向排列的干扰加剧,阻碍转向极化的完成,所以,随着温度的进一步升高,介电常数反而减小。

(2)与外电压的频率的关系:在到达某一临界频率之前保持较大的值,超过临界频率后逐渐减小,随频率的继续增加,趋向于一个较低的数值。

原因是:频率很低时,偶极子来得及跟随电场交变转向,介电常数较大,接近直流电压的介电常数;当频率超过某一临界值时,偶极子转向已经跟不上外电压频率的变化,介电常数开始减小,随着外电压频率的继续增加,最终趋向于由位移极化引起的介电常数。

2. 在过电压保护中对避雷器有哪些要求?这些要求是怎样反映到阀式避雷器的电气特性参数上来的?这些参数如何反映避雷器的性能优越?试全面比较阀式避雷器与氧化锌避雷器的性能。

解:避雷器是限制过电压从而使与之相并联电气设备绝缘免受过电压作用的器件。

对避雷器的第一个要求是能将过电压限制到电气设备绝缘耐受的数值,这就要求避雷器的最大残压(残压为冲击电压作用下,流过避雷器的冲击电流在避雷器上的压降)应低于设备绝缘的冲击耐压值。

对于阀式避雷器还需要保证避雷器的伏秒特性(取决于放电间隙)与被保护设备绝缘的伏秒特性有正确的配合,以免发生电气设备绝缘先于避雷器间隙放电前发生击穿。

避雷器仅满足上述要求还是不够的,对避雷器的第二个要求是应在过电压作用结束后,能迅速截断随后发生的工频续流以不致于发生工频短路引起跳闸而影响正常供电。

阀式避雷器与氧化锌避雷器利用阀片电阻在工频电压下电阻很大的非线性特性使工频续流能在第一次过零时就切断。

对避雷器的第三个要求是避雷器(阀式和氧化锌)还应具有一定的通流以免发生热过度而造成瓷套爆裂。

阀式避雷器与氧化锌避雷器的工作原理相同,且都能避免在被保护设备上产生截波,但由于两者采用的非线性阀片电阻材料不同,表征阀式避雷器与氧化锌避雷器的电气参数和性能有所不同。

◆两种避雷器的电气参数有以下不同:1)阀式避雷器冲击放电电压和残压(一般两者数值相同)是衡量限制过电压能力的参数,其数值越低对被保护设备绝缘越有利。

灭弧电压是保证避雷器可靠灭弧(即截断工频续流)的参数,避雷器安装点可能出现的最高工频电压应小于灭弧电压。

工频放电电压是保证阀式避雷器不在内过电压下动作的参数。

体现阀式避雷器保护性能与灭弧性能的综合参数是保护比(残压与灭弧电压之比)和切断比(工频放电电压与灭弧电压之比)。

2)氧化锌避雷器残压(雷电冲击残压、操作冲击残压、陡坡冲击残压)是衡量氧化锌避雷器对不同冲击过电压限压能力的参数。

持续运行电压和额定电压是保证氧化锌避雷器可靠运行所允许的最大工频持续电压和最高工频电压(非持续性)。

1mA下直流和工频参考电压是反应氧化锌避雷器热稳定性及寿命的参数。

荷电率(持续运行电压峰值与参考电压之比)是表征氧化锌阀片电阻在运行中承受电压负荷的指标。

◆两种避雷器的性能有以下不同:1)保护性能。

由于氧化锌避雷器的发片电阻非线性更好以及一般没有放电间隙,氧化锌避雷器抑制过电压的能力要比阀式避雷器好。

2)适用范围。

阀式避雷器阀片的通流容量较小。

所以一般只适用于限制雷电过电压以及过电压能量较小的内部过电压(如切空载变压器过电压),而氧化锌避雷器不仅可限制雷电过电压,由于阀片通流容量大,所以也可以用以限制内部过电压(如切合空载线路过电压);阀式避雷器动作后工频电弧的熄灭要依赖于工频续流的过零,但在直流系统中无这种过零,所以阀式避雷器就不能用于直流系统,氧化锌避雷器就不能用于直流系统,氧化锌避雷器工频续流的切断是依靠阀片电阻优良的非线性(在工频电压下电阻异常的大),所以可用于直流系统中。

3)运行环境的影响作用。

阀式避雷器有放电间隙,间隙放电电压的分散性使阀式避雷器性能易受温度、湿度、气压、污秽等环境条件的影响,而氧化锌避雷器由于无放电间隙,所以不会受到这些运行环境的影响。

4)维护与监测:氧化锌避雷器维护简单,省去了放电间隙定期清理。

氧化锌避雷器具有各种优点,但运行过程中由于没有放电间隙隔离工频工作电压而应注意发片电阻的老化问题,所以应定期检测氧化锌避雷器的工频泄漏电流,尤其是工频泄漏电流中的阻性电流分量(其大小直接反映出阀片电阻的老化程度)3. 介质损耗角正切tg δ是否能反映介质绝缘性能?通过tg δ的测量能够发现哪些类型的绝缘缺陷?请问为什么?试简要阐述西林电桥的测量原理(测量原理图及测量结果表达式)并分析影响电桥准确度的因素及消除方法。

⏹ 介质的能量损耗: 电导引起的损耗,周期性极化引起的损耗。

介质损耗定义为介质在交流电压作用下的有功功率损耗,一般用tg δ表示。

⏹ 在绝缘试验中,t g δ 的测量是一项基本测试项目。

当绝缘受潮劣化或含有杂质时,t g δ 将显著增加。

通过tg δ的测量可以发现 1) 受潮2) 穿透性导电通道3) 绝缘内含气泡的电离,绝缘分层、脱壳 4) 绕组上附积油泥(绝缘老化劣化!) 5) 绝缘油脏污、劣化等 6) 如果(!!)所加试验电压足以使绝缘中的气隙电离或产生局部放电等情况时,t g δ的值将随试验电压的升高而迅速增大;通过测t g δ —U 的关系曲线加以判断。

⏹ 上述绝缘缺陷将导致介质的电导增加,即介损tg δ增加,因而可以判别介质有绝缘缺陷。

t g δ对大面积分布的绝缘缺陷较灵敏有效,对局部缺陷不灵敏(无效)。

⏹ 西林电桥的基本原理14231423Z Z Z Z令232可得如图所示的西林电桥接线图。

对串联等值回路44tgR C43/xN C R C R ,对并联等值回路44tgR C ,44233(1)N N xR C R C C R R tg ,令4410/ 100R ,,46441010010tg C C ,如C 4以μF 计,则在数值上4tgC 。

⏹ 影响电桥准确度的主要因素1) 高压电源对桥体杂散电容的影响,高压引线与低压臂之间有电场的影响,可以看作其间有杂散电容C s2) 外界电场的干扰,其间的杂散电容C i 会引入干扰电流,造成测量误差3) 外界磁场干扰,电桥处在交变磁场中,将在桥体感应出一干扰电势。

⏹ 消除主要影响的方法1) 屏蔽:将电桥的低压部分,包括被试品和标准电容器的低压电极在内,用接地的金属网屏蔽起来2) 消除外界电磁场干扰时的方法,两次测量法:倒换试验变压器原边电源线的两头。

第一次测得t g δ1和C x ', 第二次测得t g δ2和C x ", 准确的t g δ 和C x 值计算公式为()()/2/2x x xx xx G G G C C C '''=+'''=+,x x tg C G δω=。

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