医学英语呼吸系统

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Inhaled air passes into the throat, or pharynx(咽), where it mixes with air that enters through the mouth and also with food destined for the digestive tract. The pharynx is divided into three regions: (1) an upper portion, the nasopharynx(鼻咽), behind the nasal cavity;(2) a middle portion, the oropharynx(口咽), behind the mouth; and (3) a lower portion, the laryngeal pharynx(喉咽), behind the larynx. The palatine tonsils(腭 扁桃体) are on either side of the soft palate(软腭) in the oropharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils, or adenoids(咽扁桃体 ), are in the nasopharynx.
dysphonia
DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE
Difficulty in breathing except in an upright position(端坐呼吸)
Decreased amount of oxygen in the tissues(缺/ 低氧)
Increased carbon dioxide in the tisge of gases between the atmosphere and the blood takes place in the lungs, two cone-shaped organs located in the thoracic cavity. A double membrane, the pleura(胸膜), covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. The outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity is the parietal pleura(胸膜壁层); the inner layer that is attached to the surface of the lungs is the visceral pleura(胸膜脏层). The very thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura is the pleural space(胸膜腔).
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I Suffix for Respiration
ROOT MEANING -pnea breathing
EXAMPLE orthopnea
-oxia Level of oxygen hypoxia
-capnia Level of carbon hypercapnia dioxide
-phonia voice
Pertaining to the nose
Rhin/o(希腊词源) nose
Pharyng/o Laryng/o
pharynx larynx
Trache/o
trachea
rhinorrhea
Discharge from the nose(鼻漏)
pharyngeal Pertaining to the pharynx(咽的)
MEANING bronchus
EXAMPLE
DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE
bronchogenic Originating in a bronchus(支气管源的)
bronchiol
bronchiole
bronchiolect Dilatation of the
asis
bronchioles(细支气管扩
Medical Terminology（3）
The Respiratory System 呼吸系统
刘帅
研究生英语教研室（综合楼110）
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Introduction of the Respiratory system
The main function of the respiratory system is to provide oxygen to body cells for energy metabolism and to eliminate carbon dioxide, a byproduct of metabolism. Because these gases must be carried to and from the cells in the blood, the respiratory system works closely with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange.
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Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs
The pharynx conducts air into the trachea, a tube reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage(软骨) to prevent its collapse. Cilia in the lining of the trachea move impurities up toward the throat, where they can be eliminated by swallowing or by expectoration(咳痰). The larynx is shaped by nine cartilages, the most prominent of which is the thyroid cartilage at the front that forms the “Adam’s apple.” The opening between the vocal cords is the glottis(声门). The small leaf-shaped cartilage at the top of the larynx is called the epiglottis(会厌). When one swallows, the epiglottis covers the opening of the larynx and helps to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract.
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Upper Respiratory Passageway：
Air enters through the nose, where it is warmed, filtered, and moistened as it passes over the haircovered mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. Cilia(纤毛), microscopic hair-like projections from the cells that line the nose, sweep dirt and foreign material toward the throat for elimination. Material that is eliminated from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing the throat is called sputum(痰).
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The Process of Breathing:
Air is moved into and out of the lungs by the process of breathing, technically called ventilation. This consists of a steady cycle of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation), separated by a period of rest. The cycle begins when the phrenic nerve(膈神经) stimulates the diaphragm(隔膜) to contract and flatten, thus enlarging the chest cavity.
laryngoscopy Endoscopic exam of the larynx(喉镜检查)
tracheotome Instrument used to incise
the trachea(气管刀)
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II Roots for the Respiration Passageways
ROOT
Bronch/o, bronch/i
Difficulty in speaking(发音 困难)
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Exercise 1:
Use the suffix -pnea to build a word with each of the following meanings: 1. painful or difficult breathing dyspnea 2. easy, normal (eu-) breathing 3. lack of (a-) of breathing 4. rapid rate(tachy-) of breathing
The smallest of the conducting tubes, the bronchioles( 细支气管), carry air into the microscopic air sacs, the aveoli(肺泡), whrough which gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood.