地理信息科学专业英语教程文件

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GIS专业外语

Chapter Four Geospatial Data
Learning Objectives 1. Understanding the contents of geospatial data 2. Be familiar with data collection, uncertainty 3. Be familiar with terminology
GIS store and process data in two formats, vector and raster. In the vector data model, the world is represented as a mosaic of interconnecting lines and points representing the location and boundaries of geographical entities. In raster data models, the data are represented as: an array of cells, or pixels, to represent real world objects.

Notes and Phrases location 定位 attribute 属性 arcs (lines) 弧线 polygons (traversed areas) 多边形 points (labeled nodes) 点(标识节点) nodes (intersection points). 节点（交汇点） Data collection 数据采集 color aerial photograph 彩色航空照片

4.1.2 Secondary geographical data capture Geographical data capture from secondary sources is the process of creating raster and vector files and databases from maps, photographs, and other hard-copy documents. Scanning is used to capture raster data. Table digitizing, heads-up digitizing, stereo-photogrammetry are used for vector data.

GIS专业英语教学教材

G I S专业英语第一课Comprehensive:全面的，综合的，Intellectual:智力的，才智的Jargon:专业术语Terminology:专业术语Geomatique:地理信息技术Geoscience:地球科学Derivative:派生物，衍生物Cartography:地图绘制学，地图绘制Architect：建筑师Preliminary：初步的，起始的Enumerate：列举，枚举Resemble：像，与……相似Transformation：转换第二课Automated：自动化的Equivalent:a等价的Cartographer：绘制图表者，制图师Mylar：胶片Electronic：电子的Encode：编码Orthophotoquad:正射影像图Aerial：空中的，航空的Aggregation：集合，聚合，集合体Reproduction：再现，复制，繁殖Dissemination：传播，宣传，传染Counterpart：相似之物Compactness：致密性Complexity：复杂，复杂性Hamper：阻碍，束缚Retrieval：取回，恢复，修补Analog：模拟的Planimeter:测面器，求积仪Phenomena：现象Quantitative：数量的，定量的Histogram：直方图，柱状图Supplementally:追加，补充Modification：修改，变型Cartogram:统计地图，统计图Hand-drawn：手绘Emergency：紧急事件Employe：雇佣，雇工Clarify：澄清，阐明Taxonomy：分类学，分类法Bifurcation：分歧，分叉Parcel:地块Conservation：保存，保持Procurement：获得，取得，采购Wildlife：野生动植物Earthquake：地震Landslide：泥石流，山崩Cadastral：地籍的，有关土地清册的Geodetic：大地测量学，最短线的Sophisticated：精致的，复杂的第三课Pervade:弥漫，遍及Aspect：坡向，方向，面貌Inevitable：必然的，不可避免的Proprietary：所有的，专利的Mineral：矿物的，矿质的Military：军队，军人Electricity：电力，电流Telecommunication：通讯，电信学Interconnect：使相互连接，相互联系Administrative：管制的，行政的Environmental：环境的，周围的Attribute：属性，特质Procedure：步骤，程序，手续Manipulation：操作，操纵，处理Historically：历史上地，Subsume：把…..归入，把…..包括在Eclipse：形成蚀，使黯然失色Visualization：可视化，Immense：巨大的，广大的Analogue：类似，相似物Conventional：常见的，惯例的Enquire：询问，打听Coniferous：松柏科的Highlight：强调，突出，Stress：强调，加压力与Derive：得到，源于Discipline：纪律，学科，惩罚Algorithm：算法，Interpret：说明，口译，解释Artificial：人造的，仿造的，虚伪的Geomatique:地理信息技术Cartography:地图绘制学，地图绘制Preliminary：初步的，起始的Cartographer：绘制图表者，制图师Encode：编码Aggregation：集合，聚合，集合体Retrieval：取回，恢复，修补Analog：模拟的Quantitative：数量的，定量的Histogram：直方图，柱状图Cartogram:统计地图，统计图Parcel:地块Geodetic：大地测量学，最短线的Cadastral：地籍的，有关土地清册的Attribute：属性，特质Procedure：步骤，程序，手续Prime meridian：本初子午线Algorithm：算法，Discipline：纪律，学科，惩罚Visualization：可视化，Globe；球体Map projection地图投影Planar projection；平面投影Azimuthal projection；方位投影Characteristic，特征，特性Reference globe；参考椭球体Scale factor；比例因子Principle scale；主比例尺Equivalent projection；等积投影Equidistant；等距投影Mercator transverse；横轴莫卡托投影Gnomonic protection；中心切面投影Lambert‘s equal area projection 兰伯特等级方位投影Intelligence：智力，理解力，Correlation：相关，关联Urban：城市的Agriculture：农业，农艺Adjunct：附属物，修饰语Subdiscipline:学科的分支，副学科第四课Globe；球体Illustrate；阐明Configuration；配置，结构，外形Thematic；主题的Encounter；遭遇；邂逅Map projection地图投影Cylindrical；圆柱形的Projection family；投影系Planar projection；平面投影Cylindrical projection；圆柱投影Conical projection；圆锥投影Azimuthal projection；方位投影Community，社区，团体Representation；表现，陈述Characteristic，特征，特性Retain；保持，记住Convert；使转变Reference globe；参考椭球体Principle scale；主比例尺Scale factor；比例因子Cardinal 主要的，基本的Angular conformity；角度一致Conformal；等角的Orthomorphic；正形的Equivalent projection；等积投影Fundamental；基本的Equidistant；等距投影Maintain；维持，维修，供养Standard parallel；标准纬线Vital；生死攸关的，至关重要的Preservation；保存，保留Mercator transverse；横轴莫卡托投影Shopping mall ；大卖场Lambert‘s equal area projection 兰伯特等级方位投影Stereographic；立体照相的Orthographic；直角的Georeference；地理坐标参考系Universal transverse Mercator；通用横莫卡托投影Data type；数据类型，资料类型Attribute；属性，性质Vector；矢量Raster：光栅Langscape；地表，地形Vertex；顶点，头顶Arc；弧形物，弧Node；节点Topology；拓扑学Vector-raster conversion矢量-栅格转换Quadtree；四叉树Computer-aided drafting；计算机辅助制图Orthophoto；正色摄影Map algebra地图代数Forestry stand；林地，林区Inappropriate；不适当的，不相称的Quantized：量化的Legend：传奇，图例Vegetation：植物，草木Geological：地质的Spatial：空间分析技术Binary：二元的，二进制的Residence：居住，住处Variable：易变的，多变的Run-length code:长度方向编码Subsystem：子系统Pattern：样式，模式Scheme：模式，设计Database：数据库Resolution：解析，决议Entity：实体Spaghetti model：面条模型Topological model：拓扑模型Coordinate:坐标From node：终点Intersect：交叉，相交Form node：起始点Graph theory：图论Analog：模拟地图Compact：紧密的Reduction：缩减，降低Codification：编码，译成代码Shorthand：速记法Theme：题目，主题Scheme：模式，计划Gnomonic protection；中心切面投影Coordination；对等，同等第五课Georeference；地理坐标参考系Ellipsoid；椭圆，椭面Department of defence；国防部Universal transverse Mercator；通用横莫卡托投影第六课Thematic；题目的，主题的Facilitate；促进，帮助Data type；数据类型，资料类型Animation；活泼生气，激励Attribute；属性，性质Narration；叙述，讲述Vector；矢量Raster；光栅Image；影像，肖像Photograph；照片，相片Langscape；地表，地形Vertex；顶点，头顶Arc；弧形物，弧Node；节点Connectivity；连通性，互联性Topology；拓扑学Mathematical；数学的，数学上的Adjacency；毗邻，四周Computer-aided drafting；计算机辅助制图Gridcell；格网单元Tesseate；棋盘格网的Quadtree；四叉树Data volume；数据卷Cumbersome；笨重的Vector-raster conversion矢量-栅格转换Imperative；必要的，势在必行的Map algebra地图代数Modeling；造型的Distinguish；区别，区分Orthophoto；正色摄影Ancillary；辅助的，Rectify；改正Summarize；总结，概述Aesthetically；审美的Continuous；连续的，持续的Filtering；过滤，滤除Idelally；理想的，观念上Descrete；离散的，不连续的Forestry stand；林地，林区Accommodate；供应，容纳Integrity；完整性，正直Inappropriate；不适当的，不相称的第七课Quantized：量化的Coverage：覆盖Legend：传奇，图例Vegetation：植物，草木Geological：地质的Efficient：有效的，生效的Awkward：笨拙的，尴尬的Checkerboard：棋盘Similarity：类似，相似点Recreation：娱乐，消遣Residence：居住，住处Variable：易变的，多变的Primary：主要的Eliminate：消除，排除Intuitive：直觉Binary：二元的，二进制的Accomplished：熟悉的，有技巧的Retrieve：检索的Manipulation：操纵，操作Mainframe：主机，Workstation：工作台，工作站Flexibility：弹性，灵活性Transparent：透明的，显然的Strengthening：强化，加固Linkage：连接，联系Spatial：空间分析技术Maturing：成熟第八课Run-length code:长度方向编码Compacting：压缩，精简Approach：方法Subsystem：子系统Acetate：一种透明胶片Numerical：数字的，数值的Giggling :轻笑，傻笑Humility：谦逊的Workload：负载，工作量Pattern：样式，模式Scheme：模式，设计Cumbersome：笨重的，难使用的Respectively：各自的，分别的Homogeneous：各种的，相似的Quadrant：四分之一Variable：变量的，易变的Resolution：解析，决议Subdivision：细分，子部Multiple：多个的，多种的Database：数据库第九课Reminiscent：提示的，怀旧的Entity：实体Implicit：隐式的，内含的Explicit：明晰的，明确的‘Intervening：干涉的Spaghetti model：面条模型Topological model：拓扑模型Envision：预见，展望Coordinate:坐标Enormous:巨大的Plotting device：绘图设备Precalculated:预先计算好的Incorporate：集成，包含Contact：接触Intersect：交叉，相交Identification：识别Tedious：冗长的Approximate：接近，使接近Polygon：多边形From node：终点Suffer：遭受Analog：模拟地图Graph theory：图论Portrayal：描述，画像Meandering：曲折的Drawback：缺点第十课Compact：紧密的Reduction：缩减，降低Codification：编码，译成代码Scheme：模式，计划Shorthand：速记法Theme：题目，主题第十一课Majority：大多数Algorithm：算法Plotter：绘图仪Rasterisation:栅格化Vectorisation：矢量化Approximation：近视，概算Pixel：像素Boundary：边界Minimise :使……最小化Sampling：取样Jaggedness:层次不齐Aliasing：扭曲，变形Signal processing：信号处理Counteracting；反作用Continuint；连续性Increment；增长Curve；曲线Neighbouring polygon相邻多边形Allocating；分配Areal；面积的Context，上下文，环境Dominant；重要的，强大的Clipped；裁剪的Rounding；圆的Associated；联合的Predict；预测Coherence；连贯性，相关性Aberration；偏离，偏差Strategy；策略Assumption；假定，臆断。

