2018届高三英语一模汇编
2018届江苏高三英语一模分类汇编单选含答案)(可编辑修改word版)
2018 届江苏高三英语一模分类汇编--- 单选(南通）21.Heavy debts have left the firm faced with an economic in the financial crisis.A.switchB. scratchC. squeezeD. status22.Feng Chu, reported the National Prize for Progress in Science and Technology in2017，is a post-90s PHD candidate.A.winningB. to have wonC. to winD. having won23.—I haven’t met Mr. Smith these days.—Oh, I forgot to tell you. He from his post in our college.A.resignedB. has resignedC. had resignedD. would resign24.The concepts in philosophy Jack read have somewhat affected how he his daily life.A.shrinks fromB. pulls throughC. compensates forD. goes about25.The doctor is in a dilemma he should tell the patient the truth.A.thatB. whetherC. whereD. how26.A series of policies has been adopted so far benefits the poverty-stricken people will enjoy.A.whichB. thatC.whoseD. as27.I n his New Year Speech, President Xi that happiness is achieved through hard work.A.underlinedB. undidC. undertookD. updated28.The autocompany succeeded in developing a new type of new energy vehicle, countless failures.A.experiencingB. to experienceC. to have experiencedD. having experienced29.Any offender shall be brought back and brought to justice he/ she may flee abroad.A.in caseB. even ifC. now thatD. if only30.These figures should be , for even a minor error can cost us millions of dollars.A.preciseB. flexibleC. optionalD. approximate31.—Why are you upset, Maria?—My father didn’t even buy me a Christmas present!What a !A.JudasB. SamaritanC. JonahD. Scrooge32.I suspect Emily was lying when she described the incident, for I know her well.A.whetherB. thatC. whatD. how33.—I thought tomorrow was the deadline for my confirmation.— Never mind! Call me later and tell me what you then.A. would thinkB. had thoughtC. thinkD. thought34.It was only when he broke down and was sent to hospital for treatment fully aware ofthe value of health.A.did he becomeB. that he becameC. had he becomeD. that he had become35.—John was criticized again by the boss this morning.—. He’s always causing trouble.A.No wonderB. No wayC. No problemD. No doubt（扬州）（苏锡常镇）答案南通：21-25 CBBDB 26-30 CADBA 31-35 DBCBA 扬州：21—25 CABDA 26—30 CDCCB 31—35 CADBB 苏锡常镇：21-25 DDCBA 26-30 ABCCB 31-35 DACCA。
上海市各区2017-2018年高三英语一模汇编----六选四--老师版（已经校对）
Section CDirections:Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It‘s very likely that you‘ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization‘s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.Let‘s begin with the question of why people volunteer. 67 For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory (义务的) volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people‘s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., ―I volunteer because it‘s important to me‖) to an external factor (e.g., ―I volunteer because I‘m required to do so‖). When that happe ns, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. 68 Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. 69 The researchers note that attention should begiven to ―training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience‖.Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view ―volunteer‖ as an important social role. 70 Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as ―Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.‖ Consistent with the researchers‘ expectations, they found a positive relationship between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to defin ite advice: ―Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity‖.Keys:67-70: F B E CSection CDirections:Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.necessarily true. If we had a crystal ball, we could guess what consumer behavior would be in the future if a minimum wage increase goes through. But you just can‘t.‖Keys:67-70 FDABSectionCDirections:Read the following passage and choose the most suitable statement from A-F for each Blank. There are two extra statements, which you do not need.Nanotechnology Grows FastThanks to advances in technology, the science fiction of the past has become the―sciencefact‖of today, like the 1966 sci-fi Fantastic Voyage（《神奇旅程》）. In the film, a man with veryimportant knowledge was dying. The only way to save him was by using experimentalminiaturization technology. A number of scientists were shrunk to a tiny size and injected into theman‘s body to locate the source of the problem and save him.67Over the past severaldecades, the science of nanotechnology has been developing rapidly, and, just as in thefilm, it involves working with objects of a very small size.Something very similar to the medial procedure seen in Fantastic Voyage is already beingused to help save lives today. Tiny crystals known as―quantu m dots（量子点）‖，whose diametersare one thousandth of a human hair, are injected into the body of a cancer patient.68Upon findinga tumor, these quantum dots release their medicine, and then light themselves up tso that doctorscan see exactly where the cancer cells are.69 We may soon find our everyday lives being affected by it. Are you tired ofhaving to charge the batteries in your mobile devices? Soon, you don‘t need to. Scientists areworking on solar-cell vests that will absorb energy from the sun as you walk around and providepower for your devices.Eric Drexler, an author and scientist, believes that nanotechnology will lead to a new kind ofmanufacturing, one in which products are assembled atom by atom. By rearranging atoms, youcan turn one kind of molecule into another. For example, a wood molecule can be transformed into a metal molecule. If this is done many times according to a design, a large object such as an ax might eventually be created, just by rearranging atoms.70 .Although we have already seen its first practical applications, even more dramatic advances will be made in the future.Keys:67-70 AFECSection CDirections:Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.As people recognize the dangers of fossil fuel plants, especially the risk of global warming from carbon dioxide production—nuclear power begins to look more attractive. But what about the waste—all that highly radioactive debris(残核) that will endure for thousands of years? Nuclear waste is one of the biggest technical issues that any future president is likely to face.______67________Plutonium(钚) has a half-life of 24,000 years. Even after 100,000 years, the radiation will still be above 10% of the level it had when it left the reactor.______68_________How can we possibly prove that this material can be kept safe for 100000 years?Still the US government persists in pursuing ―safe‖nuclear waste disposal(处理). It has created nuclear waste facilities buried deep within Yucca Mountain , Nevada. To keep the waste safe, the storage rooms are 1,000feet below the surface. _______69__________. It needs at least 2 square miles. The cost of the facility is expected to reach $100 billion ,with hundreds of billions of dollars more in operating costs. To make matters worse, earthquakes happen often in the Yucca Mountain region. More than 600 earthquakes of magnitude of 2.5 and higher have occurred within 50 miles in the last decade alone. Although that was millions of years ago, how sure can we be that the waste facility won‘t be torn apart by another eruption?________70_________ Why not just send the waste into the sun? Well, maybe that‘s notsuch a good idea, since on launch some rockets do crash back down to the earth. Some scientists have proposed that the waste be put in ships and sunk under the oceans. Yet just the fact that scientists make such suggestions seems to emphasize how the problem really is.Keys:67-70 ECDASection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Staying young foreverIt used to be a matter of fact when Peter Pan —a character from James Matthew Barrie‘s 1911 book —said: ―All children, except one, grow up.‖ _______67_________According to the NPD Group, a US market research company, sales of toys to adults in the UK increased by more than 20 percent in 2016, three times the pace of the children‘s toy market itself. These toys ranged from puzzles and Lego building sets to vehicle models and action figures. And more than half of the sales came from millennials —people born between the 1980s and 2000s.―Adults of the 21st century are channeling their inner child, one toy at a time,‖ commented website Koreaboo. _______68_________ .According to Frederique Tutt, an analyst at NPD, the motivation of these grown-ups is to escape the stress of today‘s fast-paced world. They are driven toward the more immediate pleasures brought by toys than those brought by, say, getting a promotion, which is far less easy to achieve. ―It reminds me of the playful side of life,‖ Rob Willner, a 25-year-old PhD student in the UK, told The Telegraph when talking about his love for Lego, which he said brings him both comfort and entertainment._______69_________ To Frank Furendi, a professor at the University of Kent in the UK, the fact that so many adults are pursuing ―the thrills of youth‖ is the evidence that ―adulthood has got nothing attractive about it anymore‖, he told The New York Times. ―That‘s actually quite sad.‖________70________ According to Canadian comic book artist Todd McFarlane, collecting toys could simply be a way for people to express their individuality. ―It‘s just pop culture stuff. It‘s stuff that says, ‗I like a little of this and I like a little of that‘,‖ he told ABC News. ―It‘s no big deal.‖So now that over 100 years have passed since Peter Pan, perhaps it‘s time to introduce a new ―fact‖, as stated in the tagline of the UK fashion brand KIDULT: ―Growing old is mandatory(强制的), but growing up is optional.‖Keys:67-70 DBFC\Section CDirections: Read the following passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once .Note that there aretwo more sentences than you need.The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merelyaccomplished is not IQ, a generally bad predictor' of success.67Top performers spend more hours practising theircraft. If you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you'd take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldn‘t have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, orshared the same birthday.68 It would give her some idea of a fascinating circle she might someday join.It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fuelling a desperate need for success, Armed with this ambition, she wouldread novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. She‘d able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error focused. By practising in this way, site delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious, automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repealing, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream offeedback, viewing her performance from the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problems-how do I get characters into a room-dozens and dozens of times. 69.The primaryquality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. It's the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine. The latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we're "hardwired" to do. And it's true that genes play a role in our capabilities.70 We construct ourselves through behavior.Keys:67-70 FEC ASection CDirections: Read the following passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.There are a lot of different people in the world, but despite our differences we all want to get along. Humans are social beings, and we enjoy being treated nicely.67It is about treating people with respect and care.Be a good listener. To start a conversation, it is important to listen first, especially when you are in a group. Don‘t indulge（放纵）yourself in instant chant when you have just arrived. Examine the situation and the conversation, and then say whatever you think fit. It is better to say something valuable, rather than something meaningless. 68Don‘t try to change people. It is not your job to change anyone else. It is not in your power to change anyone else.Let other people live how they want to live.69If you do not like how someone acts, you can arrange things so that you interact with them as little as possible. You can always maintain a good attitude towards them so that your relationship with them might be change.Keep a smile. A little laughter goes a long way, and a smile cases tensions, wheres a frow n can create tensions. If someone teases you, try to laugh at it off. If someone is frowning, smile at them. Be mindful of your facial expression. If you are persistently and optimistic, people will cheer up when they are see you coming.70Some people do not take hints. Some people d not read body language. For these people, it really works to just say,‖ I really want us to work well together. I will help you and back you up, and you help me and beck me up.‖KEYS:67-70:DFEBSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.In the radio drama ―Nau em Taim‖ aired in Papua New Guinea, a widowed father takes up dynamite(炸药) fishing—profitable but disastrous for the reef. Then he meets a dashing marine scientist who warns him off. The idea is that by the end of the drama, both he—and the listeners—will give up dynamite for sustainable fishing.The show‘s producer, the Population Media Center (PMC) in Vermont, has been a pioneer of programmes with the goal of fostering development. ___67___ In Vietnam Khat Vong Song uses radio drama to teach its listeners about domestic violence. In Kenya Mediae promotes civil rights with a television soap called ―Makutano Junction‖.Evidence that radio and television soaps can change behaviour was first spotted in the 1970s. ___68___ About twenty years later, economists at the Inter-American Development Bank, found that Brazilians receiving Globo, a television network promoting modern family concepts, had fewer children. Another follow-up study discovered that, as cable television spread, the birth rate in certain rural area dropped.Some argue that the influence was because couch potatoes were less likely to make babies. But research in Ethiopia showed that dramas can have a direct effect. Inquiries about ways to reduce birth rates rose by 157% among married women who listened to the soap operas ―Yeken Kignet‖ and ―Dhimbibba‖. ___69___ Male listeners sought tests for HIV/AIDS four times as much as male non-listeners.