词汇学名词解释
语言学的名词解释
语言学的名词解释
语言学：语言学是研究语言系统及其使用活动的科学研究。
语言学研
究手段包括语法、词汇、词汇学、发音、社会语言学、语言发展和变化等。
这些方面的研究将帮助人们更好地了解语言的构成和本质。
词汇学：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，旨在研究语言使用者有效地表
达自己的语言特性、语义和发音。
主要研究内容包括单词的拼写、含义、
发音、语法类型和词类。
语法：语法是语言使用的规则，涉及如何把句子或话语组织成正确的
形式。
它是研究语言结构和句子结构的科学，它涉及语言中的抽象概念，
如句子结构、词性、搭配、句子功能和语义等。
社会语言学：社会语言学是一种探讨语言与社会文化之间关系的学科，它研究如何使用语言以及社会文化如何影响使用语言的方式。
其主要研究
内容包括日常语言使用、语言变化、多元语言文化以及语言的政治、社会
和文化作用等方面。
发音：发音是指一种语言中每个语音的真正发音。
它研究语言中每个
语音如何组成、拼写、发音以及发声器官如何完成发音。
它不仅研究语言
中每个单词的发音，还研究语音与音素之间的关系，例如元音和辅音。
英语词汇学重点名词解释（2）
英语词汇学重点名词解释（2）英语词汇学重点名词解释Neologisms 新词语are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.denizens同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. Alien非同化词 are borrowed words which have retainedtheir original pronunciation and spelling.Translation-loans. 借译词Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Semantic-loans借义词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed.Content word: the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary ,which accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary.Creation : the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language Allomorph: any of the different forms of a morpheme Free morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a wordBound morpheme: a form (morpheme) which can not he used alone hut must be used with another morpheme. Boundmorphemes include hound roots and affixesAffixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or functionPrefixation(suffixation): is the formation of new words by adding prefixes(suffixes) to stemInflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationshipsDerivational affixes: affixes added to other morphemes to create new wordsRoot: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added Bound root: a root that can not stand alone as a word Monomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a free morpheme《英语词汇学重点名词解释》。
语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释语言学是研究语言的一门学科，涉及语言的结构、功能、变化和发展等方面的研究。
下面是一些常见的语言学名词及其解释。
1. 语音学（Phonetics）：研究语言中各种语音的产生、传播和感知等方面的学科。
2. 语音语言学（Phonology）：研究语音在特定语言中的音位（音素）和音位组合规则的学科。
3. 语法学（Grammar）：研究语言的句法结构、词法结构和语义结构等方面的学科。
4. 句法学（Syntax）：研究语言中句子的结构和组织方式的学科。
5. 语义学（Semantics）：研究语言中词汇和句子的意义、概念和关系的学科。
6. 词汇学（Lexicology）：研究语言中词汇的组成、形态、构词规则等方面的学科。
7. 词义学（Semantics）：研究词汇中词义的构成、关系和词义的变化等方面的学科。
8. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言在具体语境中的使用方式以及语言的上下文相关性等方面的学科。
9. 文法学（Stylistics）：研究语言使用中的文体、修辞手法、语言风格等方面的学科。
10. 母语（Mother tongue）：一个人从小学会并用于日常交际的语言。
11. 第二语言（Second language）：在学习者的母语之外学习的语言。
12. 语言接触（Language contact）：不同语言之间在社会、文化接触中产生的相互影响和借用的现象。
13. 语言变异（Language variation）：指同一个语言在不同社会、地理和使用者间发生的音、词、句法等方面的变化。
14. 语言变化（Language change）：指语言在漫长的时间内逐渐变化和发展的过程。
15. 语言规范（Language standardization）：制定和规范一个语言的正确用法、标准词汇和语法规则的过程。
16. 语言习得（Language acquisition）：指儿童在自然环境中学习母语的过程。
英语词汇学中的名词解释
英语词汇学中的名词解释一、引言语言是人类交流的重要工具，而词汇则是构建语言的基本单位。
英语作为一种全球通用语言，其词汇系统庞大且丰富多样。
而英语词汇学则是研究英语中词汇的起源、发展和使用的学科。
本文将介绍英语词汇学中的一些重要概念和名词解释，帮助读者更好地理解英语词汇学的基本原理。
二、词汇1. 词汇词汇是指语言中的词语或词组的总和。
它是语言表达的基本单位，承载着语义和语法信息。
在英语词汇学中，词汇研究的范围包括词义、词法、词族和词汇的构成等方面。
2. 词义词义是指词语或词组所携带的意义。
在英语中，一个词可能有多个词义，这取决于其上下文的使用和语境的影响。
词义也可以通过词根、词缀和上下文等途径推断或推测。
3. 词法词法是研究词语形态和构词法的学科。
它关注词语的形态变化和构成规则，包括单数复数形式、时态变化、派生、合成等方面。
词法是理解和学习英语词汇的重要基础。
4. 词族词族是指具有共同词根的一组相关词语。
这些词语在含义上有一定的联系，但在形态和语法上可能存在差异。
研究词族可以帮助我们更好地理解和记忆词汇。
5. 词汇构成词汇构成是指由词根、词缀和其他语法成分组合而成的词语。
在英语中，许多词汇都是通过加上前缀、后缀或派生词缀来构建的。
研究词汇构成可以帮助我们学习和运用更多的词汇。
三、语义1. 语义语义是研究语言意义的学科。
它关注语言符号和所表示的意义之间的关系，包括词语、句子和篇章的意义。
在英语词汇学中，研究语义可以帮助我们理解和区分词语之间的差异。
2. 同义词同义词是指在特定语境下具有类似或相同意义的词语。
在英语中，同义词的选择可以丰富语言的表达，同时也对理解和翻译起到重要作用。
3. 反义词反义词是指在意义上相对对立或相互排斥的词语。
它们可以用来表达相反的概念或情感。
在英语中，反义词常常通过前缀、后缀或词根的变化来形成。
4. 上位词与下位词上位词是指泛指概念的词语，下位词则是指具体的概念。
例如，动物是"猫"的上位词，而"猫"是动物的下位词。
词汇学名词解释,复习提纲
第一章：A word can be defined as afun dame ntal un it of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of perform ing a give n syn tactic fun cti on The developme nt of En glish Vocabulary. ① Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is chracterized by the frequent use of compo un ds. Some OE compo unds involving alliteration have survived in Modern English.About 85% of OE words are no Ion ger in use.② Middle En glish (1100-1500)ME is characterized by the str ong in flue nce of French followi ng the Norman Conquest in 1066. (law and gover nmen tal admi nistratio n)③ Moder n En glish (1500-the prese nt)The rapid growth of prese nt-day En glish vocabulary and its causes： A. marked progress of scie nce and tech no logy (software, hardware) B.socio-economic, political and cultural cha nges( credit card, fringe ben efit, pressure cooker) C. in flue nce of other cultures and Ianguages (maotai, sputnik) classification of English words according to different criteria 1. By origin : native words andloan words 。
词汇学 名词解释
1.What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.“Language is man’s way of communication with his fellow man and. It is language alone which separate him from the lower animals”2.What is linguistics?Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication.4.What is lexicology?Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words.5.What is the Vocabulary?Broadly speaking, all the words in a language together constitute what is known as vocabulary. The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language. But it may also refer to the words and phrases used in the variants of a language, such as dialect, register, terminology, etc. There is a total English vocabulary of more than 1 million.11. What Is a Word?A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。
