英语语言学 作业100分
语言学作业
1.In my opinion,The development of society can not do without language.Only with the language can we communicate with others.In our daily life,we survive that depend on labor,when we are in production activities or the struggle of survival,we must help each other and work together.It is the time that we need language as a tool to achieve this purpose.Society is formed by long-term cooperative social members through the development of organizational relations groups,emphasizing the meaning of peers,and extended to the alliances which have common interests.As far as I am concerned, education is a kind of social behavior.I accept the teacher's education with my classmates,and all of these are based on language.At the same time,the existence of language can not do without society.Simply,if there is no society,there is no communication,the existence of language is meaningless.Because of the existence of society,we need to conduct a series of social behavior,so we will use the language.Secondly,the development of society makes language richer and richer.With the continuous development of society,we need to use more precise and vivid language to describe some new or original things so as to achieve the purpose of better communication.2.The diversity of language which remained me Darwin's concept of population nguage diversity should receive environmental and cultural influences.In Europe, for example,the common ancestors of European languages are Latin,but different regions because of isolation formed a different language.As a native speaker of Chinese,if I am going to see Japanese,I would feel a little familiar,but what the meaning I understand and my pronunciation of this symbol are wrong,do not meet the principles of Japanese Learning.This may be affected by the geographical environment of Japan and their original culture.As we see potatoes,some people say that this is “malingshu”, some people say it is “yutou”.This also reflects the diversity of language.。
英语语言学试题(1)及答案
英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、 prescriptiveB、 sociolinguisticC、 descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、 mouthB、 lipsC、 tongueD、 vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、 bound morphemeB、 bound formC、 inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、 coordinatorB、 particleC、 prepositionD、 subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、 is synonymous withB、 is inconsistent withC、 entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、 semanticsB、 pragmaticsC、 sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、 elaborationB、 simplificationC、 external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、 Lingua francaB、 CreoleC、 PidginD、 Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、 learningB、 competenceC、 performanceD、 acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. ( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains. 29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an OldEnglish word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
语言学考试题及答案英语
语言学考试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究语言的科学，其主要研究对象是：A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的运用答案：B2. 语音学是语言学的一个分支，它主要研究：A. 语言的社会功能B. 语言的物理属性C. 语言的语法结构D. 语言的语义内容答案：B3. 下列哪项是语义学的研究范畴？A. 语音的产生B. 词汇的意义C. 句子的构造D. 语言的演变答案：B4. 语言的语法规则包括：A. 词汇的选择B. 句子的构造C. 语调的运用D. 语言的起源答案：B5. 社会语言学主要关注语言与：A. 个人心理B. 社会结构C. 语言的演变D. 文化传承答案：B6. 心理语言学研究的是：A. 语言与社会的关系B. 语言与心理的关系C. 语言与文化的关系D. 语言与物理的关系答案：B7. 语言的产生和发展与人类的哪项能力密切相关？A. 逻辑思维B. 语言模仿C. 抽象思维D. 社会交往答案：D8. 语言的方言是指：A. 同一语言的不同变体B. 不同语言之间的相似性C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A9. 语言的标准化是指：A. 语言的简化B. 语言的统一C. 语言的规范化D. 语言的创新答案：C10. 语言的借词是指：A. 从其他语言借用的词汇B. 同一语言内部的词汇C. 语言的起源D. 语言的演变答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的分支包括语音学、语法学、语义学、__________和心理语言学。
答案：社会语言学2. 语言的最小意义单位是__________。
答案：语素3. 语言的音位是__________的最小单位。
答案：语音4. 语言的词汇包括基本词汇和__________。
答案：派生词汇5. 语言的句法结构包括词法和__________。
答案：句法6. 语言的语用学研究的是语言的__________。
答案：使用7. 语言的方言差异可能导致__________。
英语语言学平时测验及答案
QuizI. True or False (50%)1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.(T)2.Linguistics studies particular language,not language in general.(F)3.A scientific study of language is based on what the linguists think.(F)4.In the study of linguistics,hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.(T)5.Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.(T)6.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. ( F )7.English is a typical tone language.(F)8.The basic principle of IPA is using a different letter for each distinguishable speechsound.9.Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sound.( F ) ( T )10.The assimilation rule assimilat es one sound to another by“copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.(T)11.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken,but notwriting.12.The open-class words include prepositions.( F ) ( F )13.In classifying the English consonants and vowels,the same criteria can be applied. ( F )14.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development.(F)15.Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.(F)16.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. ( T )17.Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.(F)18.The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.(F)19.The number of closed class words is stable forever.(F)20.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.(T)21.The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element,without exception.(F)22.A productive morphological rule can be applied to all words.(F)23.Sometimes derivation can apply more than once and it is possible to create multiple levels of word structure. ( T )24.Both inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes are bound morphemes.( T )25. The meaning of a compound can be derived from the meanings of its constituent morphemes.(F)II. Multiple Choice Items (50%)nguage users can send messages which no one else has ever sent before,which results from________of language.(B)A. displacementB. productivityC. arbitrarinessD. universality2.In terms of manner of articulation,the English consonants[1]and[r]are classified as________.(A)A. liquidsB. affricatesC.stopsD.fricatives3. The morpheme “-al” in the common word “literal” is a(n) _______.( B )A. rootB. derivational affixC. inflectional affixD. free morpheme4.Often referred to as a design feature of language,________enables speakers to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences that they have neither spoken nor heard before.( B ) A.duality B.productivityC.displacementD.arbitrariness5.________phoneticians study speech sounds from the speaker’s point of view.They study the process of how a speaker uses his/her speech organs to produce sounds.(C)A.ArticulatoryB.AuditoryC.AcousticD.General6.Morphemes such as-er,-en,in-are all called________.(C)A.free morphemesB.inflectional morphemesC.affixesD.roots7. There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguistic performance. ( B )A. creationB. communicationprehensionD.perception8. The basic principle of IPA is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sound. ( F )9.Bothphonology andphonetics are studies of speechsound.(T)10.The assimilationrule assimilat es one sound to another by opying”afeature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( T )11.The writingsystemof a language is always a later inventionusedtorecordspeech; thus there are still many languages in today ’s world that can only be spoken, but not writing.(F)12. The open-class words include prepositions. ( F )13. In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied. ( F )14. By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. ( F )15.Parole refers tothe abstract linguistic systemsharedby all the members ofa speechcommunity.(F)16. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. ( T )17. Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted. ( F )18. The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation. ( F )19. The number of closed class words is stable forever. ( F )20.The assimilationrule assimilates one sound to another by opying”afeature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. ( T )21.The part of speechof the compound is always determined by the part ofspeech of the second element, without exception. ( F )22. A productive morphological rule can be applied to all words. ( F )23.Sometimes derivationcanapply morethanonceanditis possibletocreatemultiple levels of word structure. ( T )24. Both inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes are bound morphemes.( T )25. The meaning of a compound can be derived from the meanings of its constituent morphemes. ( F )II.Multiple Choice Items(50%)1. Language users can send messages which no one else has ever sent before, which results from ________of language. ( B )A. displacementB. productivityC. arbitrarinessD. universality2.In terms of manner of articulation,the English consonants[1]and[r]areclassified as ________.( A )A. liquidsB. affricatesC.stopsD.fricatives3. The morpheme “-al” in the common word “literal” is a(n) _______.( B )A. rootB. derivational affixC.inflectional affixD.free morpheme4. Often referred to as a design feature of language, ________ enables speakers toproduce andunderstandaninfinite number of sentences that they have neitherspoken nor heard before.(B)A.dualityB.productivityC.displacementD.arbitrariness5. ________ phoneticians study speech sounds from the speaker’s point of view.They study the process of how a speaker uses his/her speech organs to produce sounds.( C )A.ArticulatoryB.AuditoryC.AcousticD.General6. Morphemes such as -er, -en, in-are all called ________.( C )A.free morphemesB.inflectional morphemesC.affixesD.roots7. There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguistic performance. ( B )A. creationB. communicationprehensionD.perception8.The sounds that begin and end the words church andjudge are voiceless and voiced ______,respectively. ( A )A. affricatesB. stopsC.velarsD.palatals9.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and case are called _______ morphemes. ( D )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional10.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actuallyuse, it is said to be _______. ( D )A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistics11. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ______. ( B )A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable12. A historical study of language is a ______ study of language. ( B )A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative13. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between ________ and meaning. ( B )A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas14. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ______. ( B )A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamC. the position of the tongue C. the shape of the lips15.What phonetic feature distinguishthe”in lease”andthe”ins“peak”?(B)A. voicingB. aspirationC. roundnessD. nasality16.The famous quotationfromShakespeare’splay omeoandJuliet”“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates_______.( A )A. the arbitrary nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication17.Of the followingsound combination,only______is permissible accordingto the sequential rules of phonology in English. ( A )A. bilkB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk18. What the element “-es” indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element“-ed”past tense,and“-ing”progressive aspect.Since they arethe smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also_______.( C )A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones19. The study of language as a whole is often called _______ linguistics.(B)A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generative20. The word “boyish” contains two _______.( A )A. morphemesB. morphsC. phonemesD. allophones21.As modernlinguistics aims to describe and analyze the language peopleactually use,andnottolay downrules for c“orrect”linguistics behavior,itis saidto be______.( C )A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistics22. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible. ( B )A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords23.The morpheme ision”inthe commonword t“elevision”is a(n)______.(D)A. bound morphemeB. bound formC.inflectional morphemeD.free morpheme24.Interms of the place of articulation,the followingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]share the feature of ________.( B )A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental25. According to Chomsky, _______ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language. ( A )A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langueAnswer sheetI.1-5:TFFTT6-10:FFFTT 11-15:FFFFF 16-20:TFFFT 21-25:FFTTF II.1-5:BABBC6-10:CBADD 11-15:BBBBB 16-20:AACBA 21-25:CBDBA。
《英语语言学》练习题一
《英语语⾔学》练习题⼀《英语语⾔学》练习题⼀⼀、I Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:1. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.2. The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds.3. The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.4. Chinese is an agglutinating language.5. Not all vowels are voiced.6. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.7. A greenbottle is a type of bottle.8. Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.9. Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing.10. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.11. Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive.12. The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.13. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.14. Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.15. Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.II Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description.Example: vowel front high [i:]1.bilabial nasal2.voiced labiovelar glide3.literal liquid4.voiced bilabial stop5.front high laxIII Draw two tree diagrams of the following ambiguous sentence.Pat found a book on Wall Street.IV How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean?Column I Column IIa. a bluebird a blue birdb. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeperV.Explain the relation between bank1 (the side of a river) and bank2 (the financial institute).VI.Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two sentences.a)My uncle is male.b)The spinster is married.c)Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his parents.d)Sam is the husband of Sally. Sally is the wife of Sam.e)He has gone to London. He has gone to England.VII.Answer the following questions:a)How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?b) What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?c) What are the components of metaphor?⼆、I、Fill in each of the following blanks with one word beginning with the letter given:2.Modern linguistics is d__________ rather than prescriptive.3.Consonants can be described in terms of p________ of articulation, manners of articulation, andv_______.4.A_________ are variants of the same phoneme in different phonetic contexts.5.The smallest meaningful unit of language is called m________.6.According to Saussure, a linguistic sign is composed of s________ and s_______.7.General linguistics is based on the view that language as a system composed of three aspects: sound, s________ and meaning.8.Monophthongs and d_________ are two major types of vowels.9.Sequences that are possible but do not occur yet are called a_________ gap, e.g. /blik/, /bilk/, /klib/, and /kilb/.10.M_________ and s________ make up two subsystems of language.11.The language used to talk about language is called m___________.12.According to M.A.K. Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously: the ideational function, the i________ function and the t__________ function.II、For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s) then share:Example: [s] [f] [p] [h] voiceless1、[g] [z] [d]2、[v] [h] [s]3、[m] [p] [b] [f] [v]4、[t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]5、[i:] [i] [u] [u:]III、Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences.a.This is a beautiful girl’s dress.b.Those who went there quickly made a fortune.IV. How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean?Column I Column IIa. The White House a white houseb. a redcoat a red coatV. Draw tree diagrams for the following two sentences:1、A clever magician fooled the audience.2、The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.VI. Answer the following questions:1、What is reference and what is sense ? How are they related ?2、What are the features of metaphors?3、How do you distinguish homonymy from polysemy?《英语语⾔学》练习题⼆⼀、I、Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets: ( ) 1. The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent. ( ) 2. Chinese is an agglutinating language. ( ) 3. Not all vowels are voiced.( ) 4. If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.( ) 5. A greenbottle is a type of bottle.( ) 6. Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.( ) 7. Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing.( ) 8. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.( ) 9. Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive.( ) 10. The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.( ) 11. The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.( ) 12. Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.( ) 13. Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.( ) 14. Pragmatics is concerned with speaker meaning.( ) 15. The reference of a deixis to a preceding expression is technically termed cataphoric reference.II、Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and then describe it.Example: heat [i:] vowel front higha)photob)writec)card)actore)cityIII、Consider the following words and answer the questions below:a)fingerb)disgracefulc)stepsisterd)psycholinguisticse)antidisestablishmentarianismi. Tell the number of morphemes in each word.ii. Underline the free morphemes in each word where possible to do so.IV、Draw tree diagrams to show the ambiguity in the following sentence:They can fish.V、Data Analysis:1）What is the illocution of A’s utterance in the following brief encounter?A: You are in a non-smoking zone, sir.B: Thanks (extinguishing the cigarette).2）What kind of pre-sequence is A’s first utterance? (Hint: A and B are two secretaries working in the same office.)A: Are you going to be here long?B: You can go if you like.A: I’ll just be outside. Call me if you need me.B: OK.VI Answer the following questions1．What are the components of metaphor?2．What is the difference between linguistic competence and communicative competence?3．What is the difference between referential meaning and associative meanings of words?⼆、I. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word beginning with the letter given:1．Chinese is a typical t________ language. M(mother), m(hemp) m(horse) m(scold), for example, are four distinguished words.2．The total number of words stored in the brain is called l_______, which can be understood as a mental dictionary. 3．Words like went, which is not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with the root, are called s_____.4．S_________ is defined as the study of meaning.5．S_________ are words which have different forms but similar meanings.6．M_________ and s________ make up two subsystems of language.7．The language used to talk about language is called m___________.8．According to M.A.K. Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously: the ideational function, the i________ function and the t__________ function.9．Modern linguistics is d__________ rather than prescriptive.10．Consonants can be described in terms of p________ of articulation, manners of articulation, and v_______.11．A_________ are variants of the same phoneme in different phonetic contexts.12．The smallest meaningful unit of language is called m________.II. For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s) they share:Example: [s] [f] [p] [h] voicelessa)[g] [z] [d]b)[v] [h] [s]c)[m] [p] [b] [f] [v]d)[t] [d] [n] [l] [s] [z]e)[i:] [i] [u] [u:]III. Identify the difference between a greenhouse and a green house, and the difference between a sleeping car and a sleeping baby.IV. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration:a) Allophoneb)VarietyV. Draw tree diagrams for the following two sentences: (10%)1. A clever magician fooled the audience.2. The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.VI. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts:1. The room is messy.2. It would be good if she had a green skirt on.VII. Answer the following questions:1.What is reference and what is sense? How are they related?2.What are the three metafunctions that language plays accordingto M. A. K Halliday?。
奥鹏东师 《英语语言学》练习题参考答案.doc
练习题第1套参考答案I. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8.T 9.F 10. T 11. F 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. TII. a. [m] b. [w] c. [l] d. [b] e. [I]III.(ommited)IV. a. A bluebird refers to a kind of bird. A blue bird means a bird whose feathers are blue.b. A lighthouse keeper refers a keeper who keeps lighthouse. A light housekeeper means a housekeeper who is light. V. The relation between bank1 and bank2 is homonymy.VI. a. tautology b. contradiction c. inconsistency d. synonymy e. entailmentVII. 1. The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional(geographical) dialects, sociolects(social dialects) and registers (functional varieties).The standard variety is the form of a language used by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form. A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area. Sociolects are forms of a language that characterize the speech of different social classes. Register is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use”, in contrast with regional dialects and sociolects, both of which are “varieties according to user.”2. The maxim of quantity:(i) Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of exchange.(ii) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.The maxim of quality:Try to make your contribution one that is true.(i) Do not say what you believe to be false.(ii) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.The maxim of relevance:Make your contributions relevant.The maxim of manner:(i) Avoid obscurity of expression.(ii) Avoid ambiguity.(iii) Be brief.(iv) Be orderly.3． Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors. The trans ference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to as mapping.I. 1. descriptive 2. places, voicing 3. Allophones 4.morpheme 5. signifier, signified 6. structure 7. diphthongs 8. accidental 9. Meaning, sounds 10. metalanguage 11. interpersonal, textualI.voiced 2. fricative 3. labial 4. alveolar 5. high, vowelII.1.This is a dress for beautiful girls.This is a beautiful dress for girls.2.Tom hates his boss and I hate his boss too.Tom hates his boss and I hate my boss too.III.a) The Whit House is a proper noun, which is the estate of the American government. A white house refers to a house which is painted white.b) A redcoat refers to a British soldier who is in red coat. A red coat means a coat whose color is red.IV.(ommited)V.1. Ideational function --- we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including our inner world, to describe events, states and the entities involved (language serves as a cording system which deals with the relation between man and nature);·Interpersonal function --- we use language to interact with others, to establish and maintain relations with them, to please them, to anger them, and influence their behavior, to get their help or sympathy (language servers as a medium between individuals);·Textual function --- language as a system organizes messages in a unified manner so that chunks of messages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place (when language is in use, playing the above two functions, it naturally forms a text).2. Metaphors have three main features: systematicity, creation of similarities, and imaginative rationality. Metaphors are systematic precisely because they are conceptual in nature. Metaphor can create similarities between the two domains involved. This runs counter to the traditional view which holds that similarities are inherent in the entities themselves. But cognitive linguists hold that the similarities relevant to metaphors are experiential rather than objective. Metaphors are characterized by imaginative rationality. They unite reasoning and imagination. Metaphors as a form of reasoning by analogy involve categorization, entailment and inference. By metaphors we understand one kind of thing in terms of another kind of thing.1.Homonymy Homonyms are words which have the same form, but different meanings. Words which have the samespelling but different meanings are called homographs, such as bow (v.) and bow (n., a weapon). Words which have the same pronunciation but different meanings are called homophones. Flour/flower, pale/pail, whole/hole are all homophones. Words which have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings are full homonyms, as exemplified by bear (v.)/bear (an animal), ground (n.)/ground(v.).Polysemy Homonyms are listed as separate entries in a dictionary, because lexicographers see them as unrelated in sense. A polyseme is a word which has several related senses. In many dictionaries you can find bank1 and bank2 as separate entries. The relation between the two is homonymy. Both of them are polysemes, because each of them has several definitions. Lexicographers make the distinction between homonyms and polysemes based on the intuition of native speakers as well as the etymology or history of words.练习题第3套参考答案I.1—5 T F F T F 6—10 TF T F F 11—15 T F T T FII.I.[f] voiceless labiodental fricativeII.[r] alveolar retroflex liquidIII.[a:] low back vowelIV.[k] voiceless velar stopV.[i] lax high front vowelIII.i) a) one b) three c) two d) four e) sevenii)b)c)disgracefuld)stepsistere)f)antidisestablishmentarianismII.(参见课件或教材)III.1. A wants to stop B from smoking there.2. Pre-requestVI. 