―The results are the best when people identify with characters,‖ says Betty Oala of the PMC.This is why the organization does extensive research, takes on local writers and uses native languages.Not only are soaps effective, but they are also cheap. Radio programmes can cost as little as three cents to reach a listener in Africa. ___70___ Although producers do not hide their purposes many scholars think that there could be a fight over morals and the aimful results of soap dramas.A drop in birth rates may seem like good news to a woman activist, but bad to a religious worker.Keys:67-70 FDAESection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.B.C.E.F.The Best Language for MathWhat‘s the best language for learning math? Hint: You‘re not reading it.Chinese, Japanese and Korean use simpler number words and express math concepts more clearly than English. The language gap is drawing growing attention as confusing English number words have been linked in several studies to weaker counting and arithmetic skill in children in English-speaking countries.67 Among the researchers are Karen Fuson, a professor in the School of Educationat Northwestern University, and Li Yeping, an expert on Chinese math education at Texas A&M University.Chinese has just nine number words, while English has more than two dozen. The trouble starts at ―11‖. English has a unique word for the number, while Chinese (as well as Japanese and Korean, among other languages) have words that can be translated as ―ten-one‖– spoken with the ―ten‖ first. 68 .English number words over 10 don‘t as clearly label place values. Number words for the teens reverse the order of the ones and ―teens‖, making it easy for children to confuse, say, 17 with 71. As a result, children working with English number words have a harder time doingmulti-digit addition and subtraction (减法). 69 .It also feels more natural for Chinese speakers than for English speakers to use the ―make-a-ten‖ addition and subtraction strategy. When adding two numbers, students break down the numbers into parts and regroup them into tens and ones. For instance, 9 plus 5 becomes 9 plus 1 plus 4. 70 .Many teachers in America have increased instruction in the make-a-ten method and called for first-graders to use it to add and subtract.Now, you should feel lucky that you are learning math in China. Thanks to your mother tongue, all math problems just come less confusing and difficult to you!Keys:67-70 CFBDSection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.Parents simply cannot control all the possible paths their children maytake.B.Research in developmental psychology ought to help parentsrelax.C.If a woman works outside the home, she‘s depriving her children of her constant attention, but ifshe stays home, she tends to give her children too muchlove.D.According to Freud, after the first five ―formative years‖ ended in the crisis of the OedipalComplex (俄狄浦斯情结), the child‘s personalitywassetforlife.E.Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is moredelicate.F.Obviously it‘s good to give children stimulation and attention from the start, but one wrong stepwill not doom the child to psychologicaldamage.Parenting Anxiety RelievedWoman are insecure because there is no commonly accepted idea of what it means to be a good mother. Fathers have it easier in this regard; they just have to show up and they are automatically considered ―good‖, whereas mothers are always trying to prove to themselves and the world that theyaren‘t―bad‖.67 .her child‘s personality. In recent years, however, some psychologists tell mothers that th e first three years of life are the most important, while others think that all critical events happen during the first year.In some ways, things are getting worse. Years ago, a woman was allowed five years to shape Ironically, this pani c about doing the right thing to produce the perfect child is probably the worst thing for the child and the parent. 68Here is why.First, it i s not harmful to children if their mothers work. Mothers who neglect their own need and abilities for the sake of their children do not benefit their children, their marriage or themselves.Second, there is no crucial moment or stage in early childhood in which a child‘s fate is determined forever. 69 Children are more flexible than that.Research also finds that some children who have had the best parental care and guidance later give in to drugs, addi ction, mental illness or violence. 70 Between the parents‘best efforts and theresulting child lie other factors: the child‘s nature, geneti cally influenced characters, e xperiences outside the family and the child‘s knowledge of events. Parents can help an inborn shy child learn to cope better in situations that make the child anxious, but they aren‘t going to turn her into Britney Spears.Keys:66-70 CBFASection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Plus-size women might be socially frowned upon (不赞成) and openly avoided by the fashion industry. ___67___A study done a few years ago by Plunkett Research, a market-research firm, found that 67% of American women were ―plus-size,‖ meanin g size 14 or larger. That figure might not have changed much, but in 2016, only 18% of clothing sold was plus-size, according to NPD Group, another research firm.Designers and retailers have long thought of the plus-size as high-risk. Predicting what these customers will buy can be difficult, as they tend to be more cautious about styles. Making larger clothes is more expensive; but higher costs for fabric cannot always be passed on to consumers. ___68___ ―We have money but nowhere to spend it,‖ says Krist ine Thompson, who runs a blog which has nearly 150,000 followers on Instagram.At last, that is changing. Fast-fashion brands, including Forever 21 and a fashion line sold in partnership with Target, a giant retailer, have expanded their plus-size collections. ___69___ Revenue in the plus-size category increased by 14% between 2013 and 2016, compared with growth of 7% for all apparel (服装). Takings (营业额) were $21.3 billion last year. Social media has played an important role in changing attitudes in the fashion business, says Madeline Jones, editor and co-founder of PLUS Model Magazine.Nonetheless, designer brands still hold back. ___70___ For those that are willing to take achance, several internet startups (创业公司) that deliver personally styled outfits to individuals, including plus-size women, offer data to ―straight-size‖ designers.Not all plus-size shoppers are convinced. Laura Fuentes, a hairstylist from Abilene, Texas, says that many upmarket (高端市场的) department stores still keep their plus-size clothing sections poorly organized, badly stocked and dimly lit, if they stock larger clothes at all. Yet such complaints should be taken with a pinch of salt (有所保留), says Ms. Thompson. ―We‘re nowhere near where we should be but we‘ve made progress,‖ she says.Keys:67--70: DBECSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Overnight, eating fried chicken in the People‘s Square is OUT; instead, people started to drink HEEKCAA and eat Bao Master. This year, the queues in front of the doors of ―Wanghong delicacies‖ were so dense that a cup of tea has been hyped to over 80 Y uan by scalpers (黄牛) and local bloggers even customized a one-day tour to eat in Shanghai.To a great extent, Wanghong phenomenon depends on merchants‘ business strategy. ______67______. Business also works on publicity. Before HEEKCAA‘s arrival in Shanghai, it has advertised through microblog, local life service and other self-media, which has generated a certain amount of heat among the public. Once people make the purchase, the ―sense of accomplishment‖ will urge some of them to show off at their Wechat moments, which is good for brand image. Also, when a product is quickly recognized by consumers, capitals will come in great numbers. The boost of capitals undoubtedly helps the subsequent publicity of the brand.______68______. In the Internet era, the spread of information is so fa st that it doesn‘t matter whether the tea tastes good or bad; it‘s just a matter of whether you ever drink it. There is a word for this behavior —―fomo‖, which means fear of missing out. Oxford University professor said this is not new. As social animals, humans have a strong desire to be part of a group, to be accepted, recognized, valued and remembered. A little baby cries for a hug and a child makes small trouble to get noticed. These behaviors are, in the eyes of sociologists, anxious for existence. It‘s just that social media today that make it easier for people to perceive other people‘s lives, and have a sense of loss not to join them when they know what others are doing.10-20 Y uan is the exchange value of milk tea, but it‘s the symbol value of the goods that encourages people to ―pull the grass‖. Just like the lipstick, mailbox and graffiti wall that have been on the list of Wanghong, people want to use relatively controllable spending to gain satisfaction from a moments‘ thumb up. ______69______.With the development of society, consumers are not just buying a product but its brand culture and quality of life, so the appearance of light consuming is inevitable. However, ―Wanghong economy‖ is always short-lived because this consumer group is changeable in affection. Consumers who come by ―physical attractiveness‖ will quickly vanish if there is no implicit value or connotation to support. ______70______. Besides, consumers should make rational consumption instead of just following the trend.Keys:67--70 FEBCSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Imagine you're standing in line to buy an afterschool snack at a store. You step up to the counter and the cashier scans your food. Next, you have to pay. But instead of scanning a QR code with your smartphone, you just hold out your hand so the cashier can scan your fingerprint. Or, a camera scans your face, your eyes or even your ear._____67____ As technology companies move away from traditional password, biometric（生物识别）security, which includes fingerprint, face and voice ID, is becoming increasingly popular.In 2013, Apple introduced the iPhone 5s, one of the first smartphones with a fingerprint scanner. Since then, using one‘s fingerprint to unlock a phone and make mobile payments has become commonplace, bringing convenience to our lives. And since last year, Samsung has featured eye-scanning technology in its top smartphones, while Apple‘s new iPhone X can even scan a user‘s face._______68_____―Biometrics, ideally, are good,‖John Michener, a biometric expert, told tech webs ite Inverse. ―In practice, not so much.‖When introducing the new iPhone‘s Face ID feature at Apple‘s Keynote Event in September, Phil Schiller, Apple‘s senior vice president, said, ―______69_______‖.But it‘s already been done. In a video posted on community website Reddit on Nov 3, two brothers showed how they were each able to unlock the same iPhone X using their own face, Quartz reported. And they aren‘t even twins.―We may expect too much from biometrics,‖Anil Jain, a computer science professor at Michigan State University, told CBS news. ―No security systems are perfect.‖Earlier this year, Jain found a way to trick biometric security. Using a printed copy of a thumbprint, she was able to unlock a dead person's smartphone for police.―It‘s good to see biometrics being used more,‖Jain told CBS News, ―because it adds another factor for security. ______70_______‖.Keys:67-70 D A F CSection C。
【高三英语试题精选】2018届高三英语一模试题(带答案)
2018届高三英语一模试题（带答案） COM 第一节单项填空(共30小题；每小题1分，满分30分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
1．I felt ___________ sudden urge to tell him all my problems but I held back because I was afraid that he would make ____________ fun of me．A．a／ B．the；／ C．a；the D．the；a2．True happiness does not _____________ the possession of money,but the joy of achievement．A．contribute to B．lie in C．result in D．add to3．—Have a break,Amy．You _____________ playing the piano all the morning．—OK，Mom．I will stop after this piece．A are practicing B．have practiced C．ha ve been practicing D practiced4．The organization ____________ food and blankets collected from all over the world to the people who survived the earthquake．A．exchanged B．purchased C．govemed D．distributed5．Today,more people are ing to Beijing，_____________ capital of China,to make ___________better life for themselves．A．the；the B．the；a C a；the D．a；a6．I’m sorry for ____________，but I have anurgent and important thing to talk to you．A．cutting off B．cutting in C．cutting out D．cutting up 7．His favorite food is fried snacks and soft。
2018届高三第一次模拟考试英语试题(K12教育文档)
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惠州市2018届高三第一次模拟考试英语2018。
4．注意事项: 1. 本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷(非选择题）两部分。
答卷前，考生必将自己的姓名、考生号、考场号和座位号填写在答题卡上。
因考试不考听力，第I卷从第二部分的“阅读理解”开始,试题序号从“21”开始。
2．回答第I卷时,选出每小题答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答题标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。
写在本试卷上无效。
3。
回答第II卷时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
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考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第I卷第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题;每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
AFrom American Express， wedding guests will，on average，spend $673 on each wedding they attend this year。
It includes airfare （＄225), hotel ($170）, dining out ($116) and dressing up ($95) and the gift。
2018届高三英语一模汇编
2018届高三英语一模汇编----阅读理解C【黄浦区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages、Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements、For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D、Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read、( C )①Australians have long been known for having a relaxed and casual attitude to life、According to Dr Tanya King, senior lecturer from Victoria’s Deakin University, “It’s Australians’egalitarianism, sense of humor and informal language that are most commonly mentioned as examples of this attitude”、②Egalitarianism roots in the way that the nation was built、In Australia’s founding era in the late 1700s, criminal settlers were often cruelly treated and robbed of their basic human rights by governors、The criminal class, who were mostly working-class Brits and Irish, was unable to seek civic positions that were reserved for immigrants who were not the criminal, with the latter arguing that if criminals gained equal rights it would be ‘rewarding criminality’、Because of this, an egalitarian spirit was worn as a symbol of honor by many criminal settlers、They may not have had power, education or wealth, but they had a shared belief in equality、③The informal way Australians use language is also believed to root in criminal times、Philologist Sidney Baker once wrote that ‘no other class would have a better talent for creating new terms to fit in with their new conditions in life’、Cockney rhyming slang brought over by the British working class was abbreviated even further –so ‘have a Captains Cook’ (have a look), became ‘avacaptains’、This same practice was used to economize ordinary clauses、Words like ‘good day’ became ‘g’day’, and barbecue was‘barbie’、④The tough conditions of settler times also played a part in Australians’dry, self-criticizing and sarcastic （讽刺得）sense of humor、While in many countries it’s considered poor taste to find humor in difficult circumstances, Australians tend to look at the lighter side、On one road trip, as I hit the state line and entered Victoria, I drove past some blackened trees, the leftovers of a recent bush fire、A road sign warning drivers about wildlife was half-melted and bent, but the shape of a hopping kangaroo was still distinct、Behind the figure, someone had drawn flames making it look as though the animal’s tail was on fire、I couldn’t help but laugh – it was a brilliant reminder of the country’s‘nothing upsets us’ and anti-authoritarian attitude、⑤And one thing you can’t help but notice when driving around Australia is the country’s plentiful amounts of space、This, along with considerable leisure time plus favorable climate, all contribute to Australians’relaxed attitude、63、The underlined wor d “egalitarianism” is closest to __________ in meaning、A、criminalityB、crueltyC、equalityD、governmentalism64、Which of the following is a feature of the way Australians use language?A、They use more slangs than other people、B、They give new meanings to existent words、C、They favour shortened forms of expressions、D、They coin terms in memory of criminal times、65、What can be inferred from paragraph 4?A、Kangaroos’ livi ng conditions are getting tougher、B、Forest fires threaten Australians’ life to a great extent、C、Potential danger is here and there on the roads in Victoria、D、Australians’ jokes may not be as careless as they seem on the surface、66、The passage mainly talks about __________、A、how the late 1700s impacted AustraliaB、why Australians enjoy casual life so muchC、what contributes to Australians’ relaxed lifestyleD、how Australians present their attitude towards life答案;63-66 CCDD【虹口区】Section BDirections:Read the following three passages、Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements、For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D、Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read、(C)Crude awakeningA battle between two energy exchanges[1] OPEN-OUTCRY trading is supposed to be an odd, outdated practice, rapidly being replaced by sleeker, cheaper electronic systems、Try telling that to the New York Mercantile Exchange(NYMEX), the world’s largest commodities exchange、On November 1st the NYMEX opened an open-outcry pit (公开叫价交易厅）in Dublin to handle Brentcrude futures（布伦特原油期货）, the benchmark （基准）contract for pricing two-thirds of the world’s oil、[2] The NYMEX is trying to grab liquidity from London’s International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), which trades the most Brent contracts; the New York exchange has so far concentrated on West Texas Intermediate, an American benchmark grade、The new pit is a response to the IPE’s efforts to modernise、On the same day as NYMEX traders started shouting Brent prices in Dublin, the IPE did away with its morning open-out cry session: now such trades must be electronic, or done in the pit after lunch、[3] The New York exchange claims that customers, such as hedge funds (对冲基金) or energy companies, prefer open-outcry because it allows for more liquidity、Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction, in commodity markets such as the NYMEX, pressure from “locals”--self-employed traders—is helping to support open-outcry, although some think that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems、Even the IPE has no plans to close its floor、Only last month it signed a rental agreement, lasting until2017, for its trading floor in London、[4] Dublin’s new pit is “showing promise”, says Rob Laughlin, a trader with Man Financial, despite a few technical glitches、On its first day it handled 5,726 lots of Brent(each lot, or contract, is 1,000 barrels), over a third of the volume in the IPE’ s new morning electronic session、By the year’s end, predicts Mr Laughlin, it should be clear whether the venture will be feasible、It would stand a better chance if it moved to London、It may yet: it started in Ireland because regulatory approval could be obtained faster there than in Britain、[5] In the long run having both exchanges offering similar contracts will be unsustainable (不可持续得)、Stealing liquidity from an established market leader, as the NYMEX is trying to do, is a hard task、Eurex, Europe’s largest futures exchange, set up shop in Chicago this year, intending to grab American Treasury-bond contracts from the Chicago Board of Trade、It has made little progress、And the NYMEX has tried to get Brent contracts before, without success、[6] Given the importance of liquidity in exchanges, why do the IPE and the NYMEX not work together? There have been talks about cooperation before, and something might yet happen、Some say that the freewheeling NYMEX and the more serious IPE could never mix、For now, in any case, the two exchanges will compete until one has won --across the Irish Sea as well as across the Atlantic、63、According to the text, the NYMEX and IPE are __________、A、both using open outcry trading as a major trading formB、partners that benefit each other in their business activitiesC、rivals that are competing in the oil trading marketD、both taking efforts to modernize their trading practice64、Th e word “glitches” in Line 2, Paragraph 4most probably means __________、A、backwardnessB、disappointmentsC、engineersD、problems65、From Paragraph 4 we can infer that __________、A、trading volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session is fallingB、London is a better business location for energy exchanges than DublinC、Britain’s regulators are less efficient than those of IrelandD、the Dublin pit of the NYMEX will be more prosperous next year66、We can draw a conclusion from the text that__________、A、it’s very unlikely that the NYMEX and the IPE could combine their businessesB、the NYMEX will fail in Ireland as many precedents have shownC、the two energy exchanges will figure out a way to cooperate with each otherD、the market environment for both energy exchanges is getting better答案：63-66: C D B A【浦东新区】Section BDirections:Read the following three passages、Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements、For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D、Choose the one that fits best according to the information givenin the passage you have just read、C）Dental health: Brush with confidenceChildren should be taught to brush their teeth regularly、But the suspicion remains among some People, dentists included, that even so, certain children are doomed to develop dental cavities、The hypothesis behind this fear is that some combinations of genes may give rise to the sorts of oral bacteria which are responsible for cavities、If true, that would be sad for the youngsters concerned、But a study just published in Cell Host and Microbe, by Andres Gomez and Karen Nelson of the J、Craig Venter Institute, in San Diego, suggests it isn’t true、The mouth is home to many species of microbes、Most are good、Some, though, are well known to secrete acidic waste products when fed sugar、This acidity weakens teeth, causing them to decay、To try to find out whether a child’s genes play any role in encouraging such acid-secreting bugs, Dr、Gomez and Dr Nelson set up an experiment with twins、Their “volunteers” were 280 pairs of fraternal twins and 205 pairs of identical twins, all aged between five and 11, who had not taken antibiotics during the previous six months、The children were asked to stop brushing their teeth the evening and the morning before the crucial moment of data collection、This was when the researchers swabbed the children’s gingival sulci（the clefts between teeth and gums, in which bacteria collect）to find out what was there、The children also had their teeth scored by dentists as belonging to one of three categories: having no signs of current or previous dental cavities: having signs of current or previous cavities affecting the enamel（a tooth’s hard, outer layer）; or having signs of cavities that penetrated the enamel and affected the underlying dentine as well、Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson found that, though identical twins shared many groups of bacteria which were not shared by fraternal twins, none of these was a type responsible for cavities、Moreover, similarities in bacterial flora were greatest among five-to seven-year-olds, weaker among seven- to-nine-year-olds and weakest among nine-to 11-year-olds、This suggests that any role genes do play in regulating the mouth’s ecolog y fades with time、Far from supporting the idea that some children are fated to suffer from cavities no matter how well they brush their teeth, these results make it clear that the power to control the growth of the relevant bacteria is very much within reach of children and their parents、Brushing, however, may not be the only approach、Avoiding sugary foods is obviously de rigueur、It seems likely, though, that which other foods a child eats may help shape his oral ecosystem, too、This is an area of on going research、But, as in the intestines（肠道）, so in the mouth, scientific medicine is at last coming to grips with the fact that the mixture of microbes present is both important and capable of manipulation, to the benefit of the host、63、What does “hypothesis” refer to in paragraph 1?A、Children’s failure to brush their teeth properly leads to tooth decay、B、Some children are programmed to develop tooth decay、C、Youngsters are suspicious of the effectiveness of tooth-brushing、D、Somegenes are more likely to lead to dental cavites、64、Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson conducted an experiment to find out 、A、whether genes have anything to do with dental decayB、which group of twins are more likely to have decayed teethC、what kinds of foods tend to give rise to tooth decayD、why the ecosystem of the intestines is similar to that of the mouth65、Which of the following statements is UNTRUE according to the passage?A、Scientists are not yet sure how ecosystem of the mouth is formed、B、The role genes play in controlling ecosystem of the mouth weakens with the time、C、The children are classified into three groups according to the degrees of dental cavities、D、Identical twins are not as genetically close to each other as fraternal twins、66、What can we learn from the last paragraph?A、The existence of multiple microbes benefits children’s oral ecosystem、B、What a child eats enhances the healthfulness of a child’s oral ecosystem、C、Cutting down on sugar intake is the most likely way to prevent tooth decay、D、Parents are in no position to help their children maintain healthy oral ecosystem、答案：63-66 DADA【长宁区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages、Eachpassage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements、For each ofthem there are four choices marked A, B, C and D、Choose the one that fits bestaccording to the information given in the passage you have just read、( C )Many United States companies have made the search for legalprotection from import competition into a major line of work、Since 1980, theUnited States International Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies(补贴) by foreigngovernments、Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped”their products in the United States at “less than fair value、”Even when nounfair practices are claimed, the simple claim that an industry has beeninjured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief(救济)、Contrary to the general impression, this request for importrelief has hurt more companies than it has helped、As corporations begin tofunction globally, they develop a complicated web of marketing, production, andresearch relationships、The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikelythat a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all theunits under the same parent company、Internationalization increases the dangerthat foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companiesthe laws were designed to protect、Suppose a United States-owned companyestablishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitormakes the same product in the United States、If the competitor can prove injuryfrom the imports—and that the United States company received a subsidy from aforeign government to build its plant abroad—the United States company’sproducts will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would besubject to duties、Perhaps the mostshameful case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations(控诉) thatCanadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumpingrock salt, used to deice roads、The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that aforeign conglomerate（联合企业）with United States operations was cryingfor help against a United States company with foreign operations、The “UnitedStates”company claiming injury was a unit of a Dutch conglomerate, while the“Canadian”companies included a unit of a Chicago firm that was thesecond-largest domestic producer of rock salt、63、The passage is chiefly concerned with_______________A、arguingagainst the increased internationalization of US corporationsB、warning thatthe application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequencesC、recommending auniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practicesD、advocating theuse of trade restrictions for "dumped" products but not for otherimports、64、What can be inferred about the minimal basis for a complaint to the ITC____________、A、A foreign competitor is selling products in the US at less than fairmarket value、B、A foreign competitor has greatly increased the volume of productsshipped to the US、C、The company requesting import relief has been banned from exportingproducts、D、The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale ofimports in the US、65、What is the function of the last paragraph?A、It summarizes the discussion and suggests additional areas forresearch、B、It makes a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier、C、It uses a specific case to illustrate a problem in the previousparagraph、D、It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier、66、Which of the following is most likely to be true of US trade laws?A、They will eliminate the practice of "dumping" products in theUS、B、Those