2018届奉贤区高考高三英语一模
2018届上海市各区高三英语一模试题汇编：阅读理解C篇(带答案已经校对)
Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Crude awakeningA battle between two energy exchanges[1] OPEN-OUTCRY trading is supposed to be an odd, outdated practice, rapidly being replaced by sleeker, cheaper electronic systems. Try telling that to the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the world’s largest commodities exchange. On November 1st the NYMEX opened an open-outcry pit(公开叫价交易厅）in Dublin to handle Brent crude futures（布伦特原油期货）, the benchmark（基准）contract for pricing two-thirds of the world’s oil.[2] The NYMEX is trying to grab liquidity from London’s International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), which trades the most Brent contracts; the New York exchange has so far concentrated on West Texas Intermediate, an American bench mark grade. The new pit is a response to the IPE’s efforts to modernise. On the same day as NYMEX traders started shouting Brent prices in Dublin, the IPE did away with its morning open-outcry session: now such trades must be electronic, or done in the pit after lunch.[3] The New York exchange claims that customers, such as hedge funds (对冲基金) or energy companies, prefer open-outcry because it allows for more liquidity. Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction, in commodity markets such as the NYMEX, pressure from “locals”--self-employed traders--is helping to support open-outcry, although some think that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems. Even the IPE has no plans to close its floor. Only last month it signed a rental agreement, lasting until 2017, for its trading floor in London.[4] Dublin’s new pit is “showing promise”, says Rob Laughlin, a trader with Man Financial, despite a few technical glitches. On its first day it handled 5,726 lots of Brent (each lot, or contract, is 1,000 barrels), over a third of the volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session. By the year’s end, predicts Mr Laughlin, it should be clear whether the venture will be feasible. Itwould stand a better chance if it moved to London. It may yet: it started in Ireland because regulatory approval could be obtained faster there than in Britain.[5] In the long run having both exchanges offering similar contracts will be unsustainable (不可持续的). Stealing liquidity from an established market leader, as the NYMEX is trying to do, is a hard task. Eurex, Europe’s largest futures exchange, set up shop in Chicago this year, intending to grab American Treasury-bond contracts from the Chicago Board of Trade. It has made little progress. And the NYMEX has tried to get Brent contracts before, without success.[6] Given the importance of liquidity in exchanges, why do the IPE and the NYMEX not work together? There have been talks about cooperation before, and something might yet happen. Some say that the freewheeling NYMEX and the more serious IPE could never mix. For now, in any case, the two exchanges will compete until one has won --across the Irish Sea as well as across the Atlantic.63. According to the text, the NYMEX and IPE are __________.A. both using open outcry trading as a major trading formB. partners that benefit each other in their business activitiesC. rivals that are competing in the oil trading marketD. both taking efforts to modernize their trading practice64. The word “glitches” in Line 2, Paragraph 4 most probably means __________.A. backwardnessB. disappointmentsC. engineersD. problems65. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that __________.A. trading volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session is fallingB. London is a better business location for energy exchanges than DublinC. Britain’s regulators are less efficient than those of IrelandD. the Dublin pit of the NYMEX will be more prosperous next year66. We can draw a conclusion from the text that __________.A. it’s very unlikely that the NYMEX and the IPE could combine their businessesB. the NYMEX will fail in Ireland as many precedents have shownC. the two energy exchanges will figure out a way to cooperate with each otherD. the market environment for both energy exchanges is getting betterKeys:63-66: C D B ASection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.( C )①Australians have long been known for having a relaxed and casual attitude to life. According to Dr Tanya King, senior lecturer from Victoria’s Deakin University, “It’s Australians’ egalitarianism, sense of humor and informal language that are most commonly mentioned as examples of this attitude”.②Egalitarianism roots in the way that the nation was built. In Australia’s founding era in the late 1700s, criminal settlers were often cruelly treated and robbed of their basic human rights by governors. The criminal class, who were mostly working-class Brits and Irish, was unable to seek civic positions that were reserved for immigrants who were not the criminal, with the latter arguing that if criminals gained equal rights it would be ‘rewarding criminality’. Bec ause of this, an egalitarian spirit was worn as a symbol of honor by many criminal settlers. They may not have had power, education or wealth, but they had a shared belief in equality.③The informal way Australians use language is also believed to root in criminal times. Philologist Sidney Baker once wrote that ‘no other class would have a better talent for creating new terms to fit in with their new conditions in life’. Cockney rhyming slang brought over by the British working class was abbreviated even further –so ‘have a Captains Cook’ (have a look), became ‘ava captains’. This same practice was used to economize ordinary clauses. Words like ‘good day’ became ‘g’day’, and barbecue was ‘barbie’.④The tough conditions of settler times also played a part in Australians’ dry, self-criticizing and sarcastic（讽刺的）sense of humor. While in many countries it’s considered poor taste to find humor in difficult circumstances, Australians tend to look at the lighter side. On one road trip, as I hit the state line and entered Victoria, I drove past some blackened trees, the leftovers of a recent bushfire. A road sign warning drivers about wildlife was half-melted and bent, but the shape of a hopping kangaroo was still distinct. Behind the figure, someone had drawn flames making it look asthough the animal’s tail was on fire. I couldn’t help but laugh – it was a brilliant reminder of the country’s ‘nothing upsets us’ and anti-authoritarian attitude.⑤And one thing you can’t help but notice when driving around Australia is the country’s plentiful amounts of space. This, along with considerable leisure time plus favorable climate, all contribute to Australians’ relaxed attitude.63. The underlined word “egalitarianism” is closest to __________ in meaning.A. criminalityB. crueltyC. equalityernmentalism64. Which of the following is a feature of the way Australians use language?A. They use more slangs than other people.B. They give new meanings to existent words.C. They favour shortened forms of expressions.D. They coin terms in memory of criminal times.65. What can be inferred from paragraph 4?A. Kangaroos’ living condition s are getting tougher.B. Forest fires threaten Australian s’ life to a great extent.C. Potential danger is here and there on the roads in Victoria.D. Australians’ jokes may not be as careless as they seem on the surface.66. The passage mainly talks about __________.A. how the late 1700s impacted AustraliaB. why Australians enjoy casual life so muchC. what cont ributes to Australians’ relaxed lifestyleD. how Australians present their attitude towards lifeKeys: 63-66 CCABSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)Dental health: Brush with confidenceChildren should be taught to brush their teeth regularly. But the suspicion remains among some people, dentists included, that even so, certain children are doomed to develop dental cavities. The hypothesis behind this fear is that some combinations of genes may give rise to the sorts of oral bacteria which are responsible for cavities. If true, that would be sad for the youngsters concerned. But a study just published in Cell Host and Microbe, by Andres Gomez and Karen Nelson of the J. Craig Venter Institute, in San Diego, suggests it isn’t true.The mouth is home to many species of microbes. Most are good. Some, though, are well known to secrete acidic waste products when fed sugar. This acidity weakens teeth, causing them to decay.To try to fin d out whether a child’s genes play any role in encouraging such acid-secreting bugs, Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson set up an experiment with twins.Their“volunteers”were 280 pairs of fraternal twins and 205 pairs o f identical twins, all aged between five and 11, who had not taken antibiotics during the previous six months. The children were asked to stop brushing their teeth the evening and the morning before the crucial moment of data collection. This was when the researchers swabbed the children’s gingival sulci（the clefts between teeth and gums, in which bacteria collect）to find out what was there. The children also had their teeth scored by dentists as belonging to one of three categories: having no signs of current or previous dental cavities: having signs of current or previous cavities affecting the enamel（a tooth’s hard, outer layer）; or having signs of cavities that penetrated the enamel and affected the underlying dentine as well.Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson found that, though identical twins shared many groups of bacteria which were not shared by fraternal twins, none of these was a type responsible for cavities. Moreover, similarities in bacterial flora were greatest among five-to seven-year-olds, weaker among seven- to nine-year-olds and weakest among nine-to 11-year-olds. This suggests that any role genes do play in regulating the mouth’s ecology fades with time.Far from supporting the idea that some children are fated to suffer from cavities no matter how well they brush their teeth, these results make it clear that the power to control the growth of the relevant bacteria is very much within reach of children and their parents. Brushing, however, may not be the onlyapproach. Avoiding sugary foods is obviously de rigueur. It seems likely, though, that which other foods a child eats may help shape his oral ecosystem, too. This is an area of ongoing research. But, as in the intestines（肠道）, so in the mouth, scientific medicine is at last coming to grips with the fact that the mixture of microbes present is both important and capable of manipulation, to the benefit of the host.63. What doe s“hypothesis”refer to in paragraph 1?A. Children’s failure to brush their teeth properly leads to tooth decay.B. Some children are programmed to develop tooth decay.C. Youngsters are suspicious of the effectiveness of tooth-brushing.D. Some genes are more likely to lead to dental cavities.64. Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson conducted an experiment to find out .A. whether genes have anything to do with dental decayB. which group of twins are more likely to have decayed teethC. what kinds of foods tend to give rise to tooth decayD. why the ecosystem of the intestines is similar to that of the mouth65. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE according to the passage?A. Scientists are not yet sure how ecosystem of the mouth is formed.B. The role genes play in controlling ecosystem of the mouth weakens with the time.C. The children are classified into three groups according to the degrees of dental cavities.D. Identical twins are not as genetically close to each other as fraternal twins.66. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. The existence of multiple microbes benefits children’s oral ecosystem.B. What a child eats enhances the healthfulness of a child’s oral ecosystem.C. Cutting down on sugar intake is the most likely way to prevent tooth decay.D. Parents are in no position to help their children maintain healthy oral ecosystem.Keys: 60-62 DCBSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.( C )Many United States companies have made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980, the United States International Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies(补贴) by foreign governments. Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped”their products in the United States at “less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices are claimed, the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief(救济).Contrary to the general impression, this request for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they develop a complicated web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect. Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would be subject to duties.Perhaps the most shameful case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations(控诉) that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt, used to deice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate（联合企业）with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations. The “United States”company claiming injury was a unit of a Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian”companies included a unit of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.63.The passage is chiefly concerned with_______________.A. arguing against the increased internationalization of US corporations.B. warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequences.C. recommending a uniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practices.D. advocating the use of trade restrictions for "dumped" products but not for other imports.64.What can be inferred about the minimal basis for a complaint to the ITC ____________.A. A foreign competitor is selling products in the US at less than fair market value.B. A foreign competitor has greatly increased the volume of products shipped to the US.C. The company requesting import relief has been banned from exporting products.D. The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the US.65.What is the function of the last paragraph?A. It summarizes the discussion and suggests additional areas for research.B. It makes a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C. It uses a specific case to illustrate a problem in the previous paragraph.D. It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.66.Which of the following is most likely to be true of US trade laws?A. They will eliminate the practice of "dumping" products in the US.B. Those applied to international companies will help to gain more profits.C. They will affect US trade with Canada more negatively than trade with other nations.D. Those helping one unit within a parent company won’t necessarily help other units. Keys:63-66 BDCDSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)More than five million different kinds of organisms(生物体) live on the Earth. For thousands of years, humans have searched for ways to organize this diversity(多样性). In the eighteenthcentury, a Swedish professor, physician, and naturalist named Carolus Linnaeus developed the system of naming and classifying organisms that we use today.Linnaeus contributed to the modern classification of organisms in two ways. He first developed a convention for naming life forms.Before Linnaeus came up with a standardized system of naming, there were often many names for a single species, and these names tended to be long and confusing. Linnaeus decided that all species names should be in Latin and should have two parts, one indicating the genus(plural: genera), a group that includes similar species and one indicating the specific name of the species. When written alone, the specific name is meaningless since many different species in different genera have the same specific name. The specific name familiaris, for example, is commonly used to describe species. Therefore, when used by itself, it would not describe any one organism. When the genus is also given, however, as in Canis familiaris, we know that the name refers to a specific organism: the domestic dog.Linnaeus was also the originator of modern taxonomy, a system of classifying nature based on hierarchical(分层的) groupings. Linnaeus first grouped life forms into three broad groups, called kingdoms. These kingdoms were animals, plants, and minerals. He divided each of these kingdoms into classes, classes into orders, orders into genera (genus is singular) and then genera into species, grouping organisms according to shared physical characteristics.Although modern taxonomists still use the hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s classification system as well as his method of grouping organisms according to observable similarities, they have added hierarchical levels and significantly changed Linnaeus’s original groupin gs. The broadest level of life is now a domain. All living things fit into only three domains. Within each of these domains there are kingdoms. Each kingdom contains phyla (singular is phylum), followed by class, order, family, genus, and species.In addition to the Linnaean kingdoms of plants and animals, biologists recognize prokaryotes, protists, and fungi as separate kingdoms. The prokaryotes are the oldest and most abundant group of organisms. They are also the smallest cellular organisms. Common bacteria, which have been known to survive in many environments that support no other form of life, fall into this category. The protist kingdom is made up of a variety of single-celled or simple multicellular organisms. Protists do not have much in common. They are, essentially, those organisms which do not fit into any other kingdom. Fungi compose a third kingdom. Like plants, the cells of fungi have cell walls,giving them a tube-like structure. However, fungi do not produce their own carbon as plants do. Rather, they acquire nutrients by absorbing and digesting carbon produced by other organisms. Yeasts and mushrooms are examples of fungi.63. The writer gives the scientific name of the domestic dog in paragraph 3 in order to__________.A. demonstrate Linna eus’s method of classificationB. introduce the need for a better system of naming organismsC. criticize the complexity of Linnaeus’s naming systemD. illustrate the necessity of including two parts when naming organism64. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. The hierarchical structure of Linnaeus’s system for classifying is no longer in use.B. Linnaeus’s original system of classification consisted of 3 domains.C. Linnaeus’s original system of classification is used today with lit tle modifications.D. Modern taxonomists have added categories and regrouped organisms.65. Which of the following is TRUE about protists?A. They do not share the characteristics of any of the other four kingdoms.B. They are grouped together based on similar characteristics.C. They are limited to single-cell organisms.D. They acquire nutrients by eating other organisms.66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The Father of Modern TaxonomyB. Classifying OrganismsC. Development in Life FormsD. Linnaeus’s Classification SystemKEYS: 63-66 DDABSection BDirections:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or Unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose theone that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend. "One of the main reasons for economic failure in many African countries is the fact that, with a few important exceptions, mother-tongue education is not practiced in any of the independent African states." said Nellie Alexander, Director of the Project for the Study of Alternative education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town.In response to the spread of English and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, many countries have introduced language laws in the laws in the last decade. In some, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in public spaces such as advertising posters. One of the first such legal provisions was the 1994 "Toubon Law" in France, but the idea has been copied in man y countries since then. Such efforts to govern language use are often dismissed as futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficultly in controlling fashions in speech and know from research that language switching among bilinguals is a natural process.It is especially difficult for native speakers of English to understand the desire to maintain the “purity” of a language by law. Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continually absorbed foreign words into its own language. English is one of the most mixed and rapidly changing languages in the world, but there has not been a barrier to acquiring prestige and power. Another reason for the failure of many native English speakers to understand the role of state regulation is that it has never been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. English has never had a state-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to the Academic Francaise in France.The need to protect national languages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon—especially the need to ensure that English does not unnecessary take over too many fields. Public communication, education and new modes of communication promoted by technology, may be key fields lo defend.63. Neville Alexander believes that?A. mother-tongue education is not practiced in all African countriesB. globalization has resulted in the economic failure of AfricaC. globalization has led to the rise of multi-language trendsD. lack of mother-tongue education can lead to economic failure64. The underlined word “futile” (i n paragraph 2) most probably means “”.A. workableB. practicalC. uselessD. unnecessary65. Why do many English-speaking countries not support the language protection effortsdescribed in the passage?A. They think language protection laws are ineffective.B. They want their language to spread to other countries.C. They have a long history of taking words from other languages.D. It reduces a language's ability to acquire international importance66. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. English has taken over fields like public communication and educationB. Many sheets of national culture are threatened by the spread of English.C. Most language experts believe it is important to promote a national language.D. Europeans have long realized the need to protect their national languages.KEYS: 63-66 D C C BSection BDirections:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(C)With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type.Mr Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need in built intelligence within five years, making data scientists-people trained to analyze large bodies of information-key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection systems, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior.Many companies that are born digital-particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle-are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.The factors weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of mounting a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend $ 150m a year on a single application and the total bill is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account.Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent. Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1,000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expand their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field.The biggest barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need. Despite the obstacles, some may master this difficult transition. But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition.63. Which one is obstacle for many traditional companies to popularize learning operation?A. Technological problemB. Expert crisisC. High costD. Customer interactions64. What can not be interred from the passage about the machine learning?A.Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix.B.Machine learning plays an important role in existent applications.。
2018届上海高考英语一模试题之时态语态专题复习
第3讲时态语态专题【奉贤】1。
Many grammar schools (22）______ (establish）hundreds of years ago to teach the Latin language to children who were not from rich families。
【虹口】2. There are always some people radiating negativity in the work place. For them, the temperature is never right，the boss is always a fool, the canteen food is awful, and they （21）______ （treat) unfairly.3。
“The real problem is that the whiners don’t feel they are being taken seriously，” said Xu Jun, HR manager at Guangqi Honda Automobile Co。
，Ltd. “（30）______ （give）them advice or perspectives attentively and the problem will usually disappear。
"【黄浦】4. Nationally，Norway (23）_has experienced_____ (experience）an 11% increase in tourism in the past decade。
5。
From just 1,000 tourists in the whole of 2010, Trolltunga, a piece of rock that stands horizontally out of the mountain, (24) __saw____ (see) 1，800 visitors in one 2017 day alone。
2018届奉贤区高考英语一模
2017学年奉贤区调研测试英语试卷I. Listening ComprehensionSection A1. A. interviewer and interviewee. B. teacher and student.C. doctor and nurse.D. boss and secretary.2. A. 9:00. B. 9:10. C. 9:30. D. 9:35.3. A. pass the journal. B. listen to the woman.C. repeat his request.D. take the journal himself.4. A. exciting. B. disappointing.C. interesting.D. satisfactory.5. A. to make a budget for her. B. to buy a gift for Mary.C. to give her mother information about Mary.D. to give some suggestions.6. A. he wants to finish his study. B. he wants to earn a lot of money.C. he wants to finish his study.D. he wants to have a good rest.7. A. The woman should not get involved in the situation.B. The woman should not be angry with the friends.C. he will explain to the woman what happened.D. he will talk to Sally and Mark soon.8. A. good weather tomorrow. B. the vacation plan.C. getting up early in the morning.D. possible heavy traffic.9. A. interested. B. fascinated. C. hostile. D. reluctant.10. A. intelligence determines admission to college.B. highly motivated students usually do well in college.C. successful college students are usually intelligent.D. a successful college motivates its students.Section BQuestions 11 through 13 are based on the following news.11. A. two terms. B. three terms. C. four terms. D. five terms.12. A. because he had been a policeman.B. because he earned a law degree in a night school.C. because they had formed a good opinion of him.D. because there was a large population of black people in Los Angeles.13. A. they want people in Los Angeles voted.B. an introduction about Thomas Bradley, major of Los Angeles.C. the reasons why white candidates failed in the vote.D. something Thomas Bradley did for the vote.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. he has more than fourteen pills a day. B. he has two pills a day.C. he has four times a day.D. he has nine pills a day.15. A. all of them. B. three kinds of medicine.C. two kinds of medicine.D. almost none.16. A. children over twelve years old. B. older people with a fever.C. old people with heart attack.D. adults with a cold.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. she has made an attempt to become pregnant.B. she has requested her supervisor to transfer her to another department.C. she has bought the new equipment for the laboratory.D. she has complained to the government about the issue.18. A. because the new equipment is not available now.B. because the patient has made too many complains.C. because the hospital wants to tighten its budget.D. because the new equipment carries a health risk.19. A. a technician in the hospital lab. B. a doctor working in the hospital.C. a teacher working in the school.D. head of hospital administration.20. A. she will be likely to quit her job. B. she still feels at a loss as what to do.C. she will complain to the administration.D. she will fight to get her income back.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADifferent background shouldn’t mean less education. Fifty years ago, in a primary school classroom, two boys aged 11 took an examination called the 11-plus, (21)______ would make decisions about the rest of their lives. Paul passed and went to a “grammar school”. Baz failed the examination and went to a “secondary modern school”. They did not see each other again for years.Many grammar schools (22)______ (establish) hundreds of years ago to teach the Latin language to children who were not from rich families. They encouraged students to study (23)______ they were 18 and then to go to university. Secondary modern school students left at 16, usually with fewer qualifications than grammar school students. Baz says the secondary modern school had (24)______ (few) resources and the quality of teaching was not as good.Things have changed. In the 1960s and the 1970s “comprehensive schools” were created. Today, 90 percent children aged 11 to 16 from the same area to the same school without (25)______ (take) any entry examination.The British often disagrees about the best way (26)______ (educate) their children. Many people say that comprehensive schools help more children to succeed because they provide everybody (27)______ similar opportunities in a fairer way. Another view, though, is that more intelligent children, especially (28)______ from poor homes are better supported at grammar schools. Now, the government plans to open new grammar schools (29)______ ______ almost two million children will go to the same type of school that Paul attended.And Paul and Baz? Aged 60, they met again and compared (30)______ had happened to them. After university, Paul qualified as a teacher. Baz went to work in a factory at 16 and later became an engineer. In fact, Baz had a much higher salary than Paul – so perhaps life is fair after all.There’s nothing more annoying than settling down to sleep and hearing the sound of a mosquito buzzing around you.The only thought most of us ever give to this noise is “I need to get rid of this insect, immediately”, but it turns out that the mosquito is actually quite a(n) __31__ creature.A term of scientists from Oxford University in the UK, in __32__ with the Royal Veterinary College in London and Chiba University in Japan, recently published a study that found some interesting facts about the world’s most __33__ insect.By placing eight cameras inside a tiny film studio, the scientists could study several mosquitoes up close. The high-tech cameras filmed the insects at 1,000 frames per second, meaning the scientists were able to study the insects’ __34__ in never-before-seen detail. However, it wasn’t always straightforward.“Recording mosquitoes during free-flight represented a huge technical challenge due to their small size, __35__ wing beat frequency, and the presence of large antennae and legs that can __36__ the view of their wings,” Simon Walker of Oxford University, co-author of the study, wrote.Published in the journal Nature, the study found that mosquitoes flap their wings around 800 times a second. As a __37__, house flies flap their wings about 200 times a second, and hummingbirds 50 times a second.Richard Bomphrey of the Royal Veterinary College, the study’s leader, believes that mosquitoes have a unique flying method that sets them apart from other flying insects.“We predicted that they must make use of clever tricks, as the wings __38__ the ir direction at the end of each half-stroke,” he wrote in the study.Hopefully, the discovery of the mosquito’s special abilities will be of benefit to engineers in the future. The findings could lead to better aircraft, or even improvement to tools like lenses or pumps.But the scientists hope their study can one day be __39__ to new developments in more human-focused use.“The more we know about mosquitoes, the better our chance of understanding their flight behavior, how they carry disease and __40__ how to stop them from doing so,” Walker wrote.III. Reading ComprehensionSection AArtists have long claimed alcohol and other drugs as inspiration for their creativity. But is there really a(n) __41__ between intoxication（醉酒）and inspiration? A recent study published in Consciousness and Cognition explored the effects of moderate drunkenness on people’s creativity. The authors suggest that alcohol’s well-known effect in __42__ executive function may be helpful for these types of creation problems: “Somet imes a reduced ability to __43__ one’s attention can have positive implications for select cognitive tasks,” they write.The findings raise the question of whether drugs that __44__ attention and focus, in particular, stimulants（兴奋剂）, would have the opposite effect on creative thinking __45__, very little research has been done on the issue, and what results exist so far have been mixed. The outcomes may well vary according to individual __46__ to the drugs. __47__, some research has found that while stimulants can __48__ test performance for those who are less intelligent, for the smartest folks, the drugs can have the opposite effect.If less executive function is linked to more creativity, this may also explain why artists, writers and musicians appear to be more __49__ to have an addiction. Perhaps creative people are more likely than others to be __50__ to drugs in the first place, as a possible source of inspiration. And then, if reduced executive function is __51__ in part for their initial talent, this, too, could make them more easily influenced by __52__ once they start using. Having less executive control before you even take drugs means you’ll have less ability to stop once you start.Whatever the real relationship between drunkenness, addiction and art, the authors __53__ that their study findings don’t give people __54__ to get drunk to “inspire the muse（冥想）.” Co-author Jennifer Wiley, associate professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago, told the British Psychological Society’s Research Digest: “We tested what happens when people are slightly drunk-not when people drank to __55__. There could be no argument from these findings that drinking excessively would have the same effects.”A glass of wine or two, however, may occasionally help.41. A. attraction B. reservation C. connection D. decoration42. A. strengthening B. damaging C. maintaining D. assessing43. A. block B. reduce C. disturb D. control44. A. remain B. drop C. shift D. increase45. A. However B. Moreover C. Instead D. Therefore46. A. additions B. responses C. oppositions D. contrasts47. A. For example B. On the contrary C. As a result D. On the other hand48. A. conceal B. executive C. improve D. delete49. A. vital B. likely C. ideal D. difficult50. A. attracted B. contributed C. responded D. withdrawn51. A. responsible B. illegal C. natural D. impossible52. A. confusion B. ambition C. addiction D. exhaustion53. A. lower B. monitor C. function D. caution54. A. sacrifice B. privacy C. appreciation D. license55. A. priorities B. extremes C. bottom D. AffectionSection B(A)I was standing in the checkout line behind a woman who looked to be in her 60s. When it was her turn to pay, the cashier greeted her by name and asked her how she was doing.The woman looked down, shook her head and said: “Not so good. My husband just lost his job and my son is up to his old tricks again. The truth is, I don’t know how I’m going to get through the holidays.”Then she gave the cashier food stamps（食品券）.My heart ached. I wanted to help but didn’t know how. Should I offer to pay for her groceries, ask for her husband’s resume?As I walked into the parking lot, I spotted the women returning her shopping cart. I remembered something in my purse that I thought could help her. It wasn’t a handful of cash or an offer of a job for her husband, but maybe it would make her life better.My heart pounded as I approached the woman.“Excuse me,”I said, my voice trembling a bit. “I couldn’t help overhearing what you said to the cashier. It sounds like you’re going through a really hard time right now. I’m so sorry. I’d like to give you something.”I handed her the small card from my purse.When the woman read the card’s only two words, she began to cry. And through her tears, she said, “You have no idea how much this means to me.”I was a little startled by her reply. Having never anything like this before, I didn’t know what kind of reaction I might receive. All I could think to say was, “Oh. Would it be OK to give you a hug?”After we embraced, I walked back to my car -- and began to cry, too.The words on the card?“You Matter.”A few weeks earlier, a colleague gave me a similar card as encouragement for a project I was working on. When I read the card, I felt a warm glow spread inside of me. Deeply touched, I came home and ordered my own box of You Matter card and started sharing them.56. Which of the following is TRUE according to the first three paragraphs?A. The woman’s family mainly depends on her son.B. The cashier helped the woman by giving her some food for free.C. The woman and her family were having a tough lime.D. The author wondered why the cashier was familiar with the woman.57. The woman cried when she got the card, probably because ______.A. it greatly encouraged herB. she could use it to buy foodC. it could solve her present problemD. it could land her husband a job58. The underlined word “startled” in Paragraph 10 probably means ______.A. interestedB. gratefulC. ashamedD. astonished59. From the article, we can tell that the author is a ______ person.A. smartB. kind-heartedC. knowledgeableD. confident(B)Seek Out a Unique BeachVISITOregon. For sun and fun away from the crowed beaches of Florida, check out the Oregon coast and its 363 miles of gorgeous shoreline, stretching from the Columbia River south to the redwood forests of California. Every beach is public and free. “The coast is a perfect place to watch sea lions sun themselves or simply see the mighty Pacific weaves crash in the sunset followed by a seafood feast in one of the busy fishing communities located between the coves（小海湾）,” says Bramblett. July and August aren’t peak gray whale migration season, but there’s still a good chance you could catch a glimpse of some of the 200 whales that spend the summers off the Oregon coast.SLEEPNext to a lighthouse. Imagine yourself an ancient mariner when you book a room overlooking the Pacific Ocean at the Heceta Head Lighthouse Bed and Breakfast in Yachats, Oregon. The working lighthouse, which dated to 1894, cast a bright beam 21 miles out to sea, making it the brightest light on the Oregon coast. The cliff-top rooms a t the Light Keeper’s home nearby aren’t cheap-you’ll sell out up to $ 385 for a weekend night during peak season (price includes a seven-course breakfast).BEW AREDangerous currents Unless you love cold water (or wear a wet suit), you may not wait to venture into the sea off the Oregon coast, even during the summer. But if you do, be prepared for the U.S. Lifesaving Association. Swim parallel to the beach until you’re no longer being pulled out to sea, then swim diagonally（成对角线地）toward the shore.BRINGBaby powder. Use a generous amount of baby powder to remove sand rom your hands, feet or hair. The powder quickly absorbs moisture, allowing sand to fall off easily.60. It can be inferred rom the section SLEEP that ______.A. the price of one night stay remains the same all the year aroundB. those who stay there can have a free access to the beach and the lighthouseC. those who want to stay there have to pay more during a tourist seasonD. the price includes the breakfast for seven people61. What is suggested by the leaflet if you want to enjoy your stay at the beach?A. Avoid wearing wet suits.B. Never dive into the cold water off the coast.C. Bring baby powder to protect your skin from sand scratches.D. Don’t swim straight toward the shore when there’re dangerous currents.62. Oregon coast will provide you with all the following experiences EXCEPT ______.A. a perfect view of sea lionsB. a mariner like stay in the more than 100-year-old lighthouseC. a seafood feast in the popular local communityD. sun and fun of the less crowed beach.(C)With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type.Mr. Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need inbuilt intelligence within five years, making data scientists-people trained to analyze large bodies of information-key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection systems, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior.Many companies that are born digital-particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle-are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.The factors weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of mounting a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend $ 150m a year on a single application and the total bill is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account.Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent. Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1,000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr. Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expand their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field.The b iggest barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need.Despite the obstacles, some may master this difficult transition. But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition.63. Which one is obstacle for many traditional companies to popularize learning operation?A. Technological problem.B. Expert crisis.C. High cost.D. Customer interactions.64. What can not be inferred from the passage about the machine learning?A. Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix.B. Machine learning plays an important role in existent applications.C. Machine learning experts are not highly paid in some non-technology companies.D. Machine learning models are not sufficient to solve business problems in Pinterest.65. What’s the author’s main purpose in writing this article?A. To point out the problems facing machine learning experts.B. To call on companies to cultivate more experts in data science.C. To tell the readers the present situation of data science.D. To advice non-technology companies to look beyond the advantages they face.66. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?A. Data science: A forefront force in tech businessB. Corporate competition: An obstacle to the transitioncoming.__70__ Some people do not take hints. Some people do not read body language. For these people, it really works to just say, “I really want us to work well together. I will help you and back you up, and you help me and back me up.”IV. Summary WritingA Father’s Influence Makes for Better GradesAdolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome theeconomic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.V. Tranalation72. 这个城市近几年来发生了翻天覆地的变化。
