戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第5章课件 _Syntax
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戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter 5
The naming theory
Proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, words are just names or labels for things. Limitations: 1) It‘s applicable to nouns only; 2) Even within the category of nouns, there are still some nouns can not be named by physical objects.
Semantic triangle or triangle of significance (语义三角或意义三角)
THOUGHT/ REFERENCE (ept)
SYMBOL/ FORM…….. REFERENT (所指)
Linguistic element (words, phrases)
grammatical meaning (语法意义): grammaticality (语法性), which is governed by the grammatical rules of the language. semantic meaning (语义意义): is governed by rules called selectional restrictions (选择 限制), i. e. , constraints on what lexical items can go with what others (即对词汇项搭
X entails Y. (Y is an entailment of X.) X 蕴含 Y (Y是 X的一个含义) e.g. X: He has been to France. Y: He has been to Europe. ―He has been to France‖ entails ―He has been to Europe‖ 或者 “He has been to Europe‖ is entailed by ―He has been to France‖. If X is true, Y is necessarily true. If X is false, Y may be true or false. 如果X为真,那么Y必定为假，如果X为假, 那么Y可 能为真也可能为假.
新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋 Semantics
Complementary （互补）antonyms----the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other, e.g. alive-dead, male-female, …
Relational （关系）opposites----exhibits the reversal of the relationship between the two items, e.g. husbandwife, father-son, doctor-patient, buy-sell, let-rent, employer-employee, give-receive, above-below, …
evaluative meaning, e.g.collaborator（合作者） accomplice（帮凶）,…
4) Collocational（搭配的） synonyms, e.g.
accuse…of（控告）, charge…with, rebuke（ 谴 责）…for; …
5) Semantically different synonyms, e.g. amaze （suggesting confusing and bewilderment）, astound (suggesting difficulty in believing),…
Chapter 5 Semantics
▪ Semantics----the study of language meaning.
▪ What is meaning?---- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning.
Relational （关系）opposites----exhibits the reversal of the relationship between the two items, e.g. husbandwife, father-son, doctor-patient, buy-sell, let-rent, employer-employee, give-receive, above-below, …
evaluative meaning, e.g.collaborator（合作者） accomplice（帮凶）,…
4) Collocational（搭配的） synonyms, e.g.
accuse…of（控告）, charge…with, rebuke（ 谴 责）…for; …
5) Semantically different synonyms, e.g. amaze （suggesting confusing and bewilderment）, astound (suggesting difficulty in believing),…
Chapter 5 Semantics
▪ Semantics----the study of language meaning.
▪ What is meaning?---- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning.
戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记-自己整理版(DOC)
Chapter 1 IntroductionWhat is linguistics? 什么是语言学[A] The definition of linguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language (对语言进行的科学研究)Process of linguistic study:① Certain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are formed;② Hypotheses are formulated;③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations;④ A linguistic theory is constructed.[B] The scope of linguistics General linguistics普通语言学: the study of language as a whole从整体研究1.Phonetics: the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds (or the study of the phonic medium of language) (How speech sounds are produced and classified)2.Phonology: is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.(How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning)3.Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (how morphemes are combined to form words)4.Syntax: the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences)5.Semantics: the study of meaning in abstraction6.Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of useSociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to societyPsycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of the mindApplied linguistics: the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning Anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics; mathematical linguistics; mathematical linguistics; computational linguistics[C] Some important distinctions in linguistics① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive 规定性与描写性② Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性）The description of a language at some point in time;The description of a language as it changes through time.③ Speech and writing 言语与文字Spoken language is primary, not the written④ Langue and parole 语言和言语Proposed by Swiss linguists F. de Sausse (sociological)。
戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter 5
Major sense relations (主要的意义关系)
Synonymy: the sameness or close similarity of meaning. (同义现象) Polysemy: the same one word may have more than one meaning. (多义现象) Homonymy: different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. (同音异义) Hyponymy: the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. (下义关系) Antonymy: oppositeness of meaning (反义现象)
The naming theory
Proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, words are just names or labels for things. Limitations: 1) It‘s applicable to nouns only; 2) Even within the category of nouns, there are still some nouns can not be named by physical objects.
Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.
Some views concerning the study of meaning
chapter syntax 简明英语语言学 戴炜栋
2.4 Phrasal categories and their structures
• NP名词短语: a tall man, the student • VP动词短语: read a book, walk in the park • PP介词短语: in the park, after dark • AP形容词短语: quite rude, very anxious
2.Categories（范畴）
Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. 指词类和功能(n, v, pre, adj, adv…) 专门指语言单位的特性(number, gender, person, case, mood, concord/agreement, government)
Either my brothers or my father is coming. Not only you but also he is wrong. Neither Tom nor I am a student.
2.2.2 Government (支配关系)
• The idea of government is the way in which certain prepositions and verbs determine the case of nouns.
IC Analysis refers to divide the sentence up into immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents.
《新编简明英语语言学教程》PPT课件
Chomsky’s definition (1957)
“From now on I will consider language to be a
set of (finite or infinite) sentenБайду номын сангаасes, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”
• • • • •
Arbitrariness Productivity/Creativity Duality Displacement Cultural transmission
Arbitrariness
----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings. Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang… ) Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…
Language is arbitrary
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第5章课件 _Syntax
4.2 Categories范畴
4.2.1 Word-level categories Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language e.g. a sentence a noun phrase a verb
4.2.2 Phrase categories and their structure短语范畴及结构
Definition: Phrases refer to the syntactic units which are built around a certain word category. 围绕某一词范畴构成的句法单位
The most central categories to the syntactic study are the word-level categories (traditionally, called parts of speech) .