1. Metaphor is the mapping from the source domain to the target domain. The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain. The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as mapping. For example, neck is a part of human body, while the neck in the compound bottleneck is metaphorically used. The properties of human neck (source domain) have been transferred to the neck of the bottle (target domain).2. linguistic competence accounts for a speaker's knowledge of his language. accounts for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it. According to Hymes (1972), there are four parameters that underlie a speaker's communicative competence, namely the ability to judge:1. Whether (and to what degree) something is formally possible;2. Whether (and to what degree) something is feasible;3. Whether (and to what degree) something is appropriate;4. Whether (and to what degree) something is in fact done.3. Referential meaning (sometimes called denotative meaning) is widely believed to be the central meaning of words. It is comparatively more stable and universal. The word woman refers to female human adult. This kind of meaning of the word has not changed and will not change. Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning. In contrast to referential meaning, they are less stable and more culture-specific. For example, although the referential meaning of the word king has not changed in English, English people today have different conceptions of the king than before. The English word pig may have the same referent as its equivalent in a language of Islamic culture. Yet, the associative meanings are totally different.I. 1. tone 2. lexicon 3. suppletives 4. Semantics 5. Synomyms 6. Meaning, sounds7. metalanguage 8. interpersonal, textual 9. descriptive 10. places, voicing 11. Allophones 12.morphemeII. a). voiced b). fricative c). bilabial d). velar e). high; vowelIII. 1) a greenhouse, the stress is on green; a green house, the stress is on house.Greenhouse is a compound word; green house is a noun phrase.A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that needprotection from the weather, while a green house refers to a house whose color is green.2) a sleeping car, the stress is on sleeping; a sleeping boy, the stress is on boy.A sleeping car means a car in which one can sleep. A sleeping boy means a boy who is sleeping.IV. a. Allophones are actual realizations of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts. For example, the [l], the dark [] in deal, and the voiceless [] in slight are the realizations of the phoneme /l/. [] appears after vowels, [] after voiceless consonants, and [l] elsewhere. The relation between the phoneme and its allophones can be shown in the following figure:b. The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional (geographical) dialects, sociolects (social dialects) and registers (functional varieties).V (ommited)VI 1. A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room.2. A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.VII. 1. 1. Reference is the relation by which a word picks out or identifies an entity in the world. London refers to or denotes the capital of Great Britain. The word dog denotes a kind of domestic animal. The referential theory, the simplest theory of meaning, claims that meaning is reference. Words stand not only in relation to the world but also to human mind. So in addition to reference, there is another dimension of word meaning called sense. For example, when you hear the expression dog, you will naturally reflect on its features in addition to the kind of animal as the referent of the expression. Sense is mental representation, the association with something in the speaker/hearer's mind. Words like dragon, but, of and phrases like a round triangle have sense, but no referent. Words like dog, horse, car and gun have both referent and sense.2. ·Ideational function --- we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including our inner world, to describe events, states and the entities involved (language serves as a cording system which deals with the relation between man and nature);·Interpersonal function --- we use language to interact with others, to establish and maintain relations with them, to please them, to anger them, and influence their behavior, to get their help or sympathy (language servers as a medium between individuals);·Textual function --- language as a system organizes messages in a unified manner so that chunks of messages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place (when language is in use, playing the above two functions, it naturally forms a text).。
英语语言学测试题及答案
英语语言学测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single soundB. A unit of soundC. A letter of the alphabetD. A combination of sounds答案：B2. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. Historical LinguisticsD. Syntax答案：C3. Which of the following is a branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words?A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. MorphologyD. Syntax答案：A4. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called:A. A wordB. A morphemeC. A syllableD. A phoneme答案：B5. The process of forming words by combining smaller units is known as:A. SyntaxB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Phonology答案：B6. The study of the rules governing the structure of sentences is called:A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Morphology答案：A7. The branch of linguistics that deals with the social context in which language is used is:A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：A8. The study of how language is processed in the brain is known as:A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Computational Linguistics答案：B9. The process of acquiring a first language is called:A. Second language acquisitionB. Foreign language learningC. Language learningD. First language acquisition答案：D10. The concept that language is arbitrary means that:A. It is randomB. It is meaninglessC. There is no necessary connection between the form of a word and its meaningD. It is always logical答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of speech sounds is called ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The branch of linguistics that examines how language is used in social contexts is ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics3. The smallest meaningful unit of language is known as the ____________.答案：Morpheme4. The process of combining morphemes to form words is known as ____________.答案：Morphology5. The study of the way language is structured and organized is called ____________.答案：Linguistics6. The branch of linguistics that deals with the rules governing the formation of words is ____________.答案：Morphology7. The study of the way meaning is conveyed in language is known as ____________.答案：Semantics8. The branch of linguistics that deals with the rules governing the formation of sentences is ____________.答案：Syntax9. The study of the way language is used in everyday life is called ____________.答案：Pragmatics10. The study of the way language is processed in the brain is known as ____________.答案：Neurolinguistics三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between phonetics and phonology.答案：Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and theirproduction, while phonology is the study of the sound system of a language, including the rules governing the use of these sounds.2. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?答案：The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that the language a person speaks influences the way they perceive the world and think.3. Describe the role of sociolinguistics in understanding language.答案：Sociolinguistics helps us understand how language varies with different social contexts, such as class, gender, ethnicity, and age, and how these variations influence language use.4. How does first language acquisition differ from second language acquisition?答案：First language acquisition is the process of learning a native language during early childhood, while second language acquisition is the process of learning a new language after the age of language development. The process of second language acquisition is influenced by the learner's first language and cognitive abilities.。
语言学作业参考答案
Myth1 Language is only a means of communication.If language is viewed only as a system of communication, then many species communicate. Humans also use systems other than language to relate to each other and to send and receive “messages,” like so-called body language. The question is whether the communication systems used by other species are at all like human linguistic knowledge, which is acquired by children with no instruction, and which is used creatively rather than in response to internal or external stimuli. So language should be defined as a system of vocal symbols used for human communication that can also talk about our thoughts, feelings and language itself.Note: 有些同学从语言功能的角度对此论述进行批判，或者只是对语言的定义进行阐述，并非不正确，只是在论述的时候，简单的摘抄笔记或者书本的句子，并没有看到论点。
Myth 2 Language has a form-meaning correspondence.Language is arbitrary which means there is no logic connection between the form and the meaning and they do not correspond to each other. The connection between for form and meaning is the conventionality. Note: 有些同学大概不理解form-meaning correspondence (语言与形式的对应关系), 所以在阐述的时候，没有讲到点上。
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作业1．第1题Which of the following underlined parts is an inflectional morpheme?A.booksB.renameC.activeD.sleepy您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.02．第2题Which of the following pairs of words are homophones?A.flour---flowerB.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal)C.mouth (a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)D.animal---cow您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.03．第3题Which of the following is an aspirated consonant?A.[f]B.[s]C.[k]D.[r]您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.04．第4题The word unreliable consists of _____ syllables as against _____morphemes.A.four/threeB.five/twoC.five/threeD.three/five您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.05．第5题Which of the following best describes the relations between “Alice is a vegetarian” and “Alice prefers eating steak”?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.06．第6题Language acquisition refers to the child’s acq uisition of his ____.A.first languageB.second languageC.foreign languageD.target language您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.07．第7题Which of the following is an example of overgeneralization?A.eyesB.earsC.sheepD.foots您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.08．第17题Which of the following forms a minimal pair?A.fear, pearB.tip, pitC.food, footD.beat, bit您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.09．第18题Which of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme?B.speakingC.takenD.chaos您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.010．第19题Which of the following is a declaration?A.Open the door, please.B.I appoint you chairman of the committee.C.Would you like to go to the movie with us?D.I’ve never seen her before.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.011．第20题Which of the following underlined parts is the complement of the phrase?A.a book on biologyB.play basketballC.a rainy dayD.dance happily您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.012．第21题‘Slim’ and ‘skinny’ are ___.A.dialectal synonymsB.collocational synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.013．第22题The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A.[p,b,n]B.[p,b,m]C.[t,d,n]您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.014．第23题Which side(s) of muscles of ours does our left brain control?A.both left and rightB.leftC.rightD.sometimes left, sometimes right您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.015．第35题The following sounds belong to the same natural class EXCEPT ___.A.[d]B.[s]C.[u]D.[i:]您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.016．第36题Which of the following pairs of words are complete homonyms?A.flour---flowerB.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal)C.heroin---horoineD.criket---criket您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.017．第37题The word “TV” is a(n) ____.A.acronymB.blendC.clipped wordD.coined word您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.018．第38题Which of the following best describes the relations between “He paid a visit to Japan.” and “He paid a visit to East Asia.”?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.019．第39题The Great Wall belongs to ____ culture.A.materialB.spiritualC.folkD.none of the above您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.020．第40题If the child calls all men “Daddy”, then we may say the child has ____ the meaning of the word “Daddy”.A.overgeneralizedB.overextendedC.overusedD.overstressed您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.021．第8题Phonology is of a general nature.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.022．第9题In ‘a book about ghosts’, the complement is ‘ghosts’.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.023．第10题B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below: A: Are you a good student? B: Are you? 您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.024．第11题The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.025．第12题Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence. 您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.026．第13题ISBN means International Standard Book Number.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.027．第14题Accent is an important marker of sociolect.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.028．第15题Language acquisition is concerned with the acquisition of a foreign language.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.029．第16题Frequent repetition is one of the features of the caretaker talk. 您的答案：正确题目分数：2.030．第24题A phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.031．第25题Semantics is the study of word meaning.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.032．第26题The words ‘shock’ and ‘surprise’ are semantically different synonyms.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.033．第27题Langue means competence.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.034．第28题The word ' walkman' is a blend.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.035．第29题UNESCO is a blend.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.036．第30题A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ' desk' [des].您的答案：正确题目分数：3.037．第31题Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.038．第32题In English, the word ' blue' is associated with unhappy feelings. 您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.039．第33题The innatists hold that children could not discover the rules of reflexive pronouns by trial and error.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.040．第34题Subjects take less time to make judgment on frequently used words than on less common words. This is called the frequency effect.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.041．第41题[k], [g] and [n] are velar sounds.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.042．第42题Pronouns belong to closed class words.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.043．第43题B probably means that he doesn' t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below: A: What do you think of the lecture?(The speech maker is coming) B: Do we have classes this evening?您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.044．第44题The word ' mike' is a clipped word.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.045．第45题Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.046．第46题Writing is more basic than speech.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.047．第47题The word ' dinner' comes from French.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.048．第48题An RP accent often serves as a high status marker.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.049．第49题It is standard practice for an English native student to greet his teacher before a lecture by saying ' Good morning, teacher!' .您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.050．第50题The human brain is divided into two sections, the brain stem and the cerebrum.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0作业总得分：100.0作业总批注。