词汇名词解释
Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.(1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceVocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabularyThe basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email、microelectronics、futurology、AIDS、internet、freak out) Content words/notional words(nouns、verbs、adjectives、adverbs and numerals)Functional words/empty words(Prepositions、conjunctions、auxiliaries and articles) on、of、upon、but be a the Native words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Borrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）The Eastern set:（1）The Balto-slavic Group：（2）The Indo-Iranian Group:(3)The Armenian Group：Armenian.(4)The Albanian Group：Albanian.The Western set:(5)The Hellenic Group：Greek;.(6)The Italian Group：(7)The Celtic Group;(8)The Germanic Group：Terminology:Terminology is technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in music, symphony.Jargon:Jargon is the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves as in business, bottom line for unavoidable result.Slang:Slang is the sub-standard language, which seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like jargon and argot, eg. Dough and bread means money.Argot:Argot is the jargon of criminals. Only thesub-cultural groups use it, and outsiders can hardly understand it, eg, Persuader means dagger.dialectal words:Dialectal words is words used only by speakers of the dialect in question, eg. Beauty in Australia means excellent.Archaisms:Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. Eg, brethren means brother.Neologisms:Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. Eg, internet.Morpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of wordsAllomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningfree morphemes：free morphemes, also called free root, is the morphemes which have complete meaning and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, eg. cat, walk.bound morphemes：Bound morphemes is Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words, eg, recollection = re+collect+ion.bound root：Bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning like a free root, but it is bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.Affixes：Affixes is forms that are attached to words orword elements to modify meaning or function.inflectional affixes:Inflectional affixes, also calledinflectional morphemes, is affixes which attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships areinflectionalderivational affixes:Derivational affixes are affixesadded to other morphemes to create new words.Root： is the basic form of a word, which can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg, international, the root is nation.Stem： is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added in word formation.affixationAffixation, also called derivation, is a way to addword-forming or derivational affixes to stems in wordformation.Prefixation：Prefixation is a way to add prefixes to stems in word formation. It does not change the word-class ofthe stem but change its meaning.Suffixation：Suffixation is a way to suffixes to stems in word formation, and the suffixes mainly change the wordclass.Compounding：Compounding, also called composition, is away to join two or more stems in word formation. Compound is produced in this way.Compound：A compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than onestem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as asingle word.Conversion: is the formation of new words by convertingwords of one class to another class.Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another wordClipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains insteadAcronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.Initialism: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)Acronym:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)Back-formation： It’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It isa kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, itcan refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’Motivation：Motivation accounts for the connection between1/ 3the linguistic symbol / word-form and its meaning. onomatopoeic motivation：Onomatopoeic Motivation is the character of some words whose sounds suggest their meanings, eg, crow by cocks.Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.semantic motivation：Semantic motivation is the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. Eg, the mouth of the river.etymological motivation：The meanings of many words relate directly to their origins.Grammatical meanings is the part of the word’s meaning which indicates grammatical relationships such as speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns and their inflectional forms and so on.Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaningaffective meaning：Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards theperson or thing in question, eg, notorious, meaning famous, shows the attitude of disapproval.collocative meaning：Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. Homographs（同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见) Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Polysemy is a fact that a word has more than one meaning Synonymy(同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .Absolute synonyms（完全同义词）：also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ]relative synonyms（相对同义词）:also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.contradictory terms：Contradictory terms are antonyms truly representing oppositeness of meaning, so they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. Eg, male vs female.contrary terms：Contrary terms are antonyms in terms of a scalerunning between two poles or extremes. Eg, rich vs poor. relative terms：Relative terms are words indicating such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. Eg, parent vs child.Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animalSuperordinate and Subordinate(上义词和下义词)：use subordinates which are concrete and precise ,presentinga vivid verbal picture before the reader. Superordinateswhich convey only a general and vague idea.Semantic Field(语义场)Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory.The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language.1.Extension /generalization(词义的扩大): is the name givento the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.(e.g: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)2.Narrowing/ specialization(词义的缩小)：is the oppositeof widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.(e.g: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl).[ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ]3.Elevation /amelioration(词义的升华):refers to theprocess by which words rise from humble（粗陋的） beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]4.Degradation / pejoration(词义的降格):A process wherebywords of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory（贬损的）sense.[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ]5.Transfer(词义的转移): Words which were used to designate指明 one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation（非语言语境）：In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out, weekend, landlord )2.Linguistic context/ grammatical context(语言语境)：Ina narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentencesin which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.分为两类：Lexical context（词汇语境）：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question. (e.g: paper, do)Grammatical context（语法语境）：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. (e.g: become)Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms（俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary..Semantic unity （语意的整体性）： words in the idiom they2/ 3have lost their individual identity. Their meanings arenot often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom.The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of eachof the idiom.2.Structural stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of anidiom is to a large extent un changeable.1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or addedto, not even an article.4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeableidioms nominal in nature ：Idioms nominal in nature havea noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences.idioms adjectival in nature：Idioms adjectival in nature function as a adjective but are not necessarily composedof adjectives.Idioms verbal in nature can be divided into phrasal verbsand other verb phrases.Idioms adverbial in nature contains many prepositional phrases and function as adverbial.Eg, tooth and nail, in nothing flat, through thick and thin,in clover, in the clover.Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar,and in some, their etymology3/ 3。
英语词汇学重点名词解释
英语词汇学重点名词解释Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Morphology : the study of morpheme and their different forms.Semantics：the study of word meaning.Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearerLexicography : the piling of dictionaries.Synchronic study : the study of a word or words at one particular point in time.Diachronic study: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time. word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given disciplineand the words possessed by an individual person.Terminology术语 consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine: Jargon 行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions municate among themselves such as in business.slang 俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general wordsincluding informal ones available to everyone and in-group wordsArgot黑话 generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it,Archaisms古词语 are words or forms that were once in mon use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.《英语词汇学重点名词解释》全文内容当前网页未完全显示，剩余内容下一页查看。
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1.Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the vocabulary of the English language in respect to words and word equivalents.
2.A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactic function.
3.The morpheme is the smallest meanings linguistics unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into small forms.
4.Word-formation rules refer to the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.
pounding or composition is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.
6. Derivation may be defined as a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix,suffix or combining form, to an already existing word.
7.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.
8.Motivation refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense.
9.Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinary and primarily used for one thing is applied to another, a process which often results in semantic change or figurative extension of meaning.
10.An idiom may be defined as a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning.。