能源科学概论

能源科学概论The Course（本课程）Orientation Lecture（专题讲座）教学改革（Reform on Pedagogy）为什么要进行改革？Why？？？守株待兔宋人有耕者，田中有株，兔走触株，折颈而死，因拾其耒而守株，兔不可复得，而身为宋国笑。

—今日欲先王之政，治当今之民，皆守株待兔也！）教学！教学！其本质就是“教”与“学”“教”的理念：Comprehension（广泛的知识）Openness（开放的意识）Clearness（清楚的概念）“学”的理念：R3 = Reading（广泛地阅读）Research（认真地探索）Requesting（积极地提问）讲授的方法：提供学习的思路，提供探讨的氛围，提供丰富的知识。

Besides：Bilingual Lecture每堂课= 讲授时间+ 探讨时间+ 讨论时间考核方法：平常成绩+ 考试考试方式：开卷考试所以，要求每次课前，希望找作好预习工作。

作好讨论的准备工作，希望营造一种自由活泼的学术氛围与环境。

There is no royal road in science. Only those who do not dread their fatigue climbing on its steep paths have a chance of getting its luminous summit. —Karl Max路漫漫兮其修远矣，吾将上下而求索！—屈原1 能源总论1-1 能量的概念1-1-1 能量性质、单位和种类1-1-2能量的转换和利用1-1-3能源的评价1-2 能源与经济1-2-1能源与发展的关系1-2-2能源与环境的关系1-3 能源的现状和未来1-3 -1 资源问题1-3-2 能源的开发及挑战1-3 -3 能源的发展前景2 常规能源化石燃料能源的来源:化石燃料能是一种特殊的生物能，它是生物能在特殊的地质条件下经过千万年的演变而成。

Following is the explanation in English.Heat generation is necessary in material processing process, in which fuel combustion is particular important because it is widely used in commercial material production. A combustion furnace, in which fuels are burned to generate heat that is used to heat up products, is generally used in commercial industry.Fossil fuels, a source of heat for the combustion furnaces, should be capable of producing large quantities of heat when reacting with oxygen contained by air with approximately 21 volume percent.Besides, Fossil fuels should also be used economically and produce less environmental pollution .Fossil fuels are generally classified into three catagories：solid fuels, liquid fuels and gaseous fuelsaccording to their properties.2-1 固态燃料（Solid Fuels）·2-1-1煤（Coal）Among solid fuel, coal is a typical kind of fuel that play an important role in material industry.Coal originated from the arrested decay of the remains of trees, bushes, ferns, mosses, vines, and other forms of plant life, which flourished in huge swamps and bogs many millions of years ago during prolonged periods of humid, tropical climate and abundant rainfall.The precursor of coal was peat, which was formed by bacterial and chemical action on the plant debris. Subsequent action of heat, pressure, and other physical phenomena metamorphosed the peat to the various ranks of coal, as we know them today.Because of the various degrees of the metamorphic changes during this process, coal is not a uniform substance; no two coals are ever the same in every respect.2-1-2 其它固态燃料Following solid fuels are also typical although some of them are not belong to fossilfuel.•COKECoke is the solid, cellular, infusible material remaining after the carbonization of coal, pitch, petroleum residues, and certain other carbonaceous materials. The varieties of coke, other than those from coal, generally are identified by prefixing a word to indicate the source, e.g. petroleum coke. To indicate the process by which a coke is manufactured, a prefix also is often used, e.g. beehive coke.· WoodThe fuel values of different woods (except resinous woods) are nearly proportional to their weights on a dry basis. The resinous woods possess higher heating values than the non-resinous ones.· CharcoalCharcoal is the residue remaining after the destructive distillation of wood. It absorbs moisture readily, often containing as much as 10 to 15 per cent water. In addition it usually contains about 2 to 3 per cent ash and 0.5 to 1.0 per cent hydrogen.· CharChar is the non-agglomerated, non-fusible residue from the thermal treatment of solid, carbonaceous material. Coal chars are obtained as a residue or a co-product from low- temperature carbonization processes, and from processes now being developed to convert coal to liquid and gaseous fuels and to chemicals.·TanbarkTanbark is the residue remaining after the bark has been used in tanning operations. It usually contains from 60 to 70 per cent water. In the use of tanbark as a fuel, a very large combustion space is required.· BagasseBagasse is the solid residue remaining, after sugar cane has been crushed by pressure rolls. It usually contains from 40 to 50 per cent water.· Other Solid WastesLarge and increasing quantities of solid wastes generated per capita are a significant feature of affluent societies. In the United States the rate exceeds 5 lb. per capita per day, nearly 200 million tons per year. On a moisture-free basis, the composition of miscellaneous refuse is surprisingly uniform; but size and moisture variations cause major difficulties in efficient, economical disposal.2-2 液态燃料（Liquid Fuel）2-2-1石油（Liquid Petroleum Fuels）The principal liquid fuels are made by fractional distillation of petroleum, which is a mixture of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives ranging in molecular weight from methane to heavy bitumen.As many as half the molecules in crude may contain sulfur atoms; and some contain nitrogen, oxygen, vanadium, nickel, or arsenic, depending on the crude source. desulfurization, hydrogenation, cracking (to lower molecular weight), and other refining processes may be performed on selected fractions before they are blended and marked as fuels.2-2-2 其它液态燃料（Other Liquid Fuel）·Coal-tarCoal-tar fuels are made from the higher-boiling fractions (over about 450ºF) of the crude tar produced by coke ovens and coal retorts at gas works. The available grades range from liquids of 30 sec viscosity at 100ºF to a pulverizable pitch.Chemically they are mixtures of hydrocarbons, phenols, and heterocyclic nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur compounds. They are much more aromatic than petroleum fuels and burn with a more luminous flame. Sulfur and ash contents are usually low. The ash, unlike petroleum ash, is high in alkaline earth elements and usually free of vanadium.Newer techniques have been developed to hydrogenate coal into a crude, which can be refined into a spectrum of conventional products in a petroleum refinery.·Oil shaleOil shale contains little extractable oil, but yields an oil high in nitrogen and oxygen when retorted. This has been hydrogenated and refined into relatively conventional fuels in demonstration plants but not commercially as yet. “2-3 气态燃料（Gaseous Fuels）2-3-1 天然气（NG）NG，LNG，etc.2-3-2 其它气态燃料（Gaseous Fuels）LPGMarsh Gases（Methane）Hydrogen2-4 常规电能电能是一种二次能源，它使用方便，利用率高，也很环保，但是电能需要借助于其他的能源才能够产生。