(全英文)水处理课件——消毒

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水的消毒.ppt

水的消毒.ppt

次氯酸根(OCl-)虽然也带有一 个氯原子,但由于它和细菌表面 同样带负电荷,很难扩散到菌体 表面,所以不能穿过细胞壁进入 细菌的内部,故其杀菌作用远远 比不上次氯酸。 由于氯气与水反应生成的次氯酸 在解离时受环境pH值的影响较大, 氯在pH值7以下时,杀菌作用较强。
2.加氯方法和加氯量 (1)加氯方法。加氯方法分为过 滤前加氯和过滤后加氯。 过滤前加氯:如果原水水质差, 有机物较多,可在原水过滤前加 氯,以防止沉淀池中微生物繁殖, 加氯量要大一些。 过滤后加氯:原水经沉淀和过滤 后在加氯进行消毒,加氯量的比 过滤前少,且消毒效果好。
(2)紫外线灯周围介质温度的 控制。当紫外线灯周围的介质 温度很低时,会使辐射的能量 降低,影响杀菌效果。一般要 使灯管周围的温度保持在25-35℃左右,使其处于最佳工作 状态。
(3)紫外线灯的运营管理。紫外 线杀菌灯在进行杀菌前应预热 10—30min。应尽量减少灯的启闭 次数,灯每开关一次将减少3h的 寿命。另外,随着灯点燃时间的 增加,灯的辐射能量也随之降低, 杀菌效果下降。1000W紫外线灯 点燃1000h时,其辐射能量将降低 40%左右。
由于臭氧的不稳定性,要求随 时制取,当场使用。在绝大多 数情况下,均利用对干燥的空 气或氧气进行高压放电来制备 臭氧。每平方米放电面积,每 小时可产生50g臭氧。
(2)漂粉精(High Fest Hypochlorite)漂粉精是将Cl2 通入20%-30%的石灰浆中制得 的,次氯酸钙[Ca(ClO)2] 是 主要成分,有效氯含量比漂白 粉高,一般在60%--75%以上。
(3)氯胺。氯胺是胺分子中的 氢原子被氯原子取代后的产物。 有一氯胺(NH2Cl)、二氯胺 (NHCl2)、三氯胺(NHCl3) 三种,溶于水后会生成次氯酸。 实际生产中采用按比例加入氯 剂和氨或铵盐而生成氯胺。

消毒、灭菌 PPT课件

消毒、灭菌 PPT课件
油剂、粉剂、玻璃器皿、金属制品等各类物品。 灭菌条件为:160℃持续2h ,或165℃持续1h 或
180℃持续30min 注意事项:不适于纤维织物、塑料制品等的消毒灭菌
烤箱
对物品的要求: 高温下不变质, 不损坏、不蒸发 的物品,如油剂、 金属制品、玻璃 器具等。
1、热力消毒灭菌法-----湿热法
由空气和水蒸气导热,传热快,穿透力强。
1、热力消毒灭菌法-----干热法
1)燃烧法 定义:是一种简单、迅速、彻底的灭菌方法。 特点:简单、迅速、彻底 适用:1)无保留价值的污染物品,如废弃物、病
理标本、带脓性分泌物的敷料和纸张等 2)某些金属器械或搪瓷类物品急用时也可
用燃烧法(锐利刀剪禁用此法以免锋刃 变钝)。
第二节 消毒、灭菌
教学目标
1、掌握清洁、消毒、灭菌的概念 2、掌握消毒灭菌的方法 3、熟悉常见的清洁、消毒、灭菌工作
一、概念:
(一)清洁(cleaning):是指用物理方法清除物体 表面的污垢、尘埃和有机物.
目的: 去除和减少微生物,但并非杀灭微生物。
(二)消毒(disinfection): 用物理或化学的方法清除或杀灭除芽胞以外的所
灭菌灯内装有臭氧发生管,在电场作用下,可 将空气中的氧气转换成高纯臭氧。主要用于空气、 物品表面等的消毒。
(2)紫外线灯管消毒法
2)使用方法
1、空气消毒:消毒前做好室内清洁卫生工作(紫外线
易被灰尘微粒吸收而影响效果),关闭门窗,人员停止走动, 每10m2安装30W紫外线灯管一支,有效距离不超过2m,照射 时间为30~60分钟;
2、物品消毒:消毒时应将物品摊开或挂起以减少遮挡
(紫外线穿透力差),有效距离为25㎝~60cm,照射时间为 20~30分钟。

水处理英语演讲 ppt

水处理英语演讲 ppt

RIGHT CHOICE
Biological contact oxidation tank
(生物接触氧化池)
microorganism
少量污泥
The advantage
• ①Can effectively remove organic contaminants , and maintain good treatment effect • ②Simple and convenient operation , easy to manage , needless sludge return , sludge bulking phenomenon does not produce . • ③Generate less sludge , sludge particles larger , easy to precipitate
The belt thickener-press filter can squeeze sludge into filter cake with two belts after flocculation.
Its operation is simple, general staff can handle the entire process after a short period of training.
Valveless gravity filter (重力式无阀滤池)
Pressure filter (压力滤池)
Ordinary rapid filter (普通快滤池)
Low cost simple and mature process easy maintenance Higher surface load stable operation

