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第十二章 领导者绩效评价《领导学》PPT课件
• 决策办事绩效 决策办事绩效是指领导者制定决策、处理事务的能力、 效率和效益。
• 组织的整体贡献绩效 领导者的整体贡献绩效是指同一领导组织整体目标的实 现程度。
12.2 领导者绩效评价的作用
1）领导者绩效是领导活动的出发点和归宿 2）领导者绩效评价能够为领导的提拔和使用提供依据 3) 领导者绩效评价可以对领导的奖惩提供依据，激励领导者
7）民意测验法 • 民意测验法就是通过投票、对话和问卷等方式，调查了解群
众对领导者的反映和评价，在充分掌握和综合分析群众意见 的基础上对领导者做出相应的评价。 • 民意测验法主要有：投票法、对话法、问卷法。 8）统计分析法多在结合民意测试法或调查分析法的基础上应 用
12.5 领导者绩效评价中存在的问题及解决方法 12.5.1领导者绩效评价中存在的问题
第一步：建立每位被评 价者所应达到的目标。
第二步：制定被评估者 达到目标的时间框架。
第三步：将实际达到的 目标与预先设定的目标
相比较。
第四步：制定新的目标 以及为达到新的目标而 可能采取的新的战略。
2)专家评估法 专家评估法实际上就是由那些具有领导专业知识和测评专业知 识的人对领导者进行测评。
德尔菲法是一种专家评估法，其实施步骤如下：
2）统一规范原则
• （1）在建立健全各级各类领导者岗位责任制和任期目 标制的基础上，确定考核标准
• （2）建立健全严格的评价制度，形成相应的考核规章 制度或考核准则。
• （3）运用严谨科学的考评方法。
3）客观公正原则
4)民主公开原则
• （1）领导者绩效评价应该在员工参与的基础上进行。 • （2）领导者绩效评价工作要接受群众的监督。 • （3）反馈领导者绩效评价结果。
高级财务会计陈信元chapter12PPT教学课件
- highly effective in offsetting
- gains or losses
- in the item being hedged
• Critical term analysis
- effectiveness considers: a) nature of the underlying variable; b) notional amount; c) item being hedged; d) delivery date of derivative; e) settlement date of the underlying.
202*0/1h2/1e0dged item * means of assessing effectivene4ss
13. Hedge Effectiveness
1) Effectiveness
• To qualify for hedge accounting, the derivative instrument must be
1
• Typical derivative instruments - Option contracts - Forward contracts - Futures contracts 2) Types of derivatives • Forward contracts - negotiated contracts between two parties for the delivery or purchase of a commodity or a foreign currency at an agreed upon price, quantity, and delivery date. - Settlement of the forward contract may be 2p02h0/1y2/1s0ical delivery of the good, or net settlemen2t.
英语国家概况Chapter-12(课堂PPT)
1
1.3.2 Benjamin Franklin (cont.)
❖Autobiography—most famous work. ❖“the faithful account of the colorful career of
11
1.3.1 Jonathan Edwards (cont.)
❖Almanac—published continuously for almost a quarter of a century.
❖adages (格言) and sayings ▪ “A penny saved is a penny earned.” ▪ “Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.”
III The Realistic Period
IV The Naturalistic Period
V The Modern Period VI The Contemporary Period
5
I The Colonial and Revolutionary Periods 1.1 Feature in the Colonial Period 1.2 Feature in the Revolutionary Period 1.3 Representative figures and works
religious freedom
westward movement for happiness
3
2. principal forms of American literature drama
novel
principal forms
1.3.2 Benjamin Franklin (cont.)
❖Autobiography—most famous work. ❖“the faithful account of the colorful career of
11
1.3.1 Jonathan Edwards (cont.)
❖Almanac—published continuously for almost a quarter of a century.
❖adages (格言) and sayings ▪ “A penny saved is a penny earned.” ▪ “Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.”
III The Realistic Period
IV The Naturalistic Period
V The Modern Period VI The Contemporary Period
5
I The Colonial and Revolutionary Periods 1.1 Feature in the Colonial Period 1.2 Feature in the Revolutionary Period 1.3 Representative figures and works
religious freedom
westward movement for happiness
3
2. principal forms of American literature drama
novel
principal forms
外教社中国概况(英文版)PPT课件CHAPTER 12
civilian archery
martial chery
civilian archery
Dragon Dance
The Chinese dragon is a totem of the Chinese people.
express their wishes and prayers for peace
II
Sports in Modern China
1
Sports in Schools
2
Mass Sports
3
Competitive Sports
1. Sports in Schools
two characteristic sports exercises
• the Sunshine Sports • the Eye Exercises.
