语言学课件

Word Group and Phrase
Word group: a group of words(词组，
体现一种修饰关系。）
Phrase: a contraction of a clause（短
语,通常是由几个词合到一起表达一个意思， 常指固定搭配。）
Nominal group
Eg.
those two splendid old electric trains with pantograph Head Premodifier Postmodifier
Compound
Definition:
1.Consist of more than one lexical morpheme 2. the way to join two words to produce a new word Eg. Noun compounds: playboy, windmill Verb compounds: brainwash, lipread Adjective compounds: maneating, dutyfree Preposition compounds: into,
The writing of compound
Using as a single word(eg. bodyguard) Joining with a hyphen “-”(eg. trafficlight) Writing with ordinary spaces(eg. wedding breakfast)
Prepositional Phrase
Eg: on the burning deck
onsemi-verb
predicator
the burning partnominal group object
Some technological and economic activities etc. E.g. nylon Kodak Coke…
Blending
the first word the second word the initial part ＋ the final part the initial part ＋ the initial part E.g. smoke ＋ fog →smog digital ＋ computer → digicom
My opinion:
前置修饰语：县官行令杀（色）国才 （限定词+观点&外观 +形状+年龄大小+颜色+国籍词+材料） 后置修饰语：定语从句或介词短语
Other groups
Verbal group Adverbial group Conjunction group Preposition group
Borrowing
Directly or indirectly The types of borrowing: Loanwords: both form and meaning (encore) Loanblend: part of the form and the full meaning (China-town) Loanshift: the meaning (bridge) Loan translation (Calque): each morpheme or word is translated (almighty)
Morpheme to Word
英语101
Word Formation
1. Inflectional way 2.Derivational way 3.Lexical Change
Word Group & Phrase
Inflectional way
Inflection refers to
1. Grammatical relations by adding Inflectional affixes, such as ⑴number ⑵person, finiteness and aspect ⑶ case 2. The Inflectional affixes will not change the
3.Cutting both the initial and final parts: influenza → flu Others: names, education…
Acronym
The first letters of the name of some organizations: CIA, EEC,UNESCO… Be used in shortening extremely long words in science, technology and other special fields: AIDS, SARS, WASP…
eg. nation ＋ al → national ＋ ize → nationalize ＋ ation → nationalization
It makes the word class either changed or Eg. Word class changed unchanged .
N →V & Adj & Adj∕Adv V → N & Adj Adj → N & V & Adj Word class unchanged N→N V→V Adj → Adj
Class shift
Concrete entity or notion → a process or attribution (实体、概念→方法、属性) It is also known as zero-derivation or conversion. E.g. stump 树桩 n. →挑战 v.
Features of derivation:
a. Relatively large in number and potentially open. b. There may arise multiple derivational affixes. c. Some words can carry both prefixes and suffixes.

Classification:
It can be divided into two kinds, the endocentric compound and the exocentric compound . Eg. self-control, sun-tanned get-together, takehome
Derivational way
1,The
derivational type(Derivation) 2The compositional type(Compound )
Derivation
Definition: a relationship between roots and affixes ;
Lexical Change
Invention Blending(混成法） Abbreviation Acronym（首字母缩略） Back-formation（逆构词法） Analogical creation（类推构词） Class shift（词性变换） Borrowing （借词）
Invention
Analogical creation
Two forms: regular, irregular. E.g. past tense suffix: -ed slay slew (old) slayed (new)
• Overgeneralization (过度法则化) buy bought slay slayed play plought (wrong)
Abbreviation( Clipping )
A new word is created by these methods:
1.Cutting thment → ad
2.Cutting the initial part: telephone → phone
Back-formation
A shorter word is derived from a longer word by deleting an imagined affix. e.g. editor → edit enthusiasm → enthuse laser → lase calmative → calm *white-wash n. → whitewash v.