Here, word-level categories are divided into two kinds: major lexical categories and minor lexical categories.
Noam Chomsky [ˈnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski] (1928--)
---- He is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, logician,political commentator and activist, the most influential linguist of the 20th century,and was voted the "world's top public intellectual"(世界顶级公共知识分子) in a 2005 poll. Chomsky has spent most of his career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he is currently Professor Emeritus.
英语语言学Syntax PPT
VP
V NP
Types of VP VP V PP V
VP
S
hit the ball speak about the book said VP VP
that he had told lies
V
run
Adv
VБайду номын сангаас
fast Look!
PP Prepositional Phrase -A phrase containing a preposition and a noun phrase. --on the table. --in the park --with the telescope It is possible to have a PP within a PP: --in the park with the telescope
PP P NP
AP Deg Adj
about
the book
very little
e.g.
S
NP
VP V-Bar
specifier head Complement
Susan rarely does
so
6.Transformational Generative Grammar TG • A description of the possible rules of human language that allow for infinite production of grammatical sentences. • tries to define a universal grammar (UG)
• Three levels of transformational rules: • The basic rule is Chomsky’s universal grammar ,the underlying principle • The second type is the obligatory rules that govern the transformations of auxiliaries and principles • The third type is the optional transformational rules that govern the transformatons of negotion ,passive voice ,interrogation
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4.3 Phrase structure rule短语结构规则 Introduction:
NP VP AP PP (Det) (Qual) (Deg) (Deg) N V A P (PP) (NP) (PP) (NP) … … … …
(Note: “ ” means “consist of”; ( ) means “can be omitted”; “…” means other complement options are available)
Types:
Noun phrase (NP): the pretty girl Verb phrase (VP): often dream Adjective phrase (AP): very pessimistic Prepositional phrase (PP): mainly about the school Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements: Head中心词, specifier标志语 and complement补足语 (See p.45)
Dealing with Transformational syntax here,
we just follow Chomsky and try to prove our linguistic competence which enables us to combine words into sentences in endlessly novel way.
To determin a word's category, three criteria are usually
employed, namely, meaning, inflection and distribution. 1) Meaning意义: John, pen, book, pretty lady, left quietly 2) Inflection曲折变化: plural affixes, tenses, degrees 3) Distribution(co-occur)分布: the girl, should stay, buy a book Note: The most reliable criterion of determining a word’s category is its distribution.
英语语言学
English Linguistics
Chapter Four
Syntax
Introductin to the focus
1. Syntax, Chomsky and his TG grammar
2. Categories (word level and phrase level)
the similarities between languages rather than their differences.
As the result of his research, Chomsky
proposes that the grammar of all languages share a common framework, which he calls a transformational grammar. That is the transformational syntax we call here.
的排列进行规范、调节的语法机制）
e.g NP rule: An NP can consist of a determiner, an N head, and a PP complement NP ----- (Det) N (PP) … a talk of education
4.3.1 XP rule (a single general phrasal structural rule fomulated ) 短语规则
4.2.2 Phrase categories and their structure短语范畴及结构
Definition: Phrases refer to the syntactic units which are built around a certain word category. 围绕某一词范畴构成的句法单位
* Four important properties of coordination (See p.46) 1）no limit on the number of coordinated categories before the conjunction; 2）a category at any level can be coordinated; 3）the categories must be of the same type; 4）the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.
The most central categories to the syntactic study are the word-level categories (traditionally, called parts of speech) .
Here, word-level categories are divided into two kinds: major lexical categories and minor lexical categories.
4.1 What is syntax?
---- a system of rules that govern the formation of grammatical sentences. (how words are combined to form sentences) Syntax (Greek) syntax = syn + tax ↓ ↓ together to arrange
Major lexical categories & minor lexical categories
Major lexical categories Noun (N) Verb (V) Adjective (A) Preposition (P) Minor lexical categories Determiner (Det) 限定词 Degree word (Deg) 程度词 Qualifier (Qual) 修饰词 Auxiliary (Aux) 助词 Conjunction (Con) 连词 Examples book, boy, love, sheep run, read, play happy, tall, clear about, over, on Examples the, a, this, those quite, very, more, so often, always, seldom, almost must, should, can, might and, but, or
Transformational syntax(TS转换语法)
In linguistics， transformational syntax is a theory of syntax that developed from the extended standard theory of generative grammar originally proposed by Noam Chomsky in his books Syntactic Structures and Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.
4.2 Categories范畴
4.2.1 Word-level categories Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language e.g. a sentence a noun phrase a verb
TG grammar
The term transformational-generative
grammar (often shortened as TG)was introduced into linguistics in the mid-1950s by Noam Chomsky.
Chomsky is most interested in the study of
4.4 Phrase elements 短语成分
4.4.1 Specifiers: 标志语 *Specifiers have both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, they specify the meaning of head; Syntactically, they mark a phrase boundary. *The syntactic category of the specifier may differs depending on the category of the head.(e.g determiner+Ns; deg+As or Ps) See p.47
The XP rule: XP --->(specifier) X (complement)
4.3.2 Coordination rule并列结构规则 X ---> X * Con X
Coordination of NPs: