专业外语考试词汇部分.doc
431专业英语词汇
431专业英语词汇专业英语词汇在不同领域中有着不同的特点和用法。
以下是一些常见的专业英语词汇，涵盖了不同领域的词汇：1. 医学领域，anatomy（解剖学）、physiology（生理学）、pharmacy（药房）、diagnosis（诊断）、treatment（治疗）、surgery（手术）、vaccine（疫苗）、symptom（症状）、prescription（处方）等。
2. 工程领域，mechanical engineering（机械工程）、civil engineering（土木工程）、electrical engineering（电气工程）、computer engineering（计算机工程）、structural analysis（结构分析）、project management（项目管理）、quality control（质量控制）等。
3. 商业领域，marketing（市场营销）、finance（金融）、accounting（会计）、management（管理）、advertising（广告）、investment（投资）、entrepreneurship（创业精神）、business administration（工商管理）等。
4. 教育领域，pedagogy（教育学）、curriculum（课程设置）、instruction（教学）、assessment（评估）、classroom management（课堂管理）、educational psychology（教育心理学）、special education（特殊教育）等。
5. 科学领域，biology（生物学）、chemistry（化学）、physics（物理学）、astronomy（天文学）、geology（地质学）、environmental science（环境科学）、research（研究）、experiment（实验）等。
《计算机专业英语》考核说明.
计算机专业英语》考核说明一. 考核说明《计算机专业外语》是软件开发与应用专业（专科）的一门统设必修课程，总学时为72 学时,4 学分。
本课程主要通过对计算机专业英语语文章的学习，使学生掌握本专业常用英语词汇和习惯表达方式，提高英语阅读和翻译能力，能够从英文资料中获取知识，为熟练阅读英文的计算机技术文献、资料和书籍打下良好基础。
本课程要求的先修科目为：英语（1）（2），计算机应用基础，程序设计基础，软件技术基础。
现将有关考核的几个问题说明如下：（一）考核对象：电大理工科类软件开发与应用专业专科生及其他计算机专业的学生。
（二）考核依据：本课程所用教学大纲为2003年7 月审定通过并下发执行的、电大理工科类软件开发与应用专业专科生《计算机专业英语课程教学大纲》；所用文字教材为穆志纯主编的2004 年出版的《计算机专业英语》。
本课程考核说明是形成性考核和终结性考试命题的基本依据。
（三）考核方式：采用形成性考核和终结性考试相结合的方式。
1．课程总成绩的记分方法：形成性考核成绩在课程总成绩中占20%，终结性考试成绩在课程总成绩中占80%。
课程总成绩为百分制，60 分为合格。
2．形成性考核的要求和形式：形成性考核的形式主要是平时作业。
能够按时、按质、按量完成平时作业者方可得满分。
3.终结性考试的要求和形式：1）考试要求：考核重点是考察学员是否掌握计算机应用中的英语知识，包括常见的专业英语语法、句型、常用词组，并具有一定的翻译能力。
具体考核要求分为几个层次：熟练掌握：要求学生能够全面、深入理解和熟练掌握所学内容，例如专业英语课文中出现的基本专业词汇、词组和句型，以及其中涉及的计算机专业知识等，并能够在此基础上具备熟练运用基本专业英语词汇和词组的能力。
掌握：要求学生能够较好地理解和掌握相应内容，例如在掌握专业外语词汇和词组的基础上阅读和翻译难度适当的文献等。
了解：要求学生能够一般地了解所学内容，例如在课文后的补充阅读材料中出现的专业词汇、词组和涉及的计算机专业知识等。
2020年中石化专业职称外语考试试卷
中国石化集团公司专业技术人员外语水平考试英语（120分钟内完成）第一部分客观题（50分钟）一、词汇与用法（根据文意，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择一个正确答案，共10分）1.I am looking _____ to seeing you in Beijing this May!A.upB. forwardC. towardD. down2. — John, is this your first time in China?— No, it’s my _____A. twoB. twiceC. threeD. third3. You should keep the meat in the fridge, ____it will go bad.A. soB. orC. andD. but4. — We’re going to Tianjin over the weekend. Why don't you join us?— ____, but I'm having a friend over.A. You're rightB. I don’t careC. I don't mindD. I'd love to5. The Smith family ______ all their fruit and vegetables, which saves money.A.plantB. produceC. growD. raise6. Tell Susan she should ______ worrying and get some rest.A.startB. stopC. sickD. stay7. The following day he found the old man lying in bed, ______.A. deadB. was deadC. dieD. has died8. Helen looked at the baby _____ love in her eyes.A. onB. inC. withD. at9. — My sister sent me a wonderful gift from Argentina.— Oh, is that so? ________________?A. Where is it fromB. What's it likeC. Who is it forD. Who sent it to you10. Having suffered ______ serious damage from war, it may be too difficult to restore the city.A.suchB. soC. tooD. many二、阅读理解（阅读下面的短文，根据文章内容，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选择一个正确答案，共40分）短文一（10分）"When one of the doctors criticizes me, I get defensive. I feel like a child again, being scolded, and I want to explain that I'm not wrong." says Viola, a nurse. This is a common reaction to criticism, but not a good one. There are better ways of dealing with criticism. The following are three golden rules one can keep in mind when faced with such a situation.1. Try to be objective. When Sol was criticized by his new employer for not having made a sale, Sol's reaction was to feel sorry for himself. "I had put everything I had into making that sale," Sol says, "and I felt that I had failed as a person. I had to learn through experience not to react like that to each failure. "2. Take time to cool down. Rather than reacting immediately to criticism, take some time to think over what was said. Your first question should be whether the criticism is fair from the other person's position. The problem may be a simple misunderstanding of what you did or your reasons for doing it.3. Take positive actions. After you cool down, consider what you can do about the situation. The best answer may be "nothing". "I finally realized that my boss was having personal problems and taking them out on me because I was there," says Sheila. "His criticisms didn't really have anything to do with my work, so nothing I said or did was going to change them." In Sheila's case, the best way to deal with it was to leave her job. However, that's an extreme reaction. You may simply explain your opinion withoutexpecting an in-depth discussion. You may even decide that the battle isn't worth fighting this time. The key, in any case, is to have a reasonable plan.1. The word “reaction” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ____________.A. referenceB. reasonC. responseD. reminder2. When Sol faces criticism now, he will most likely ____________.A.think more objectivelyB.feel sorry for himselfC.try to make a saleD.feel like he has3. According to the writer, you should think about whether the criticism is fair from the other person’s perspective because ___________.A.other people’s opinions are valuableB.you need time to understand your own situationC.he may just have a misunderstanding of what you didD.he may want to have an in-depth discussion with you about it4. Sheila’s example in the fourth paragraph is to prove that the best way to deal with criticism is to _______.A.cool downB.do nothingC.leave her jobD.have a reasonable plan5. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A.People should not get defensive when faced with criticism.B.People should avoid reacting immediately to criticism.C.People should take some time to think about the criticism they receive.D.People should explain their opinion when faced with criticism.短文二（10分）It's hard to think of an early retirement as anything other than a positive. Who wouldn't want to trade in their suit and tie for a pair of beach shorts?When considering early retirement, it is important that you prepare financially and in other aspects too. Some guys even think the ideal time to start planning and saving for an early retirement is while they start working. While retiring ahead of schedule may be easier on the body, a new set of research has found that it may not be so beneficial for the mind.The study, conducted at Binghamton University, finds that an early retirement can accelerate the usual rate of cognitive (认知的)decline among the elderly. The research team analyzed China's new rural pension (养老金) scheme (NRPS), as well as China's most recent Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS), in order to investigate the effects of early retirement and pension benefits on individual cognition among adults over the age of 60. For reference, CHARLS is a representative national survey of China's population over the age of 45 that tests respondents regarding mental cognition, episodic memory (情景记忆) and overall mental wellbeing.After going over all of the data, the research team noted a clear trend: individuals receiving pension benefits were experiencing much more rapid mental decline than their counterparts still on the workforce. The most prominent i ndicator of mental decline among retirees was delayed recall, a trait widely considered to be an accurate predictor of dementia. Surprisingly, females seemed to experience even sharper mental decline after retiring early. Overall, the results support the hypothesis that decreased mental activity accelerates cognitive decline.This study's findings were similar to previous research that had focused on the impact of retirement on elderly individuals living in the United States, England, and the European Union. So, this is hardly a trend limited to Asia.The researchers had actually conducted previous studies that found retirement led to a number of positive physical health benefits for retirees, such as improved sleep patterns, less stress, and reduced alcohol consumption. However, retirement is also usually accompanied with a decline in social activities and less overall interaction with people, which has also been linked to cognitive decline.6.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 1?A.Nobody likes early retirement for not being so beneficial for his mind.B.Early retirement is not a positive viewpoint for male but for female.C.Most people like early retirement, but it might not be good for their cognition.D.Everybody likes early retirement because he or she wouldn’t want trade in.7.Which of the following statements about CHARLS is NOT true?A.It is one of data resources of the study at Binghamton University.B.It involves financial preparation, pension and individual cognition.C.It is a nationwide survey of China's population over the age of 45.D.It involves mental cognition, recall and mental wellbeing.8.The word “indicator” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to________.A.signB.thinkingC.dementiaD.impression9.Which of the following living patterns is mentioned as one of positive benefits of early retirement according to the passage?A.Less alcohol intake.B.More financial preparation.C.More life stress.D.Less social parties.10.It can be inferred from the passage that___________.A.the cognition of workers will increase more sharply after early retirementB.the impact of early retirement has a bit different between Asia and EuropeC.the increased mental activities accelerate the cognitive decline of retireesD.social activities are necessary for retirees as well as positive physical patterns短文三（10分）In the early days of the Internet, some people said that it was going to revolutionise the way that we manage our bank accounts. They predicted that all banking would eventually take place online. Banks which only exist online are, of course, much cheaper to run than traditional banks because they have lower staff and building costs. It seemed possible that the traditional street bank could disappear in the space of a few decades.However, these predictions have not come true and it seems unlikely that they will. The Internet has not replaced ordinary street banks. Instead it has just become one more way in which the bank can reach its customers. Indeed, customer surveys seem to agree that most customers want everything: a branch of their bank in the high street, a 24-hour ATM, and a way of checking their account online.Online banking is also not without its drawbacks. To begin with, the service requires a big investment on the part of the bank to make sure that the information technology is compatible with the computer systems in the branches. An even bigger problem is the possibility of fraud. One of the most common is so-called ‘phishing’. This is when fraudsters send out false emails, such as a fake job offer, to try to makepeople give their account details. They then use this personal or financial information to obtain money. This has affected a number of companies and, if it continues, some of customers may decide not to bank online.Despite this, there is evidence that banks which have developed a large number of online services can have a competitive advantage. It seems that online customers are more likely to buy extra banking products. For example, ING Direct, the online branch of the Dutch bank, gained a number of customers by offering online savings accounts with very competitive interest rates. They then increased their profits further by launching other products which targeted these same online customers. Online services seem, in short, a very good way for banks to market products to existing customers and to reinforce existing relationships.11. Which of the following statements does the passage support?A. The traditional bank will be substituted by online banking.B. Online banking offers new ways to connect with customers.C. Customers are more likely to buy banking products from street banks.D. It is much cheaper to run the traditional banks than online banks.12. It can be inferred from the passage that most bank customers want .A. longer opening time for traditional banksB. more products and services available onlineC. various ways of getting banking servicesD. more competitive online banking products13. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A. The problems with online banking.B. Why banks should offer online services.C. Why people shouldn’t bank online.D. How online banking can increase profits.14. The word “drawbacks”in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to .A. punishmentsB. abusesC. questionsD. disadvantages15. According to the passage, what is one of the reasons that customers may NOT want to bank online?A. Computer system may fail.B. Customers may receive some unwanted advertisements.C. Misoperating often occurs when banking online.D. Criminals may steal money from the account.短文四（10分）●本部分包含三篇文章，请根据个人工作专业方向，选择一篇作答。
英语专业四级历年词汇真题.docx
41. Howcan I ever concentrate if you ___ continually___ mewith silly questions?A. have interruptedB. had interruptedC. are⋯InterruptingD. were interrupting42. When you have finished with that video tape, don’t forget to put it inmy drawer, ___？A. do youB. will youC. don’ t youD. won’ t youleft orders that nothing ___ touched until the police arrived here.A. should beB. ought to beC. must beD. would be. White works with a chemicals import & export company, but he ___ for thisindustrial fair, since he is on leave.A. has workedB. worksC. has been workingD. is working45. The physicist has made a discovery, ___ of great importance to the progress of science and technology.A. I think which isB. that I think isC. which I think isD. which I think it is46.___, he is ready to accept suggestions from different sources.A. Instead of his contributions47.The team can handle whatever ___.A.that needs handlingB. which needs handlingC.it needs handlingD. needs to be handlede and see me whenever ___.A.you are convenientB. you will be convenient49. It was as a physician that he represented himself, and he was warmlyreceived.A. as suchB. such asC. as thatD. so that50. I have never been to London, but that is the city ___.A. where I like to visit m ostB. I’d most like to visitC. which I like to visit mostlyD. where I’d like most to visit51.I was to have made a speech if ___.A. I was not called awayB. nobody would have called me awayC. I had not been called awayD. nobody called me away52. I felt that I was not yet ___ to travel abroad.A. too strongB. strong enoughC. so strongD. enough strong GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY（1998）41. John is __ hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam.[A] no less [B] no more [C] not less [D] no so42.She remembered sever, d occasions in the past __ she had experienceda similar feeling.[A] while [B] before [C] that [D] when43.ff your car __ any attention during the first12 months, take it toan authorized dealer.[A] shall need[B] should need[C] would need[D] will need44. The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than__[A] is necessary [B] being necessary [C] to be necessary [D] it is necessary45.__, he can now only watch it on TV at home.[A]Obtaining not a ticket for the match[B]Not obtaining a ticket for the match[C]Not having obtained a ticket for the match[D ] Not obtained a ticket for the match46.The children prefer camping in the mountains __ an indoor activity.[A] to[B] than[C] for[D] withnguage belongs to each member of the society, to the cleaner__ tothe professor.[A] as far as[B] the same as[C] as much as[D] as long as48.__ he needed money for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from thebank.[A] Much as[B] Much though[C] As much[D] Though much49. The Clarks haven't decided yet which hotel[A] to stay[B] is to stay[C] to stay at[D] is for staying50.His strong sense of humor was __ make everyone in the room burst outlaughing.[A] so as to[B] such as to[C] so that[D] such that51. __ enough time and money, the researcher would have been able to discover more in this field.[A] Giving[B] To give[C] Given[D] Being given52. You __ Mark anything. It was none of his business.[A] needn ’t have told[B] needn't tell[C] mustn't have told[D] mustn't tell53. The membership card entitled him certain privileges in the dub.[A] on[B] in[C] at[D] toPart 5 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY (1999)___ seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to enter the personnel manager’s office.A. thatB. whatC. thereD.itthree men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboringcountry,___ by the police each time.A. had been capturedB. being always capturedC. only to be capturedD. unfortunately capturedJohnson is said ___some significant advance in his research in the past year.A. having madeB. makingC. to have made D to makecannot change into muscle ___ muscle changes into fat.A. any more thanB. no less than C no more than D. much more than is not so muchthe language ___ the cultural background that makes the bookdifficult to understand.A. butB. norC. asD. likeought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than___ in the public mind today.A. existsB. existC. existingD. to exist’ve never been to Lhasa, but that’s the city___.’d most l ike to visit B. where I like to visitC. which I like to visit mostlyD. I ’d like much to visit48. He ___ unwisely, but he was at least trying to do something helpful.A. may have actedB. must have actedC. should actD. would act49. If you have really been studying English for so long. you ___ able to write letters in English.A. should beB. wereC. must be D . are’s ___ as a “bellyacher ” —— he’s always complaining about something.A. who is knownB. whom is knownC. what is knownD. which is knownalways tries his best to complete it on time.A. However the task is hardB. However hard the task isC. Though hard the task isD. Though hard is the taskas ___, I couldn ’t lend him the money because I simply didn ’t have that much spare cash.A. I would have liked to should have to likeB. I would like to have should have liked toPartⅤ GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY(2000)hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorm s long beforepeople___.A. doB. hearC. do themD. hearing itis an illness that can result in total blindness ___ left untreated.A. afterB. ifC. SinceD. unlesscentral provinces have floods in some years, and ___.A. drought in othersB. droughts are othersC. while other droughtsD. others in droughthelp yourself to some fruit,___ you?A. can ’tB. don ’tC. wouldn ’tD. won’tnothing more for discussion,the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.A. to beB. to have beenC. beingD. bemother can ’t get ___ because she has rheumatism (风湿病).C.throughD.in47. I was very much put ___ by Mark’s rude behavior; it really anno yed me.B. offC. upD. by48. You ___ Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.A. needn ’t have toldB. needn ’t tellC. mustn ’t have toldD. mustn ’t tellof us would have enjoyed the party much more if there___ quite such a crowdof people there.A. weren ’tB. hasn ’t beenC. hadn ’t beenD.wouldn’t be50.Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff ___ quality control can be substantially reduced.A. whoseB. asC. whatD. that51. ___ at in this way, the present economic situation doesn’t seem so gloomy.A. LookingB.LookedC.Having lookedD.To look PartⅤGRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY(2001)can’t go — for one thing, I have no money, and ___ I have too much work.A. what’s moreB. as wellC. for anotherD.in addition42.Even as a girl, ___to be her life, and theater audiences were to be herbest teacher.A. performing by Melissa wereB. it was known that Melissa’s p erformances wereC. knowing that Melissa’s performances wereD. Melissa knew that performing washim tomorrow?A. Why not to call onB. Why don ’t call onC. Why not calling onD. Why not call onis no doubt ___the company has made the right decision on the sales project.A. whyB. thatC. whetherD. when is to the mind ___sight is to the body.A. whatB. asC. thatD. like sympathize, I can’t really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.A. As long asB. AsC. WhileD. Even patient ’s progress was very encouraging as he could ___ get out of bed without help.A. nearlyB. hardlyC. merelyD. barely48. He was ___to tell the truth even to his closest friend.A. too much of a cowardB. too much the cowardC. a coward enoughD. enough of a coward49.Barry had an advantage over his mother ___he could speak French.A. since thatB. in thatC. at thatD. so that50.You needn’t worry ___ regards the cost of the operation.A. withB. whichC. asD. about51.___ is not a serious disadvantage in life.A. To be not tallB. Not to be tallC. Being not tallD. Not being tall PartⅤ GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY [15 min] (2002)41. She did her work _________her manager had instructed.A. asB. untilC. WhenD. though42. _______ of the twins was arrested, because I saw both at a party last night.A. NoneB. BothC. NeitherD. All43. For some time now, world leaders _______ out the necessity for agreementon arms reduction.A. had been pointingB. have been pointingC. were pointingD. pointed44. Have you ever been in a situation______ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?A. by whichB. thatC. in whereD. where45. We’ve just installed two air-conditions in out apartment, _______should make great differences in our life next summer.A. WhichB. WhatC. thatD. they46.AID is said _________ the number-one killer of both men and womenover the past few years in that region.A. beingB. to beC. to have beenD. having been47. She managed to save ______ she could out of her wages to help her brother.A. how little moneyB. so little moneyC. such little moneyD. what little money48. Fool ____ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing.A. whoB. asC. thatD. like49. The experiment requires more money than _____.A. have been put inB. being put inC. has been put inD. to be put in50._______ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passedthe exam.A. Had it not beenB. Hadn ’t it beenC. Was it notD. Were it not51. “ What courses are you going to do next semester?”“ I don’t know. But its about time _______ on something.”A. I ’d decideB. I decidedC. I decideD. I ’m deciding PartⅤGRAMMAR & VOCABULARY［15 MIN.］(2003)41.Agriculture is the country ’s chief source of wealth, wheat ____ by far thebiggest cereal crop.42.Jack ____from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry abouthis safety.A. has been missingB. has been missedC. had been missingD. was missed43.Above the trees are the hills, ____ magnificence the river faithfullyreflects on the surface.A. whereB. of whoseC. whoseD. which44. Who____ was coming to see me in my office this afternoon?A. you saidB. did you sayC. did you say thatD. you did say45.—Does Alan like hamburgers?—Yes. So much ____ that he eats them almost every day.A. forB. asC. toD. so46. Your ideas, ____, seem unusual to me.A. like herB. like hersC. similar to herD. similar to herself47. The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential ____for that.A. for us to be preparedB. that we are preparedC. of us to be preparedD. our being prepared48. Time ____, the celebration will be held as scheduled.A. permitB. permittingC. permittedD. permits49. ____ I like economics, I like sociology much better.A. As mush asB. So muchC. How muchD. Much as50. It is futile to discuss the matter further,because ____going to agree upon anything today.A. neither you nor I areB. neither you nor me isC. neither you nor I amD. neither me nor you are51.They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two monthsahead of time, ____ is something we had not expected.52.He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man ____he was twenty years ago.A. which B .that C. who D .whom53. She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit, ____?A. hadn’t sheB. hasn’t sheC. wouldn’t sheD. didn ’t she54.At three thousand feet, wide plains begin to appear, and there is nevera moment when some distant mountain is not ____.A. on viewB. at a glanceC. on the sceneD. in sight PartⅤ GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY［15 MIN.］(2004)trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn’t by his lack of talent.A. so much asB. rather than, I ’ll marry him all the same.A. Was he rich or poorB. Whether rich or poorC. Were he rich or poorD. Be he rich or poor botheredC. asby his loudness ____ D.thangovernment has promised to do ____ lies in its power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood-stricken area.A. howeverB. whicheverC. whateverD. whereverif I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand?A. Would you be surprisedB. Were you surprisedC. Had you been surprisedD. Would you have been surprisednot ____ with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time.A. being treatedB. treatedC. be treatedD. having been treatedis imperative that students ____ their term papers on time.A. hand inB. would hand inC. have to hand inD. handed inless the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a fully-loaded truck, ____ to the truck.A. the greater stress is C. the stress is greaterB. greater is the stress D. the greater the stressMinister of Finance is believed ____ of imposing new taxes to raise extrarevenue.A. that he is thinkingB. to be thinkingC. that he is to thinkD. to thinkof price, place, promotion, and product are ____ conventional concerns inplanning marketing strategies.A. these of the mostB. most of thoseC. among the mostD. among the many ofboth sides accept the agreement ____ a lasting peace be established in thisregion.A. Only if, willB. If only, wouldC. Should, willD. Unless, wouldWells, together with all the members of his family, ____ for Europe thisafternoon.A. are to leaveB. are leavingC. is leavingD. leavePART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY（2005）51. If you explained the situation to your solicitor,he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.A. would beB. will have beenC. wasD. were52. _________, Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class.A. Although he is a socialistB. Even if he is a socialistC. Being a socialistD. Since he is a socialist53. His remarks were ________ annoy everybody at the meeting.A. so as toB. such as toC. such toD. as much as to54. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _________ until yesterday.A. will comeB. was comingC. had been comingD. came55. _________ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.A. I was and always will beB. I have to be and always will beC. I had been and always will beD. I have been and always will be56.Because fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful, we willhaveto install _________ solar heating device in our home.A. some type ofB. some types of aC. some type of aD. some types of57.I went there in 1984, and that was the only occasion when I ________ thejourney in exactly two days.A. must takeB. must have madeC. was able to makeD. could make58. I know he failed his last test, but really he’s _________ stupid.A. something butB. anything butC. nothing butD. not but59. Do you know Tim’s brother? He is _________ than Tim.A. much more sportsmanB. more of a sportsmanC. more of sportsmanD. more a sportsman60. That was not the first time he________ us. I think it’s high time we ________ strong actions against him.A. betrayed⋯takeB. had betrayed⋯tookC. has betrayed⋯tookD. has betrayed⋯take61. What ’s the chance of ________ a general election this year?A. there beingB. there to beC. there beD. there going to be62. The meeting was put off because we __________ a meeting without John.A. objected havingB. were objected to havingC. objected to haveD. objected to having63.________ you _______ further problems with your printer, contactyour dealer for advice.A. If, hadB. Have, hadC. Should, haveD. In case，had64.He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, ________ thathe paid me back the following week.A. on occasionB. on purposeC. on conditionD. only if65. Children who stay away from school do ________ for different reasons.A. themB. /C. itD. theirs66.–Why are you staring?–I ’ve n ever seen ______tree before.A. kind ofB. that kind ofC. such kindD. suchPART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY [15 MIN] (2006)51. __dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.A AlthoughB whateverC AsD However52. If only I __play the guitar as well as you!A wouldB couldC shouldD might53. The party, __I was the guest of honor, was extremely enjoyable.A by whichB for whichC to whichD at which54 It ’s high time we __ cut ting down the rain-forests.A stoppedB had to stopC shall stopD stop55 The student said there were a few points in the essay he __ impossible to comprehend.A has foundB was findingC had foundD would find56 Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone__ an opportunity tohear the speech.A ought to haveB must haveC may haveD should have57 I am surprised__ this city is a dull place to live in.A that you should thinkB by what you are thinkingC that you would thinkD with what you were thinking58 Susan is very hardworking, but her pay is not__ for her work.A enough goodB good enoughC as good enoughD good as enough59 It is imperative that the government __ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.A attractsB shall attractC attractD has to60 Land belongs to the city; there is __ thing as private ownership of land.A no such aB not suchC not such aD no such61 My daughter has walked eight miles today. We never guessed that she couldwalk __ far.A /B suchC thatD as6２ The statistics __ that living standards in the area have improveddrastically in recent times.A provesB is provingC are provingD prove63 There are only ten apples left in the baskets, __ the spoilt ones.A not countingB not to countC don’t countD having not counted64 It was __ we had hopedA more a success thanB a success more thanC as much of a success asD a success as much as 65There used to be a petrol station near the park, __?A didn ’t itB doesn’t thereC usedn’t it?D didn ’t there PART IV GRAMMER &VOCABULARY [15MIN] (2007)51. There are as good fish in the sea _____ever came out of it .the President ’s Men ______one of the important books for historians who studythe Watergate Scandal.remaining53. ’You ______ borrow my notes provided you take care of them,’I told my friend.only the patient ______a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics,he might still be alive now.received receive receivingwas _____the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute .A. to start have started be starting have been starting_____fifty or so when I first met her at the conference.A. must be been be have beenmakes the book difficultis not ______much the language as the background thatto understand.comminttee has anticipated the problems that ________in the road construction project.arise arisenstudent said there were a few points in the essay he _______impossible tocomprehend.found found findwould have finished his college education,but he _______to quit and find ajob to support his family.had haveresearch requires more money than ________.been put in been put in put in be put inposes a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably ________a threat to the human race than environmental destruction.A. no more more more moreis not uncommon for there _______problems of communication between the oldand the young.be bein his way, the situation does not seem so desperate.looked lookis absolutely essential that William ________his study in spite of somelearning difficulties.continuePART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY [15 MIN] (2008)51.Our association, which has consistently pressed for greater employmentopportunities for the disabled, will publish ____ proposals in the near future.A. theirB. ourC. HisD. its52.Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she ____ much better resultsnow.A. would be gettingB. could have gotC. must getD. would get53.Nine is to three _____ three is to one.A. whenB. thatC. whichD. what54.Men differ from animals ____ they can think and speak.A. for whichB. for thatC. in thatD. in which55.____ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to staybehind to finish his assignment.56.I enjoyed myself so much ____ I visited my friends in Paris last year.A. whenB. whichC. thatD. where57.Which of the following is INCORRECT?A. All his lectures were boring. C.Her few friends are all fond of dancing.B. Half his money was gone. D.He invited many his friends to the party.58.When you have finished with that book, don't forget to put it back onmy desk, _____?59.What does "He wisely refused to spend his money" mean?A. It was wise of him to refuse to spend his money.B. He refused to spend his money in a wise manner.C. He was short of money and didn't want to buy anything.D. He refused, in a wise manner, to spend his money.60.They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as ____.A. it could beB. could beC. it wasD. was61. The following are all correct responses to "Who told the news to the teacher?" EXCEPTA. Jim did this.B. Jim did so.C. Jim did that.D. Jim did.62.Quality is ____ counts most. A.which B. that C. what D. where63. In his plays Shakespeare _____ his characters live through their language.A. would makeB. had madeC. madeD. makes64.The square itself is five hundred yards wide, five times ____ the sizeof St. Peter's in Rome.65.Which of the following sentences expresses "probability"?A. You must leave immediately.B. You must be feeling rather tired.C. You must be here by eight o'clock.D. You must complete the reading assignment on time.PART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY [15 MIN] (2009)51. What a nice day! How about the three of us _____ a walk in the park nearby?A. to takeB. takeC. takingD. to be taking52. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _____ much easier to learn.A. could have beenB. would’ beC. will beD. would have been53.She _____ fifty or so when I first met her at a conference.A.had beenB. must beC. has beenD. must have been54._____ the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay.A.WhateverB. WheneverC. WhicheverD. However55.A new laptop costs about _____ of a second-hand one.A.the price of three timesB. three times the priceC. as much as the three times priceD. three times more than the price56. I was very interested in _____ she told me.A. all thatB. all whichC. all whatD. that57. Weconsider ______ he should have left without telling anyone beforehand.A. strange whyB. it strange whatC. it strange thatD. that strange58. It is going to be fine tomorrow. _______.A. So is it.B. So it is.C. So it does.D. So does it.59. Little_____ about her own safety, though she herself was in great danger.A. she caredB. she may careC. may she careD. did she care60.The couple had no sooner got to the station _____ the coach left.A.whenB. asC. untilD. than61.Aren't you tired? I ____ you had done enough for today.A.should have thoughtB. must have thoughtC. might have thoughtD. could have thought62."It seems that she was there at the conference." The sentence means thatA.she seems to be there at the conference.B.she seemed to be there at the conference.C.she seems to have been there at the conference.D.she seemed to being there at the conference.63. Which of the following adverbs can NOTbe used to complete " _____ everybody came"?A. NearlyB. QuiteC. PracticallyD. Almost64.In "How much do you think he earns?" how much is ______ of the sentence.A. the subjectB. the adverbialC. the objectD. the complement65. "The manpreparing the documents is the firm's lawyer" has all the following possible meanings EXCEPTA. the man who has prepared the documents...B. the man who has been preparing the documents...C. the man who is preparing the documents...D. the man who will prepare the documents...1997: 41-45 CBADC 46-50 BDCAB 51-52 CB1998: 41-45 ADBAC 46-50 ACACB 51-53 CAD1999: 41-45 CCCAC 46-50 AAABC 51-52 BA2000:41-45 ABADC 46-50 ABACD 51A2001: 41-45 CDDBA 46-50 CAABC51 D2002: 41-45 ACBBA 46-50 CDBCA51 B2003: 41-45 DACBD 46-50 BABDC51-54 ABCD2004: 41-45 ADCDB 46-50 ADBCA 51C2005: 51-55 AABBD 56-60 ACBBC 61-65 ADCCD 66 B2006: 51-55 DBDAC 56-60 CABCD 61-65 CDACD2007: 51-55 CBAAB 56-60 DCDAC 61-65 BBDBC2008:51-55 DBDCB 56-60 CDCDB 61-65 ACDAB2009:51-55CBDAB 56-60 ACADD 60-61ACBCD201051.Which of the following italicized phrases indicates CAUSE?A.Why don't you do it for the sake of your friends?B.I wish I could write as well as you.C.For all his efforts, he didn't get an A.D. Her eyes were red from excessive reading.52.Nancy's gone to work but her car's still there. She ____ by bus.A. must have goneB. should have goneC. ought to have goneD. could have gone53. He feels that he is not yet ____ to travel abroad.A. too strongB. enough strongC. so strongD. strong enough54.After____ seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to enter the personnelmanager's office.55. Fool ____ Jerry is, he could not have done such a thing.56.Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?A.They each have two tickets.B.They cost twenty yuan each.C. Each they have bought the same book.D. They were given two magazines each.57. She seldom goes to the theatre, _____?A. doesn't sheB. does sheC. would sheD. wouldn't she58. Dr Johnson is head of the department, ____ an expert in translation.A. orB. eitherC. butD. and59. When one has good health, _____ should feel fortunate.A. youB. theyC. heD. we60. It is necessary that he ____ the assignment without delay.A. hand inB. hands inC. must hand inD. has to hand in61. In the sentence "It's no use waiting for her", the italicized phrase is)____.A. the objectB. an adverbialC. a complementD. the subject62. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?。
TEM-4考试大纲
英语专业四级考试大纲
一.考试目的
本考试的目的是全面检查已学完英语专业四级课程的学生是否达到教学大纲所规定的各项要求，考核学生运用各项基本技能的能力以及学生对语法结构和词语用法的掌握程度，既测试学生的综合能力，也测试学生的单项技能。
同时，也是评估教学质量，推动校际交流的一种手段。
二.考试的性质与范围
本考试属于尺度参照性标准化考试。
考试的范围包括基础阶段教学大纲所规定的一至四级除读音和说的技能以外的全部内容。
由于目前尚未具备口试的条件，暂且只进行笔试。
三.考试时间与命题
每个四月份的第三个周六。
2010年考试时间为4月17日，2011年的考试时间为4月16日。
四.考试形式
为了较好地考核学生运用各项基本技能的能力，既照顾到科学性，客观性，又照顾到可行性以及基础阶段英语水平测试的特点，同时为确保试卷的信度，本考试除写作及听写部分为主观试题外，其余都采取多项选择题形式。
主观试题部分旨在较好地测试学生灵活运用语言的能力，从而提高试卷的效度。
五.考试内容
本考试共有六个部分：一. 写作二. 听写三. 听力理解四. 完形填空五. 语法及词汇六. 阅读理解。
前两部分需时60分钟。
后四部分需时80分钟，整个考试需时130分钟。
六.及格标准
TEM4考试以60分为及格分数。
考试及格者由高等院校外语专业教学指导委员会颁发成绩单。
成绩分为三个等级：60-69分合格；70-79分良好；80分以上优秀。
同等学力日语高频词汇总结与范例讲解(4)
同等学力日语高频词汇总结与范例讲解（4）掛ける日【かける】【kakeru】②【他动・二类】（1）挂上，悬挂；拉，挂（幕等）。
（つるす。
）看板を掛ける。
/把牌子挂在墙上。
（2）戴上；蒙上；盖上。
（かぶせる。
）めがねを掛ける。
/戴眼镜。
（3）搭上。
（もたせかける。
）はしごを壁に掛ける。
/把梯子搭在墙上。
（4）系上；捆上kunshang。
（結ぶ。
）たるになわを掛ける。
/用绳子捆上木桶。
（5）撩liao(水)；浇jiao；泼po；倒，灌。
（浴びせる。
）背中に水を掛ける。
/往脊背上撩水。
（6）称cheng，衡量。
（目方をはかる。
）目方を掛ける。
/称分量。
（7）花费，花hua。
（費やす。
）費用を掛ける。
/花经费。
（8）坐(在……上)；放(在……上)。
（上にのせる。
）腰を掛ける。
/坐下。
いすに掛ける。
/坐在椅子上。
（9）乘。
（かけ算をする。
）5に3を掛ける。
/五乘以三。
駆ける日【かける】【kakeru】②【自动・二类】（1）跑，快跑，奔跑。
（はやく走る。
疾走する。
）決勝点までまっしぐらに駆ける。
/一直向决胜点猛冲。
（2）（骑着马）跑，策马疾驰。
（馬に乗って走る。
）賭ける日【かける】【kakeru】（1）〔賭けごとをする〕打赌;赌输赢.金を賭ける／赌钱.マージャンに金を賭ける／打麻将赌钱.（2）〔危険をおかす〕拼（命）,不惜（一切）.命をかけて戦う／拼命奋战.加減日【かげん】【kagenn】◎【名·他动·三类】【接尾】（1）〈数〉加减；加法和减法。
（加えることと減らすこと。
）加減乗除。
／加减乘除。
（2）调整，调节（ほどよくする）；斟酌（事情を考慮して）；变换。
（形式・内容を変えて。
）速度を加減する。
／调整速度。
（3）程度；状态，情况。
（事物の具合。
）湯の加減。
／洗澡水的凉热程度。
過去日【かこ】【kako】①【名】（1）过去，既往。
（過ぎ去った時。
昔。
前歴。
）過去をしのぶ／回忆过去。
（2）前生，前世。
2023年英语专业四级听写50篇完整版
英语专业四级听写50篇前言听写在英语专业四级统考中占有15％的比重，是考试的重要组成部分。
说起听写，正在准备和已经参与过英语专业四级考试的同学会说：“我能明白听写的内容，可写的时候就是跟不上！”“短文大意我明白，可是有的语我不会写。
”这只反映出了问题的两个方面。
一是听写速度不够快。
二是词汇量不够或词汇掌握得不够准确。
这些无疑是影响听写成绩的重要因素。
但是，这些不是问题的所有。
在从事听写教学及听写问卷过程中，很容易发现学生失分的具体问题：（1）没听懂，没听好，听写速度跟不上，写出的内容断断续续不连贯，学生因此大量失分；（2）有的词汇没听懂，拼写不够准确，这导致听写失分；（3）时态错误导致失分；（4）单复数不准确导致失分；（5）没有注意断句或专有名词，句子开头单词或专有名词错误使用大小写导致失分；（6）没有注意原文冠词的使用，书写时漏掉冠词导致失分；（7）没有注意单数第三人称形式导致失分；（8）没有注意单数复数名词的形式导致失分。
上述问题的产生有的是缺少训练导致的，如书写速度跟不上。
有的则是语言基础较差导致的，如听力较差没有完全听懂或没有掌握好词汇。
而单复数、大小写、冠词漏写等则多是粗心大意导致的。
听写部分能提高吗？当然能！并且提高的空间很大。
笔者从事英语专业基础教学与研究，从一开始所带的教学班参与四级考试超过全国院校平均通过率28．2个百分点，超过全国专业外语院校平均通过率12．5个百分点开始，所带的教学班在全国英语专业④级统考中通过率始终ito％，平均成绩、优秀率始终名列前茅。
最近一次所带的教学班参与四级统考，又考出了很好的成绩，通过率超过全国院校平均水平26石个百分点，超过全国专业外语院校13．6个百分点，并且在十几个平行班中平均成绩是最高的，优秀人数也是最多的。
在四级考试中，听写一项的成绩也不例外，每次均位居第一，本项目满分15分，所带班级平均成绩可以达成14分。
是不是学生基础很好？登记表白，和平行班相比所带班级入学时并不存在什么特别优势。
英语专业四级教学大纲级考试大纲
英语专业四级教学大纲级考试大纲1.《教学大纲》对英语专业语法的总体描述是：能识别词类；区分名词的可数性和不可数性，可数名词的单、复数形式；基本掌握各种代词的形式与用法、基数词和序数词、常用介词和连词、形容词和副词的句法功能、比较级和最高级的构成及基本句型、冠词的一般用法；了解动词的主要种类、时态、语态及不定式和分词的基本用法、句子种类、基本句型和基本构词法。
掌握主谓一致关系、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等句型、直接引语和间接引语的用法、动词不定式和分词的用法、各种时态、主动语态、被动语态和构词法。
其中对四级的要求是：除掌握上述内容外，还应该熟练掌握主语从句、同位语从句、倒装句和各种条件句。
2.《教学大纲》对英语专业词汇的总体描述是：认知词汇不少于2，000个；掌握1，200个左右的常用词和一定数量的习惯用语及固定搭配，并能在口语中运用；认识740个左右的单词和一定数量的习惯用语及固定搭配，能根据上下文的提示理解其含义。
通过基础英语课、阅读课和其他途径认知词汇达4，000～5，000个（其中含中学已学的2，000个），正确而熟练地使用其中的2，000～2，500个及其最基本的搭配。
其中对四级的要求是：通过基础英语课、阅读课和其他途径认知词汇5，500 6，500个（含第二级要求的4，000～5，000个），正确而熟练地运用其中的3，000～4，000个及其最基本的搭配。
近年来专业四级考试中Grammar and Vocabulary部分中，50%为词汇、词组和短语的用法，约50%为语法结构。
该题在总分中虽占分不多,但作为测试考生英语水平之基础,它对于TEM4中所有题项影响之大是众所周知的，因为任何一门外语的学习均始于词汇和语法，且对于词汇数量及其深度的掌握程度在一定意义上反应一个人的英语水平。
因此，掌握词汇和语法对于在TEM4中取得好成绩显得尤为重要。
综观这近几年考题，可发现：1．语法考题的涉及面宽，近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类；三种动词的非谓语形式；各种从句及关系词的用法；动词时态、虚拟语气、情态动词的用法；独立主格，主谓一致，倒装，强调、并列结构等基本语法知识。
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文官制度改革寡头政治；寡头统治；寡头统治的国家n［U］暴政；|C,U］暴君统治的国家n作用；功能；职能；职责adv•专断地；权威地vt使（某人）做某事；强迫公共收入公债利益集团商业投机行为n独占；控制劳工法宪政原则n暴君n ［C］总督n［U|管理；监督；主管n按日给出津贴；出差津贴邮政服务州政府联邦政府adj不偏不倚的；公正的；中立的n办公室adv到目前为止高度集权髙度分权官僚主义狂热n特许权；获特许权的企业或机构国民同意n政治组织；国家组织；政治;adj贵族的；贵族气派的一个贵族享有特权的政体政体Part 1: Professional Words and Terms civil service reformscrutinyrskrutani|the history of systematic thought dogmatize[v d gmata z] sovereigntvr nt ] the essence and seat of sovereignty popular power prerogative [pr f r gat v] kingly prerogative controvers kantra f vasi| monarchy「m nok ]n.|U|细察；详审系统思想史v・教条或武断地表达；论证n. |U|主权：君权主权的本质与地位人民的权力，民间力量n.权利；（尤指）特权君主特权n |U,C|公开辩论；论战n・君主政体；君主制；君主国democracy|d *in kras |n [U|民主;民主政体；民主制度［C］民主国家oligarchy rala f garki| tyrannrani]function imperatively! m'pc忖tvli| coinpel|kdin v pel| publicrevenues |f revanju:| publicdebts [det] vested interestscommercial speculationmonopoly |m3!napali| theStatute of Laborersconstitutional principledespot[f desp t] satrap rsaetnep]superintendence per diem[pada om] postal service authoritystate federal governmentimpartial) m'par al| bureaux「b juarau| hitherto[,hida'tu]highly centralized highlydecentralized bureaucraticfever franchise[f fr3ent aiz]popular assent[d Y sent] polityaristocratic [,aerist9f kracti k] apolity of aristocratic privilegeabsolute government在损失或损坏某事物的情况下adj•逻辑（上）的，符合逻辑的vt.命令, 扌决；颁布…为法令well-being principally popular sovereignty enthrone[in f 0 m n; en-| reign [re n] expertness 「kspa:tnis] reason axiom「acks am| fellowcitizens makeshift apotheosis 0 i'o sis| doctrine 「d ktrin) counting house unpartisan [ n'paztizaen] businesslike statutory [staetj tari] cnactmcnt|i9naektindnt| 政治批判；党派评论despotic[di v sp tik] patcrnallpa^tdnl] remunerative |ri f injun3rativ|liberal principles exempt [ig'zempt] general weal profess |pr9f fcs| symmetrical divisions of territory adj专制暴君的；专横的adj家长式管制的adj付酬的；有利可图的自由主义原则vt使免除（豁免）公共福利Vt声称；宣称；公开表明行政区划均匀the Constituent Assemblyherald 「h raid] civilmachinery [ma1 inari] a constitutional era[f ira| at the expense of prejudice|f pred dis| logical decree |d f kri | unlimited authority the year VI theAngevin/aend ivin| the Great Charter executive power vvcll-ordcrcd legislative Tied isbtiv|law-making制宪会议vi预示市政机器宪政时代m成见，偏见，歧视无限权力共和八年安茹王朝（1154-1216） n•英国大宪章（1215）执行力；行政权力adj.秩序井然的adj.立法的制定法律political criticism kritisizam]n康乐,安康;福利adv.主要地人民的主权（统治权）vt.使（国王、女王或主教）登基，即位n.任期；当政期n・专门性n・理性，理智n・公理；自明之理；格言市民们，公民们，同胞们11 •权宜之计，临时代用的物品n・尊为神圣*神化；美化n・教条，教义，学说n・会计室，账房，存账室adj.无党派性的；无偏见的adj•事务性的，有条理的，有效率的adj.依照法令的，法定的n.演出;展现;规定;通过jurisdiction[,d ris f dik on]m司法权；裁判权;管辖区域；管辖范围hither and thither 到处；向各处；忽此忽彼bring to book meed [mi d] authoritative critic| superintend [^supar candidate [ kaend10 r tatn*t nd] d t]apparatus! aepa raetss] a corps of civil servants appropriatehierarchy Q proprit| Tha ararki| characteristic disciplinelkaerakta'r st semi-corporate 「semi k rparat] the meanness of abigoted officialism officialism Q'f al zom]propose|pra f pa z| permanent officials 「p manantlrank and file perfunctory [p 'f gkt^ri] public counseipka nsl| personal government legitimate|1 *d t inat| denounce [d f na ns| the federal supremecourt tenetpten t] Patriotic | pe tri 1 t k|preconception peppercorn 「pepak dye in the wooltouchstone doctrinaire|9d ktr sanction 「saeqk an]conclusive imperial federation审查；盘问；惩罚某人n.〈古〉报酬，奖赏 v|权威性批判，权威性评论 讥•管理，监督，主管n.申请求职者，候选人;报考者 n（尤指政党或政府的）机构，组织 一支文官队伍适当的级别 特有的纪律半社团的k] 偏执的文牍主义式的卑劣行径 11 •官僚作风，官僚习气，官样文章 vt.&vi 提议，建议 常任文官 普通成员，士兵 adj.敷衍的,例行公事的；肤浅的 公开协商 个人独裁政府 adj.合情合理的；合法的 vt •公开指责;揭发；告发 联邦最高法院n ・原则，信条，教义，教条adj •爱国的，有爱国心的 n •事先形成的观点或思想，先入之见n •胡椒子，微不足道的东西坚定的（政治信仰）n ・试金石，（检验）标准adj.教条的，空谈理论的vt ・批准；认可adj.令人信服的，确凿的I m f p x 汕 帝国联邦n]fnea|burcaucratrbj ^rgkract] n ・官僚，官僚主义者，官僚作风的人 esprit de corps|es v pri:d3v k :r| ingratiate) n f gre e t| obeisance [a f be sans] confederation [kanfeda 1 re (a)n] honorarn (9)(e)r ]honorable|v andrdb31| subordination [s%b d f ne n| civil liberty ['lib 筑i]n •团体精神 vf ・讨好，谄媚 n.服从n.结盟；同盟，联邦adj.名义上的，诚信的 adj.可敬的，荣誉的，光荣的 n ・下属，隶属关系n •公民自由Part 1: Professional Words and Termsconcrete government judicial|d f d al| judicial authorities executive authorities 具体政府；实体政府adj •法庭的；法官的；审判的司法权威机关 行政决策机关administrative authorities 行政管理机关designate 「dez gne t] adj. 已受命（而尚未就职）的；任命；指派patronage) pe trail d | public patronage parlance[v parhns| vetoTvi ta ]speculation[9spekj f lc n] expediency! k'spid ansi) practical expediency viz [v z] brutum fulmenheretofore[h at 'f unyieldingl n'ji IdIK 支持，赞助，资助 公职任职权 n ・用法；说法n 否决权；否决：否决某事物的陈述 11.思索，探讨 n ・适宜，有利，利己便于实践adv. ＜正，书 ＞即;就是n.空雷不雨，虚张声势；一纸空文 adv.在此之前；迄今；迄今为止Iq|adj ・不易变形的；（喻）固执的；不屈从的Part 1: Professional Words and Terms• initiative ） f n ot v| • incentive | n f sant v| • deliberately[d ‘1 baratli] •ingenuity!, nd a'nudti]I regularity|regj 恤mt spasmodically [spaez Y m by far knack [nxk] rule of thumb [ 0 m resent[rfzent] opposition) po'z ihand overnumerical|nju !mer intricate!9 ntr kat] immense! f mens] prcccdc[pr f si d| doveta训'd vte 1| discorded skd] illustration b h'streG)n] n.创始力；初步的阶段或行动n.激励性；刺激；动机adv •故意地；（行动、言语等）从容而谨慎的 n.聪明才智；灵巧；机敏n.规律；经常；定期d kli] adv.时作时停地；断断续续地 大量；甚多 n.（直觉的或由练习而得的）技巧；决窍 凭感觉的方法；单凭经验的方法 vt.对……感觉不愉快；愤恨；怨恨n.反对；敌对；相反 将某人交给当局；交给他人 数字的；数字上的；表示数量的 adj.复杂的；使人迷惑的；难了解的 adj.极大的vi.在前；居先；先于 vt./vi.（喻）吻合；密合 n.不和谐；不一致n.举例或以图表说明；例证an]adv •独裁地等级从属关系 v ・规定；命令；指不 Il •先决［必要I 条件，前提(to, for)按……的本性，好像 m 报酬，薪水 !!・门槛；〈喻〉开始adj •相等的，相当的自由劳工契约n ・义务；责任 adj •祖传的；世袭的 adj.冷淡的;客观的文化价值观念n ・［德］代用品decreePart 2: Professional Words and TermsOfficialdom [Jf lddin| modernofficialdom jurisdictional|,d ar s f d k anl] jurisdictional area 「cor 3] administrative regulations coercive mcans[kdu v d ：siv] fulfillinent feudal structure[f fjudl| personal trustees [tr s f tiz] tablecompanions[kam Y paenjdnz] con "servant office hierarchy levels of graded authority subordination[sa ?b d T ne n]n ・官场，官僚作风，官员 现代官僚；现代官员 讪•司法权的，管辖权的 管辖范围 行政法规强制手段11 •履行，实行封建国家结构 个人的委托人 同伙职位层级化 权力等级n ・服从，附属，从属关系monocraticallyhm nAkraet kl |hierarchical subordinationincumbent! n f k inbant| draught form [dra ft] subaltern|sd f b ltdn] subaltern officials business assets「aesets|private fortunes 「pra vat|rt intrinsically! n f tr ns kali] presupposeobligaton|91bl gat (9)r ] discharge exhaustive! g fz st v]jurisprudence[9d ar s f prudns]n.(教会中的)任职者草稿 adj •下的，副的，次的 辅助性官职企业财产QHZ ］私人财产adv.固有地，内在地讥•预先假定；推测，以・・・为前提 adj •必须的，必要的；要求的vt ・・执行；履行adj •全面的，彻底的，透彻的!!・法学，法理学n.命令，法令，政令patrimonialism|9pactn v mdunidlizdm| n.家产制；世袭制prescrib e|prfskra b|prerequi site|pri 'rekw zt| in the nature of emolument | f m ljumdnt] Threshold[* 0 re ,ho ld| equivalent) f kw valant| free labor contracts obligation^ bl f ge an] patrimonial! paetr f m3 njdl| impersonal) m'po s(d)n(d)l] ideas of culture-values ersatz 「gsaets]monocratically organized强制规范化adj.人造的，合成的adj •世俗的，尘世的；肉身的ndein| adj •远离俗世的 kl| Qdj •意识形态的n ・魅力，魔力vt.使程序化［常规化，习惯化］讥・尊敬；使神圣Vi ・努力；竞争，斗争；反抗n.尊敬；好评V ］ adj.规定的；惯例的；约定俗成的 等级秩序的规章n.侮辱；凌辱；无礼 n •鄙［蔑，轻，藐］视vi ・流行,盛行，风行社会分化 由…起源 n.（组织的）层，社会阶层因袭的身份地位adv.明白地，明确地adv •无感情地，理智地 n ・候选人；考生 陆军军官团m 行会，同业公会，协会行会式的封闭adj.受俸的讥•使复活；复兴；重现n •无产阶级，劳工m 优势；支配地位；控制力 由于（因为）；凭借…的力量牟利it.成层;层理社会分层n.鼓掌通过；称赞，欢呼 n •候选人；候补人；投考生vt. & vi.修改，更改adj.自治的n •门外汉，外行人 决定性作用vt.报答；归还；给予；呈递 m调拨，调配，促成n.候选人名单，提名名单 adv.充分地；基本上n ］ n ・区别，差别；划分 ndntli ］adv.主要地，显著地，突出地carthlvsuprainundane|9sju:prd v in ideological [用 d aH d charisma[k3f rzma]routinize[ru:Y ti:na z] hallow Phaek ] strive |stra v| esteem[ f stim] prescriptive [pr 'skr pt rules ofrank order insult | n !s It] contempt|kan f tein(p)t| prevail|pri f veil] differentiation [,d faren social differentiation predominantly[pr 'd in derive from |di Y raiv| strata 「stra ta| statusconventions[f ste tas| explicitly!k'spl s tli] impassively! m !paes vli] aspirant |a T spa arant| office corps guild[g Id] guild-likeclosure[f kh a] prcbcndal|pri v bcndl| resurrect] rez3f rekt| proletarian [,pr3 1 T tear dn] dominance[v d m nans] by virtue of]'、。