《专业英语》课程教学大纲

《专业英语》课程教学大纲课程名称（中文/英文）：专业英语/ Professional English 课程编码：12024019 课程类型：专业选修课课程性质：专业课适用范围：06地理信息系统学分数：2 先修课程：《大学英语》《地理信息系统》学时数：36 其中：实验/实践学时：0 课外学时：0 考核方式：考查制订日期：2006年制订单位：广州大学地理科学学院审核者：夏丽华执笔者：冯艳芬一、教学大纲说明（一）课程的地位、作用和任务（一）课程的地位、作用和任务该课程属于地理信息系统专业基础课之一，通过该课程的学习，学生基本能掌握常用的地理信息系统专业词汇，能查阅相关的外文资料，阅读简单的外文文献，阅读简单的外文文献，能进行简单的英文能进行简单的英文摘要撰写。

摘要撰写。

本课程的任务主要为：本课程的任务主要为：（1）增加学生专业词汇量增加学生专业词汇量（2）介绍专业文献阅读的技巧介绍专业文献阅读的技巧（3）加强对英文长句翻译的训练加强对英文长句翻译的训练（4）介绍论文英文摘要的写法介绍论文英文摘要的写法（5）介绍专业在国际上的发展趋势介绍专业在国际上的发展趋势（二）课程教学的目的和要求（二）课程教学的目的和要求能让学生在学完二年能让学生在学完二年《大学英语》的基础上，《大学英语》的基础上，《大学英语》的基础上，增加专业方面的词汇，同时了解本专业在增加专业方面的词汇，同时了解本专业在英文上的表达方式，通过本课程的学习，通过本课程的学习，学生能掌握较多的专业词汇，学生能掌握较多的专业词汇，学生能掌握较多的专业词汇，能根据教学的要求查能根据教学的要求查阅简单的外文专业文献，基本能够读懂文献中的主要方法与主要内容，同时能为四年级论文的撰写打下基础，介绍论文英文摘要的写法。

的撰写打下基础，介绍论文英文摘要的写法。

要求：掌握要求：掌握500个专业词汇，个专业词汇，能基本完成对专能基本完成对专业长句中译英或英译中的翻译，基本能读懂专业文献。

地理信息系统专业英语

资源配置 (Resource Configuration)
city utilities
disaster relief materials distribution
energy security ……
In this type of application , GIS is to guarantee the most reasonable allocation of resources and to maximize the efficiency.
find the best locate place for a plant
return
On the consumer level
GIS applications combined with Global Positioning System as well as remote sensing technologies enable us
to
***Find the nearest Starbucks ***Get turn-by-turn directions to the closest gas station. ***Find the best locate place
consumer
Resource management
Mainly applied in agriculture and forestry fields, solve the agriculture and forestry resources questions (such as land area, forests and grasslands) classification, statistical ,distribution, etc. Main answering "localization" and "mode" two kinds of problems.

大学GIS专业英语教学内容

Part I T he Basic Concept of GISLesson 1 What Is GISWHAT ARE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS?In the broadest possible terms, geographic information systems are tools that allow for the processing of spatial data into information, tied explicitly to, and used to make decisions about, some portion of the earth. This working definition is neither comprehensive nor particularly precise. Like the field of geography itself, the term is difficult to define and presents the integration of many subject areas. As a result, there is no absolutely agreed upon definition of a geographic information system. The term itself is becoming hybridized and modified to conform to intellectual, cultural, economic and even political objectives (Table 1). This terminology has, in fact, become extremely elastic, resulting in an increasingly confusing jargon due to new definitions that constantly creep into both the scientific and the popular literature.TABLE 1 Examples of Synonymous Terms for Geographic InformationSystem and the Source or Motivation behind Their Derivation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Terminology SourceGeographic information system United States terminologyGeographical information system European terminologyGeomatique Canadian terminologyGeorelational information system Technology-based terminologyNatural resources information system Discipline-based terminologyGeoscience or geological information Discipline-based terminologysystemSpatial information system Nongeographical DerivativeSpatial data analysis system Terminology based on what system does ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..This lack of accepted definition has resulted in many gross misconceptions about what a GIS is, what its capabilities are, and what such a system might be used for. It has lead some people to believe, for example, that there is no difference between computer assisted cartography, computer assisted drafting, and GIS. Because the graphic display from these three systems can look identical to both the casual and the trained observer, it is easy to assume that they are, with minor differences, the same thing. Anyone attempting to analyze maps will soon discover, however, that computer assisted cartographic (CAC) systems, computer systems designed to create maps from graphical objects combined with descriptive attributes, are excellent for display, but generally lack the analytical capabilities of a GIS. Likewise, for pure mapping purposes it is highly desirable to use a computer assisted cartographic system developed specifically for the input, design, and output of mappable data, rather than working through the myriad analytics of the GIS to produce a simple map. Computer assisted drafting (CAD) — (a computer system developed to produce graphic images but not normally tied to external descriptive data files) — is excellent software for the architect, speeding the process of producing architectural drawings, and simplifying the editing process. It would not be as easy to use for producing maps as would CAC, nor would it be capable of analyzing maps — generally the primary tasks assigned to the GIS.For the experienced user of GIS technology, there is no need for a definition. The complex geographical queries that demand its use normally could not be addressed by CAC and CAD. But for those who have only heard of these tools a definition might prove useful. A preliminary definition for consideration might be that of David Rhind, who defined GIS as “a computer system for collecting, checking, integrating and analyzing information related to the surface of the earth”. This definition has some highly worthwhile elements that should be examined. First, it indicates that the GIS deals with the surface of the earth. Although this is not an absolute requirement, the vast majority of GIS applications do deal with portions of the earth. Moreover, the statement that the GIS is used to collect, check, integrate, and analyze information enumerates a large number of the necessary groups of operations for any geographic information system.Many additional definitions of GIS have been proposed. Some have shown the strong linkage between manual and computer-based methods of map analysis. Most others have explicitly stated among its primary objectives, to act as a tool for analyzing data about the earth. As we will see at the end of this text, one can also extend the definition to include the organization and people involved in working with spatial data as well. Like any technology that changes as quickly as does GIS, the definitions themselves will likely change as well.For this text I have chosen to use a definition that more closely resembles the way the GIS operates as a series of subsystems within a larger system. That definition proposed as a standard by Marble and Peuquet, and used in some form by others in their own definitions, pretty much sums up what it is we do with a GIS and how we do it. It states that GIS deals with space-time data, and often, but not necessarily, employs computer hardware and software. More importantly, perhaps, is the subsystem nature of his definition that provides an easily understandable framework for the study of GIS. The GIS, according to this definition, has the following subsystems:A data input subsystem that collects and preprocesses spatial data from various sources. This subsystem is also largely responsible for the transformation of different types of spatial data (i.e., from isoline symbols on a topographic map to point elevation inside the GIS).A data storage and retrieval subsystem that organizes the spatial data in a manner that allows retrieval, updating, and editing.A data manipulation and analysis subsystem that performs tasks on the data, aggregates and disaggregates, estimates parameters and constraints, and performs modeling functions.A reporting subsystem that displays all or part of the database in tabular, graphic, or map form.(本文节选、改编自《Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems》，详见Reference [1])New Wordscomprehensive [ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv] 全面的；无所不包的；综合性的intellectual [ˌɪntəˈlɛktʃʊəl, -tjʊəl] 智力的，才智的jargon [ˈdʒɑːg(ə)n] 专业术语terminology [ˌtɜ:məˈnɔlədʒi:] 专门用语Geomatique地理信息技术Geoscience [ˌdʒi(:)əuˈsaiəns] 地球科学derivative [dɪˈrɪvətɪv] 派生物，衍生物Cartography [kɑːˈtɒgrəfi] 地图绘制学；地图绘制architect [ˈɑ:kitekt] 建筑师preliminary [priˈliminəri] 初步的；起始的；预备的enumerate [ɪˈnjuːməreɪt] 列举，枚举resembles [riˈzembl] 像，与…相似transformation [ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃən, -fɔ:r-] 转换Exercises1.List some examples of synonymous terms for GIS.2.What’s the subsystems of GIS defined in this text?Lesson 2 What Kinds of Functions Does a GIS Have?The subsystem definition allows for easy comparison between the modern automated GIS and its analog counterpart, particularly when considering the steps in the cartographic process (Table 1). The first GIS subsystem, the data input subsystem, is roughly equivalent to the first and second steps in the cartographic process — data collection and map compilation (Table 2). In traditional cartography the cartographer compiles or records a map made up of points, lines, and areas on a physical medium such as paper or Mylar. The data are collected from such sources as aerial photography, digital remote sensing, surveying, visual description, and census and statistical data. The automated counterpart uses electronic devices to record or encode points, lines, and areas into a computer system. Data collection sources are often the same as those used for traditional mapping, but now, include a wide variety of digital sources: digital line graphs, digital elevation models, digital orthophotoquads, and many more. Although the mechanics differ between the two technologies, the actual methods are strikingly similar.TABLE 1 Comparison of the Cartographic Process as Applied to Traditional Cartography (Map) and Geographic Information System (GIS) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….Map GISData collection: aerial photos, surveys, etc. Data collection: aerial photos, surveys, etc.Data processing: aggregation, classing, Data processing: aggregation, classing, plusetc.; linear process analysis; circular processMap production: final step except for Map production: not always final step;Reproduction and dissemination normally one map used to produce still moreMapreproductionMapreproduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..TABLE 2 Analog Versus Digital GIS: A Comparison of Input Subsystem Functions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..MapInput: recorded (compiled) on paper from a collected source ·Points·Lines·AreasSources·Aerial photography·Digital remote sensing ·Surveying·Visualdescriptions·Census dataGIS Input: “encoded” into the computer from a collected source ·Points·Lines·AreasSources·Same as map data·Digital Line Graph (DLG)·Digital Elevation Models (DEM) ·DigitalOrthophotoquads ·Otherdigitaldatabases·Statistical data, etc...............................................................................................................................................................This is also the case for the second subsystem, the storage and retrieval subsystem (Table 2.3). Although there is no actual counterpart in the cartographic method, the map itself is the storage and retrieval tool. Points, lines, and areas that have been placed on the cartographic document are stored there for retrieval by the map reader. It has been said that the map is the most compact medium for the storage of spatially related information and may be the most complex form of graphic device available. In fact, the compactness of the map and its complexity frequently hamper the map reader’s ability to extract information.The GIS storage and retrieval subsystem has some advantages over the graphic map in that queries can be made of the data and only the appropriate, context-specific information recalled (Table 3). This format places more emphasis on formulating queries and asking the appropriate questions and less on overall map interpretation. In general terms，this subsystem stores, either explicitly or implicitly, the graphic locations of point, line, and area objects (entities), and their associated characteristics (attributes). Computer search methods are inherent in the GIS programs themselves to allow questions to be asked and for appropriate answers to be given.TABLE 3 Analog Versus Digital GI S: A Comparison of Storage and Retrieval Subsystem Functions .............................................................................................................................................................. Map GISPoints, lines, and areas are drawn on Points, lines, and areas are stored as grid cells orpointersincomputer.andwithpapersymbols. coordinatepairsRetrieval is simply a matter of map Attribute tables are associated with Reading. Coordinate pairs.Retrieval requires efficient computer searchtechniques. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..In the analysis subsystem, once again there is no exact cartographic method counterpart, except that the map is a fundamental tool for the analysis of spatially related data (Table 4). The analog map requires rulers to measure distances, compasses to find directions and dot grids or planimeters to measure areas. Furthermore the map analyst is restricted to the graphic methods used to present the data on the piece of paper or Mylar. Still, these map analysis tools have been used for a great many years because of the known utility of comparing spatially related phenomena in a quantitative manner.TABLE 4 Analog Versus Digital GIS: A Comparison of Analysis Subsystem Functions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Map GISRequires rulers, planimeters, compasses, and Uses the power of the computer to measure, other tools all used by the human compare, and describe contents of theanalyst databaseRestricted to the data as they are aggregated Allows ready access to the raw data and allows and represented on the paper map aggregation and reclassification forfurther analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..The analysis subsystem is the heart of the GIS. The need to analyze maps to compare and contrast patterns of earth-related phenomena, exemplified by the long-standing tradition of doing so with traditional maps, provides an impetus to find more convenient, faster, and more powerful methods. GIS analysis uses the power of the modern digital computer to measure, compare, and describe the contents of the databases. It allows ready access to the raw data and allows aggregation and reclassification for further analysis. Not only is it not limited in the types of data it can retrieve but it can combine selected data sets in unique and useful ways far beyond what the traditional map could provide on a single sheet.Of course, once an analysis has been performed, there is generally a need to report these results. In cartography, whether it be traditional analog cartography or its digital equivalent, computer assisted cartography, the output is generally the same — a map. The most common purpose of cartography, at least from the user perspective, is to produce a map product, usually in copies for multiple recipients. In fact, production and reproduction are the final two steps in the cartographic method.A major difference between GIS and cartography, beyond the emphasis on analysis in GIS, is the method of reporting the results of analysis (Table 5). Although many users, perhaps even most, will still require mapped output, there are many options available in modern GIS. Some typical noncartographic output could include tables listing, for example, the anticipated crop yields per hectare by soil type or predicted changes in population densities by census district. Alternatively, either of these results also could be output as a series of histograms or line graphs. Supplementally, digitally encoded photographs of selected sites could be placed on the map margins or within the tables or charts.TABLE 5 Analog Versus Digital GIS: A Comparison of Reporting and Output Functions .............................................................................................................................................................. Map Output GIS OutputGraphic device only The map is only one type of GIS outputMany forms of maps With minor exceptions, GIS offers same Modifications can include cartograms, options as traditional hand-drawn mapsEtc.Also includes tables, charts, diagrams,photographs, etc...............................................................................................................................................................More advanced GIS features are available, as well. Examples include output in the form of printed mailing labels for a search of a database of potential customers to facilitate the distribution of advertising. A 911 emergency system database could be connected to a police or fire department, so that when a caller reports an emergency, the information can be directly routed to the nearest emergency service. This output could also be in the form of a route map showing the fastest path from the emergency branch to the site of the emergency. In fact, the types of output are often dictated more by the use for which the GIS is employed than by the software. And, like the users of maps, the outputs are many and varied.Among the more interesting phenomena arising from the wide range of users is a new set of terms defining the system on the basis of what it does. For example, one could have a police information system, a natural resources information system, a census information system, a rangeland evaluation system, a land information system, a cadastral information system, and so on. Although these terms are generally descriptive of the use for which the GIS is being employed, they do little to clarify the exact nature of the system. In fact, they generally add considerably to the confusion. Perhaps a more structured approach to classification of GIS in the form of a taxonomy would prove useful (Figure 1).InformationNonspatial SpatialNon-geographic Geographic information system (GIS)Other GIS Land information system(LIS)Socioeconomic Census...Non-parcelbased Parcel basedManagementsystemsCAD/CAMFigure 1 A taxonomy of information systems. The illustration shows how GIS and LIS fit in.This taxonomy diagram clearly shows the separation between spatial and nonspatial information systems. The GIS appropriately fits under the spatial information systems category. Two general classes of spatial information systems are identified: geographic and nongeographic. Nongeographic information systems, although they frequently deal with some portion of geographic space, seldom have strong locational links to the earth itself. In other words, they are not generally geocoded. Thus such systems as computer assisted drafting and computer aided manufacturing, come under the nongeographic spatial information systems heading.Within geographic information systems there is yet another bifurcation. GIS are divided into land information systems (LIS) and nonland information systems, or other geographic information systems. Although the division is somewhat artificial, it is important because it separates the applications of GIS technology into those that are primarily focused on the land itself and those that, although being geocoded, are more focused on information that might either affect or be affected by land-related factors. These uses include census information systems whose primary focus is on populations and their housing and economic activities, rather than on the land on which they reside or even on their use of the land. Another (non-land-related) GIS application might include applications surrounding political redistricting. Although political redistricting, by its very nature subdivides or apportions the land into discrete portions, such activities generally have little or no direct and immediate impact on the land itself. Rather, political redistricting affects the voting patterns of those living on the land surface. A common non-land-related use of GIS is market analysis, which may include a determination of the amount of market within reasonable reach of a business (allocation) or might involve an analysis of existing facilities to determine where best to put a competing or complementary facility (location). Locating fire stations, schools, and other facilities falls into this category. In general, non-land-related GIS activities tend to entail social, economic, transportation, and political types of activities.Land-related activities provide the framework for the second, and possibly the most often used type of GIS, the land information system (LIS). Such systems are based most often on the ownership, management, and analysis of portions of the earth most frequently of interest to humans primarily because of their condition of ownership. Land information systems are further subdivided into parcel based and non-parcel based. Non-parcel-based LIS include natural resources information systems, such as those used by national park services, land management agencies, and the like. Activities within the non-parcel-based LIS could include habitat evaluation, conservation easement procurement, wildlife evaluation, earthquake and landslide prediction, flood hazard abatement, chemical contamination evaluation, forest and range management, and scientific investigation.Parcel-based LIS applications are generally focused on landownership and other cadastral investigations. The defining criterion is that the land be divided into surveyed parcels having legal descriptions. Although this terminology could also apply to such portions of land as national forests, it generally assumes that the parcels are smaller than this. Fundamental to applications of these types is a highly accurate geodetic framework upon which the parcels can be precisely described. LIS applications involve traditional survey methods and are among the largest users of NA VSTAR’s Global Positioning System (GPS) for acquiring this locational information. Once an accurate geodetic framework and cadastral system have been developed, many analyses of land-tenure change can be performed with the assurance of a high degree of measurement accuracy. Included in such studies are those attempting to arrive at compatible multiple land uses within selected parcels of land. Some of these studies may require the incorporation of a multipurpose cadastre — a parcelization framework that allows analysis of multiple land-parcel-related phenomena.Whether they are land related or human related, the applications of GIS technology are many and varied, offering enormous possibilities for both simple and extremely sophisticated analysis. Most of today’s applications are quite limited in sophistication, however. Generally, this under use of system capabilities seems to be related more to a lack of understanding of the existing potential of GIS, rather than to actual software limitations. Before we can ask software to perform a particular task, we must be aware of what that task might be. Then we can see whether the software is capable of accomplishing it. People using today’s GIS software are frequently heard saying, “Hey, I didn’t know we could do that with the computer!” The exclamation is one of discovery, not unlike the reaction of geographers of old as they ventured into the jungle with pith helmet and machete. For the person newly introduced to GIS software, the journey into new dimensions of geographic exploration has just begun.(本文节选、改编自《Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems》，详见Reference [2])New Wordsautomated ['ɔ:təmeitid] 自动化的equivalent [i'kwivələnt] 等价的，相等的cartographer [kɑ:'tɔgrəfə] 图制作者,制图师Mylar ['mailɑ:] 胶片electronic [ilek'trɔnik] 电子的encode [in'kəud] 编码orthophotoquad 正射影象图aerial ['єəriəl] 空中的,航空的,空想的aggregation [ægri'geiʃən] 集合,聚合,集合体reproduction [,ri:prə'dʌkʃən] 再现,复制,生殖dissemination [di,semi'neiʃən] 传播,宣传,传染(病毒)counterpart ['kauntəpɑ:t] 相似之物compactness [kəm'pæktnis] 致密性complexity [kəm'pleksiti]复杂，复杂性hamper ['hæmpə] 阻碍,使...困累,困累retrieval [ri'tri:vəl] 取回,恢复,修补analog ['ænəlɔɡ] 模拟的planimeter [plæ'nimitə] 测面器；求积仪phenomena [fi'nɔminə] 现象quantitative ['kwɔntitətiv] 数量的,定量的Histogram [ˈhistəuɡræm] 直方图；柱状图Supplementally[,sʌpli'mentəli]追加；补充modification[mɔdifi'keiʃən] 修改；变型；cartogram ['kɑ:təɡræm] 统计地图；统计图hand-drawn 手绘emergency [i'mə:dʒnsi] 紧急的employe [ˌemplɔiˈi:,imˈplɔii] 雇用clarify ['klærifai] 澄清,阐明,使...明晰taxonomy ['tæk'sɔnəmi] 分类学；分类法bifurcation [baifə'keiʃən] 分歧，分叉；分歧点parcel ['pɑ:sl] 地块conservation [,kɔnsə'veiʃən] 保存，保持；保护procurement [prəu'kjuəmənt] 获得，取得；采购wildlife ['waildlaif] 野生动植物的earthquake ['ə:θkweik] 地震landslide ['lændslaid] 泥石流，山崩cadastral [kə'dæstrəl] 地籍的；（有关）土地清册的geodetic [,dʒi:əu'detik] 大地测量学的；最短线的sophisticated [sə'fistikeitid] 精致的；复杂的Exercises1.Discribe the differences and connections of cartographic process of GIS with traditionalcartography.pare analysis subsystem functions between GIS and analog maps.3.How GIS fits in the taxonomy of information systems?Lesson 3 Origins and Applications of GISINTRODUCTIONThe need to place information in a geographical text pervades many aspects of human activity. In public and commercial organizations, many of these activities are connected with the recording and planning of the human-made environment, with monitoring and managing the natural environment, with transport and navigation, and with understanding social structures. It is an inevitable consequence of the revolution in information technology that we should attempt to build computing systems to handle this geographical information. The results of these technological efforts are reflected in the fields of geographical information systems (GIS) and computer cartography which are the subject of this book.When compared with the development of computing systems for maintaining commercial and financial information, progress in the field of geographical information systems has been remarkably slow. One of the earliest clearly identifiable geographical information systems is the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS), which was developed for planning purposes. Although the system can be regarded as having laid the foundations, in the mid 1960s, for many subsequent GIS, it was not in fact followed by a proliferation of similar systems. It was only in the late 1980s that we saw the introduction of proprietary GIS which could claim to meet a significant proportion of the data-handling requirements of organisations concerned with geographical information. Examples of organizations in which these requirements arose include environmental mapping agencies, local and regional government administrations, marketing companies, mineral exploration companies, the military, and utility companies supplying water, electricity, gas and telecommunications.The relatively late introduction of commercially marketed GIS technology may be explained, to some extent, by the fact that the type of information to be stored in these systems is more complex, and more difficult to process at a basic level, than that found in conventional business information systems. The reasons why geographical data processing is more complex than commercial data processing relate both to the nature of geographical information itself and to the type of retrieval and analysis operations performed upon it. Geographical information is typically concerned with spatially referenced and interconnected phenomena, such as towns, roads and administrative areas, as well as less precisely defined regions with environmental attributes, such as woodlands and marshes. Physical structures and locations are defined by geometric data consisting of combinations of points, lines, areas, surfaces and volumes, in association with classifications and statistical data that attach real-world meaning. These collections of data must be treated in a manner which retains the integrity of the whole objects to which they refer, at different levels of abstraction, rather than as isolated pieces of data. Enquiries on geographical information frequently require some form of spatial search or analysis to be performed on individual regions or on combinationsof particular phenomena. Such procedures often require quite sophisticated geometric procedures for manipulation and transformation.In contrast, commercial data processing can, in general, be reduced to sets of comparative operations on the names or identifiers of, for example, personnel or goods, and to arithmetic operations on attribute values, such as salary and price, which are associated with them. These operations involve less complex algorithms than those required for spatial data. It could also be argued that the development of information technology was initially in response to non-spatial data-processing problems and as such it has been adapted to those requirements. GIS may be seen as one of a number of classes of information processing that require additional layers of special-purpose procedures.Computer systems for storing and retrieving geographical data are now at a relatively advanced stage of development, but it is still a rapidly developing field and many problems remain to be solved if these systems are to meet all the requirements of spatial analysis and decision-making. Because many organisations need to access a mix of data relating to technical, commercial and human resource issues, a measure of the effectiveness of GIS technology in the future may be the extent to which it becomes absorbed within the information infrastructure and hence disappears as an information processing system in its own right!CARTOGRAPHY AND GISThe fact that geographical information is spatially referenced means that it is associated, at least conceptually, with the field of cartography, as the traditional method of recording the location of spatial phenomena and the relationships between them. The application of computing technology to geographical information handling impacts therefore upon the discipline of cartography. Historically, the development of GIS may be seen to have paralleled efforts to automated cartographic production methods. The growth in the application of GIS technology is now so great however that, to some, cartography appears to be becoming subsumed within the field of GIS. This viewpoint may be understood if we see that the traditional role of cartography has combined the function of helping us understand spatial relationships with that of providing a database recording the form of the earth’s surface and the objects located upon it. The introduction of GIS does not necessarily eclipse the role of cartography in the visualisation of spatial knowledge but, as a means of storing, managing and analysing that knowledge, a GIS provides immense benefits when compared to the analogue technology of conventional maps.Geographical information system may then be seen to be taking over and greatly extending the role of spatial data storage which was previously played by maps. Once spatial data have been represented in digital form it becomes very much easier to carry out measurements on the data, to perform analysis in various ways, and to make changes to it. Some of the operation can be applied without recourse to a graphic map of any sort. For example, one could enquire about the distance between two named places or, say, the area of coniferous forest within a named county, without referring to a map.。

