语言学练习题 (2)
语言学概论练习题2
语言学概论练习题一、单项选择题（在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
）1．“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约谓之不宜”的提出者是( C )A．老子B．孔子C．荀子D．庄子2．声音的强弱决定于( B )A．频率的大小B．振幅的大小C．发音体的松紧D．说话的速度3．语音中声带振动的浊辅音是(C )A．乐音B．噪音C．乐音和噪音的混合体D．纯音4．舌尖前不送气清塞音是( A )A．［t］B．［d］C．［ts］D．［s］5．汉语北京话中，有的人把“一般儿大”(同样大)说成“一边儿大”，这种现象在语音学上叫( D )A．同化B．异化C．弱化D．增音6．把词分为单纯词和合成词所依据的是( B )A．音节的数量B．语素的数量C．词的用途D．词的地位7．“背黑锅”、“走后门”、“碰钉子”都属于( A )A．惯用语B．谚语C．成语D．简缩词语8．外语学习中，学习者往往会建立一种不同于母语也不同于外语而只属于个人的语言系统，这就是( D )A．交叉语B．双语C．混合语D．中介语9．外语学习中，学习者的母语会对其所学的外语产生影响，这种现象叫( B )A．语言接触B．语言迁移C．语言混同D．语言杂糅10．机器翻译可以分为四个层级，其中最高的一级是( A )A．语境平面的翻译B．语义平面的翻译C．句法平面的翻译D．单词平面的翻译11．汽车司机行驶到路口，看见红灯就会马上停车，这是一种( A )A．感性思维B．逻辑思维C．发散思维D．推理思维12．人大脑的右半球掌管( B )A．语言活动B．直观动作的思维活动C．抽象思维D．判断和推理13．一般认为人大脑语言功能的临界期最迟是(D )A．2 至3 岁B．6 至8 岁C．9 至10 岁D．12 至13 岁14．从语言形式本身看，双词句标志着儿童产生了最早的( C )A．语音能力B．语义能力C．语法能力D．构词能力15．在儿童语言获得过程的某一阶段，儿童说出的话很像大人打电报时所用的表达方式，这个阶段他们的语言被称作“电报式语言”，这个阶段是( C )A．咿呀学语阶段B．单词阶段C．简单句阶段D．复杂句阶段16．小脑的主要功能是( C )A．连接大脑左右两半球B．负责内脏功能C．控制人体运动的平衡D．负责掌管记忆功能17．最小的音义结合的语言单位是( B )A．音素B．语素C．义素D．义位18．文字起源于( B )A．结绳B．图画C．结珠D．穿贝19．语言间亲属关系最重要的标志是( A )A．语音对应关系B．词汇对应关系C．语法对应关系D．文字对应关系20．要确定几种未定的“话”是属于同一“语言”的不同“…方言”，还是不同的“语言”，应当依据( C )A．说话者相互理解程度B．语言结构本身差异的程度C．共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D．说话者的民族21.下列关于“语言”的说法，不正确的一项是( D )A.语言系统是由多个子系统组合而成的B.语言是一个符号系统C.语言符号具有离散特征和线性特征D.语言符号的音义关系可以任意改变22.在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响的语言学流派是(C )A.历史比较语言学B.心理语言学C.结构主义语言学D.社会语言学23.下列元音音素都是后元音的一组是( B )A.[u, ε]B.[α, Λ]C. [ i e ]D.[o, a]24.下列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是( B )A.[d, 1]B.[b, k]C.[p, n]D.[t, v]25. 从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是( A )A.音位B.音素C.音节D.音渡26.句子语调的高低升降变化表现最为明显的是( C )A.句首部分B.句中部分C.句终部分D.句首和句终部分27.汉语普通话中的“我”和助词“的”单念时发音分别为[uo]和[tə] 而在实际语流中，“我的”发音是[uodə],这是语流音变中的( C )A.顺同化现象B.逆同化现象C.弱化现象D.异化现象28.语汇是词和语的集合，下列关于“语”的表述，正确的一项是( D )A.“语”是所有词组的集合B.“语”的意义是若干词的意义的加合C.“语”是可以拆分的语言片段D.“语”包括“固定词组”和“熟语”29.下列关于汉语词双音节化倾向的作用的说法，不正确的一项是( C )A.区别多义词的不同义项B.减少同音词C.减少同义词D.调整词的韵律节奏30.英语“students”中的“-s”是( C )A.虚词语素B.词根语素C.构形语素D.构词语素31.从词的构造方式看，下列各项中属于复合词的是( D )A.木头B.念头C.苦头D.山头32.下列现象中不属于词法手段的是( A )A.虚词B.重叠C.轻重音D.词形变化33.法语动词“是”的直陈式现在时有6 种变化，比如“je (我) suis (是)”，“il (他) est (是)”，“nous (我们) sommes(是)”等，这反映了法语中什么样的谓词属性范畴?( D )A.时B.体C.态D.人称34.划分词类的最本质的标准是( A )A.分布标准B.意义标准C.形态标准D.逻辑标准35.下列词类从大类到小类的归类，不正确的是( C )A.实词—谓词—动词—及物动词B.实词—体词—名词—处所名词C.实词—谓词—助词—时态助词D.实词—体词—量词—名量词36.下面词组中，结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是( D )A.年轻漂亮/朴素大方B.我们大家/首都北京C.铁路民航/工人农民D.贯彻执行/讨论研究37.下列成对的词语中，属于相对反义词的一组是( D )A.成功—失败B.合法—非法C.本地—外地D.勤劳—懒惰38.下列句子的语义结构属于简单述谓结构的一项是( A )A.老王昨天买了一台彩电B.李辉去图书馆借了一本书C.他觉得不应该这样做D.他没接住小李传过来的球39.造成“北京人多”一句歧义的主要原因是( D )A.一词多义B.不同的句法结构关系C.不同的语义结构关系D.不同的层次构造40.下列关于音符来源的表述中，正确的一项是( D )A.音符是从笔画发展而来的B.音符是从记号发展而来的C.音符是从声旁转化而来的D.音符是从意符转化而来的41.目前已知的最古老的拼音文字是( A )A.古埃及文字B.古希腊文字C.腓尼基文字D.中国的甲骨文42.下列关于语言起源的表述中，正确的一项是(D )A.语言产生于人类对外界各种声音的摹仿B.语言产生于人们的相互约定C.语言是人类有意识地在短时间内创造出来的D.语言是人类在长期进化发展过程中创造出来的43.有一类词，它们的词义和构词方式都来自外语，构词语素则是本民族语言的，这类词属于( B )A.借词B.仿译词C.意译词D.音译兼意译词44.下列关于思维和语言的关系的说法，不正确的是( C )A.感性思维不一定借助语言进行B.抽象思维有时与语言有脱节C.发散思维完全不需要借助语言D.抽象思维以语言为主要工具45.在儿童语言获得的过程中，标志着儿童产生最早的语义能力的阶段是( A )A.单词句阶段B.双词句阶段C.简单句阶段D.复杂句阶段46.下列词典中，属于语言词典的是( B )A.《永乐大典》B.《汉语成语小词典》C.《小学生作文词典》D.《北京地名词典》48.关于语言与言语的关系，下列说法中不正确的一项是( A )。
语言学练习第二章
Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of English consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [ ] voiced bilabial stop[ ] voiceless alveolar stop [ ] voiced alveolar stop[ ] voiceless velar stop [ ] voiced velar stop[ ] bilabial nasal [ ] alveolar nasal[ ] velar nasal [ ] voiceless postalveolar affricate [ ] voiced postalveolar affricate [ ] alveolar lateral[ ] voiceless labioldental fricative[ ] voiced labioldental fricative[ ] voiceless dental fricative[ ] voiced dental fricative[ ] voiceless alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar trill[ ] voiceless post-alveolar fricative[ ] voiced post-alveolar fricative [ ] glottal fricative[ ] bilabial approximant [ ] palatal approximantII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 2．A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are allb_______ sounds.4．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.6．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. <![endif]>7．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.9．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics iscalled n_________ transcription.10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.11．P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.13． T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]> 14．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.15．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative16. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features17. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme18．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones19．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal21．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/22．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature ofa sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variation is known as ____when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonationB.toneC. pronunciationD.voice2. Conventionally a ____is put in slashes.A.allophoneB.phoneC. phonemeD.morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ___ of the p phoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC. morphemeD.allophones4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A. minimal pairsB. alloorphsC. phonesD.allophones5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds.A. acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsD.neither of them6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D.[v]7. which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stopD.consonant10. which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false:1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2. sound [p] in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.3. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4. the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.5. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation..6. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.7.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.8.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and code.9. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.10. according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11. received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. phonology2. phoneme3.allophone4. acoustic phonetics5.. international phonetic alphabet6. intonation7.. phonetics8.auditoryphonetics 9.phone 10 tone 11. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?2. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?3. What are the major differences between phonology and phone? 音韵学和语音学4. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.5. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?（资料素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。