2018届上海市各区高三英语一模试卷题型分类专题汇编----语法填空--学生版(已校对)
Section ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.How to deal with Whiners（抱怨不停的人）?There are always some people radiating negativity in the work place. For them, the temperature is never right, the boss is always a fool, the canteen food is awful, and they (21) ______ (treat) unfairly.Career experts say such habitual complainers are highly contagious(会蔓延的) , (22) ______ attitude can easily affect an entire team in a company. ―While s ome complaints might be reasonable, (23) ______ are taken from thin air. You need to see between these different types and adopt the right strategy towards each,‖ said Li Ming, HR manager at Wal-Mart (China).It is especially hard to deal with complaints at work (24) ______ you can‘t just walk away or put your colleagues‘ words out of mind. If you do, it will hurt your co-workers and you might be isolated. In a team-based company you belong to a group and need to behave accordingly. But don‘t show too much sympathy. Listening passively to others‘ complaints could damage your image and give others the impression (25) ______ you agree with them. ―Listen to the whiners actively,‖ said HR Li. ―Help them find a solution, or see (26) ______ there are ways to impr ove the situation.‖Zhai Min, 24, a software engineer at Kingdee International Software Group in Shenzhen, found that 3 elderly workers liked to complain about everything, from (27) ______ (extend) working hours to cheap hotels on business trips. ―I let them talk about their opinions,‖ she said, ―They feel better when (28) ______ (tell) someone how they want things to be.‖But listening actively is far from enough. Wang Dianxue, 27, is an Internet engineer at Beijing Push Marcom Group. His co-workers always complain that their computer systems are not working properly. ―I ask about the specifics and work together with them (29) ______ (fix) everything technically.‖ he said.HR managers believe that when staffs complain, it is more a matter of recognition than an actual problem. ―The real problem is that the whiners don‘t feel they are being taken seriously,‖ said Xu Jun, HR manager at Guangqi Honda Automobile Co., Ltd. ―(30) ______ (give) them advice or perspectives attentively and the problem will usually di sappear.‖Section ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Norway is Teaching Travelersto TravelAfter 15 people died during Easter in 1967, the Norwegian Trekking Association and the Red Cross announced their campaign ‗Welcome to the mountains, but be responsible‘. Fjellvettreglene, the ‗mountain code‘(21) ______ encourages people to have a healthy and respectful relationship with nature, has since become a crucial part of Norwegian culture. It includes points such as bringing necessary equipment (22) ______ (assist) yourself and others, seeking shelter if necessary and feeling no shame in turning around.Nationally, Norway (23) ______ (experience) an 11% increase in tourism in the past decade. From just 1,000 tourists in the whole of 2010, Trolltunga, a piece of rock that stands horizontally out of the mountain, (24) ______ (see) 1,800 visitors in one 2017 day alone. Why? Because people want the same picture they see on Instagram and Facebook. A lot don‘t care about the experience of the hike. They just want proof (25) ______ they did it.But, while good for the economy, this tourism boom has become a threat (26) ______ Norway‘s natural environment.Used toilet paper, (27) ______ (abandon) tents and plastic bottles can be found littered all around Trolltunga. And with the high amount of people who come unprepared for such an active hike, Norway‘s leading hiking group, Friluftsliv, also has called for regulations on the number oftourists (28) ______ (hike) to Trolltunga. Lasse Heimdal, leader of the outdoor organization said, ―On a busy day, you may have to wait in line for an hour and a half just to get a picture. To control this, we‘d like to regulate (29) ______ _____ people can hike in a day. Starting hike times should also have regulations so people don‘t start too late and find (30) ______ stuck up here.‖Section ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.As a young child, Ann Makosinski would spend hours experimenting with her toys and other everyday objects around her to create her own inventions.Now a first-year Arts student, Makosinski is a well-known inventor and entrepreneur (创业者). She won the 2015Sustainable Entrepreneurship Award of Excellence, (21) _____recognizes innovative business solutions to social problems— the same recognition given to Barack Obama in 2014. Her own inventions, the Hollow Flashlight and the e-Drink, have been causingexcitement internationally (22)_______their creation.At the age of 15, Makosinski created a prototype(原型) for a flashlight (23)_______(power ) by the heat of one‘s hand. This invention was the result of a ninth grade science project, but Makosinski‘ goal was (24)________(offer) a practical solution to people with unlimited access to power and electricity.― I‘m half-Filipino and half-Polish, and one of my friends from the Philippines told me that she failed school (25)_________ she couldn‘t afford electricity. She had no light to study with at night, so that was kind of the inspiration,‖Makosinski explained.―I‘ve always been interested in doing sc ience projects, so I thought, why don‘t I find a way to provide her and a lot of other people with light?‖The Hollow Flashlight is made from Peltier tiles（珀耳贴贴片）that produce energy when one side (26)______（heat）and the other side remains cool. The flashlight can produce a steady beam of LED light for 20 minutes, (27)______（use）only the warmth of the human hand.Her advice to other student innovators? ― Start now. There (28)________be nothing holding you back. Some students at colleges or even in high scho ol think ‗ Oh, I‘m a student. I just need to study.‘ (29)________may think it important to make friends and be social. The truth is, you can do a lot of other things. You can do (30)_______you want. Just go ahead.‖II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Developing Competent TeachingNations that have greatly improved their students‘achievements, such as Finland, Korea, Singapore, and others, attribute much of their success to their focused investments in teacher preparation and development. (21) (Create) a system that can routinely hire and prepare teachers effectively and can support successful teaching is the arena (竞技场) in which the United States (22) (fall) behind the most. Although there are some great teachers in every community, the landscape of the supports for quality teaching looks like Swiss cheese. In some states, the holes are smaller, and in others they are bigger. Nor in no case is there a fully (23) (develop) system of instructional support even remotely comparable to that in high-achieving nations. And of course, as we have seen, the system is the weakest in communities (24) students‘ needs are greatest.Some have argued that the answer to weak teaching in the United States id to eliminate ―barriers‖ to teaching, such as teacher education and certification requirements, allow anyone who wants to teach into the classroom, and fire those who prove not to be effective. Although the interest in teaching effectiveness is important, this approach does not offer strategy (25) (ensure) thatteachers will have opportunities to gain the knowledge and skills they need in order to be effective, or that all schools will have the resources to attract and hire the best teachers. (26) does it protect the students in low-income schools, who will be the victims of unprepared and inexperienced teachers in the years until these teachers have demonstrated their incapability and left the field.A regulation (27) (focus) on easy access and easy firing ignores the question of how to develop widespread teaching skills and ensure a strong supply of highly able teachers for schools.(28) such supply, principals will be unable to hire strong teachers even if they are free to hire whomever they are pleased with, and, evidence shows that schools are likely to fire weak teachers, (29) they feel they won‘t be able to replace them. Even if they do, there is little guarantee that the quality of teaching (30) (improve). although there are good reasons to argue for stringer evaluation practices for removing incapable teachers and for recognizing excellent ones, a theory that the major problems with teaching can be solved by carrots and sticks alone leaves the development of teaching abilities to chance.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.The Grasshopper in Van Gogh PaintingArt conservators(管理员) dream of finding (21)_______(hide) secrets in themasterpieces they look after. Rarely do they expect to find a deadgrasshopper.Conservators at the Nelson-Atkins museum of art in Kansas City said they discovered the dead insect in one of its star paintings, Vincent van Gogh‘s Olive Trees, when it (22)_______ (scan) as part of the research for a catalogue of its French painting collection.It was spot ted by Mary Schafer. She told a local broadcaster that she found it in the work‘s lower foreground. ―(23)_______(look) at the painting with the microscope，I came across the tiny body of a grasshopper covered in the paint, so it (24)_______ have occurred in the wet paint back in 1889.―We can connect it to Van Gogh painting outside, so we think of him battling the elements, dealing with the wind, the bugs, and then he‘s got to walk back to his studio through the fields. What‘s fun is that we can come up with all these stories for (25)_______ the insect landed in the paint.‖Schafer said they were curious to know if the grasshopper could be studied (26)_______(far) to possibly identify which season Van Gogh painted Olive Trees.Michael Engel, a professor at the University of Kansas, was approached (27)_______(examine) the grasshopper further. He discovered that part of the insect‘s body was missing and there was no sign of movement in the surrounding paint. In other words, it was already dead (28)_______ it som ehow landed on the artist‘s wet canvas and could not be used for dating purposes.Van Gogh painted Olive Trees in 1889, the year after his falling out with his friend Gauguin, (29)_______ may have led to his famous act of self-mutilation in the history of art: cutting off his own ear.The grasshopper may not help in any art historical research but it has become a talking point for museum visitors, looking closely into the painting to see (30)_______ they can spot the dead insect.Ⅱ. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form ofthe given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blankHonesty, my mum always used to tell me, is the best policy. But when it comes to medicine, I had assumed it was important to always be honest with my patients. After all, the doctor-patient relationship is based on trust, and therefore honesty is essential, or so I thought.I had just started working in geriatrics(老年病科). Mr. McMahon（21）in when his body was found very swollen（浮肿的）. I took a medical history （22）his daughter who had accompanied him in the ambulance. She'd been his main career for years. I stood （23）(look) at him as she gave a detailed history. "Has he lost any weight recently?" I asked, "Well, it's funny you should mention that, but yes." She said slowly. There was silence for a few moments. "Why? What are you worried about?" she asked. She was obviously very involved in his care and it was only fair that I told (24) the truth. "Well, we need to prove it's not cancer." I said and talked briefly about some of the tests I was going to order.Half an hour later, a nurse called me: "Mr. McMahon's daughter broke down－she said you told her he had cancer." My heart sank. By the time I arrived at the ward, my consultant was already there, explaining that we still had to run lots of tests and that it was by no means confirmed (25) he had cancer. I stood silently at the end of the bed. My consultant was obviously angry with me and as we left Mr. McMahon, she turned to me. "Why on earth did you do that?" she asked in disbelief. I looked at her and bit my lip. "She asked me what I was worried about and I told her." I said, hanging my head. "And give her more (26) (worry) about?" replied my consultant. "You don't say the word 'cancer' until it's confirmed. (27)you suspect it, think very carefully before you tell people."