给排水消毒技术讲义 Disinfection 英文

给排水消毒技术讲义 Disinfection 英文
/home/policy/positions/cryptosporidium


9
Cryptosporidium analysis

Techniques for sampling and analysis are complicated and time consuming - requires filtration of large volumes of water (100 -1000 litres) - followed by several stages of elution, isolation and concentration of the oocysts - identification and enumeration by immuno-fluorescent microscopy. Initial testing does not provide information on whether the oocysts are viable and therefore capable of causing disease - requires further testing. Identification of the species sub-type can be helpful in tracing the source of contamination - this requires much additional work. For these reasons there is no specific standard for Cryptosporidium in the EU Drinking Water Directive or the national regulations

给水工程课件(七)

给水工程课件(七)

H1N1 病毒SARS 病毒
保证管网中对微生物的持续抑制作用
不同水质加氯量与余氯量关系
1.如水中无细菌、有机物和还原性物质等,
则需氯量为零。

(见下图虚线)
3.若水中需氯杂质主要为氨氮及含氨有机物时,投
氯量与余氯量的关系如图中OAHC曲线所示。

第1区即OA段:水中杂质把氯消耗光
,此时消毒效果不可靠
第2区即AH段:氯与氨反应,有
余氯存在,有一定消毒效果,
但余氯为化合性氯,其主要成
分是一氯氨,H为峰点。

有一定
消毒效果。

注解:曲线与横坐标间的垂直距离
a1,a2,a3,a4表示余氯量。

B
加氯量超过折点需要量---折点
加氯。

折点加氯
第3区即HB段:仍然是化合性余
氯,加氯量继续增加,氯胺被氧
化成不起消毒作用的化合物N 2、
NO、N 2O等,余氯反而减少,最后
到折点B,化合余氯量降至最小
值。

第4区即B点以后:没有消耗氯
的杂质了,投氯全部用于增加游离余氯量,消毒效果最好。

柜式真空加氯机
加氯间。

(全英文)水处理课件——过滤

(全英文)水处理课件——过滤

.01 .1 1 5 10 50 90 95 99 99.9 99.990.1 110Percent of Media with Smaller DiameterNaturally Occurring Sand Processed Filter Sand20 30 70 80 P a r t i c l e D i a m e t e r , m m Size Distribution of Typical Naturally Occurring and Processed Filter SandFigure by MIT OCW.Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous.Water Treatment: Principles and Design . 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 881.Typical properties of filter media used in rapid filters*PROPERTY UNIT GARNET LLMENITE SAND ANTHRACITE GAC Effective Size, ES mm 0.2 - 0.4 0.2 - 0.4 0.4 - 0.8 0.8 - 2.0 0.8 - 2.0 Uniformity Coefficient,UC UC 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 2.4 Density, �� g/mL 3.6 - 4.2 4.5 - 5.0 2.65 1.4 - 1.8 1.3 - 1.7Porosity, � % 45 - 58 Not available 40 - 43 47 - 52 Notavailable Hardness Moh 6.5 -7.5 5.6 7 2 - 3 Low* = Not AvailableFigure by MIT OCW.Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous. Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 882.Figure by MIT OCW.Adapted from: Binnie, C., M. Kimber, and G. Smethurst. Basic Water Treatment. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.10010-110-210-3 10-4 10-510-610-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4Sedimentation �� = 2650 kg/m 3Sedimentation �� = 1050 kg/m 3Sum 2 Sum 1Interceptionc = 0.5 mm, v = 5 m/h, o C)Particle Diameter, mDiffusionInfluence of Particle Size and Density on Filtration Transport Efficiency (d and T = 25T r a n s p o r t E f f i c i e n c y Figure by MIT OCW.Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous.Water Treatment: Principles and Design . 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 912.Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Yao, K.-M., M. T. Habibian, and C. R. O'Melia. "Water and Waste Water Filtration: Concepts and Applications." Environmental Science & Technology 5, no. 11 (November 1971): 1105-1112.Figure by MIT OCW.Adapted from: O'Melia, C. R., and J. Y. Shin. Removal of particles using dual media filtration: modeling and experimental studies." Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 1, no. 4, (2001): 73-79.Figure by MIT OCW.Adapted from: Binnie, C., M. Kimber, and G. Smethurst. Basic Water Treatment. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.。