语言学练习（一,二）
语言学练习（一,二）Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 2Multiple choices (3*15=45?)1. Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe English consonants?A. voicelessB. oralC. alveolarD. lateral2. Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?A. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeB. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.C. Allophones distinguish meaning.D. Allophones are language-specific.3. The word _____ contains a high vowel.A. matB. mudC. dotD. boot4. Phoneticians adopt the following standards in describing English consonants. Which of the following is NOT correct about [s] sound?A. fricativeB. voicelessC. alveolarD. affricate5. The syllabic structure of “blade” can be described as______.A. CCVCB. CCVCVC. CVCD. CVCV6. _______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. AssimilationD. Metathesis7. Assimilation includes the following phenomena except________.A. nasalizationB. palatalizationC. dentalizationD. transmutation8. Which of the following statements is correct? ( )A. Diacritics added to letter-symbols bring out finer distinctions than the letters alone can do.B. The lips are the most flexible part in articulation, only secondary to tongue.C. The [e] sound in English is a front, semi-close, unrounded, tense vowel.D. Minimal pairs are created in order to show the distinctive value of one phone.9. Which is not a suprasegmental feature? ( )A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. conjuncture10. About phone, phoneme and allophone, which statement is wrong? ( )A. Phones are speech sounds we actually hear and produce during linguistic communication.B. Phones do not necessarily have distinctive values but phonemes do.C. Allophones in some cases also have distinctive values.D. Phones in complementary distribution are not necessarily allophones.11. Which one is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [?]C. [e]D. [I]12. _____ doesn?t form a minimal pair.A. meter-metreB. ill-isC. pad-patD. ton-tongue13. Conventionally, a ____ is put in slashes (/ /). A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme14. In the word______, [l] is velarized.A. leadB. stealC. lethalD. glide15. There are ____ syllables and _____ phonemes in the wordgentlemanly.A. 4, 9B. 3, 10C. 4, 10D. 3, 9Blank-filling (2*10=20?)16. If a sound can be a substitute for the other in a word in the same environment without changing the meaning, the two sounds are in__________ _________ (two words).17. The maximal numbers of consonants in coda position and onset position are respectively _____ and_____ (e.g. ________ and _______).18. The [g] sound is silent in design and paradigm but present in their corresponding forms signature and paradigmatic. This is due to a _______ rule which could be stated as: when occurring before a final consonant, a[g] sound is not pronounced.19. In terms of places of articulation, [θ] and [e ] can be classified into the category _______.20. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit which has distinctive value.21. When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be _______. True or false (T for true and F for false 1*10=10?)22. Linguists are concerned with all the sounds produced by the human speech organs. ( )23. English has four basic types of intonation. ( )24. Suprasegmental features cannot distinguish meaning. ( )25. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not. ( )26. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception ofspeech sounds. ( )27. The stress can be laid on different syllables of a word, resulting in different meanings. ( )28. Because of assimilation, the negative forms of legal and possible are illegal and impossible. ( )29. All vowels are voiceless. ( )30. [m] sound is both a labiodental and a nasal. ( )31. The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. ( )Brief definitions (3*5=15?)32. phonology33. articulatory phonetics34. complementary distributionSound Description (2*5=10?)Describe the following speech sounds according to the criteria that we have learnt.35. [Λ]____________________________________________36. [ j ]____________________________________________37. [d?]____________________________________________38. [ h ]____________________________________________39. [ I ]____________________________________________Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 1Multiple choices (4*10=40?)1.Which of the following does not fall into the core of linguistics?A. phoneticsB. syntaxC. sociolinguisticsD. semantics2.Of the following statements, which is incorrect?A.Applied linguistics in a narrow sense refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching.B.The study of language variation in terms of gender and psychology belongs to the category ofpsycholinguistics.C.Modern linguistics takes a descriptive attitude rather than a prescriptive one in language study.D.The ultimate goal of language is not just to generate grammatically well-formed sentences but to createmeaningful sentences.3.Which of the following statements are problematic?A.Modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective, which seeks to describe the language people actually use.B.According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of acommunity, while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.C. A diachronic approach in modern linguistics is given priority over a synchronic one.D.N. Chomsky thinks what a linguist should study is an ideal speaker’s performance instead of his competence.4.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in some different ways except ____.A.Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is laying down rules of “correctness”.B.Spoken language is given prominence, not the written language in modern linguistics. The situation wasreverse in traditional grammar.C.Traditional grammar only examined one aspect of language while modern linguistics studies language in a comprehensive way.D.Modern linguists are opposed to the notion that any one language can provide an adequate framework for all others while traditional grammarians proposed a universal framework.5.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”--The famous quotation from Shakespeare's playRomeo and Juliet demonstrates that language and objects in physical world are associated by _____.A. conventionB. rulesC. arbitrarinessD. symbols6.Choose correct statements about arbitrariness of language.