(28) it turned out, it wasn't cancer. But I did learn that when someone is stressed and worried about their loved one they're sometimes selective in (29) they hear－and as a doctor it's important to be mindful of this. In being truthful, I'd made the situation (30) (bad).II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent andgrammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Different background shouldn‘t mean less education. Fifty years ago, in a primary school classroom, two boys aged 11 took an examination called the 11-plus,(21)______would make decisions about the rest of their lives. Paul passed and went to a ―grammar school‖. Baz failed the examination and went to a ―secondary modern school‖. They did not see each other again for years.Many grammar schools(22)______(establish) hundreds of years ago to teach the Latin language to children who were not from rich families. They encouraged students to study (23)______they were 18 and then to go to university. Secondary modern school students left at 16, usually with fewer qualifications than grammar school students. Baz says the secondary modem school had(24)______(few)resources and the quality of teaching was not as good.Things have changed. In the 1960s and the 1970s ―comprehensive schools‖were created. Today, 90 percent children aged 11 to 16 from the same area to the same school without(25)______(take) any entry examination.The British often disagrees about the best way(26)______(educate) their children. Many people say that comprehensive schools help more children to succeed because they provide everybody(27)______similar opportunities in a fairer way. Another view, though, is that more intelligent children, especially(28)______from poor homes are better supported at grammar schools. Now, the government plans to open new grammar schools(29)______ ______almost two million children will go to the same type of school that Paul attended.And Paul and Baz? Aged 60, they met again and compared (30)______had happened to them. After university, Paul qualified as a teacher. Baz went to work in a factory at 16 and later became an engineer. In fact, Baz had a much higher salary than Paul--so perhaps life is fair after all.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent andgrammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Today, Mandatory(强制的) recycling is a hard sell in the United States, where the economy runs largely along free market lines and the current landfilling waste remains inexpensive and efficient.Plain and simple, recycling still costs more than landfilling in most places. This fact, (21)______(couple) with the disappearance of the so-called ―landfill crisis‖ of the mid-1990s,means that recycling has not caught on, which runs (22)______ some environmentalists‘ wishes.However, many cities have found ways to recycle economically. They have cut costs by automating sorting and processing. They‘ve also found profitable markets for the recyclables(可回收物) (23)______ cast-off items are acceptable or even welcome. Increased efforts by green groups (24)______(educate) the public about the benefits of recycling have also helped.(25)______ ______ ______ uneconomical recycling seems to some people, some cities, such as Pittsburgh, San Diego and Seattle, have made recycling mandatory. In these cities, recyclables are banned from both household and business garbage. Families (26)______ recycle all basic recyclables, such as paper, cardboard, glass and plastic. To businesses with garbage containers ―polluted‖ with more than 10 recyclables，warnings (27)______(issue). If they fail to take action, fines are expected.New York, a national leader on recycling, decided to stop its least cost-effective recycling programs (plastic and glass) in 2002. But rising landfill costs ate up the $39 million savings expected.As a result, the city brought back plastic and glass recycling and committed to a 20-year contract with a recycling firm, Hugo Neu Corporation, which built the (28)______(advanced) recycling facility in the country.The company focuses on (29)______could cut costs. Automation hasstreamlined the sorting process, and easy access to rail has cut both the environmental and transportation costs. The new deal and new facility have made recycling efficient for the city and its residents,(30)______(show) once and for all that responsibly-run recycling programs can actually save money, landfill space and the environment.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Star Giraffe Finally Gives BirthApril, a giraffe who became an Internet star after her pregnancy was broadcast online, has finally given birth, ending months of excitement for her audience.The live broadcast from Animal Adventure Park in Harpursville, the State of New York, began during the winter. (21) drew nearly five million viewers a day at its peak. Some viewers kept checking back, even after the period (22) _____ _____ April was expected to give birth had gone. Others became frustrated, questioning (23)she was really pregnant.Finally, (24)_____ April was pacing in her pen (畜栏) on April 15, two hooves (蹄) began to appear. After a few hours, a newly-born giraffe was lying on the floor, (25)_____ (look) around confusedly. The calf (幼崽) tried to stand a few times but (26)_____ not. An hour later, it was (27)_____ its feet, walking around carefully. A spokesman for the animal park said the calf was a boy. ―After months of pregnancy, both mom and calf are doing fine,‖ said Jordan, the owner of Animal Adventure Park.People in Harpursville now hope the attention that April (28)_____ (draw) will translate into an economic development for the area. Harpursville was once a manufacturing base, but it has struggled financially in recent years.Fortunately, there are already signs (29)_____ April‘s fame is breathing new life into the area. Dozens of families recently arrived at the animal park after hours of driving, only (30)_____ (find) it closed for the winter. A nearby hotel has booked more than 100 reservations for a package that includes admission to the park when it reopens in May.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Recreational Vehicles (房车): On the RoadRecreational vehicles (RVs) are a typically American invention. Nationally, sales rose to 430,000 units last year, a 40-year high. At the inexpensive end, they sell for as little as $5,000 for a caravan (大篷车); deluxe versions cost up to $1,000,000 and are typically equipped with a bedroom,kitchen and bathroom that are bigger than ones in many European flats. The share prices of Thor Industries, the biggest RV-manufacturer in America, and Winnebago, the third-largest, (21)_ (rise) by 43% and 17%, respectively so far.That is a big change. During the 2008-09 recession, notes Mr. Troiano, the owner of Continental R V, R V dealerships everywhere closed down, leaving his shop among the very few (22)(leave) servingtheNewY orkmetropolitanarea. Mr. Troianoisontrack(23) (sell) more RVs this year than in any other since the early 2000s. The current rebound ( 反弹) ismostly(24) the economy‘s recovery, but it also springs from the fact that new typesof customer are embracing thelifestyle.A decade ago, the average age of an RV-owner was 49, and over 90% were white, says Kevin Broom of the Recreational V ehicle Industry Association (RVIA), which doesn‘t indicate a brightfuture. Another boost comes from sufficient immigrants,(25)are keen toexperiencelong, self-planned road trips in America. Mr. Troiano‘s most recent big sale wasto(26)richAsian family.The industry hopes that its poor record with foreign sales — last year less than 1% of R Vs produced domestically (27)(ship) to foreign markets —may improve, too. China‘sgovernment, for example, has planned to build 2,000 campgrounds by 2020, up from an estimated 300 today, in a bid to promote domestic tourism, particularly to remote rural regions. Chinese firms such as Y utong Bus make RVs, but not of the quality that many Chinese want. The country imported 1,000 vehicles last year, over half of themAmerican.R V manufacturers are also marketing theconcept(28)their motor homescanbe commercial as well as leisure vehicles.They(29)allow travelling salesmen,businessmento save on food and hotelcosts. (30)you park it, it can be your office, as well as yourhome.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.At first glance, these impressive images look like moment captured by a talented photographer. But you cannot always believe what you see. These pictures, with their incredible photographic details, are in fact the creations (21)_______ (draw) by Scottish hyper-realist Paul Cadden.With often nothing more than a pencil in hand, the 47-year-old artist produces elaborate drawings that could easily (22)______ (mistake) for the work of any modern digital camera. From the wrinkles on a woman‘s face and beads of water, to a breath of smoke from a cigarette, Cadeenis able to capture (23)______ (complicated) features of his subjects in such painstaking detail that the images look astonishingly real.Cadden said he began drawing at a very young age and has always been interested in art. With some experience in animation and graphic design, he moves into hyper-realism (24)______ he has a special gift for capturing details.His creations reflect his love for details, with a single image (25)______ (take) up to six weeks to produce. Working with pencil, graphite and white chalk, Cadden is able to create seven poster-size pieces a year, (26)_____ sell for up to $5,000 each.The artist explained that he does not want people to focus completely on the techniques involved in his pieces. ―I want them to think about the work and (27)_______ I‘m actually drawing,‖ he said, ―Iprefer to study the internal aspect of the subject (28)______ _______ focus solely on the external part.‖Now, Cadden is planning to take his pieces to more foreign countries, and to hold exhibitions in China, Cuba and Brazil. He hopes to get established enough(29)______ (make) a living from his work. ―I want to be doing lots of exhibitions in five years‘ time. To have a successful solo show is a long-cherished dream of mine,‖he said. ―It‘s such a fantastic feeling (30）______ somebody buys your paintings and you know the paintings are sitting somewhere in their houses.‖II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.One of my (21) ________ (memorable) vacations took place on a farm.When I was a boy, my parents and I traveled from New York City to the Pennsylvania countryside for a weeklong taste of rural life. We stayed in a guesthouse on a farm, (22) ________ (join) in the daily routines and eating meals with the farmer and his family. We got up early to seethe cows as they (23) ________ (milk). I even tried my hand at milking one, and then joined the farmer as he released the cows into the field afterward.Decades later I still have vivid memories of that trip and of experiencing a lifestyle so different (24) ________ my own. It made me realize the value of a vacation.To this day, I wonder (25) ________ that farmer ever managed to enjoy a vacation of his own. There is never a day when the animals don‘t need to be fed. But I still think of that family trip when I plan my approach to taking time off with my wife and kids. Vacations are a time for resting and connecting. As a bank manager, I spend much of my workday encouraging my customers to save their money. One of the reasons I give is that we should all have enough for a family vacation every year. In our busy lives, family is what we (26)________ be saving our money and time for.For my family, our vacation starts when we begin planning the trip. We talk about destinations and our budget ahead of time. Among the things we discuss: Can we save money by renting a house instead of spending six nights in a hotel? Would it be better (27) ________ (buy) groceries and cook for ourselves rather than eat out every night?(28) ________ (involve) the kids in planning the vacation makes sure that they have a great vacation too. I prefer to visit historical sites and museums while they love to fish and swim. So I build in some relaxation time for us all (29) ________ ________ the vacation can work for everyone.Each year, setting aside vacation time to spend together is especially important to us. This is the one week a year I don‘t care whether my kids clean their room or do the dishes. (30) ________ matters that week is that everyone is having a great timeSection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.。
2018届奉贤区高考高三英语一模说课材料
2018届奉贤区高考高三英语一模2017学年奉贤区调研测试英语试卷I. Listening ComprehensionSection A1. A. interviewer and interviewee. B. teacher and student.C. doctor and nurse.D. boss and secretary.2. A. 9:00. B. 9:10. C. 9:30.D. 9:35.3. A. pass the journal. B. listen to the woman.C. repeat his request.D. take the journal himself.4. A. exciting. B. disappointing.C. interesting.D. satisfactory.5. A. to make a budget for her. B. to buy a gift for Mary.C. to give her mother information about Mary.D. to give some suggestions.6. A. he wants to finish his study. B. he wants to earn a lot of money.C. he wants to finish his study.D. he wants to have a good rest.7. A. The woman should not get involved in the situation.B. The woman should not be angry with the friends.C. he will explain to the woman what happened.D. he will talk to Sally and Mark soon.8. A. good weather tomorrow. B. the vacation plan.C. getting up early in the morning.D. possible heavy traffic.9. A. interested. B. fascinated. C. hostile.D. reluctant.10. A. intelligence determines admission to college.B. highly motivated students usually do well in college.C. successful college students are usually intelligent.D. a successful college motivates its students.Section BQuestions 11 through 13 are based on the following news.11. A. two terms. B. three terms. C. four terms.D. five terms.12. A. because he had been a policeman.B. because he earned a law degree in a night school.C. because they had formed a good opinion of him.D. because there was a large population of black people in Los Angeles.13. A. they want people in Los Angeles voted.B. an introduction about Thomas Bradley, major of Los Angeles.C. the reasons why white candidates failed in the vote.D. something Thomas Bradley did for the vote.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. he has more than fourteen pills a day. B. he has two pills a day.C. he has four times a day.D. he has nine pills a day.15. A. all of them. B. three kinds of medicine.C. two kinds of medicine.D. almost none.16. A. children over twelve years old. B. older people with a fever.C. old people with heart attack.D. adults with a cold. Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. she has made an attempt to become pregnant.B. she has requested her supervisor to transfer her to another department.C. she has bought the new equipment for the laboratory.D. she has complained to the government about the issue.18. A. because the new equipment is not available now.B. because the patient has made too many complains.C. because the hospital wants to tighten its budget.D. because the new equipment carries a health risk.19. A. a technician in the hospital lab. B. a doctor working in the hospital.C. a teacher working in the school.D. head of hospital administration.20. A. she will be likely to quit her job. B. she still feels at a loss as what to do.C. she will complain to the administration.D. she will fight to get her income back.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADifferent background shouldn’t mean less education. Fifty years ago, in a primary school classroom, two boys aged 11 took an examination called the 11-plus, (21)______ would make decisions about the rest of their lives. Paul passed and went to a “grammar school”. Baz failed the examination and went to a “secondary modern school”. They did not see each other again for years.Many grammar schools (22)______ (establish) hundreds of years ago to teach the Latin language to children who were not from rich families. They encouraged students to study (23)______ they were 18 and then to go to university. Secondary modern school students left at 16, usually with fewer qualifications than grammar school students. Baz says the secondary modern school had (24)______ (few) resources and the quality of teaching was not as good.Things have changed. In the 1960s and the 1970s “comprehensive schools” were created. Today, 90 percent children aged 11 to 16 from the same area to the same school without (25)______ (take) any entry examination.The British often disagrees about the best way (26)______ (educate) their children. Many people say that comprehensive schools help more children to succeed because they provide everybody (27)______ similar opportunities in a fairer way. Another view, though, is that more intelligent children, especially (28)______ from poor homes are better supported at grammar schools. Now, the government plans to open new grammar schools (29)______ ______ almost two million children will go to the same type of school that Paul attended.And Paul and Baz? Aged 60, they met again and compared (30)______ had happened to them. After university, Paul qualified as a teacher. Baz went to work in a factory at 16 and later became an engineer. In fact, Baz had a much higher salary than Paul – so perhaps life is fair after all.There’s nothing more annoying than settling down to sleep and hearing the sound of a mosquito buzzing around you.The only thought most of us ever give to this noise is “I need to get rid of this insect, immediately”, but it turns out that the mosquito is actually quite a(n) __31__ creature.A term of scientists from Oxford University in the UK, in __32__ with the Royal Veterinary College in London and Chiba University in Japan, recently published a study that found some interesting facts about the world’s most __33__ insect.By placing eight cameras inside a tiny film studio, the scientists could study several mosquitoes up close. The high-tech cameras filmed the insects at 1,000 frames per second, meaning the scientists were able to study the insects’ __34__ in never-before-seen detail. However, it wasn’t always straightforward.“Recording mosquitoes d uring free-flight represented a huge technical challenge due to their small size, __35__ wing beat frequency, and the presence of large antennae and legs that can __36__ the view of their wings,” Simon Walker of Oxford University, co-author of the study, wrote.Published in the journal Nature, the study found that mosquitoes flap their wings around 800 times a second. As a __37__, house flies flap their wings about 200 times a second, and hummingbirds 50 times a second.Richard Bomphrey of the Royal Veterinary College, the study’s leader, believes that mosquitoes have a unique flying method that sets them apart from other flying insects.“We predicted that they must make use of clever tricks, as the wings __38__ their direction at the end of each half-str oke,” he wrote in the study.Hopefully, the discovery of the mosquito’s special abilities will be of benefit to engineers in the future. The findings could lead to better aircraft, or even improvement to tools like lenses or pumps.But the scientists hope their study can one day be __39__ to new developments in more human-focused use.“The more we know about mosquitoes, the better our chance of understanding their flight behavior, how they carry disease and __40__ how to stop them from doing so,” Walker wrote.III. Reading ComprehensionSection AArtists have long claimed alcohol and other drugs as inspiration for their creativity. But is there really a(n) __41__ between intoxication（醉酒）and inspiration? A recent study published in Consciousness and Cognition explored the effects of moderate drunkenness on people’s creativity. The authors suggest that alcohol’s well-known effect in __42__ executive function may be helpful for these types of creation problems: “Sometimes a reduced ability to __43__ one’s attention can have positive implications for select cognitive tasks,” they write.The findings raise the question of whether drugs that __44__ attention and focus, in particular, stimulants（兴奋剂）, would have the opposite effect on creative thinking__45__, very little research has been done on the issue, and what results exist so far have been mixed. The outcomes may well vary according to individual __46__ to the drugs.__47__, some research has found that while stimulants can __48__ test performance for those who are less intelligent, for the smartest folks, the drugs can have the opposite effect.If less executive function is linked to more creativity, this may also explain why artists, writers and musicians appear to be more __49__ to have an addiction. Perhaps creative people are more likely than others to be __50__ to drugs in the first place, as a possible source of inspiration. And then, if reduced executive function is __51__ in part for their initial talent, this, too, could make them more easily influenced by __52__ once they start using. Having less executive control before you even take drugs means you’ll have less ability to stop once you start.Whatever the real relationship between drunkenness, addiction and art, the authors__53__ that their study findings don’t give people __54__ to get drunk to “inspire the muse （冥想）.” Co-author Jennifer Wiley, associate professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago, told the British Psychological Society’s Research Digest: “We tested what happens when people are slightly drunk-not when people drank to __55__. There could be no argument from these findings that drinking excessively would have the same effects.”A glass of wine or two, however, may occasionally help.41. A. attraction B. reservation C. connectionD. decoration42. A. strengthening B. damaging C. maintainingD. assessing43. A. block B. reduce C. disturbD. control44. A. remain B. drop C. shiftD. increase45. A. However B. Moreover C. InsteadD. Therefore46. A. additions B. responses C. oppositionsD. contrasts47. A. For example B. On the contrary C. As a resultD. On the other hand48. A. conceal B. executive C. improveD. delete49. A. vital B. likely C. idealD. difficult50. A. attracted B. contributed C. respondedD. withdrawn51. A. responsible B. illegal C. naturalD. impossible52. A. confusion B. ambition C. addictionD. exhaustion53. A. lower B. monitor C. functionD. caution54. A. sacrifice B. privacy C. appreciationD. license55. A. priorities B. extremes C. bottomD. AffectionSection B(A)I was standing in the checkout line behind a woman who looked to be in her 60s. When it was her turn to pay, the cashier greeted her by name and asked her how she was doing.The woman looked down, shook her head and said: “Not so good. My husband just lost his job and my son is up to his old tricks again. The truth is, I don’t know how I’m going to get through the holidays.”Then she gave the cashier food stamps（食品券）.My heart ached. I wanted to help but didn’t know how. Should I offer to pay for her groceries, ask for her husband’s resume?As I walked into the parking lot, I spotted the women returning her shopping cart. I remembered something in my purse that I thought could help her. It wasn’t a handful of cash or an offer of a job for her husband, but maybe it would make her life better.My heart pounded as I approached the woman.“Excuse me,” I said, my voice trembling a bit. “I couldn’t help overhearing what you said to the cashier. It sounds like you’re going through a really hard time right now. I’m so sorry. I’d like to give you something.”I handed her the small card from my purse.When the woman read the card’s only two words, she began to cry. And through her tears, she said, “You have no idea how much this means to me.”I was a little startled by her reply. Having never anything like this before, I didn’t know what kind of reaction I might receive. All I could think to say was, “Oh. Would it be OK to give you a hug?”After we embraced, I walked back to my car -- and began to cry, too.The words on the card?“You Matter.”A few weeks earlier, a colleague gave me a similar card as encouragement for a project I was working on. When I read the card, I felt a warm glow spread inside of me. Deeply touched, I came home and ordered my own box of You Matter card and started sharing them.56. Which of the following is TRUE according to the first three paragraphs?A. The woman’s family mainly depends on her son.B. The cashier helped the woman by giving her some food for free.C. The woman and her family were having a tough lime.D. The author wondered why the cashier was familiar with the woman.57. The woman cried when she got the card, probably because ______.A. it greatly encouraged herB. she could use it to buy foodC. it could solve her present problemD. it could land her husband a job58. The underlined word “startled” in Paragraph 10 proba bly means ______.A. interestedB. gratefulC. ashamedD. astonished59. From the article, we can tell that the author is a ______ person.A. smartB. kind-heartedC. knowledgeableD. confident(B)Seek Out a Unique BeachVISITOregon. For sun and fun away from the crowed beaches of Florida, check out the Oregon coast and its 363 miles of gorgeous shoreline, stretching from the Columbia River south to the redwood forests of California. Every beach is public and free. “The coast i s a perfect place to watch sea lions sun themselves or simply see the mighty Pacific weaves crash in the sunset followed by a seafood feast in one of the busy fishing communities located between the coves（小海湾）,” says Bramblett. July and August aren’t peak gray whale migration season, but there’s still a good chance you could catch a glimpse of some of the 200 whales that spend the summers off the Oregon coast.SLEEPNext to a lighthouse. Imagine yourself an ancient mariner when you book a room overlooking the Pacific Ocean at the Heceta Head Lighthouse Bed and Breakfast in Yachats, Oregon. The working lighthouse, which dated to 1894, cast a bright beam 21 miles out to sea, making it the brightest light on the Oregon coast. The cliff-top rooms at the Light K eeper’s home nearby aren’t cheap-you’ll sell out up to $ 385 for a weekend night during peak season (price includes a seven-course breakfast).BEWAREDangerous currents Unless you love cold water (or wear a wet suit), you may not wait to venture into the sea off the Oregon coast, even during the summer. But if you do, be prepared for the U.S. Lifesaving Association. Swim parallel to the beach until you’re no longer being pulled out to sea, then swim diagonally（成对角线地）toward the shore. BRINGBaby powder. Use a generous amount of baby powder to remove sand rom your hands, feet or hair. The powder quickly absorbs moisture, allowing sand to fall off easily.60. It can be inferred rom the section SLEEP that ______.A. the price of one night stay remains the same all the year aroundB. those who stay there can have a free access to the beach and the lighthouseC. those who want to stay there have to pay more during a tourist seasonD. the price includes the breakfast for seven people61. What is suggested by the leaflet if you want to enjoy your stay at the beach?A. Avoid wearing wet suits.B. Never dive into the cold water off the coast.C. Bring baby powder to protect your skin from sand scratches.D. Don’t swim straight toward the shore when there’re dangerous currents.62. Oregon coast will provide you with all the following experiences EXCEPT ______.A. a perfect view of sea lionsB. a mariner like stay in the more than 100-year-old lighthouseC. a seafood feast in the popular local communityD. sun and fun of the less crowed beach.(C)With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type.Mr. Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need inbuilt intelligence within five years, making data scientists-people trained to analyze large bodies of information-key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection systems, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior.Many companies that are born digital-particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle-are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.The factors weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of mounting a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend $ 150m a year on a single application and the total bill is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account.Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent. Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1,000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr. Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expand their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field.The b iggest barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need.Despite the obstacles, some may master this difficult transition. But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition.63. Which one is obstacle for many traditional companies to popularize learning operation?A. Technological problem.B. Expert crisis.C. High cost.D. Customer interactions.64. What can not be inferred from the passage about the machine learning?A. Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix.B. Machine learning plays an important role in existent applications.C. Machine learning experts are not highly paid in some non-technology companies.D. Machine learning models are not sufficient to solve business problems in Pinterest.65. What’s the author’s main purpose in writing this article?A. To point out the problems facing machine learning experts.B. To call on companies to cultivate more experts in data science.C. To tell the readers the present situation of data science.D. To advice non-technology companies to look beyond the advantages they face.66. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?A. Data science: A forefront force in tech businessB. Corporate competition: An obstacle to the transitionC. Machine learning: A key to smart technologyD. Technique experts: A decisive factor of the coming era.There are a lot of different people in the world, but despite our differences we all want to get along. Humans are social beings, and we enjoy being treated nicely. __67__ It is about treating people with respect and care.Be a good listener. To start a conversation, it is important to listen first, especially when you are in a group. Don’t indulge（放纵）yourself in instant chant when you have just arrived. Examine the situation and the conversation, and then say whatever you think fit. It is better to say something valuable, rather than something meaningless. __68__ Don’t try to change people. It is not your job to change anyone else. It is not in your power to change anyone else. Let other people live how they want to live. __69__ If you do not like how someone acts, you can arrange things so that you interact with them as little as possible. You can always maintain a good attitude towards them so that your relationship with them might be change.Keep a smile. A little laughter goes a long way, and a smile eases tensions, where a frown can create tensions. If someone teases you, try to laugh at it off. If someone is frowning, smile at them. Be mindful of your facial expression. If you are persistently and optimistic, people will cheer up when they are see you coming.__70__ Some people do not take hints. Some people do not read body language. For these people, it really works to just say, “I really want us to work well together. I will help you and back you up, and you help me and back me up.”IV. Summary WritingA Father’s Influence Makes for Better GradesAdolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.V. Tranalation72. 这个城市近几年来发生了翻天覆地的变化。
2018届上海市各区高三英语一模试卷题型分类专题汇编--摘要写作(Summary Writing)-学生版(已校对)
IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Wilderness TherapyWhen most people hear the term “psychotherapy”, they picture traditional talk therapy –someone sitting on a couch or chair talking about their troubling thoughts and feelings with a psychologist or other mental health professional. However, talk therapy isn’t the only type of psychotherapy used to help individuals struggling with depression, anxiety, and a whole host of other challenging disorders, emotional struggles, and other types of problems. In reality, therapy takes place in all kinds of settings. One of them is wilderness therapy.When the campsite is set up and the fire is lit, the doctor is in. Wilderness therapy is a successful, and sometimes controversial (有争议的) way to help troubled youth by teaching life and social skills on the hiking trail. Intensive group therapy and one-on-one sessions are coupled with outdoor activities like mountain climbing and fly-fishing to teach self-reliance and responsibility. Programs promise to reform even the most wayward (任性的) of offenders, including teens with depression, anger management issues, or eating disorders.While wilderness therapy can be effective, certain methods have come under fire for using unethical, and sometimes abusive (施虐的) techniques to help struggling youth. Wilderness programs are loosely regulated, so not all programs are staffed by qualified professionals. Upon closer examination, some “therapy” groups seemed to be just military-style boot camps with little mental health benefit.Even legal wilderness therapy groups have been criticized for partnering with teen escort (陪同) companies to forcibly remove unwilling participants from their homes to attend the program. While controversy and risk exist, wilderness therapy might be a creative way to teach life skills when other methods have failed.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of thepassage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Are Open Offices Good for Us?Four years ago, Chris Nagele did what many other technology executives have done before –moved his team into an open concept office. His staff had been entirely working from home, but he wanted everyone to be together, to connect and cooperate more easily. It quickly became clear, though, that Nagele had made a huge mistake. Everyone was distracted and productivity suffered and nine employees were unhappy, not to mention Nagele himself. About three years after moving into the open office, Nagele moved the company into a 10,000-square foot office where everyone now has their own space — complete with closing doors.Numerous companies have held the open office — about 70% of US offices are open concept — and very few have moved back into traditional spaces with offices and doors. But research that we’re 15% less productive, we have huge trouble concentrating in open working spaces, has contributed to a growing criticism against open offices.Beside the cheaper cost, one main argument for the open workspace is that it increases teamwork. However, it’s well documented that we rarely brainstorm brilliant ideas when we’re just shooting the breeze in a crowd. Instead, as many of us know, we’re more likely to hear about the Ch ristmas gift a colleague is buying for a family member, or problems with your deskmate’s spouse.For jobs that require focus, like writing, advertising, financial planning and computer programming, some companies that aren’t ready to abandon open plans are experimenting with quiet and closed spaces. The trouble with that, is some of us don’t feel comfortable leaving the team to go off on our own—it can feel as if we’re not pulling our weight if we’re not present. That’s particularly true in high-pressure environments. Some of us even feel that escaping to a quiet room is a sign of weakness.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.According to an official report on youth violence.“In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terriblereality of vi olence.”Given that this is the case, why aren’t students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. It is reported that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult. For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence.If the conflict occurs, students can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution: stay calm. Once the student feels calmer. Once the student feels calmer. He or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words and accusations only add fuel to the emotional fire while soft words can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.After that, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side: and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterwards, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker’s position. Then the two people should change roles.Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. An argument doesn’t mean trying to figure out the fault of the other person but means understanding what the real issue is. As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller.（280 words）IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.To airline and airport operators, fog is an enemy. When the white, misty blanket hides runways, airplanes cannot take off or land. Changes in flight schedules cost the airlines several million dollars each year.Fog is an concentration of tiny water droplets suspended in the air. It most often occurs when warm, most air is suddenly cooled. To clear the air of fog, it is necessary to evaporate the droplets or cause them to join together and fall as rain or snow.In 1968, a new fog-sweeping machine was tested for dissipating(驱散）the most common king of fog, which occurs at temperature above freezing. The machine consists of 100-foot-long plastic tube mounted on a mobile blower. As the machine moved across the airport, chemicalswere blown through the tube and up into the fog. One of the chemicals reduces the surface tension on the water droplets so that they would join together more easily. Another chemical gave an electronic charge to the droplets, so that they attracted each other and fell as rain.Cold fog, which occurs at temperatures below freezing, causes only a small percentage of airport shutdowns. Cold fog is fairly easy to eliminate. For quite a few years, airports have used cloud-seeding methods to dissipate cold fog. An airplane drops crystals of dry ice into the fog. Soon, snow falls and the air clears.In the 1900s, another kind of weapon against fog was developed. Pilots who are flying through fog fire a pulse of laser light toward the runway. The light that would normally be reflected by the fog is screened out by a sensor. When the laser pulse returns, the sensor opens briefly to admit only the light reflected from the runway, thus enabling the laser to “see” the runway through the fog.These new “whether weapons” are helping to win the war against fog.IV．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.We see it everywhere. A tired parent, at the end of a stressful day, loses it — and a child suffers. We’d like to help if we could, but we hesitate. Is it our business to intervene(干涉)? And if we do, will we embarrass and offend the parent, making him or her even more angry with the child? Isn’t it wiser to walk past without comment? A fter all, none of us is a perfect parent.There seems to be a common assumption in our society that intervening on behalf of a child in a public place is necessarily hurtful and critical. It needs to be neither. There is a world of difference between hurt ful criticism (“How dare you treat your child like that?”) and helpful intervention done in a caring way (“It can be really hard to meet their needs when you’re so busy. Is there anything I can do to help?”) There is nothing essential in intervention that requires one to be offensive.My friends and I have witnessed some really harmful acts: hitting, severe verbal abuse, hurtful comparisons to brothers and sisters, and so on. These children accept this treatment because they are too helpless and inexperienced to stand up for themselves. That emotionalabuse(虐待) leaves no outward scars should not excuse us from helping these children. Those of us who can recognize damaging treatment have an obligation to step in.There is one more reason for intervening that is nearly always overlooked in these discussions, but which I consider to be the most significant: the lifelong effect it can have on the child. Many adults in counseling sessions still recall with gratitude the one time that a stranger stepped in on their behalf, and how much it meant: that someone cared, and that the child’s feelings of anger and frustration were recognized and accepted. These adults have stated to me that this one intervention changed their lives and gave them hope. Are we to bypass the opportunity to make such a big difference in the life of a child?Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.California condors are North American’s largest birds, will wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico. Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once. So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival tim e in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”Ⅳ. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.A Father’s Influence Makes for Better GradesAdolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.For many well-educated travelers, buying a copy of Lonely Planet is the first task before taking a vacation abroad. Founded in 1973, Lonely Planet is the biggest guidebook series in many countries. It’s published in 11 languages including Chinese.But when the BBC confirmed on March 19 that it had sold the entire Lonely Planet series to a US billionaire at a significant deficit(赤字), many commented that the deal sang the swan song for the printed guidebook.The rise of the Internet and the prevalence of smartphones have become a burden on the print media. Why would travelers bring a heavy guidebook when they can download the apps to their smartphone in an instant? Furthermore, alternative and free travel content is readily available on the Internet, from Wikivoyage to TripAdvisor which provide excellent guidance on your trips.But the Internet is not the only reason that guidebooks are in decline. It is also widely accepted that the physical guidebook has such complete content that can kill any sense of personal exploration. With the guide books, all those backpacker feet ended up following routine trade routes, and in those routes was little room for initiative.It’s also pointed out that the guidebook is not exactly good for tourism. Often the shops and restaurants that thrived on a recommendation in the guidebook relaxed and discovered that it didn’t matter: the legions of eager trav elers keep on coming anyway. They gradually become uncompetitive.And yet, despite the rise of new media, it’s believed there is still a place for printed guidebooks, at least for the time being as books still offer readers the kind of feeling that virtual tools can’t provide, more of a compelling, touchable interaction.