3. Differences between the Chinese and Western Sports Concepts
different cultural backgrounds
• one of farming culture • usually a marine one • different spiritual
IVIII
Wushu — Martial Arts
1
The Origin and Development of Wushu
2
Classification of Wushu
3
Characteristics and Functions of
Wushu
4
Cultural Aspects in Wushu
• In 1963, starting from some schools in Beijing.
martial chery
civilian archery
Dragon Dance
The Chinese dragon is a totem of the Chinese people.
express their wishes and prayers for peace
II
Sports in Modern China
1
Sports in Schools
2
Mass Sports
3
Competitive Sports
1. Sports in Schools
two characteristic sports exercises
• the Sunshine Sports • the Eye Exercises.
3. Differences between the Chinese and Western Sports Concepts
different cultural backgrounds
• one of farming culture • usually a marine one • different spiritual
IVIII
Wushu — Martial Arts
1
The Origin and Development of Wushu
2
Classification of Wushu
3
Characteristics and Functions of
Wushu
4
Cultural Aspects in Wushu
• In 1963, starting from some schools in Beijing.
Chapter 12Shock分析课件-精品文档52页
11
5
Microcirculation:
Section 2.
1 The circulation between microartery and microvein
. The basic structural and functional unit of material metabolism and exchange between blood and tissue.
5) Anaphylaxis Anaphylactic shock
6) Acute heart failure Cardiogenic shock
7) Strong stimulation on nerve system Neurogenic shock
6
2
Section 1.
(2) According to the initial changes of shock development
Constriction of Pre-capillary
sphincCteor anndstProisct-tairtoerniole
Decreased blood
flow of true capillary net
Local accumulation of products and histamine
Catecholamines , AII → cardiac contractility peripheral vascular resistance
③ Redistribution of blood → Decrease blood flow to the skin, skeletal muscle, kidneys and abdominal organs → maintain blood supplying to heart and brain
英语课件Chapter12 Schools of Ls
Phonology (ical) oppositions
• 1. N. Trubetzkoy: Principle of Phonology (1939). • Phonetics & phonology: different for parole & langue. Phoneme: an abstract unit of the sound system. • 2. Contributions: • (1) distinctive functions of speech sounds and an accurate definition for the phoneme • (2) distinctions between phonetics and phonology, the sphere of phonological studies
12.2.1 Malinowski‟s theories
• 1. Language “is to be regarded as a mode of action, rather than as a counterpart of thought”. • 2. The meaning of an utterance comes from its relation to the situational context in which it occurs. • 3. Three types of situational context: • (1) situations in which speech interrelates with bodily activity; (2) narrative situations; • (3) situations in which speech is used to fill a speech vacuum—phatic communion.
血浆容量扩充药ppt课件
*
3 凝血障碍：扩容时稀释血液，使血小板和 其他凝血因子的浓度降低，影响凝血机制 故剂量要得当 4 肝肾功能损害：可转氨酶升高，短时间即 可恢复。 肾小管阻塞，肾功受损 5 大剂量时可引起水电解质紊乱、干扰实验 室检查
*
二 羟 已 基 淀 粉 hydroxyethyl starch hetastarch, HES
*
而 6％贺斯 的血浆增量效力为 100％ [（实际血浆增加量／输入量）×100％ ，即， 如输入1000ml, 血容量较输注前增加1000ml ], 以后维持4小时， 8小时后仍有 72％ 的扩 容量，至24h还保持285ml，故有很好的 扩容效应
*
表 1 706代血浆、贺斯、万汶的比较
*
1 羟乙基淀粉
以玉米淀粉中的支链淀粉为原料, 经轻度酸水解和糊化,并在碱性条 件下以环氧乙烷进行羟乙基化而 制成
*
淀粉是由很多葡萄糖分子缩合而成的多糖 （每相邻两个葡萄糖失去一个水分子） 葡萄糖（C6H12O6） 淀粉 （C6H10O5）n
*
羟乙基化一般用 取代级（SD）或 平均克分子 取代级（Ms）表示 ，即如支链淀粉中10个葡萄 糖单位有4个被羟乙基化，则取代级为0.4或40％ HES的羟乙基化程度高低决定体内停留时间 高取代级半衰期长, 低取代级半衰期短
*
SD 0.3~0.5 为 低取代级，SD低的HES易被血浆中 的淀粉酶水解 SD 0.5~0.6 为 中取代级 SD ≥0.7 为 高取代级 高取代级HES因在体内 停留时间过长可能会发生凝血机制受损 和体内蓄积
*
综上所述，羟乙基淀粉共经历了 3 代 第1代 是 高分子量高取代级的HES 如 lamasteril（450／0.7） 第2代 是 中分子量中取代级的HES 如 贺斯 （200／0,5） 第3代 是 中分子量低取代级的HES 如 万汶 (130 / 0.4)
3 凝血障碍：扩容时稀释血液，使血小板和 其他凝血因子的浓度降低，影响凝血机制 故剂量要得当 4 肝肾功能损害：可转氨酶升高，短时间即 可恢复。 肾小管阻塞，肾功受损 5 大剂量时可引起水电解质紊乱、干扰实验 室检查
*
二 羟 已 基 淀 粉 hydroxyethyl starch hetastarch, HES
*
而 6％贺斯 的血浆增量效力为 100％ [（实际血浆增加量／输入量）×100％ ，即， 如输入1000ml, 血容量较输注前增加1000ml ], 以后维持4小时， 8小时后仍有 72％ 的扩 容量，至24h还保持285ml，故有很好的 扩容效应
*
表 1 706代血浆、贺斯、万汶的比较
*
1 羟乙基淀粉
以玉米淀粉中的支链淀粉为原料, 经轻度酸水解和糊化,并在碱性条 件下以环氧乙烷进行羟乙基化而 制成
*
淀粉是由很多葡萄糖分子缩合而成的多糖 （每相邻两个葡萄糖失去一个水分子） 葡萄糖（C6H12O6） 淀粉 （C6H10O5）n
*
羟乙基化一般用 取代级（SD）或 平均克分子 取代级（Ms）表示 ，即如支链淀粉中10个葡萄 糖单位有4个被羟乙基化，则取代级为0.4或40％ HES的羟乙基化程度高低决定体内停留时间 高取代级半衰期长, 低取代级半衰期短
*
SD 0.3~0.5 为 低取代级，SD低的HES易被血浆中 的淀粉酶水解 SD 0.5~0.6 为 中取代级 SD ≥0.7 为 高取代级 高取代级HES因在体内 停留时间过长可能会发生凝血机制受损 和体内蓄积
*
综上所述，羟乙基淀粉共经历了 3 代 第1代 是 高分子量高取代级的HES 如 lamasteril（450／0.7） 第2代 是 中分子量中取代级的HES 如 贺斯 （200／0,5） 第3代 是 中分子量低取代级的HES 如 万汶 (130 / 0.4)
第十二章 企业国际化经营《企业管理》PPT课件
的国家或地区生产，然后运往目标国家或地区，这就限制了劳动力
的出口:（一）非直接出口进入方式、（二）直接代理商或经销商、
（三）建立国外销售分店（或子公司）
二、合同进入方式
B
合同进入方式是一个国际化经营的企业与目标国家或地区的法
人之间在转让技术、工艺等方面订立长期的、自始至终的、非
投资性的合作合同：（一）许可证贸易、（二）特许经营、
生产和销售。 竞争。
界范围内以 这个特定的 部分进行竞 争。
特点，将 其经营活 动集中于 特定的国
策可以排 除许多国 际竞争者
家市场。 国家市场。
CHAPTER
FOUR
第四节
企业进入国际市场的方式
所谓进入国际市场的方式，是指企业使其产品、技术、工艺、 管理及其他资源进入国外（国家或地区）市场的一种规范化的 部署方式。从经济学的角度看，企业进入国外市场仅有两条道 路：第一，在目标国家或地区以外的国家或地区生产产品并向 目标国家或地区出口。第二，向目标国家或地区输送技术、资 金、工艺，直接或者采用联合方式运用当地的资源（特别是劳 动力资源）生产产品并在当地销售。
CHAPTER
12
第十二章 企业国际
化经营
CHAPTER
ONE
第一节
企业国际化经营的原因 及特点
一 企业国际化经营的原因
一般来说，企业进行国际化经营有两个目的：一是获利；二是 求稳定。就获利来说，国际化经营可使企业获得满足国外市场 对本企业产品或服务日益增长的需求的机会，扩大本企业产品 的销售范围，从而获得更多的利润。此外，对企业产品或服务 的新需求可对企业的生产过程起到稳定的作用，而不至于受国 内市场周期性变化的影响。企业走向国际化经营具体原因包括：
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12.6
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
• What are the steps required to build a new information system?
12.2
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems OBJECTIVES
12.3
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
Chapter
12
REDESIGNING THE
ORGANIZATION WITH
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
12.1
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems OBJECTIVES
Redesigning Mortgage Processing in the United States
Figure 12-4b
12.14
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
12.11
Figure 12-3
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
• How could building a new system change the way an organization works?
• How can a company make sure that the new information systems it builds fit its business plan?
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
Organizational Change Carries Risks and Rewards
Establishing Organizational Information Requirements
Strategic Analysis or Critical Success Factors
• Small number of easily identifiable operational goals • Shaped by industry, firm, manager, and broader environment • Used to determine information requirements of organization
12.15
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
• Business process reengineering: Radical
design of business processes
• Paradigm shift: Radical reconceptualization
12.10
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Establishing Organizational Information Requirements
Enterprise Analysis (Business Systems Planning)
• Analysis of organization-wide information requirements • Identifies key entities and attributes
Using CSFs to Develop Systems
12.9
Figure 12-2
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
• What alternative methods for building information systems are available? • Are there any techniques or systembuilding approaches to help us build e-commerce and e-business applications more rapidly?
Redesigning Mortgage Processing in the United States
Figure 12-4a
12.13
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
Linking Information Systems to the Business Plan
Information systems plan
• Road map indicating direction of systems development
12.5
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
12.12
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
12.8
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
Business Process Reengineering
Work Flow Management
• Process of streamlining business procedures • Documents can be moved easily and efficiently from one location to another