______/doc/fd6908020.html,nguage is not entirely arbitrary.B.Onomatopoeic words in language are motivated.C.Some compounds in language are not formed entirely arbitrarily.D.Different sounds may refer to the same object in different languages.7. A professor is employing the _____ function when he says, “Next, I will explain what …Paleozoic? means.”A. referentialB. conativeC. metalinguisticD. poetic8.Human language can be used to refer to situations removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.This design feature is called _____.A. productivityB. displacementC. discretenessD. duality 9.According to Halliday, when we use language to organize our experience of the real or imaginary world, we are performing the _____ function of language.A. textualB. interpersonalC. ideationalD. evaluative10.We can understand abstract words like happiness and motivation. This shows language has the propertyof _______.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacementTrue or false (T for true and F for false) (4*6=24?)11. Recursiveness, as seen in some sentences, well illustrates the creativity of language. ( )12. Some animal communication systems do show the feature of duality. ( )13. The sentence “I like the idea that Joseph proposed at the conference” shows referential function of language.( )14. Human child must learn a specific language after s/hewas born though genetically endowed with the ability to learn. ( )15. The distinction between syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation was made by N. Chomsky. ( )16. A linguistic study is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language. ( )Brief Definitions17. What is language? (6’)18. What is called general linguistics? (10’)Thought-provoking Question (20’)19. Is it necessary to make a distinction between speech and writing in linguistic study? Why?。
语言学概论练习题1-4套 (1)
语言学概论试题(1)一、填空1、语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（根词/基本词汇）。
2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的（辅助）交际工具。
•3、我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的（语文学），通称为“小学”。
4、英语属于印欧语系的（日耳曼）语族的西部语支。
•5、是否能够（独立/自由）运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。
6、语言发展的主要特点是（渐变性）和（不平衡性）。
二、选择题••••••1、中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ）••Ａ、文字学Ｂ、语音学••Ｃ、词汇学Ｄ、语法学•2、汉语属于（B）•Ａ、屈折语Ｂ、词根语•Ｃ、多式综合语Ｄ、粘着语•3、一种语言中数量最少的是（B）••Ａ、音素Ｂ、音位••Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音节•4、文字的前身是（C）••Ａ、结绳记事Ｂ、手势••Ｃ、图画记事Ｄ、实物记事•5、派生词中包含（B）••Ａ、词尾Ｂ、词根••Ｃ、虚词Ｄ、根词•6、语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（C）••Ａ、音素Ｂ、义素••Ｃ、语素Ｄ、音位7、汉语“忽然”出现的位置是（C）••Ａ、主语位置Ｂ、谓语位置••Ｃ、状语位置Ｄ、定语位置8、以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（D）•••Ａ、土话Ｂ、客家话•••Ｃ、客套话Ｄ、黑话9、下列语素中属于自由语素的是（C）•••Ａ、初Ｂ、视•••Ｃ、人Ｄ、民能够独立成词，也能够同别的语素组合成词语的语素叫自由语素。
例如：人——人们、人民、人类、人生、众人、强人……电——电灯、电话、电影、电视、闪电、静电……10、在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，•具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（D）••Ａ、转换关系Ｂ、组合关系••Ｃ、层级关系Ｄ、聚合关系三、试以国际音标标出下列各词的读音1、优秀2、维持3、宏观4、精神5、离开四、用义素分析法分析下列各组词1、瞻仰 [+用眼 +往一定方向 +崇敬地]鸟瞰 [+用眼 +往一定方向 +向下]2、生[+存在状态 +开始或继续]死[+存在状态 +结束]五、简答题1、指出汉语普通话a音位的几个条件变体，描述其发音特点和出现条件。
语言学练习题2
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets.(2%X10=20%)1. The study of language development at some point in time is generally termed as___________ linguistics.A. comparativeB. appliedC. synchronicD. diachronic2. N. Chomsky is a famous _____________ linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. GreekD. Swiss3. In the following sounds ___________ is a voiceless consonant..A. [d]B.[g]C. [t]D. [b]4. In English, “pill” and “bill” are ___________.A. a phonemic contrastB. complementary distributionC. assimilation D a minimal pair5. The word “unhappiness” has ____________ morpheme(s)A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four6. In English the letter combination “care” in the word “carelessness” is called ___________.A. suffixB. prefixC. infixD. free morpheme7. A word with several meaning is called _________.A. a synonymous wordB. a polysemous wordC. an abnormal wordD. none of the above8. We call the relation between “animal” and “tiger” as ___________.A. polysemyB. synonymyC. hyponymyD. homophony9. The pair of words “let’ and “rent” is called ___________.A. relational oppositesB. gradable antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms10. Which description of the meaning components of the word “mother” is right.A. [+human, +adult, +male]B. [-human, +adult, +male]C. [+human, +adult, -male]D. [+human, -adult,-male]第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%X10=10%)11. P________ is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.12. M________is the study of the way in which words are formed.13. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d__________.14. The description of a language as it changes through time is a d_________ study.15. Similar to Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is the distinction betweenc________ and performance by the linguist N. Chomsky.16. Language is p________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its uses.17. The English sounds [m],[n] and [N] are called n_______ consonants.18. The morphemes such as “-en”, “dis-” and “–ism” are called b_______ morphemes.19. The words of a sentence are produced one after another in a sequence is thel____________ structure of a sentence.20. Jane Austin’s Speech Act Theory includes locutionary act, illocutionary act and p_______ act.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%X10=20%)21. Our mother tongue Chinese is a tone language.22. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, so the details of any language system are genetically transmitted, and not to be taught and learned.23. The English sounds [ai],[au][Ci][iE] and [tF] are called diphthongs.24. The morphemes “dog”, “able” and “quick” are free morphemes.25. The contextualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to but they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.26. The British English word “autumn” and the American English word “fall” are called stylistic synonyms.27. The relation between the words “male” and “female” is gradable antonyms.28. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning, it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a specific context.29. The maxim of manner by CP is to say what you believe to be true.30. Black English is the widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language。
语言学练习题（2）
语⾔学练习题（2）第⼀部分、【练习与思考】⼀、填空题1、语⾳的发⾳、传递、感知三个环节，分别对应于语⾳的（）（）（）三个⽅⾯的属性。
2、语⾳同其它声⾳⼀样，也具有（）（）（）（）四个要素。
3、⼈类的发⾳器官可分为（）（）（）三⼤部分。
4、在发⾳器官中，唇、⾆头、软腭、⼩⾆、声带等是能够活动的，叫做（）发⾳器官；上齿、齿龈、硬腭等是不能活动的，叫做（）发⾳器官。
5、⼝腔中最为灵活的发⾳器官是（）6、从⾃然属性⾓度划分出来的最⼩语⾳单位是（）。
7、根据发⾳特点，⾳素可以分为（）和（）两类。
8、每个元⾳的⾳质是由（）（）（）三个⽅⾯的因素决定的。
9、辅⾳的发⾳特点是主要由（）和（）两个⽅⾯决定的。
10、[t]—[d]的区别性特征表现为（）对⽴。
11、汉语拼⾳⽅案是以（）字母为基础制订的。
12、语⾳中具有辨义作⽤的最⼩单位是（）。
13、⼀个⾳位通常是归纳⼏个⾳素的结果，那么，属于同⼀⾳位的⼏个⾳素叫（）。