地理信息系统专业英语课程教学大纲

《地理信息系统专业英语》课程教学大纲【课程代码】：【英文译名】：Professional English for Geographic Information System 【适用专业】：地理信息系统【学分数】：3【总学时数】：48一、本课程教学目的和课程性质《专业英语》是地理信息系统专业的一门必修课。

本课程的目的是使学生在进行了两年的公共英语学习后，在巩固已有知识的基础上，掌握科技英语的特点，具备教好的英语资料查阅及专业英语交流的能力。

也就是说，开设本课程，主要是让学生具备“以英语为工具通过阅读获取专业所需信息的能力”。

通过本课程的学习，学生应在科技词汇、专业英语文献阅读速度、准确理解和翻译专业文献、摘要写作上有较大的提高。

二、本课程的基本要求要求学生在学习完本课程后，能熟悉常用专业词汇，较流利地阅读并准确理解一般难度的英语原文专业文献和参考资料，能正确地撰写论文的英语摘要。

具体而言，本课程结束时，学生应掌握常见的科技英语词缀，识记词汇表中常见的300个左右专业词汇；阅读速度70词/分钟、理解力正确率70%；翻译(笔译、英→汉)350词(英)/小时；毕业设计（论文）的英语摘要语法、句法、词汇准确率达70%。

三、本课程与其他课程的关系先修《综合外语L》。

修完本课程并考试合格后，对后续专业课程的学习过程中查阅英文资料等很有帮助。

四、课程内容课程的学习以阅读为主，精读部分要求准确理解文章内容，理解文章细节文法结构，泛读部分则通过大量快速的阅读理解，形成较为强烈的语言环境氛围，用以强化专业英语意识。

并在学习中以分类词汇学习和汉英，英汉翻译和摘要写作练习为辅。

重点：巩固和提高学生在基础英语阶段中获得的能力，扩大词汇量。

提高阅读能力和理解能力。

培养科技英语写作能力。

本课程的内容安排如下所示：Unit One Surveying and MappingLesson One SurveyingLesson Two Surveying InstrumentsLesson Three Topographic SurveyingLesson Four TraversingLesson Five Map Projection and MapsLesson Six Maps of Crime: Thematic MapsUnit Two Measurement, Errors and AdjustmentLesson One Errors in MeasurementsLesson Two Sources of Error in LevelingLesson Three Adjustments of Level CircuitsLesson Four Survey AdjustmentLesson Five Adjustment Computation by Least SquaresUnit Three Global Positioning System (GPS)Lesson One The Fundamental Knowledge of GPSLesson Two The Components of Global Positioning SystemLesson Three Integration of RTK GPS Technology into Everyday Surveying Unit Four The Fundamental Knowledge of GISSection One What’s GISSection Two VectorSection Three RasterSection Four TopologySection Five DEM, DTM and TINSection Six RDBMSSection Seven GeostatisticsUnit Five The Future of GISSection One Future DataSection Two Future HardwareSection Three Future SoftwareSection Four Some Future Issues and ProblemsSection Five Conclusion附录1 词汇表附录2 科技英语的特点附录3 科技英语的理解附录4 科技英语的翻译附录5 科技论文题目、摘要的写作通过以上课程安排，本课程从内容上大致分三部分：1、阅读与理解、翻译阅读理解的材料应包括该专业的主要课程的概述性知识，如地理信息系统基础、测量学、空间分析、空间数据库、GIS二次开发、网络GIS等。

地理信息系统专业英语课程教学大纲

《地理信息系统专业英语》课程教学大纲【课程代码】：13315621【英文译名】：Professional English for Geographic Information System 【适用专业】：地理信息系统【学分数】：3【总学时数】：48一、本课程教学目的和课程性质《专业英语》是地理信息系统专业的一门必修课。

也就是说，开设本课程，主要是让学生具备“以英语为工具通过阅读获取专业所需信息的能力”。

通过本课程的学习，学生应在科技词汇、专业英语文献阅读速度、准确理解和翻译专业文献、摘要写作上有较大的提高。

三、本课程与其他课程的关系先修《综合外语L》。

修完本课程并考试合格后，对后续专业课程的学习过程中查阅英文资料等很有帮助。

并在学习中以分类词汇学习和汉英，英汉翻译和摘要写作练习为辅。

重点：巩固和提高学生在基础英语阶段中获得的能力，扩大词汇量。

提高阅读能力和理解能力。

培养科技英语写作能力。

地理信息系统专业英语(全书翻译)

地理信息系统专业英语(全书翻译)
引言
本书是一本关于地理信息系统（Geographic Information System，简称GIS）专业英语的全书。

本书旨在帮助研究GIS的学生和从业
人员提高他们的英语听说读写技能，使他们能够流利地进行专业交
流和文献阅读。

全书内容包括以下几个部分：
第一部分：地理信息系统基础
本部分介绍了地理信息系统的基本概念和原理，包括地理数据、地图投影、地理空间分析等内容。

通过研究本部分的内容，读者可
以了解GIS的基础知识，并掌握相关的专业英语表达。

第二部分：地理信息系统应用领域
本部分介绍了地理信息系统在不同应用领域的具体应用，包括
土地利用规划、城市规划、环境保护等。

读者可以了解不同领域中
的GIS应用案例，并研究相关的专业英语表达。

第三部分：地理信息系统技术与工具
本部分介绍了地理信息系统的常用技术和工具，包括GIS软件、地理数据库、数据采集与处理等。

读者可以了解不同的GIS技术和
工具，并研究相关的专业英语表达。

第四部分：地理信息系统发展趋势与挑战
本部分介绍了地理信息系统的发展趋势和挑战，包括云计算、
大数据、人工智能等新技术对GIS的影响。

读者可以了解GIS领域的最新发展动态，并研究相关的专业英语表达。

结论
本书通过全面介绍地理信息系统的相关知识，帮助读者提高英
语水平和专业素养。

读者通过学习本书，可以更好地理解和应用地
理信息系统，并与国际同行进行有效的交流。

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地理信息科学专业英语专业术语英译汉affine 仿射band 波段cartography 制图学clip 剪切digitizer 数字化仪DLG 数字线划图dpi 每英寸点数edgematching 边缘匹配equator 赤道equiarea 等积geoid 大地水准面geospatial 地理空间GPS 全球定位系统Habitat 栖息地Interface 接口Item 项目Latitude 纬度legend 图例longitude 经度median 中值meridian 子午线metadata 元数据neatline 图廓线Object-Based 基于对象的parcel 宗地photogrammetry 摄影测量precipitation 降水量range 范围raster 栅格resample 重采样resolution 分辨率RMS 均方根scanner 扫描仪siting 选址TIGER 拓扑统一地理编码topology 拓扑tuple 数组UTM 通用横轴墨卡托投影vector 矢量专业术语汉译英保护区protected area比例尺Scale bar标准差Standard deviation标准图幅Standard picture frame单精度Single precision地理空间数据Geospatial data点缓冲区Point buffer动态分段Dynamic segmentation度量标准Metrics多项式变换Polynomial transformation高程基准Elevation base跟踪算法Tracking algorithm规则格网Rules grid过渡带Transition zone基于位置服务Based on location service 畸形线Malformation line几何变换Geometric transformation检验图Inspection chart解析几何Analytic geometry空间要素Space element平面坐标系统Planar coordinate system曲流河Meandering river人口普查地段Census Lot上四分位数The upper quartile矢量数据模型Vector data model数据可视化data visualization数据探查Data exploration双精度Double precision水文要素Hydrological elements泰森多边型Tyson Polygons统一建模语言Unified Modeling Language投影坐标系统Projection coordinate system 线缓冲区Line buffer遥感数据Remote sensing data用材林Timber forest晕渲法Halo rendering method指北针Compass属性表Property sheet最短路径分析Shortest path analysis最小二乘法Least squares method翻译例子如下。

1.A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data.1.地理信息系统（GIS）是用于捕捉，存储，查询，分析和显示地理参考数据的计算机系统。

2.A newly digitized map has the same measurement unit as the source map used in digitizing or scanning. If manually digitized, the map is measured in inches, same as the digitizing table.2.新数字化地图与数字化或扫描中使用的源地图具有相同的测量单位。

如果手动数字化，地图以英寸为单位进行测量，与数字化表格相同。

3.Although ideal for discrete features with well defined location and ,shapes, the vector data model does not work well with spatial phenomena that vary continuously over the space such as precipitation, elevation, and soil erosion.3.对于具有明确位置和形状的离散特征，尽管理想，矢量数据模型不能很好地处理在空间连续变化的空间现象，如降水，海拔和土壤侵蚀。

4.But the migration from the georelational to the object-based data model should be relatively easy because it is intuitive to think of spatial features as objects.4.从基础数据到基于对象的数据模型的迁移应该相对容易，因为将空间要素视为对象是直观的。

5.New GIS data can be created from a variety of data sources. They include satellite images, field data, street addresses, text files with x and y coordinates, and paper maps.5.可以从各种数据源创建新的GIS数据。

它们包括卫星图像，现场数据，街道地址，带有x和y坐标的文本文件以及纸质地图。

6.Projection converts data sets from geographic coordinates to projected coordinates, and reprojection converts from one type of projected coordinates to another type.6.投影将数据集从地理坐标转换为投影坐标，再投影从一种类型的投影坐标转换为另一种类型。

7.Spatial data editing refers to the process of adding, deleting, and modifying features in digital layers. A major part of spatial data editing is to remove digitizing errors.7.空间数据编辑是指在数字图层中添加，删除和修改特征的过程。

空间数据编辑的主要部分是删除数字化错误。

8.The georelational data model stores spatial and attribute data separately in a split system: spatial data in graphic files and attribute data in a relational database.8.地理数据模型将空间数据和属性数据分别存储在分割系统中：图形文件中的空间数据和关系数据库中的属性数据。

用英文回答下列问题，练习每章后面的问答题。

例子如下：1．Describe the two common types of data for terrain mapping and analysis.1.Two important types of field data that can be used ina GIS project are survey data and global positioningsystme (GPS) data.2．Describe three variations in buffering.2.The buffer distance can vary by the values of a given field. Buffering can be on either the left side or the right side of the line feature, instead of both sides.Buffer zones may remain intact so that each buffer zone is separate from others, or dissolved so that thereare no overlapped areas between buffer zones.3．Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the raster data model vs. the vector data model.3.The main advantage of the raster data model is having fixed cell locations, which make it easier for datamanipulation, aggregation, and analysis. The main disadvant age is its weakness in representing the precise location of spatial features.4．Explain the difference between location errors and topological errors.4.Location errors such as missing polygons or distortedlines relate to the geometric inaccuracies of spatialfeatures, whereas topological errors such as dangling lins and unclosed polygons relate to the logical inconsistencis between spatial features.5．Explain the difference between the georelational data model and the object-based data model.5.The object-based data model differs from the georelational data model i n two aspects. First,the object-based data model stores both the spatial and attribute data of spatialfeatures in a single system rather than a split system. Second, the object-based data model allows a spatial feature (object) to be as sociated with a set of properties and methods.6．Explain the importance of map projection.6.A map projection offers a couple of advantages. First,a map projection allows us to use two-dimensional maps, either paper or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map projection allows us to work with plane or projected coordinates rather than longitude and latitude values. Computations with geographic coordinates are more complex and yield less accurate distance measurements.7．How can an analysis mask save time and effort for raster data operations?7.Because an analysis mask limits data analysis to cells that do not carry the cell value of no data. it can save time and effort for raster data operations.8．Name five tools or techniques for vector data analysis.8.Buffering ,overlay , distance measurement, spatial statis tics and map manipulation .9．Name the three types of simple features used in GIS and their geometric properties.9.A point has 0 dimension and has only the property of location.A line is one-dimensional and has the property of length. And an area is two-dimensional and has theproperties of area (size) and perimeter.10．Name two examples each for integer rasters and floating-point rasters.10.Examples of integer rasters are land use and soiltypes. Examples of floating-point rasters are precipitation and elevation.11．The georelational data model uses a split system to store vector data. What does a split system mean?11.A split system stores spatial data in graphic filesand attribute data in a relational database. Typically, a georelational data model uses the feature label or ID to link the two components.12．The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map. What does a binary map mean in this case?12.The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map, which showing visible and not visible areas from the viewpoint.13．What are the basic elements of the raster data model?13.The basic elements of the raster data model are cell value, cell size, raster bands, and spatial reference14．What are the common elements on a map for presentation?14.The common elements on a map for presentation include the title, body, legend, north arrow, scale, acknowledgment, and neatline/map border.15．What is a feature attribute table?15.A feature attribute table is a table associated witha vector data set, which has access to the data set’s spatial data.16．Why is the datum important in GIS?16.A datum is important in GIS because it serves as thereference or base for calculating the geographiccoordinates of a location.。