applied to international companies will help to gain moreprofits、C、They will affect US trade with Canada more negatively than trade withother nations、D、Those helping one unit within a parent company won’t necessarily helpother units、答案：BDCD【徐汇区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages、Eachpassage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements、For each ofthem there are four choices marked A, B, C and D、Choose the one that fits bestaccording to the information given in the passage you have just read、(C)More than fivemillion different kinds of organisms(生物体) liveon the Earth、For thousands of years, humans have searched for ways to organizethis diversity(多样性)、Inthe eighteenth century, a Swedish professor, physician, and naturalist namedCarolus Linnaeus developed the system of naming and classifying organisms thatwe use today、Linnaeuscontributed to the modern classification of organisms in two ways、He firstdeveloped a convention for naming life forms、Before Linnaeuscame up with a standardized system of naming, there were often many names for asingle species, and these names tended to be long and confusing、Linnaeusdecided that all species names should be in Latin and should have two parts,one indicating the genus(plural:genera), a group that includes similar species and one indicating the specificname of the species、When written alone, the specific name is meaningless sincemany different species in different genera have the same specific name、Thespecific name familiaris, for example, is commonly used to describe species、Therefore, when used by itself, it would not describe any one organism、Whenthe genus is also given, however, as in Canis familiaris, we know that thename refers to a specific organism: the domestic dog、Linnaeus was alsothe originator of modern taxonomy, a system of classifying nature based on hierarchical(分层得)groupings、Linnaeus first grouped life forms into three broad groups, calledkingdoms、These kingdoms were animals, plants, and minerals、He divided each ofthese kingdoms into classes, classes into orders, orders into genera (genus issingular) and then genera into species, grouping organisms according to sharedphysical characteristics、Although moderntaxonomists still use the hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s classif icationsystem as well as his method of grouping organisms according to observablesimilarities, they have added hierarchical levels and significantly changedLinnaeus’s original groupings、The broadest level of life is now a domain、Allliving thingsfit into only three domains、Within each of these domains thereare kingdoms、Each kingdom contains phyla (singular is phylum), followed byclass, order, family, genus, and species、In addition to theLinnaean kingdoms of plants and animals, biologists recognize prokaryotes, protists, and fungi asseparate kingdoms、The prokaryotesare the oldest and most abundant group of organisms、They are also the smallestcellular organisms、Common bacteria, which have been known to survive in manyenvironments that support no other form of life, fall into this category、The protist kingdom is made up of a varietyof single-celled or simple multicellular organisms、Protists do not have much in common、They are, essentially, thoseorganisms which do not fit into any other kingdom、Fungi compose a third kingdom、Like plants, the cells of fungi havecell walls, giving them a tube-like structure、However, fungi do not produce their own carbon as plants do、Rather, theyacquire nutrients by absorbing and digesting carbon produced by otherorganisms、Yeasts and mushrooms are examples of fungi、63、The writer gives the scientific name of thedomestic dog in paragraph 3 in order to __________、A、demonstrate Linnaeus’s method of classificationB、introduce the need for a better system of namingorganismsC、criticize the complexity of Linnaeus’s namingsystemD、illustrate the necessity of including two partswhen naming organism64、Which of the following can be learned fromthe passage?A、The hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s system forclassifyi ng is no longer in use、B、Linnaeus’s original system of classificationconsisted of 3 domains、C、Linnaeus’s original system of classification isused today with little modifications、D、Modern taxonomists have added categories andregrouped organisms、65、Which of thefollowing is TRUE about protists?A、They do not share the characteristics of any of theother four kingdoms、B、They are grouped together based on similarcharacteristics、C、They are limited to single-cell organisms、D、They acquire nutrients by eating other organisms、66、Which of the following might be the besttitle of the passage?A、The Father of Modern TaxonomyB、Classifying OrganismsC、Development in Life FormsD、Linnaeus’s Classification System答案：63-66 DDAB【闵行区】Section BDirections: Read the following four passages、Each passage is followed by several questions orunfinished statements、For each of them there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D、Choose the one that fits bestaccording to the information given in the passage you have just read．(C)One of the main challenges facingmany countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalizationand the growing mult-language trend、“One of the main reasons for economicfailure in many African countries is the fact that, with a few importantexceptions, mother-tongue education is not practiced in any of the independentAfrican states、” said Neville Alexander, Director of the Project for the Studyof Alternative Education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town、In response to the spread ofEnglish and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, manycountries have introduced language laws in the laws in the last decade、Insome, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in publicspaces such as advertising posters、One of the first such legal provisions wasthe 1994 “Toubon law” in France, but the idea has been copied in many countriessince then、Such efforts to govern language use are often dismissedas futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficultyin controlling fashions in speech and know from research that languageswitching among bilinguals is anatural process、It is especially difficult fornative speakers of English to understand the desire to maintain the “purity” ofa language by law、Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continuallyabsorbed foreign words into its own language、English is one of the most mixedand rapidly changing languages in the world, but there has not been a barrierto acquiring prestige and power、Another reason for the failure of many nativeEnglish speakers to understand the role of state regulation is that it hasnever been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things、English has never had astate-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to theAcademic Francaise in France、The need to protect nationallanguages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon—especially theneed to ensure that English does not unnecessarily take over too many fields、Public communication, education and new modes of communication promoted bytechnology, may be key fields to defend、63、Neville Alexander believes that?A、mother-tongue education is not practiced in all African countriesB、globalization has resulted in the economic failure of AfricaC、globalization has led to the rise of multi-language trendsD、lackof mother-tongue education can lead to economic failure64、Theunderlined word “futile” (in paragraph 2) most probably means “ “、A、workableB、practicalC、uselessD、unnecessary65、Whydo many English-speaking countries not support the language protection efforts describedin the passage?A、Theythink language protection laws are ineffective、B、Theywant their language to spread to other countries、C、Theyhave a long history of taking words from other languages、D、Itreduces a language’s ability to acquire international importance、66、Whatcan we infer from the last paragraph?A、Englishhas taken over fields like public communication and education、B、Manyaspects of national culture are threatened by the spread of English、C、Mostlanguage experts believe it is important to promote a national language、D、Europeans have long realized the need to protect their national languages、答案：DCCB【普陀区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages、Eachpassage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements、For each ofthem there are four choices marked A, B, C and D、Choose the one that fits bestaccording to the information given in the passage you have just read、(C)Given how valuable intelligence and automation are, we will continue to improve our technology if we are at all able to、At a certain point, we will buildmachines that are smarter than weare、Once we have machines that are smarter than we are, they will begin toimprove themselves、And then we risk what the mathematician IJ Good called an “intelligenceexplosion”、The process could get out of control、The concern is really that we will build machines that are much morecompetent than we are、And the slightest divergence between their goals and our own could destroy us、Just think about howwe relate to ants、We don’t hate them、We don’t go out of our way to harm them、In fact, sometimes we take pains not to harm them、We step over them on thesidewalk、But whenever their presence seriously conflicts with one of ourgoals, we will kill them without hesitation、The concern is that we will oneday build machines that, whether they’re conscious or not, could treat us withsimilar disregard、The bare fact is that we will continue to improve our intelligentmachines、We have problems that we desperatelyneed to solve、So we will do this, if we can、The train is already out of the station, and there’s no brake to pull、If we build machines that aremore intelligent than we are, they will very likely developin ways that wecan’t imagine, and exceed us in ways that we can’t imagine、So imagine we hit upon a designof superintelligent AI that has no safety concerns、This machine would be the perfectlabor-saving device、It can design the machine that can build the machine which can do any physical work,powered by sunlight, more or less for the cost of raw materials、So we’retalking about the end of human labour、We’re also talking about the end of mostintellectual work、So what would apes like ourselves do in this circumstance?What would some nations do if they heard that some company in SiliconValley was about to deploy ( 配置) a superintelligent AI? This machine wouldbe capable of starting war, whether terrestrial (陆地得)or cyber, with unbelievable power、Given that the companies and governments building superintelligent AIare likely to perceive(感知) themselves as being in a raceagainst all others, and that to win this race is to win the world, it seemslikely that whatever is easier to do will get done first unless it is destroyedin the next moment、But the moment we admit that information processing is the source ofintelligence, we have to admit that we are in the process of building some sortof god、Now would be a good time to make sure it’s a god we can live with、63、When an intelligent machinebecomes smarter than humanity, 、A、it will make itself better andmay go beyond human controlB、it will help people to thefullest, especially in physical workC、it will threaten people byrobbing them of jobsD、it will view itself as humanrace64、The underlined word“divergence” in Paragraph 2 almost means the same as“ ”、A、connectionB、hatredC、competitionD、disagreement65、How is the passage mainlydeveloped?A、By making comparisons、B、By showing valid evidence、C、By giving assumptions、D、By analyzing statistics、66、Which of the following is thebest title of the passage?A、For the God’s sake, stop AI andbe yourselves!B、Can we build AI without losingcontrol over it?C、For or against AI, that is thequestion!D、How does superintelligence servethe people?答案：63-66 ADCB【金山区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages、Each passage is followed by severalquestions or unfinished statements、For each of them there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D、Choose the one that fits best according to theinformation given in the passage you have just read、(C)For many years, humans have tried to find thesecret to staying young、Although it has yet to be discovered, we may be closerthan ever to finding a way that can slow down the aging process、A recent study by researchers from DukeUniversity in the US f ound that cutting one’s daily intake of calories couldslow down biological aging, which means you might be able to hang on to youryouthful looks a little longer、Previous research has shown that calorierestrictions slow aging in worms, flies and mice、So researchers wondered if itcould have the same effect on people、To find out, Daniel Belsky and her teamexamined data from a study by the National Institute on Aging, based in the US,which involved 220 people、During the two-year study, 145 people in therestriction group cut their calorie intake by 25 percent、Meanwhile, 75 peoplein the control group maintained their normal diets、。
2018届上海市各区高三英语一模试卷题型分类专题汇编--摘要写作(Summary Writing)-学生版(已校对)
IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Wilderness TherapyWhen most people hear the term “psychotherapy”, they picture traditional talk therapy –someone sitting on a couch or chair talking about their troubling thoughts and feelings with a psychologist or other mental health professional. However, talk therapy isn’t the only type of psychotherapy used to help individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, and a whole host of other challenging disorders, emotional struggles, and other types of problems. In reality, therapy takes place in all kinds of settings. One of them is wilderness therapy.When the campsite is set up and the fire is lit, the doctor is in. Wilderness therapy is a successful, and sometimes controversial (有争议的) way to help troubled youth by teaching life and social skills on the hiking trail. Intensive group therapy and one-on-one sessions are coupled with outdoor activities like mountain climbing and fly-fishing to teach self-reliance and responsibility. Programs promise to reform even the most wayward (任性的) of offenders, including teens with depression, anger management issues, or eating disorders.While wilderness therapy can be effective, certain methods have come under fire for using unethical, and sometimes abusive (施虐的) techniques to help struggling youth. Wilderness programs are loosely regulated, so not all programs are staffed by qualified professionals. Upon closer examination, some “therapy” groups seemed to be just military-style boot camps with little mental health benefit.Even legal wilderness therapy groups have been criticized for partnering with teen escort (陪同) companies to forcibly remove unwilling participants from their homes to attend the program. While controversy and risk exist, wilderness therapy might be a creative way to teach life skills when other methods have failed.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of thepassage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Are Open Offices Good for Us?Four years ago, Chris Nagele did what many other technology executives have done before –moved his team into an open concept office. His staff had been entirely working from home, but he wanted everyone to be together, to connect and cooperate more easily. It quickly became clear, though, that Nagele had made a huge mistake. Everyone was distracted and productivity suffered and nine employees were unhappy, not to mention Nagele himself. About three years after moving into the open office, Nagele moved the company into a 10,000-square foot office where everyone now has their own space — complete with closing doors.Numerous companies have held the open office — about 70% of US offices are open concept — and very few have moved back into traditional spaces with offices and doors. But research that we’re 15% less productive, we have huge trouble concentrating in open working spaces, has contributed to a growing criticism against open offices.Beside the cheaper cost, one main argument for the open workspace is that it increases teamwork. However, it’s well documented that we rarely brainstorm brilliant ideas when we’re just shooting the breeze in a crowd. Instead, as many of us know, we’re more likely to hear about the Ch ristmas gift a colleague is buying for a family member, or problems with your deskmate’s spouse.For jobs that require focus, like writing, advertising, financial planning and computer programming, some companies that aren’t ready to abandon open plans are experimenting with quiet and closed spaces. The trouble with that, is some of us don’t feel comfortable leaving the team to go off on our own—it can feel as if we’re not pulling our weight if we’re not present. That’s particularly true in high-pressure environments. Some of us even feel that escaping to a quiet room is a sign of weakness.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.According to an official report on youth violence.“In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terriblereality of vi olence.”Given that this is the case, why aren’t students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. It is reported that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult. For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence.If the conflict occurs, students can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution: stay calm. Once the student feels calmer. Once the student feels calmer. He or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words and accusations only add fuel to the emotional fire while soft words can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.After that, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side: and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterwards, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker’s position. Then the two people should change roles.Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. An argument doesn’t mean trying to figure out the fault of the other person but means understanding what the real issue is. As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller.（280 words）IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.To airline and airport operators, fog is an enemy. When the white, misty blanket hides runways, airplanes cannot take off or land. Changes in flight schedules cost the airlines several million dollars each year.Fog is an concentration of tiny water droplets suspended in the air. It most often occurs when warm, most air is suddenly cooled. To clear the air of fog, it is necessary to evaporate the droplets or cause them to join together and fall as rain or snow.In 1968, a new fog-sweeping machine was tested for dissipating(驱散）the most common king of fog, which occurs at temperature above freezing. The machine consists of 100-foot-long plastic tube mounted on a mobile blower. As the machine moved across the airport, chemicalswere blown through the tube and up into the fog. One of the chemicals reduces the surface tension on the water droplets so that they would join together more easily. Another chemical gave an electronic charge to the droplets, so that they attracted each other and fell as rain.Cold fog, which occurs at temperatures below freezing, causes only a small percentage of airport shutdowns. Cold fog is fairly easy to eliminate. For quite a few years, airports have used cloud-seeding methods to dissipate cold fog. An airplane drops crystals of dry ice into the fog. Soon, snow falls and the air clears.In the 1900s, another kind of weapon against fog was developed. Pilots who are flying through fog fire a pulse of laser light toward the runway. The light that would normally be reflected by the fog is screened out by a sensor. When the laser pulse returns, the sensor opens briefly to admit only the light reflected from the runway, thus enabling the laser to “see” the runway through the fog.These new “whether weapons” are helping to win the war against fog.IV．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.We see it everywhere. A tired parent, at the end of a stressful day, loses it — and a child suffers. We’d like to help if we could, but we hesitate. Is it our business to intervene(干涉)? And if we do, will we embarrass and offend the parent, making him or her even more angry with the child? Isn’t it wiser to walk past without comment? A fter all, none of us is a perfect parent.There seems to be a common assumption in our society that intervening on behalf of a child in a public place is necessarily hurtful and critical. It needs to be neither. There is a world of difference between hurt ful criticism (“How dare you treat your child like that?”) and helpful intervention done in a caring way (“It can be really hard to meet their needs when you’re so busy. Is there anything I can do to help?”) There is nothing essential in intervention that requires one to be offensive.My friends and I have witnessed some really harmful acts: hitting, severe verbal abuse, hurtful comparisons to brothers and sisters, and so on. These children accept this treatment because they are too helpless and inexperienced to stand up for themselves. That emotionalabuse(虐待) leaves no outward scars should not excuse us from helping these children. Those of us who can recognize damaging treatment have an obligation to step in.There is one more reason for intervening that is nearly always overlooked in these discussions, but which I consider to be the most significant: the lifelong effect it can have on the child. Many adults in counseling sessions still recall with gratitude the one time that a stranger stepped in on their behalf, and how much it meant: that someone cared, and that the child’s feelings of anger and frustration were recognized and accepted. These adults have stated to me that this one intervention changed their lives and gave them hope. Are we to bypass the opportunity to make such a big difference in the life of a child?Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.California condors are North American’s largest birds, will wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico. Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once. So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival tim e in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.A Father’s Influence Makes for Better GradesAdolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.For many well-educated travelers, buying a copy of Lonely Planet is the first task before taking a vacation abroad. Founded in 1973, Lonely Planet is the biggest guidebook series in many countries. It’s published in 11 languages including Chinese.But when the BBC confirmed on March 19 that it had sold the entire Lonely Planet series to a US billionaire at a significant deficit(赤字), many commented that the deal sang the swan song for the printed guidebook.The rise of the Internet and the prevalence of smartphones have become a burden on the print media. Why would travelers bring a heavy guidebook when they can download the apps to their smartphone in an instant? Furthermore, alternative and free travel content is readily available on the Internet, from Wikivoyage to TripAdvisor which provide excellent guidance on your trips.But the Internet is not the only reason that guidebooks are in decline. It is also widely accepted that the physical guidebook has such complete content that can kill any sense of personal exploration. With the guide books, all those backpacker feet ended up following routine trade routes, and in those routes was little room for initiative.It’s also pointed out that the guidebook is not exactly good for tourism. Often the shops and restaurants that thrived on a recommendation in the guidebook relaxed and discovered that it didn’t matter: the legions of eager trav elers keep on coming anyway. They gradually become uncompetitive.And yet, despite the rise of new media, it’s believed there is still a place for printed guidebooks, at least for the time being as books still offer readers the kind of feeling that virtual tools can’t provide, more of a compelling, touchable interaction.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.From Burn Survivor to Global InspirationLast October, the Kona Ironman World Championship witnessed an unbelievable finish. Turia Pitt, an Australian woman who suffered severe burns when caught in a bush fire during a marathon six years ago, successfully challenged herself.Pitt spent 864 days in a hospital and went through more than 200 operations. Doctors said she would never run again, but she proved them wrong.Crossing the line in the Hawaiian darkness, Pitt showed incredible emotion as the race commentator (现场解说员) announced: “Turia Pitt, you are an ironman!” On social media, people around the world applauded her determination.Apart from continuing to be a star athlete, Pitt is also a motivational speaker now. She is sharing her journey of recovery with others to help raise awareness about the importance of organ donation, which she believes saved her life.Pitt was 24 years old when she and five others encountered the fire. Doctors had to remove the burnt skin and replace it with donated skin that could fight infection. None could be found in Australia and doctors were forced to search abroad. They finally found skin that could be used in the United States.“I’m not being dramatic, but it was the skin that saved my life,” said Pitt. “I decided to live my life to the best of my abilities because I never wanted those donors, wherever they are, to think I was ungrateful for their gift.”So Pitt set herself a big goal: the Kona Ironman World Championship. In order to compete, she had to first learn how to stand, walk and even talk all over again. And because of her burns, she also has trouble sweating and regulating her body temperature.Despite these disadvantages, Pitt completed the race in just 14 hours. She said this achievement would not be possible without the donated skin, highlighting the importance of organ donation.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.“Where You Go” Doesn’t Matter So MuchDuring the fall months at high school guidance counseling programs, juniors run to the stage to participate in an exercise to try and help them understand that it is not “where you go” that matters. They hold posters featuring the names and faces of famous people while their peers and parents shout out with confidence the names of elite colleges (名校) they assume the celebrities attended.The “oohs” and “aahs” follow as the audience learn that Steven Spielberg, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates dropped out of college and that Ken Burns graduated from Hampshire College. If even a few stressed students and their anxious parents benefit from this information, it is a worthwhile exercise. Even better is giving the students an assignment to identify the happy, successful people in their own circle of family, friends, co-workers and neighbors and challenging them to go and ask “if or where they went to college?” as a means of broadening the conversation in their search for a life after high school.The key to success in college and beyond has more to do with what students do with their time during college than what college they choose to attend. A long-term study of 6,335 college graduates published by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that graduating from a college where entering students have higher SAT scores—one marker of elite colleges—didn’t pay off in higher post-graduation income. Researchers found that students who applied to several elite schools but didn’t attend them—either because of rejection or by their own choice—are more likely to earn high incomes later than students who actually attended elite schools.In a summary of the findings, the bureau sa ys that “evidently, students’ motivation, ambition and desire to learn have a much stronger effect on their later success than average academic ability of their classmates.”IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Sales strategiesHow can a company improve its sales? One of the keys to more effective selling is for a company to first decide on its “sales strategy”. In other words, what is the role of the salesperson? Is the salesperson’s job narrative, suggestive, or consultative?The “narrative” sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefit for the customer of a particular product or service. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the same.The “suggestive” approach is tailored more for the individual c ustomer. The salesperson must be in a position to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customer’s needs. One key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in some sort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information from the customer to suggest an appropriate product or service.The final strategy demands that a company’s sales staff act as “consultants” for the buyer. In this role, the salesperson must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes a detailed presentation tailored to a consumer’s needs. More and more sales teams are switching from a narrative or a suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations value creativity and analytical skills.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.When a rather dirty, poorly dressed person kneels at your feet and puts out his hands to beg for a few coins, do you hurry on, not knowing what to do, or do you feel sad and hurriedly hand over some money? What should our attitude to beggars be? There can be no question that the world is full of terribly sad stories. It must be terrible to have no idea where our next meal is going to come from. It seems cruel not to give some money to beg gars.Certainly, most of the world’s great religions order us to be open hearted and share what we have with those less fortunate than ourselves. But has the world changed? Maybe what wasmorally right in the old days, when one knew exactly who in the village had suffered misfortune and needed help, is no longer the best idea. Quite a few people will not give to beggars. Let us look at their arguments.First, some believe that many city beggars dress up on purpose to look pitiable and actually make a good living from begging. Giving to beggars only encourages this sort of evil. Secondly, there is the worry that the money you give will be spent on beer, wine or drugs. Thirdly, there is the opinion that there is no real excuse for begging. One might be poor, but that is no reason for losing one’s sense of pride and self-dependence.Related to this is the opinion that the problem should be dealt with by the government rather than ordinary people. Some people think beggars should go to the local government department and receive help.It is hard to come to any final conclusion; there are various cases and we must deal with them differently. A few coins can save a life in some situations, and even if the money is wasted, that does not take away the moral goodness of the giver.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleIt’s a common sight to see food delivery workers riding electric bikes through big cities in China. Most of them seem to be in a hurry, as they run red lights to deliver their meals in time. However, such reckless（鲁莽的）behavior often causes serious problems.In the first half of this year, food delivery drivers had 76 traffic accidents in Shanghai alone, according to the Shanghai Public Security Bureau. This means that on average, there is a food delivery worker that gets hurt or even dies on the road in Shanghai every 2.5 days.Other cities also share similar problems. In Nanjing, three people died and 2,473 were injured in road accidents related to food delivery workers in the same period, according to the Ministry of Public Security.The rise of reckless behavior among food delivery workers is closely related to the growing demand for their service, reported People’s Daily. About 150 million people in China use food delivery services, according to China Radio International (CRI). Such a big market has led to alarge demand for food delivery workers, with some companies offering high salaries to attract new workers.However, food delivery workers are often under high pressure from their employers. They face company fines of 20 yuan for delivering food late and upwards of 200 yuan for receiving complaints, reported CRI. Moreover, the more orders they take, the more commission（佣金）they can earn, leading to some workers checking their mobile phones for new orders while they're riding their bikes.While most companies have measures requiring delivery workers to follow traffic rules, “there remains a problem of whether these requirements and rules for delivery workers are truly entering their ears, brains and hearts,” Wang Liang, deputy head of the Traffic Police Security Bureau, told news website The Paper.To solve the problem, some cities have taken action. Shanghai has asked companies to train their workers on traffic rules and safety. Now in Shenzhen, if a delivery worker gets caught breaking traffic rules more than twice, he or she will be banned from driving food delivery vehicles for a whole year.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleReading the world in 195 boobsIn 2012, I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country of all 195 UN- recognized states in a year. With no idea how to find publications, I decided to ask the planet’s readers for help. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English.The response was amazing. Before I knew it, people all over the planet were getting in touch with ideas and offers of help. Some posted me books. Others did hours of research on my behalf. In addition, several writers, like Turkmenistan’s Ak Welsapar and Panama’s Juan David Morgan, sent me unpublished translations of their novels. Even with such an extraordinary team behind me, however, sourcing books was no easy task.But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the planet’s literary landscapes,extraordinary things started to happen. Far from simply armchair travelling, I found I was inhabiting the mental space of the storytellers. I discovered, book packing offered something that a physical traveller could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports, these stories not only opened my mind to basic information of life in other places, but opened my heart to the way people there might feel. And that in turn changed my thinking. Through reading the stories shared with me by bookish strangers around the globe, I realized I was not an isolated person, but part of a network that stretched all over the planet.One by one, the country names on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise transformed into places filled with laughter, love, anger, hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed foreign and remote became close and familiar to me — places I could identify with. At its best, I learned, fiction makes the world real.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleSecure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the “Signaling Code and Security” working group, is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an “electronic purse” that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The “black-box addition plus” (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct。
2018年北京六区高三一模英语分类汇编——阅读理解C
2018北京六区高三一模英语分类汇编--阅读理解C【海淀一模】CThe Lifecycle of a T-shirtWe all probably have a lot of T-shirts, but do you ever stop and think about the influence of a T-shirt on the planet? You’d probably be surprised to learn what's involved in the lifecycle ofjust one T-shirt.There are 5 major stages: material, production, shipping, use and disposal The materialstageinvolves farming, irrigating, fertilizing, harvesting and ginning. While cotton is a natural fiber (纤维）and not as harmful to the environment as manmade fibers, it still takes a toll in the material and production stages. Commercial cotton farming uses a large amount of water, and the use of pesticides (杀虫剂）is widespread across the globe, especially in cotton farming. Studies have shown that farmers spend around $4.1 billion on pesticides annually, of which 25% was spent on cotton crops in the US.Once the cotton is grown and harvested, so begins the production stage: spinning, knitting, bleaching, dyeing, cutting, sewing, etc.——these processes also use a great deal of water and energy. Commercial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants and can eventually pollute groundwater.After the T-shirt is produced, it enters the transportation stage. This often involves overseas shipping. Take a look in your closet. Chances are that most of your cotton garments (衣服）are made in China or India. Garments can be shipped via plane, ship or truck…，all of which spill CO2 into the atmosphere. Calculations show that C02 emissions from light trucks alone amount to 1.15 pounds per mile.Once the T-shirt reaches the retail market, it is purchased. This stage may seem like the leastenvironmentally damaging part. But consider the number of times you5ve washed and dried yourfavorite T-shirt. Washing machines are certainly becoming more efficient. However, the average American household does 400 loads of laundry per year, using about 40 gallons of water per load. Such excessive water use is combined with the large amount of energy used by dryers.The final stage of life is disposal. This releases harmful emissions, or involves a landfill where cotton takes years to break down. Current US records show that an estimated 15% of clothesand shoes are recycled, which means that consumers send a shocking 85% of these materials to landfills.We all need new clothes every once in a while, but let’s all try to keep in mind what goes into the production of clothing... It has a real impact on the planet.There are a lot of things you can do to help reduce your impact. Reuse and recycle clothes. If they5re too worn out to wear, cut them up and use them as cleaning rags. Donate them to charity or another organization that recycles textiles. When possible, make an effort to buy organic cotton. Turn down the thermostat on your washer, and line dry your clothes when the weather will allow it.43. The underlined phrase “takes a toll” probably means “”A. wastes waterB. takes a lot of timeC. uses energyD. has a bad effect44. We can learn from the passage that in the US, .A. pesticides in cotton farming cost over 4 billion dollars every yearB. C02 emissions of land transport amount to 1.15 pounds per mileC. about 15% of the clothes and shoes are made of materials that are recycledD. about 16, 000 gallons of water is used annually by an average family on laundry45. What can be inferred from this passage?A. The production process may affect water safety.B .The clothing cost is relatively low in China and India.C. Cotton clothes are buried because they are hard to break down.D. The use stage is the least environmentally harmful of the five stages.46. What is the purpose of this article?A. To encourage people to donate clothes to charity.B. To promote eco-friendly actions related to clothes.C. To persuade people to purchase more organic cotton.D. To introduce the five stages in the lifecycle of clothing.43. D 44. D 45. A 46. B【西城一模】CThe online takeaway industry is growing in China along with the rapid development of the Internet economy. But environmental activists complain that the huge volume of plastic utensils (用具), wrapping and containers presents a great challenge to the environment, and that the heavy use of throwaway wooden chopsticks is reducing natural resources.On September 1, the Beijing No.4 Intermediate People’s Court accepted a lawsuit filed by the Chongqing Green Volunteer League, an environmental non-government organization (NGO), against the country’s three largest food delivery platforms—Baidu Waimai, Ele.me and Meituan. The NGO stated that the companies failed to provide customers with the choice to not receive throwaway plastic utensils along with their food deliveries. Meanwhile, these utensils have created large amounts of rubbish and caused serious ecological damage.In response, both Meituan and Ele.me, which acquired Baidu Waimai in August, have promised to take measures to reduce plastic waste. Meituan announced that it would appoint a chief environmental officer to oversee environmental issues from plastic waste and upgrade its smartphone app to provide consumers with the option of ordering food without single-use chopsticks, spoons or napkins. Ele.me followed by offering a similar choice and putting forward a plan to introduce suppliers of degradable (可降解的) plastic utensils to restaurants in the long term.Is there a possible way out? Combined efforts by delivery platforms, consumers, restaurants and government departments are required to address plastic waste pollution.For platforms, promoting environmental protection and introducing this idea to consumers are a meaningful move. Moreover, in the future, they should also make strict rules on the use of plastic utensils. For example, no more than one plastic bag should be used to wrap soup dishes, and allplastic products should be degradable. It is a long and difficult task for them, and the recent reactions from Ele.me and Meituan are just beginnings.Considering most takeout food packaging is thrown into garbage bins and then taken away along with other household garbage, sorting of waste also becomes more important. Government departments could play a major role in this, and by recycling some materials, waste pollution could be reduced and resources saved. Furthermore, there have been growing calls that the government should also invest more in developing degradable plastic products or environmentally friendly alternatives.Though consumers enjoy the convenience yet also suffer exposure to the pollution, many of them have paid little attention to the plastic waste problem. Environmental groups suggest that consumers change their habits a little by using their own utensils and dishes and refusing unnecessary plastic containers.43. The Chongqing Green Volunteer League accused the three food delivery platforms of _____.A. causing damage to people’s healthB. violating environmental standardsC. using many wooden chopsticksD. offering no utensil option44. The author suggests food delivery platforms _____.A. Raise people’s awareness.B. Research possible alternatives.C. Upgrade their application design.D. Hire a chief environmental officer.45. Who probably plays a more important role in promoting the categorization of rubbish?A. government departmentsB. food delivery platformsC. environmental groupsD. fast food restaurants46. The passage is mainly concerned with _____.A. why environmental problems ariseB. who food delivery platforms affect mostC. how plastic utensil pollution can be solvedD. what efforts environmental groups have made43. D 44. A 45. A 46. C【朝阳一模】第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
2018届高三第一次联考(一模)英语
2018届高中毕业班联考(一)英语能力测试第Ⅰ卷第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)做题时,先将答案标在试卷上,录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话,每段对话后有一个小题。
从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小、题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.. What is Silvia going to get for Christmas?A. A bikeB. A cameraC. A pad.2. When will the film probably start?A. At 4:00B. At 5:00C. At 6:003. What was the weather like in the mountains yesterday?A. SunnyB. WindyC. Snowy4. How might the woman feel at the man's words?A. Surprised.B. Disappointed C Confused5. What’s the relationship between the two speakers?A Husband and wife B. Teacher and student C. Doctor and patient第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题, 每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料,回答第6、7题6. Why can’t the woman accompany the man this afternoon?A. She has an appointment.B. She’s going to a partyC. she's going to do shopping7. Who will the man finally invite to go with him?A. Lisa,B. Bill C Mary.听第7段材料,回答第8、9题8. What does the man think of wearing a seat-belt at the beginning?A. Inconvenient. B Unnecessary C Important9. What has the woman managed to do?A, Persuade the man B. Help her brother C Keep herself safe听第8段材料,回答第10至12题。
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2018届高三英语一模汇编----阅读理解C【黄浦区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.( C )①Australians have long been known for having a relaxed and casual attitude to life. According to Dr Tanya King, senior lecturer from Victoria’s Deakin University, “It’s Australians’egalitarianism, sense of humor and informal language that are most commonly mentioned as examples of this attitude”.②Egalitarianism roots in the way that the nation was built. In Australia’s founding era in the late 1700s, criminal settlers were often cruelly treated and robbed of their basic human rights by governors. The criminal class, who were mostly working-class Brits and Irish, was unable to seek civic positions that were reserved for immigrants who were not the criminal, with the latter arguing that i f criminals gained equal rights it would be ‘rewarding criminality’. Because of this, an egalitarian spirit was worn as a symbol of honor by many criminal settlers. They may not have had power, education or wealth, but they had a shared belief in equality.③The informal way Australians use language is also believed to root in criminal times. Philologist Sidney Baker once wrote that ‘no other class would have a better talent for creating new terms to fit in with their new conditions in life’. Cockney rhyming slang brought over by the British working class was abbreviated even further –so ‘have a Captains Cook’ (have a look), became ‘avacaptains’. This same practice was used to economize ordinary clauses. Words like ‘good day’ became ‘g’day’, and barbecue was‘barbie’.④The tough conditions of settler times also played a part in Australians’dry, self-criticizing and sarcastic （讽刺的）sense of humor. While in many countries it’s considered poor taste to find humor in difficult circumstances, Australians tend to look at the lighter side. On one road trip, as I hit the state line and entered Victoria, I drove past some blackened trees, the leftovers of a recent bush fire. A road sign warning drivers about wildlife was half-melted and bent, but the shape of a hopping kangaroo was still distinct. Behind the figure, someone had drawn flames making it look as though the animal’s tail was on fire. I couldn’t help but laugh – it was a brilliant reminder of the country’s‘nothing upsets us’ and anti-authoritarian attitude.⑤And one thing you can’t help but notice when driving around Australia is the country’s plentiful amounts of space. This, along with considerable leisure time plus favorable climate, all contribute to Australians’relaxed attitude.63. The underlined wor d “egalitarianism” is closest to __________ in meaning.A. criminality C. equality64. Which of the following is a feature of the way Australians use languageA. They use more slangs than other people.B. They give new meanings to existent words.C. They favour shortened forms of expressions.D. They coin terms in memory of criminal times.65. What can be inferred from paragraph 4A. Kangaroos’ living conditions are getting tougher.B. Forest fires threaten Australians’ life to a great extent.C. Potential danger is here and there on the roads in Victoria.D. Australians’ jokes may not be as careless as they seem on the surface.66. The passage mainly talks about __________.A. how the late 1700s impacted AustraliaB. why Australians enjoy casual life so muchC. what contributes to Australians’ relaxed lifestyleD. how Australians present their attitude towards life答案;63-66 CCDD【虹口区】Section BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Crude awakeningA battle between two energy exchanges[1] OPEN-OUTCRY trading is supposed to be an odd, outdated practice, rapidly being replaced by sleeker, cheaper electronic systems. Try telling that to the New York Mercantile Exchange(NYMEX), the world’s largest commodities exchange. On November 1st the NYMEX opened an open-outcry pit (公开叫价交易厅）in Dublin to handle Brentcrude futures（布伦特原油期货）, the benchmark （基准）contract for pricing two-thirds of the world’s oil.[2] The NYMEX is trying to grab liquidity from London’s International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), which trades the most Brent contracts; the New York exchange has so far concentrated on West Texas Intermediate, an American benchmark grade. The new pit is a response to the IPE’s efforts to modernise. On the same day as NYMEX traders started shouting Brent prices in Dublin, the IPE did away with its morning open-out cry session: now such trades must be electronic, or done in the pit after lunch.[3] The New York exchange claims that customers, such as hedge funds (对冲基金) or energy companies, prefer open-outcry because it allows for more liquidity. Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction, in commodity markets such as the NYMEX, pressure from “locals”--self-employed traders—is helping to support open-outcry, although some think that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems. Even the IPE has no plans to close its floor. Only last month it signed a rental agreement, lasting until2017, for its trading floor in London.[4] Dublin’s new pit is “showing promise”, says Rob Laughlin, a trader with Man Financial, despite a few technical glitches. On its first day it handled 5,726 lots of Brent(each lot, or contract, is 1,000 barrels), over a third of the volume in the IPE’ s new morning electronic session. By the year’s end, predicts Mr Laughlin, it should be clear whether the venture will be feasible. It would stand a better chance if it moved to London. It may yet: it started in Ireland because regulatory approval could be obtained faster there than in Britain.[5] In the long run having both exchanges offering similar contracts will be unsustainable (不可持续的). Stealing liquidity from an established market leader, as the NYMEX is trying to do, is a hard task. Eurex, Europe’s largest futures exchange, set up shop in Chicago this year, intending to grab American Treasury-bond contracts from the Chicago Board of Trade. It has made little progress. And the NYMEX has tried to get Brent contracts before, without success.[6] Given the importance of liquidity in exchanges, why do the IPE and the NYMEX not work together There have been talks about cooperation before, and something might yet happen. Some say that the freewheeling NYMEX and the more serious IPE could never mix. For now, in any case, the two exchanges will compete until one has won --across the Irish Sea as well as across the Atlantic.63. According to the text, the NYMEX and IPE are __________.A. both using open outcry trading as a major trading formB. partners that benefit each other in their business activitiesC. rivals that are competing in the oil trading marketD. both taking efforts to modernize their trading practice64. The word “glitches” in Line 2, Paragraph 4most probably means __________.A. backwardness C. engineers65. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that __________.A. trading volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session is fallingB. London is a better business location for energy exchanges than DublinC. Britain’s regulators are less efficient than those of IrelandD. the Dublin pit of the NYMEX will be more prosperous next year66. We can draw a conclusion from the text that__________.A. it’s very u nlikely that the NYMEX and the IPE could combine their businessesB. the NYMEX will fail in Ireland as many precedents have shownC. the two energy exchanges will figure out a way to cooperate with each otherD. the market environment for both energy exchanges is getting better答案：63-66: C D B A【浦东新区】Section BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information givenin the passage you have just read.C）Dental health: Brush with confidenceChildren should be taught to brush their teeth regularly. But the suspicion remains among some People, dentists included, that even so, certain children are doomed to develop dental cavities. The hypothesis behind this fear is that some combinations of genes may give rise to the sorts of oral bacteria which are responsible for cavities. If true, that would be sad for the youngsters concerned. But a study just published in Cell Host and Microbe, by Andres Gomez and Karen Nelson of the J. Craig Venter Institute, in San Diego, suggests it isn’t true.The mouth is home to many species of microbes. Most are good. Some, though, are well known to secrete acidic waste products when fed sugar. This acidity weakens teeth, causing them to decay. To try to find out whether a child’s genes play any role in encouraging such acid-secreting bugs, Dr. Gomez and Dr Nelson set up an experiment with twins.Their “volunteers” were 280 pairs of fraternal twins and 205 pairs of identical twins, all aged between five and 11, who had not taken antibiotics during the previous six months. The children were asked to stop brushing their teeth the evening and the morning before the crucial moment of data collection. This was when the researchers swabbed the children’s gingival sulci（the clefts between teeth and gums, in which bacteria collect）to find out what was there. The children also had their teeth scored by dentists as belonging to one of three categories: having no signs of current or previous dental cavities: having signs of current or previous cavities affecting the enamel（a tooth’s hard, outer layer）; or having signs of cavities that penetrated the enamel and affected the underlying dentine as well.Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson found that, though identical twins shared many groups of bacteria which were not shared by fraternal twins, none of these was a type responsible for cavities. Moreover, similarities in bacterial flora were greatest among five-to seven-year-olds, weaker among seven- to-nine-year-olds and weakest among nine-to 11-year-olds. This suggests that any role genes do play in regulating the mouth’s ecology fades with time.Far from supporting the idea that some children are fated to suffer from cavities no matter how well they brush their teeth, these results make it clear that the power to control the growth of the relevant bacteria is very much within reach of children and their parents. Brushing, however, may not be the only approach. Avoiding sugary foods is obviously de rigueur. It seems likely, though, that which other foods a child eats may help shape his oral ecosystem, too. This is an area of on going research. But, as in the intestines（肠道）, so in the mouth, scientific medicine is at last coming to grips with the fact that the mixture of microbes present is both important and capable of manipulation, to the benefit of the host.does “hypothesis” refer to in paragraph 1’s failure to brush their teeth properly leads to tooth decay.children are programmed to develop tooth decay.are suspicious of the effectiveness of tooth-brushing.are more likely to lead to dental cavites.Gomez and Dr Nelson conducted an experiment to find out .genes have anything to do with dental decaygroup of twins are more likely to have decayed teethkinds of foods tend to give rise to tooth decaythe ecosystem of the intestines is similar to that of the mouthof the following statements is UNTRUE according to the passageare not yet sure how ecosystem of the mouth is formed.role genes play in controlling ecosystem of the mouth weakens with the time.children are classified into three groups according to the degrees of dental cavities.twins are not as genetically close to each other as fraternal twins.can we learn from the last paragraphexistence of multiple microbes benefits children’s oral ecosystem.a child eats enhances the healthfulness of a child’s oral ecosystem.down on sugar intake is the most likely way to prevent tooth decay.are in no position to help their children maintain healthy oral ecosystem.答案：63-66 DADA【长宁区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Eachpassage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each ofthem there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits bestaccording to the information given in the passage you have just read.( C )Many United States companies have made the search for legalprotection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980, theUnited States International Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies(补贴) by foreigngovernments. Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped”their products in the United States at “less than fair value.”Even when nounfair practices are claimed, the simple claim that an industry has beeninjured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief(救济).Contrary to the general impression, this request for importrelief has hurt more companies than it has helped. As corporations begin tofunction globally, they develop a complicated web of marketing, production, andresearch relationships. The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikelythat a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all theunits under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the dangerthat foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companiesthe laws were designed to protect. Suppose a United States-owned companyestablishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitormakes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove injuryfrom the imports—and that the United States company received a subsidy from aforeign government to build its plant abroad—the United States company’sproducts will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would besubject to duties.Perhaps the mostshameful case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations(控诉) thatCanadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumpingrock salt, used to deice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that aforeign conglomerate（联合企业）with United States operations was cryingfor help against a United States company with foreign operations. The “UnitedStates”company claiming injury was a unit of a Dutch conglomerate, while the“Canadian”companies included a unit of a Chicago firm that was thesecond-largest domestic producer of rock salt.passage is chiefly concerned with_______________A. arguingagainst the increased internationalization of US corporationsB. warning thatthe application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequencesC. recommending auniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practicesD. advocating theuse of trade restrictions for "dumped" products but not for otherimports.can be inferred about the minimal basis for a complaint to the ITC____________.A. A foreign competitor is selling products in the US at less than fairmarket value.B. A foreign competitor has greatly increased the volume of productsshipped to the US.C. The company requesting import relief has been banned from exportingproducts.D. The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale ofimports in the US.is the function of the last paragraphA. It summarizes the discussion and suggests additional areas forresearch.B. It makes a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C. It uses a specific case to illustrate a problem in the previousparagraph.D. It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.of the following is most likely to be true of US trade lawsA. They will eliminate the practice of "dumping" products in theUS.B. Those applied to international companies will help to gain moreprofits.C. They will affect US trade with Canada more negatively than trade withother nations.D. Those helping one unit within a parent company won’t necessarily helpother units.