14、⼀般把具有辨义作⽤的⾳⾼、⾳强、⾳长形成的⾳位分别叫做（）（）（）。
15、（）是听觉上能够⾃然辨别出来的最⼩语⾳单位，它也是语⾳中最⼩的（）单位。
16、汉语的⾳节通常可以分为（）、（）和（）三部分，其中韵母⼜分（）、（）、（）三部分，声母和韵母是由（）⾳位构成的，声调由超⾳质⾳位的（）构成的。
17、常见的语流⾳变主要有（）（）（）（）四种。
18、我们在念“⽼虎”时，通常要把“⽼”念成类似阳平，这种变化叫做（）。
⼆、分析题1、根据发⾳特点描述，分别写出相对应的元⾳或辅⾳。
①⾆⾯后半低圆唇元⾳；②⾆⾯前半⾼不圆唇元⾳；③⾆⾯前低不圆唇元⾳；④⾆⾯后⾼圆唇元⾳；⑤⾆⾯前⾼圆唇元⾳；⑥⾆⾯后半⾼不圆唇元⾳；⑦双唇不送⽓清塞⾳；⑧⾆尖中浊⿐⾳；⑨⾆根清擦⾳；⑩⾆尖前送⽓清塞擦⾳；、指出下列各组⾳素的区别特征。
－－－－－－三、名词解释、语⾳、⾳质、⾳素、⾳标、半元⾳、⾳位、⾳位变体、条件变体、⾃由变体、典型变体、超⾳质⾳位、⾳⾼、⾳强、⾳长、区别性特征、⼆合元⾳、复辅⾳、语流⾳变、同化、异化、弱化、脱落、历史⾳变、语⾳规律四、思考题、与其他声⾳相⽐，语⾳的突出特点是什么？、在没有看见⼈的情况下，为什么我们能分辨出是男⼦说话还是妇⼥说话？是⼤⼈说话还是⼩孩说话来呢？、举例说明什么是⾳素？为什么要强调在⼀次发⾳中来辨别⾳素？、造成不同⾳质的原因有哪些？、⾳长、⾳⾼、⾳强和⾳质的联系？、语⾳的社会性表现在哪些⽅⾯？、国际⾳标有哪些优点？、元⾳和辅⾳的区别有哪些？、⾳位的主要特征是什么？、⾳位、⾳素、⾳位变体的关系？、条件变体和⾃由变体有何区别？、划分和归并⾳位的基本原则是什么？、为什么说⾳位总是属于具体语⾔或⽅⾔的？、特定语⾔中的⾳位系统⼤致包括哪些内容？、不同语⾔或⽅⾔⾳位系统的差异主要表现在哪些⽅⾯？、语⾳规律的制约条件主要有哪些？、⾳位体系的演变包括哪些内容？、举例说明语⾳的同化与异化、弱化与脱落。
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版)2
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第四章)I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of m orphemes into words. 2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic kn owledge of a language speak-er are known as linguistic competence.5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.6. In a complex sentence, th e two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitiv e phrase, and auxiliary phrase. 10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A no un phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-struct ure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the l etter given: 15. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a sub-ject a nd a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 16.A s______ is a structurally independ ent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question o r command. 17.A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually prec edes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_ ______ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that new words a re constantly added.22. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor an d a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to signific ant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.24. The theory of C____ condit ion explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete t he statement: 25.A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical-cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical 26. A __________ in the embedd ed clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinato r B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator 27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properti es. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional 28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand ____________A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above. 29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________. A. transformational rul esB. generative rules C. phrase structure rules D. x-bar theory 30. The theory of case conditio n accounts for the fact that __________. A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary. 31. The sentence structure is ________. A. only linear B. Only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite 33. The ________ rules are the rules that g roup words and phrases to form grammatical sentencesA. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational 34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. A. Generative B. Transformational C. X-bar D. Phrase structureIV. Define the following terms: 35. syntax 36. Sentence 37. coordinate sentence 38. synta ctic categories 39. grammatical relations 40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rules42. D-structure V. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence? 44. What are the major types of sentence s? Illustrate them with examples. 45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? 4 7. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5. T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.T II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 15. simple, 16. sentence 17. subject 18. predicate 19. complex 20.embedded 21. open 22.adjacency 23.Parameters 24.Case III. There ar e four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 25. D 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. A 31. D 32. C 33. D 34. BIV. Define the following terms: 35. syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structur e of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with o ther words to form grammatical sentences. 36. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally indepen dent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which conta ins a finite verb or a verb phrase. 37. coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains t wo clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "o r". 38. syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refe rs to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function. 39. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functi onal relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cas es, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .40. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the syst em of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.41. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.42. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.V. Answer the following questions: 43.What are the basic components of a sentence? Normally, a sentence consists of at least a s ubject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase. 44. What are the maj or types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples. Traditionally, there are three major ty pes of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex se ntence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicat e and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coo rdinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating con junction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentenc e do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For exam-ple: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin-guistics. 45. Are the elements in a sentence li nearly structured? Why? No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after an other in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not comp osed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another f ollowing a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sen-tences are also hierarchically structured. They are orga-nized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phra se (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can be seen from the following tree diagram:S NP VP Det N Vt NPDet N The boy likes the music. 46. Wh at are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? The tre e diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups wo rds into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each struct ural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship am ong linguistic elements. 47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples. NP movemen t in-volves the movement of a noun phrase. NP-movement occurs when, for example, a sent ence changes from the active voice to the passive voice: (A)The man beat the child. (B). The child was beaten by the man. B is the result of the m ovement of the noun phrases "the man" and "the child" from their original positions in (A) to new positions. That is, "the man" is postposed to the right and "the child" is preposed to the left. Not all instances of NP-movement, however, are related to changing a sentenc e from the active voice to the passive voice. For example: (C) It seems they are quite fit for the job. (D) They seem quite fit for the job. These sentences are identical in meanin g, but different in their superfi-cial syntactic representations. It is believed that they have the same underly-ing structure, but (27b) is the result of an NP movement.语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第五章)I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American Engl ish but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or Ame rican English. 2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different refere nces in different situations. 4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsi c and inherent relation to the physical world of experience. 5. Contextualism is based on t he presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context s. 6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. 7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. 8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. 9. “it is hot.”is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analy sis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the let ter given: 11. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning. 12. The conceptualist vie w holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. 13.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 14. W ords that are close in meaning are called s________. 15. When two words are identical in s ound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________. 16.R_________ o pposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.17. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided i nto meaning components. 18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 19. An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. 20. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a lan-guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. III. There are fou r choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth 22. “We shall k now a word by the company it keeps.”This statement represents _______. A. the conce ptualist view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D.behaviourism 23. Whic h of the following is not true? A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the lin guistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized. D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in. 24. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes 25. ____ _______ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning compone nts, called semantic features. A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis 26. “alive”and “dead”are ______ ________. A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposites C. complementary antony ms D. None of the above 27. _________ deals with the relationship between the ling uistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. A. Reference B. C oncept C. Semantics D. Sense 28. ___________ refers to the pheno广告网址n that words having different meanings have the same form. A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy 29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________. A. homonyms B. polysemy C. hyponyms D. synonyms 30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _ ______. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic fea tures IV. Define the following terms: 31. semantics 32. sense 33 . reference 34. synonymy 35. polysemy 36. homonymy 37. homophones 38. Homographs 39. complete homonyms 40. hyponymy 41.antonymy 42 componential analysis 43.grammatical meaning 44. predication 45. Ar gument 46. predicate 47. Two-place predication V. Answer the following questions: 48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components? 49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with exampl es. 50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth val ues? 51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous re lation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values? 52. According to the way synonyms di ffer, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples. 53. W hat are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ?I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5. T 6.T 7.F 8.T 9.T 10.T II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 11. Semantics 12. direct 13.Reference 14. synonyms 15.homopho nes 16.Relational 17. Componential 18. selectional 19. argument 20. naming III. There are fo ur choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 2l.A 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.B 26.C 27.A 28.C 29.D 30.A IV. Define the following terms: 31. Se mantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. 32. Sense: Se nse is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised. 33. Reference: Refere nce means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relati onship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience 34. Synonym y :Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. 35. Polysemy :Polysemy r efers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning. 36. Homonymy:Homonymy refers to the pheno广告网址n that words having different mean-ings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 37. homoph ones :When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones 38. homographs : When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. 39. complete homonyms.:Wh en two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms.40.Hyponymy :Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 41. Antonymy :Antonymy refers to the relation of opposite ness of meaning. 42. Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was pro-posed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief t hat the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which are called sema ntic features. 43.The grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its grammatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence i s governed by the grammatical rules of the language. 44. predica-tion :The predica-tion is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. 45. ar-gument : An ar-gument is a logical particip ant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence. 46. predicate : A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical re lation linking the arguments in a sentence. 47. two-place predication :A two-place predication is one which con-tains two arguments. V. Answer the following qu estions: 48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the mea nings of all its components? The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the mean ings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example; (A) The dog bit the man. (B) The man bit the dog. If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its co mponents, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are diff erent in meanings. As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical mea n-ing and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog”and “the man”in (A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog”and “the man”in (B). T he meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that r elate one word syntagmatically to another. 49.What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples. Componential analysis, pro-pos ed by structural semanticists, is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on t he belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are c alled semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usuall y written in capitalized letters. For example, the word “man”is ana-lyzed as consisting of the semantic features of [+ HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE] 50. How do yo u distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values? Entailment is a relation of inclusion. Suppose there are two sentences X and Y: X: He has been to Fran ce. Y: He has been to Europe. In terms of truth values, if X is true, Y is necessarily tru e, e.g. If he has been to France, he must have been to Europe. If X is false, Y may be t rue or false, e. g. If he has not been to France, he may still have been to Europe or he h as not been to Europe. If Y is true, X may be true or false, e.g. If he has been to Europe, he may or may not have been to France. If Y is false, X is false, e.g. If he has not been to Europe, he cannot have been to France. Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y i s an entailment of X. The truth conditions that we use to judge presupposition is as follows: Suppose there are two sentences X and Y X: John' s bike needs repairing. Y: J ohn has a bike. If X is true, Y must be true, e.g. If John' s bike needs repairing, John mus t have a bike. If X is false, Y is still true, e. g. If John' s bike does not need repairing, Jo hn still has a bike. If Y is true, X is either true or false, e.g. If John has a bike, it may or may not need repairing. If Y is false, no truth value can be said about X, e.g. If John doe s not have a bike, nothing can be said about whether his bike needs repairing or not. There fore, X presupposes Y, or Y is a presupposition of X. 51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous relation, inconsistent relation in terms of tr uth values? In terms of truth condition, of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false, therefore X is synonymous with Y e.g. X; He was a bachelor all his life. Y: He never married all his life. Of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true, then we can say A is inconsistent with Y e.g. X: John ismarried. Y: John is a bachelor.52. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.According to the ways synonyms differ, synonyms can be divided into the following group s. i. Dialectal synonyms They are synonyms which are used in different regional dialects. Bri tish English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English la nguage. For examples: British English American English autumn fall lift elevator Then dialectal synonyms can also be foun d within British, or American English itself. For example, "girl" is called "lass" or "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whisky" in Irish dialect. ii. Stylistic synonyms They a re synonyms which differ in style or degree of formality. Some of the stylistic synonyms ten d to be more formal, others tend to be casual, and still oth-ers are neutral in style. For exa mple: old man, daddy, dad, father, male parent chap, pal, friend, companion iii. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning They are the words that have the same meaning but express different emotions of the user. The emotions of the user indi cate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about . For exam-ple, “colla borator” and “accomplice” are synonymous, sharing the meaning of "a person who helps another", but they are different in their evaluative meaning. The former means that a person who helps another in do-ing something good, while the latter refers to a person who helps another in a criminal act. iv. Collocational synonyms They are synonyms which differ in the ir collocation. For example, we can use accuse, charge, rebuke to say that someone has done something wrong or even criminal, but they are used with different preposi-tions accuse. . . of, charge. . . with, rebuke. . .for. v. V. Semantically different synonyms Semantically differe nt synonyms refer to the synonyms that differ slight-ly in what they mean. For example, "a maze" and "astound" are very close in meaning to the word "surprise," but they have very s ubtle differences in meaning. While amaze suggests confusion andbewilderment, " astound" implies difficulty in believing. " 53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How do they differ? One of the oldest w as the naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, who believed that the w ords used in a language are taken to be la-bels of the objects they stand for. The conceptua list view holds that there is no direct link between a lin-guistic form and what it refers to.The form and the meaning are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Conte xtualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized; the situational context and the linguistic context. For example, the meaning of the word "seal" in the sentence "The seal co uld not be found" can only be determined ac-cording to the context in which the sentence occurs: The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried. (seal meaning an aqu atic mammal) The seal could not be found. The king became worried. (seal meaning the kin g's stamp)Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of lingui stic forms. Behaviorists attempted to de-fine the meaning of a language form as " the situati on in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer".语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第六章)Historical Linguistics I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. One of the tasks of the historical linguists is to explore methods to reconstruct linguistic history and establish the relationship between languages. 2. Language change is a gradual and constant process, therefore often indiscernible to speakers of the same generation. 3. The hi story of the English language is divided into the periods of Old English, Middle English and Modern English. 4. Middle English began with the arrival of Anglo-Saxons, who invaded th e British Isles from northern Europe. 5. In Old English, all the nouns are inflected to mark nominative, genitive, dative and accusative cases. 6. In Old English, the verb of a sentence often precedes the subject rather than follows it. 7. A direct consequence of the Renaissance Movement was the revival of French as a literary language. 8. In general, linguistic change i n grammar is more noticeable than that in the sound system and the vocabulary of a langua ge. 9. The sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, and in the loss, gain and move ment of sounds. 10. The least widely-spread morphological changes in the historical develop ment of English are the loss and addition of affixes. 11. In Old English, the morphosyntac tic rule of adjective agreement stipulated that the endings of adjective must agree with the h ead noun in case, number and gender. 12.。
《英语语言学概论》配套练习题(二)(判断题)
《英语语言学概论》配套练习题（二）（判断题）Chapter 1 An Introduction to Linguistics1. Duality is one of the charateristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.2. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language.3. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is more important for us.5. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.6. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.7. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.8. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.Chapter 2 Phonology1. Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2. Sound [p] in the word “spit” is an unaspirated stop.3. The airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modificaiton to acquire the quality of a speech sound.4. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.5. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.6. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.7. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.8. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people. Chapter 3 Morphology1. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.2. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.3. Base refers to the part of word that remains when all infletional affixes are removed.4. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.5.Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of conversion.6. The word, whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomapoeia.7. Backformation is a productive way of forming nouns in Modern English.8. All roots are free and all affixes are bound.Chapter 4 Syntax1. Application of the transformational rules yields deep strucutre.2. Move-a rule itself can rule out ungrammatical forms and result in grammatical strings.3. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronounn.4. A constituent which is not at the same time a construction is a morpheme, and a construction which is not at the same time a constituent is a sentence.5. IC analysis can be used to analyze all kinds of ambiguous structures.6. A sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of diacourse.7. Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.8. S-structure is a level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement.Chapter 5 Semantics1.Interrogative and imperative sentences do not have truth value.2.The raltionship between “human body” and “face/nose” is hyponymy.ponential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word cannot be dissected into menaing components, called semantic features.4.One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.5.Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same as meronymy.6.“Either it is raining here or it isn’t raining here” is empirically true.7.Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently.8.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. Chapter 6 Pragmatics1.If the context of use is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.2. A locutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.3.When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true.4.The utterance meaning of the sentence variees with the context in which it is uttered.5.While conversation participants nearly always observe the CP, they do not always observe these maxims strictly.6.Inviting, suggesting, warnign, ordering are instances of commissives.7.Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and thehearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implications arise.8.Of three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act because this kind of speech is identical with the speaker’s intention.Chapter 7 Language Change1.Pre-Indo-European languages are not attested whereas Proto-Indo-Europeanlanguages are attested.2.Some modern words come from the morphological change of the Old English. Forinstance, move comes form movement and teach comes from teachable.3.With the semantic broadening or narrowing, the meaning of a word is beingchanged constantly, although with one generation such difference is hardly obvious.4.The sentence I hate thee not was considered normal form of negation in OldEnglish.5.Both Chinese and Japanese have a logographic writing system; English and Greekhave an alphabetic writing system.6.In Old English, the affixation of the prefix Yan- to an adjective would change theword into a causative verb.7.In 1200, the official language in England was Old English.8.All case forms of Old English nouns have been lost in Modern English.9.In Old English, a verb precedes the subject instead of following it.Chapter 8 Language and Society10.In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situationsknown as domains.11.A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety ofthat language.12.A pidgin is not a native language of a particular region.13.When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he isconverting one mode of thinking into the other.14.Pidgins are rule-governed, like any human language.15.According to the strong version of the Sapir-Shorf hypothesis, speaker’sperceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.16.The sentences “He crazy”and “He be sick all the time”are both acceptible inblack English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous of black English.17.There are words of more or less the same menaing used in different regionaldialects.Chapter 10-11 Language Acquisitionnguage use is both systematic and non-systematic, subject to external as well as to internal variation.2.In linguistic study, linguists first work out a theory about language structure, then, test it with language facts.3.Formal instruction hardly affects the natural route of SLA.4.If language learners are provided with sufficient and the right kind of language exposure and chances to interact with language input, they will acquire the native-like competence in the target language.5.Phonologically slower rate of delivery is an example of conversational modification.6.Children’s grammar develops gradually until it becomes exactly the adult’s grammar.7.Foreinger talk is always ungrammatical.8.Learners with different first languages would learn a second language in differnet ways.Chapter 12 Language and Brain1. The right ear advantage (REA) is true no matter whether people have the left hemispheric dominance for speech or the less common right hemispheric dominance.2. In general, the left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.3. The left hemisphere is superior to the right hemisphere.4. Although the age at which children will pass through a given stage can vary significantly from child to child, the particular sequence of stages seems to be the same for all children acquiring a given language.5. At the multiword stage, simple prepositions, especially those that indicate positions such as “in”, “on” and “up”, begin to turn up in children’s speech.6. Children acquiring their first language simply beyond the critical age are hardly successful, such as the case of “Genie.”7. In first language acquisition children’s grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.8. Modern linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第一部分、【练习与思考】一、填空题1、语音的发音、传递、感知三个环节，分别对应于语音的（）（）（）三个方面的属性。
2、语音同其它声音一样，也具有（）（）（）（）四个要素。
3、人类的发音器官可分为（）（）（）三大部分。
4、在发音器官中，唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带等是能够活动的，叫做（）发音器官；上齿、齿龈、硬腭等是不能活动的，叫做（）发音器官。
5、口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是（）6、从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）。
7、根据发音特点，音素可以分为（）和（）两类。
8、每个元音的音质是由（）（）（）三个方面的因素决定的。
9、辅音的发音特点是主要由（）和（）两个方面决定的。
10、[t]—[d]的区别性特征表现为（）对立。
11、汉语拼音方案是以（）字母为基础制订的。
12、语音中具有辨义作用的最小单位是（）。
13、一个音位通常是归纳几个音素的结果，那么，属于同一音位的几个音素叫（）。
14、一般把具有辨义作用的音高、音强、音长形成的音位分别叫做（）（）（）。
15、（）是听觉上能够自然辨别出来的最小语音单位，它也是语音中最小的（）单位。
16、汉语的音节通常可以分为（）、（）和（）三部分，其中韵母又分（）、（）、（）三部分，声母和韵母是由（）音位构成的，声调由超音质音位的（）构成的。
17、常见的语流音变主要有（）（）（）（）四种。
18、我们在念“老虎”时，通常要把“老”念成类似阳平，这种变化叫做（）。
二、分析题1、根据发音特点描述，分别写出相对应的元音或辅音。
①舌面后半低圆唇元音；② 舌面前半高不圆唇元音；③ 舌面前低不圆唇元音；④ 舌面后高圆唇元音；⑤ 舌面前高圆唇元音；⑥ 舌面后半高不圆唇元音；⑦ 双唇不送气清塞音；⑧ 舌尖中浊鼻音；⑨ 舌根清擦音；⑩ 舌尖前送气清塞擦音； 、指出下列各组音素的区别特征。
－ －－ －－ －三、名词解释、 语音、音质、音素、音标、半元音、音位、音位变体 、条件变体 、自由变体、典型变体、超音质音位 、音高、音强、音长、区别性特征 、二合元音、复辅音、语流音变、同化、异化、弱化、脱落、历史音变、语音规律四、思考题、 与其他声音相比，语音的突出特点是什么？、在没有看见人的情况下，为什么我们能分辨出是男子说话还是妇女说话？是大人说话还是小孩说话来呢？、举例说明什么是音素？为什么要强调在一次发音中来辨别音素？、造成不同音质的原因有哪些？、音长、音高、音强和音质的联系？、语音的社会性表现在哪些方面？、国际音标有哪些优点？、元音和辅音的区别有哪些？、音位的主要特征是什么？、音位、音素、音位变体的关系？、条件变体和自由变体有何区别？、划分和归并音位的基本原则是什么？、为什么说音位总是属于具体语言或方言的？、特定语言中的音位系统大致包括哪些内容？、不同语言或方言音位系统的差异主要表现在哪些方面？、语音规律的制约条件主要有哪些？、音位体系的演变包括哪些内容？、举例说明语音的同化与异化、弱化与脱落。
五、讨论题、试比较汉语普通话中 所能出现的各种语音环境，为什么汉语拼音方案中只用一个字母代表它们？、汉语普通话中元音 ★↙ 归并为几个音位比较合适？、汉语普通话☯♦☑ ♦☑ ☑、 、 、☯ ⌧归并为几组音位比较合适？第二部分、【练习与思考】一、填空题、超语言的剩余成分是指（ ）中扣除语言成分后剩下的成分。
、语言是人类社会的（ ）工具，而且也是（ ）的工具，这是语言的两大社会功能。
、任何符号，都是由（ ）和（ ）两个方面构成的。
、语言符号的形式是（ ），语言符号的内容是（ ）。
、语言的底层是一套（ ），上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是（ ），第二级是（ ），第三级是（ ），第四级是（ ）。
、语言体系中的一切成分都以关系为基础，语言系统中的所有符号既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，这两种关系就是（ ）和（ ）。
、运用语言进行交际的过程，就是信息的（ ）（ ）（ ）（ ）和（ ）的过程。
、人类之所以具有语言，最重要的是人类具有（ ）能力和（ ）能力。
、根据思维活动的不同形态，可以把思维分为（ ）、（ ）和（ ）三种类型。
、语言作为一种特殊的社会现象，突出表现在它具有（ ）特点，没有阶级性。
、依照语言间亲属关系的亲疏程度可以把语言分为（ ）（ ）（ ）和（ ）。
其中，（ ）是最大的类，相互间的亲属关系最疏远。
、语言的亲属关系是用（ ）来确定的，如汉语和藏语是具有共同历史来源的亲属语言，它们都属于原始（ ）。
二、名词解释、语言、语余成分 、符号、组合关系 、聚合关系 、思维、动作思维 、形象思维 、抽象思维、亲属语言 、社会方言 、地域方言 、谱系分类 、皮钦语、克里奥耳语三、思考题、汉人说的就是汉语，英国人说的就是英语，对吗？为什么？、语言与言语的区别和联系是什么？为什么要把语言和言语区分开来？、为什么说语言也是一种符号？、语言符号和一般符号有什么不同？、语言符号的基本特征是什么？、语言符号的任意性具体体现在哪些方面？既然语言符号有任意性的特点，为什么对于使用语言的人又具有强制性？、谈谈你对语言符号组合的线条性和层次性的认识。
、促使语言变化的因素主要有哪些？为什么说语言符号既是难变的又是可变的？、怎样理解语言没有阶级性？、为什么说语言是一种社会现象？、怎样理解语言的全民性特点？、为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具？、任何一种语言所包含的句子的数量都是无限的，人类为什么能在有限的时间学会掌握语言呢？、为什么说组合关系和类聚关系是语言体系中两种最基本的关系？、语言和思维相互联系的主要表现？、语言和思维是一回事吗？为什么？、地域方言和社会方言是怎样形成的？它们的主要区别是什么？、地域方言和亲属语言的差异表现在哪些方面？讨论题：、人类语言能力是先天的还是后天学会的 为什么、儿童学习语言的过程是怎样的？、聋哑人能否进行思维？、智能机器人有没有思维？、动作思维、形象思维与语言有没有关系？、鹦鹉学舌，海豚学话，猩猩学会使用手势语能说明动物也有语言吗？为什么？第三部分、【练习与思考】一、填空题1、研究语言的结构，主要是研究（）（）（）（）四大部分。
2、我国传统的语文学即“小学”指的是（）（）（）三大部门。
3、（）（）（）具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。
4、（）是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。
5、（）被称为现代语言学之父，他的代表性著作是（）。
6、结构主义语言学在发展中又分出（）（）（）三大主要的学派。
7、美国描写主义学派的代表人物是（），其著作（）是这一学派的奠基性著作。
8、转换生成语言学派的奠基人是美国著名的语言学家（）9、研究某种语言或某种方言的某个结构部分在其发展过程中某一阶段的详细状况的分支学科是（）10、从具体研究对象上看，现代汉语属于理论语言学门类中的（）二、名词解释1、语言学2、小学3、普通语言学4、专语语言学5、共时语言学6、历时语言学7、应用语言学8、社会语言学9、心理语言学10、神经语言学三、思考题1、古代传统的语言研究和今天的语言研究有哪些不同？2、现代语言学的发展经历了哪几个主要时期？其主要的代表流派有哪些？3、为什么说语言学既是一门古老的科学，又是一门年轻的科学？4、广义的应用语言学主要包括哪些门类？第四部分【练习与思考】一、填空题1、常见的附加意义有（）、（）和（）。
2、同一个义位的质变主要有义位的（）、（）、（）三种情况。
3、一个词最初的意义是（），在他的基础上派生出来的意义是（）。
4、“批评”和“批判”的区别主要在于（）；“发挥”和“发扬”的区别主要是（）；“成果”和“后果”的主要区别在于（）。
5、具体语义系统中具有辨音功能的最小的所指功能差别单位是（）。
6、根据谓词与项目的组合关系，可以把谓词分为（）、（）、（）、（）。
二、名词解释1、词义2、理性意义3、语法意义4、附加意义5、感情意义6、语言义7、言语义8、语义学9、义位10、义位变体11、义丛12、义句13、区别性语义特征14、义素15、语义场16、同义关系17、反义关系18、上下义关系19、零谓词20、一元谓词21、二元谓词22、三元谓词三、思考题1、语义与意义、词义有什么区别？2、我们平常所说的语义，大致包含哪些方面的内容？3、举例说明常见的附加意义有哪些？4、词的理性意义与概念是相同的吗？5、语言义与言语义有什么区别？6、词义的主要性质特点有哪些？7、词义与它所反映的客观存在是否完全相等？8、为什么说概括性是词义的一个重要的特征？9、词义为什么会有模糊性特点？有哪些具体表现？词义的模糊是否会影响语言交际的准确性？10、语义研究的发展经过了哪几个重要阶段？各阶段的主要成就是什么？11、什么是同义词？同义词的意义差别可以从哪些方面来认识？12、反义关系主要表现为哪几种类型？13、义位为什么要组合起来？14、义位组合要受到哪些条件的制约？15、义句的主要结构类型有几种？16、举例说明词义发展演变的几种主要类型？17、引起词义演变的原因主要有哪些？讨论题：1、虚词有没有理性意义？2、区别性语义特征与义素相同吗？3、义位、词义和义项有没有区别？第五部分、【练习与思考】一、填空题1、根据使用情况，一般把语言系统中的词汇分为（）和（）两类。
2、语言系统中最基本的词汇单位是（）。
3、从词汇的整体看，所有词汇成分分属三个层次：（）（）（）。
4．基本词具有（）（）两个突出特点。
5、就借词的方式而言，“浪漫主义”“冰淇淋”“马克思主义”等属于（）。
6、一般词汇通常包括（）（）（）（）以及部分带有地域色彩的（）等。
7、社会方言词语包括不同阶级和阶层不同社会集团不同行业的人经常使用的（）（）（）等。
8、词汇的发展变化主要体现在（）（）（）三个方面。
二、名词解释1、词汇2、词位3、固定词组4、成语5、基本词6、根词7、古语词8、隐语三、思考题1、简述词汇的性质特点。
2、为什么说不同语言或方言的词汇是不同的系统？3、什么是基本词？什么是一般词？4、基本词汇的主要特点是什么？5、基本词汇和一般词汇的关系怎样？6、一般词汇主要包括哪些内容？7、简要说明社会方言和地域方言的异同。
8、词汇的发展变化主要表现在哪些方面？9、新词产生的途径与方式是什么？10、词汇发展演变的原因主要有哪些？讨论题：1、词汇是语言的建筑材料还是言语作品的建筑材料？2、“基本词具有很强的构词能力”的说法是否科学？3、词根与根词有何区别？第六部分、【练习与思考】一、填空题1、就语法单位而言，（）是最小的语言单位，是语法研究的下限；而（）是最大的语言单位，是语法研究的上限。
2、根据形位的活动情况可以将形位分为（）和（）；根据组成形位的音位是否连在一起，可以把形位分为（）和（）。