Water Treatment 水处理.ppt

Water Treatment 水处理.ppt

Primary Settling Basins
Primary Settling Tank Design
• Size • Flow rate • Typical removal efficiencies
– solids: 50-60% – BOD: 30-35%
Secondary treatment
Water Treatment
Water is treated for one of two reasons:
1. To purify ground and surface water for use as drinking water
2. To make waste water safe for discharge into rivers/sea/lakes
• Preliminary treatment to screen out, grind up, or separate debris
• Sticks, rags, large food particles, sand, gravel, toys, etc., are removed at this stage to protect the pumping and other equipment in the treatment plant.
the domestic supply
Water Quality Standards
Effluent Standards ‐ maintain surface water quality • BOD: < 30 mg/L for the 24‐hr composite
mean collected over 30 days • Suspended Solids ‐ same as BOD • Oil and Grease: < 10 mg/L (30‐day mean) • pH 6 – 9 • Toxic pollutants – varies

消毒 给水处理课件

消毒 给水处理课件
No 干扰紫外光的传播,因此处理水水质,光传播
系数越高,紫外线消毒的效果也越好。
紫外线消毒的工艺流程见下图I。mage
No Image
31 31
电能

照射池 处理水
紫外线消毒工艺
No Image
紫外线光源是高压石英 水银灯,杀菌设备主要 有两种:
浸水式把石英灯管置于水中,
此法的特点是紫外线利用率 较高,杀菌效能好,但设备 的构造较复杂。
优点: 水中含有有机物和酚时,氯氨消毒不会产生氯臭和氯酚 臭,大大减少了THMs的产生,能保持水中余氯较久。 缺点: 但作用缓慢,杀菌能力比自由氯弱。 单独使用的情况较少。适用于供水管网较长的情况。
No 由于杀菌力弱,现在采用氯胺消毒水厂还不多。 Image 人工投加氨可以是液氨、硫酸氨或氯化氨。
氯和氨的投加量视水质不同而有所不同。一般采用氯: 氨=3:1~6:1
THMs 80 g/L;
Image
No Image
14 14
§5-2 其它消毒方法
一、二氧化氯消毒 二、氯氨消毒 三、臭氧消毒 四、次氯酸钠消毒 五、紫外线消毒
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November 2002
Gao J.F. CEEE;BJPU
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15 15
一、二氧化氯消毒
二氧化氯(Chlorine Dioxide)是世界卫生组织确认的 AI级高效、广谱、安全的杀菌剂,也是国际社会公认的 氯系列消毒剂最理想的换代产品。
25、2NH(a2C工OlO业2中+常4H用C)l →用酸4 与Cl亚O2氯+酸I5钠mNN制aaoC取gle:+
或 No
Image
10NaClO2
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10
Giordia Poliovirus Calicivirus
Giardia
Poliovirus
Calicivirus
E. coli Hepatitis A
Microsporidium C.parvum C.parvum
Legionella Poliovirus
Giardia
Giardia
1.0
E. coli pnuemophila
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous. Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 1063.
Legionella
E. coli
Microsporidium
Calicivirus
Poliovirus
0.10
Adenovirus
Adenovirus
Calicivirus E. coli
Adenovirus
0.01
Overview of disinfection requirements for 99 percent inactivation.
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Reynolds, T. D., and P. A. Richards. Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: PWS Publishing Company, 1996, pp. 742-743.
Chlorination - Dechlorination Controller Cl2 Injection Sulfite Diffuser
Sensor
Alternate Locations for Sensor Typical contact chamber for chlorination. Baffles are provided to promote plug flow. When chlorine has been applied at elevated concentrations, sulfite is added to reduce chlorine to levels that will not cause consumer reaction to chlorine taste and odor.
Required Combined chlorine C.t or l.t
10,000
Free chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Ozone
UV light
C. parvum C. parvum
1,000
Mycobacterium Legionella fortuitum
Giardia
13
Chlorine Concentration, mg/l
10
1.0
OCl-1
NH2Cl
0.10HOClΒιβλιοθήκη 0.01110
100
100
Minutes, tc Concentration versus contact time for 99% kill of E. coil by various forms of chlorine at 2oC to 6oC.
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous. Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 1121.
M.fortuitum
Legionella Legionella Microsporidium
Poliovirus Adenovirus
100
E. coli
C. parvum
Adenovirus Reovirus Rotavirus
MS-2
Calicivirus
M.fortuitum
M.fortuitum
Clements, John, 2004. Ultraviolet Disinfection. Brown and Caldwell Engineers. February 2004. /FeaturedArt/jc/html/08.htm Accessed 3/13/05
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Mancl, Karen M.. "Bacteria in Drinking Water." The Ohio State University Extension Bulletin. Bulletin 795 (1989).
Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from: Binnie, C., M. Kimber, and G. Smethurst. Basic Water Treatment. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.
Figure by MIT OCW.
1.0
Chlorine as HOCL, mg/l
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Po lio my tis eli
ac kie vir us
0.1
E. co
A2
vir
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us
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1
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Minutes, tc
Concentration versus contact time for 99% kill of E. coil and three enteric viruses by HOCl at 0oC to 6oC.
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