答案：BDCD【徐汇区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Eachpassage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each ofthem there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits bestaccording to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)More than fivemillion different kinds of organisms(生物体) liveon the Earth. For thousands of years, humans have searched for ways to organizethis diversity(多样性). Inthe eighteenth century, a Swedish professor, physician, and naturalist namedCarolus Linnaeus developed the system of naming and classifying organisms thatwe use today. Linnaeuscontributed to the modern classification of organisms in two ways. He firstdeveloped a convention for naming life forms.Before Linnaeuscame up with a standardized system of naming, there were often many names for asingle species, and these names tended to be long and confusing. Linnaeusdecided that all species names should be in Latin and should have two parts,one indicating the genus(plural:genera), a group that includes similar species and one indicating the specificname of the species. When written alone, the specific name is meaningless sincemany different species in different genera have the same specific name. Thespecific name familiaris, for example, is commonly used to describe , when used by itself, it would not describe any one organism. Whenthe genus is also given, however, as in Canis familiaris, we know that thename refers to a specific organism: the domestic dog. Linnaeus was alsothe originator of modern taxonomy, a system of classifying nature based on hierarchical(分层的)groupings. Linnaeus first grouped life forms into three broad groups, calledkingdoms. These kingdoms were animals, plants, and minerals. He divided each ofthese kingdoms into classes, classes into orders, orders into genera (genus issingular) and then genera into species, grouping organisms according to sharedphysical characteristics. Although moderntaxonomists still use the hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s classificati onsystem as well as his method of grouping organisms according to observablesimilarities, they have added hierarchical levels and significantly changedLinnaeus’s original groupings. The broadest level of life is now a domain. Allliving things fit into only three domains. Within each of these domains thereare kingdoms. Each kingdom contains phyla (singular is phylum), followed byclass, order, family, genus, and species.In addition to theLinnaean kingdoms of plants and animals, biologists recognize prokaryotes, protists, and fungi asseparate kingdoms. The prokaryotesare the oldest and most abundant group of organisms. They are also the smallestcellular organisms. Common bacteria, which have been known to survive in manyenvironments that support no other form of life, fall into this category. The protist kingdom is made up of a varietyof single-celled or simple multicellular organisms. Protists do not have much in common. They are, essentially, thoseorganisms which do not fit into any other kingdom. Fungi compose a third kingdom. Like plants, the cells of fungi havecell walls,giving them a tube-like structure. However, fungi do not produce their own carbon as plants do. Rather, theyacquire nutrients by absorbing and digesting carbon produced by otherorganisms. Yeasts and mushrooms are examples of fungi.63. The writer gives the scientific name of thedomestic dog in paragraph 3 in order to __________.A. demonstrate Linnaeus’s method of classificationB. introduce the need for a better system of namingorganismsC. criticize the complexity of Linnaeus’s namingsystemD. illustrate the necessity of including two partswhen naming organism64. Which of the following can be learned fromthe passageA. The hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s system forclassifying i s no longer in use.B. Linnaeus’s original system of classificationconsisted of 3 domains.C. Linnaeus’s original system of classification isused today with little modifications.D. Modern taxonomists have added categories andregrouped organisms.65. Which of thefollowing is TRUE about protistsA. They do not share the characteristics of any of theother four kingdoms.B. They are grouped together based on similarcharacteristics.C. They are limited to single-cell organisms.D. They acquire nutrients by eating other organisms.66. Which of the following might be the besttitle of the passageA. The Father of Modern TaxonomyB. Classifying OrganismsC. Development in Life FormsD. Linnaeus’s Classification System答案：63-66 DDAB【闵行区】Section BDirections: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits bestaccording to the information given in the passage you have just read．(C)One of the main challenges facingmany countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalizationand the growing mult-language trend. “One of the main reasons for economicfailure in many Africa n countries is the fact that, with a few importantexceptions, mother-tongue education is not practiced in any of the independentAfrican states.” said Neville Alexander, Director of the Project for the Studyof Alternative Education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town.In response to the spread ofEnglish and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, manycountries have introduced language laws in the laws in the last decade. Insome, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in publicspaces such as advertising posters. One of the first such legal provisions wasthe 1994 “Toubon law” in France, but the idea has been copied in many countriessince then. Such efforts to govern language use are often dismissedas futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficultyin controlling fashions in speech and know from research that languageswitching among bilinguals is a natural process.It is especially difficult fornative speakers of English to understand the d esire to maintain the “purity” ofa language by law. Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continuallyabsorbed foreign words into its own language. English is one of the most mixedand rapidly changing languages in the world, but there has not been a barrierto acquiring prestige and power. Another reason for the failure of many nativeEnglish speakers to understand the role of state regulation is that it hasnever been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. English has never had astate-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to theAcademic Francaise in France.The need to protect nationallanguages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon—especially theneed toensure that English does not unnecessarily take over too many communication, education and new modes of communication promoted bytechnology, may be key fields to defend.Alexander believes thateducation is not practiced in all African countrieshas resulted in the economic failure of Africahas led to the rise of multi-language trendsD. lackof mother-tongue education can lead to economic failure64. Theunderlined word “futile” (in paragraph 2) most probably means “ “.B. practical D. unnecessary65. Whydo many English-speaking countries not support the language protection efforts describedin the passageA. Theythink language protection laws are ineffective.B. Theywant their language to spread to other countries.C. Theyhave a long history of taking words from other languages.D. Itreduces a language’s a bility to acquire international importance.66. Whatcan we infer from the last paragraphA. Englishhas taken over fields like public communication and education.B. Manyaspects of national culture are threatened by the spread of English.C. Mostlanguage experts believe it is important to promote a national language.have long realized the need to protect their national languages.答案：DCCB【普陀区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Eachpassage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each ofthem there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits bestaccording to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Given how valuable intelligence and automation are, we will continue to improve our technology if we are at all able to. At a certain point, we will buildmachines that are smarter than weare. Once we have machines that are smarter than we are, they will begin toimprove themselves. And then we risk what the mathematician IJ Good called an “intelligenceexplosion”. The process could get out of control.The concern is really that we will build machines that are much morecompetent than we are. And the slightest divergence between their goals and our own could destroy us. Just think about howwe relate to ants. We don’t hate them. We don’t go out of our way to harm fact, sometimes we take pains not to harm them. We step over them on thesidewalk. But whenever their presence seriously conflicts with one of ourgoals, we will kill them without hesitation. The concern is that we will oneday build machines that, whether they’re conscious or not, could treat us withsimilar disregard.The bare fact is that we will continue to improve our intelligentmachines. We have problems that we desperatelyneed to solve. So we will do this, if we can. The train is already out of the station, and there’s no brake to pull. If we build machines that aremore intelligent than we are, they will very likely develop in ways that wecan’t imagine, and exceed us in ways that we can’t imagine.So imagine we hit upon a designof superintelligent AI that has no safety concerns. This machine would be the perfectlabor-saving device. It can design the machine that can build the machine which can do any physical work,powered by sunlight, more or less for the cost of raw materials. So we’retalking about the end of human labour. We’re also talking about the end of mostintellectual work. So wh at would apes like ourselves do in this circumstanceWhat would some nations do if they heard that some company in SiliconValley was about to deploy ( 配置) a superintelligent AI This machine wouldbe capable of starting war, whether terrestrial (陆地的)or cyber, with unbelievable power.Given that the companies and governments building superintelligent AIare likely to perceive(感知) themselves as being in a raceagainst all others, and that to win this race is to win the world, it seemslikely thatwhatever is easier to do will get done first unless it is destroyedin the next moment.But the moment we admit that information processing is the source ofintelligence, we have to admit that we are in the process of building some sortof god. Now would be a good ti me to make sure it’s a god we can live with.an intelligent machinebecomes smarter than humanity, .will make itself better andmay go beyond human controlwill help people to thefullest, especially in physical workwill threaten people byrobbing them of jobswill view itself as humanraceunderlined word“divergence” in Paragraph 2 almost means the same as “ ”.B. hatred D. disagreementis the passage mainlydevelopedmaking comparisons.showing valid evidence.giving assumptions.analyzing statistics.of the following is thebest title of the passagethe God’s sake, stop AI andbe yourselves!we build AI without losingcontrol over itor against AI, that is thequestion!does superintelligence servethe people答案：63-66 ADCB【金山区】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by severalquestions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to theinformation given in the passage you have just read.(C)For many years, humans have tried to find thesecret to staying young. Although it has yet to be discovered, we may be closerthan ever to finding a way that can slow down the aging process.A recent study by researchers from DukeUniversity in the US found that cutting one’s daily intake of calories couldslow down biological aging, which means you might be able to hang on to youryouthful looks a little longer. Previous research has shown that calorierestrictions slow aging in worms, flies and mice. So researchers wondered if itcould have the same effect on people.To find out, Daniel Belsky and her teamexamined data from a study by the National Institute on Aging, based in the US,which involved 220 people. During the two-year study, 145 people in therestriction group cut their calorie intake by 25 percent. Meanwhile, 75 peoplein the control group maintained their normal diets.At the start of the study, the two groups hadno difference in biological age. The average participant was 38 years old, witha biological age of 37. However, after each 12-month period, participants inthe restriction group saw an increase in biological age by an average . Meanwhile, those in the control group saw a rise by an average years. The researchers believe the differencebetween these groups shows that cutting calories does slow biological aging. Although they didn’t explain the reasonbehind this, researchers at Brigham Young University in the US provided anexplanation after they carried out a similar study on mice.They believe fewer calories slow down amechanism in cells called the ribosome (核糖体),at least in mice. The mechanism is responsible for making vital proteins incells, but with fewer calories it slows down, giving it more time to repairitself.。