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.From Burn Survivor to Global InspirationLast October, the Kona Ironman World Championship witnessed an unbelievable finish. Turia Pitt, an Australian woman who suffered severe burns when caught in a bush fire during a marathon six years ago, successfully challenged herself.Pitt spent 864 days in a hospital and went through more than 200 operations. Doctors said she would never run again, but she proved them wrong.Crossing the line in the Hawaiian darkness, Pitt showed incredible emotion as the race commentator (现场解说员) announced: “Turia Pitt, you are an ironman!” On social media, people around the world applauded her determination.Apart from continuing to be a star athlete, Pitt is also a motivational speaker now. She is sharing her journey of recovery with others to help raise awareness about the importance of organ donation, which she believes saved her life.Pitt was 24 years old when she and five others encountered the fire. Doctors had to remove the burnt skin and replace it with donated skin that could fight infection. None could be found in Australia and doctors were forced to search abroad. They finally found skin that could be used in the United States.“I’m not being dramatic, but it was the skin that saved my life,” said Pitt. “I decided to live my life to the best of my abilities because I never wanted those donors, wherever they are, to think I was ungrateful for their gift.”So Pitt set herself a big goal: the Kona Ironman World Championship. In order to compete, she had to first learn how to stand, walk and even talk all over again. And because of her burns, she also has trouble sweating and regulating her body temperature.Despite these disadvantages, Pitt completed the race in just 14 hours. She said this achievement would not be possible without the donated skin, highlighting the importance of organ donation.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.“Where You Go” Doesn’t Matter So MuchDuring the fall months at high school guidance counseling programs, juniors run to the stage to participate in an exercise to try and help them understand that it is not “where you go” that matters. They hold posters featuring the names and faces of famous people while their peers and parents shout out with confidence the names of elite colleges (名校) they assume the celebrities attended.The “oohs” and “aahs” follow as the audience learn that Steven Spielberg, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates dropped out of college and that Ken Burns graduated from Hampshire College. If even a few stressed students and their anxious parents benefit from this information, it is a worthwhile exercise. Even better is giving the students an assignment to identify the happy, successful people in their own circle of family, friends, co-workers and neighbors and challenging them to go and ask “if or where they went to college?” as a means of broadening the conversation in their search for a life after high school.The key to success in college and beyond has more to do with what students do with their time during college than what college they choose to attend. A long-term study of 6,335 college graduates published by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that graduating from a college where entering students have higher SAT scores—one marker of elite colleges—didn’t pay off in higher post-graduation income. Researchers found that students who applied to several elite schools but didn’t attend them—either because of rejection or by their own choice—are more likely to earn high incomes later than students who actually attended elite schools.In a summary of the findings, the bureau sa ys that “evidently, students’ motivation, ambition and desire to learn have a much stronger effect on their later success than average academic ability of their classmates.”IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Sales strategiesHow can a company improve its sales? One of the keys to more effective selling is for a company to first decide on its “sales strategy”. In other words, what is the role of the salesperson? Is the salesperson’s job narrative, suggestive, or consultative?The “narrative” sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefit for the customer of a particular product or service. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the same.The “suggestive” approach is tailored more for the individual c ustomer. The salesperson must be in a position to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customer’s needs. One key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in some sort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information from the customer to suggest an appropriate product or service.The final strategy demands that a company’s sales staff act as “consultants” for the buyer. In this role, the salesperson must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes a detailed presentation tailored to a consumer’s needs. More and more sales teams are switching from a narrative or a suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations value creativity and analytical skills.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.When a rather dirty, poorly dressed person kneels at your feet and puts out his hands to beg for a few coins, do you hurry on, not knowing what to do, or do you feel sad and hurriedly hand over some money? What should our attitude to beggars be? There can be no question that the world is full of terribly sad stories. It must be terrible to have no idea where our next meal is going to come from. It seems cruel not to give some money to beg gars.Certainly, most of the world’s great religions order us to be open hearted and share what we have with those less fortunate than ourselves. But has the world changed? Maybe what wasmorally right in the old days, when one knew exactly who in the village had suffered misfortune and needed help, is no longer the best idea. Quite a few people will not give to beggars. Let us look at their arguments.First, some believe that many city beggars dress up on purpose to look pitiable and actually make a good living from begging. Giving to beggars only encourages this sort of evil. Secondly, there is the worry that the money you give will be spent on beer, wine or drugs. Thirdly, there is the opinion that there is no real excuse for begging. One might be poor, but that is no reason for losing one’s sense of pride and self-dependence.Related to this is the opinion that the problem should be dealt with by the government rather than ordinary people. Some people think beggars should go to the local government department and receive help.It is hard to come to any final conclusion; there are various cases and we must deal with them differently. A few coins can save a life in some situations, and even if the money is wasted, that does not take away the moral goodness of the giver.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleIt’s a common sight to see food delivery workers riding electric bikes through big cities in China. Most of them seem to be in a hurry, as they run red lights to deliver their meals in time. However, such reckless（鲁莽的）behavior often causes serious problems.In the first half of this year, food delivery drivers had 76 traffic accidents in Shanghai alone, according to the Shanghai Public Security Bureau. This means that on average, there is a food delivery worker that gets hurt or even dies on the road in Shanghai every 2.5 days.Other cities also share similar problems. In Nanjing, three people died and 2,473 were injured in road accidents related to food delivery workers in the same period, according to the Ministry of Public Security.The rise of reckless behavior among food delivery workers is closely related to the growing demand for their service, reported People’s Daily. About 150 million people in China use food delivery services, according to China Radio International (CRI). Such a big market has led to alarge demand for food delivery workers, with some companies offering high salaries to attract new workers.However, food delivery workers are often under high pressure from their employers. They face company fines of 20 yuan for delivering food late and upwards of 200 yuan for receiving complaints, reported CRI. Moreover, the more orders they take, the more commission（佣金）they can earn, leading to some workers checking their mobile phones for new orders while they're riding their bikes.While most companies have measures requiring delivery workers to follow traffic rules, “there remains a problem of whether these requirements and rules for delivery workers are truly entering their ears, brains and hearts,” Wang Liang, deputy head of the Traffic Police Security Bureau, told news website The Paper.To solve the problem, some cities have taken action. Shanghai has asked companies to train their workers on traffic rules and safety. Now in Shenzhen, if a delivery worker gets caught breaking traffic rules more than twice, he or she will be banned from driving food delivery vehicles for a whole year.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleReading the world in 195 boobsIn 2012, I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country of all 195 UN- recognized states in a year. With no idea how to find publications, I decided to ask the planet’s readers for help. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English.The response was amazing. Before I knew it, people all over the planet were getting in touch with ideas and offers of help. Some posted me books. Others did hours of research on my behalf. In addition, several writers, like Turkmenistan’s Ak Welsapar and Panama’s Juan David Morgan, sent me unpublished translations of their novels. Even with such an extraordinary team behind me, however, sourcing books was no easy task.But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the planet’s literary landscapes,extraordinary things started to happen. Far from simply armchair travelling, I found I was inhabiting the mental space of the storytellers. I discovered, book packing offered something that a physical traveller could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports, these stories not only opened my mind to basic information of life in other places, but opened my heart to the way people there might feel. And that in turn changed my thinking. Through reading the stories shared with me by bookish strangers around the globe, I realized I was not an isolated person, but part of a network that stretched all over the planet.One by one, the country names on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise transformed into places filled with laughter, love, anger, hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed foreign and remote became close and familiar to me — places I could identify with. At its best, I learned, fiction makes the world real.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possibleSecure payment without leaving a traceComputer scientist Andy Rupp, member of the “Signaling Code and Security” working group, is always surprised about lacking problem awareness: only few users are aware of the fact that by using payment systems they disclose in detail how and what they consume or which routes they have taken. To prevent control of the accounts by dishonest users, customer data and account balances of payment are usually carried out with the help of a central database. In every payment deal, the customer is identified and the details of her/his deal are transmitted to the central database. This repeated identification process produces a data trace that might be misused by the provider or third parties.The expert has now presented the basics of an “electronic purse” that works by unknown names, but prevents misuse at the same time. The “black-box addition plus” (BBA+) code system developed by them transfers all necessary account data to the card used or the smartphone and guarantees their secrets with the help of signaling code methods. At the same time, BBA+ offers security guarantees for the operator of the payment system: The code system guarantees a correct。
2018年上海奉贤区高三一模英语试卷-学生用卷
2018年上海奉贤区高三一模英语试卷-学生用卷一、短文填空1、【来源】 2018年上海奉贤区高三一模第21~30题Different background shouldn't mean less education. Fifty years ago, in a primary school classroom, two boys aged 11 took an examination called the 11-plus,1would make decisions about the rest of their lives. Paul passed and went to a "grammar school" . Baz failed the examination and went to a "secondary modern school" . They did not see each other again for years.Many grammar schools2（establish） hundreds of years ago to teach the Latin language to children who were not from rich families. They encouraged students tostudy3they were 18 and then to go to university. Secondary modern school students left at 16, usually with fewer qualifications than grammar school students. Baz says the secondary modern school had4（few） resources and the quality of teaching was not as good.Things have changed. In the 1960s and the 1970s "comprehensive schools" were created. Today, 90 percent children aged 11 to 16 from the same area to the same schoolwithout5（take） any entry examination.The British often disagrees about the best way6（educate） their children. Many people say that comprehensive schools help more children to succeed because they provide everybody7similar opportunities in a fairer way. Another view, though, is that more intelligent children, especially8from poor homes are better supported at grammar schools. Now, the government plans to open new grammarschools9almost two million children will go to the same type of school that Paul attended.And Paul and Baz aged 60, they met again and compared10had happened to them. After university, Paul qualified as a teacher. Baz went to work in a factory at 16 and later became an engineer. In fact, Baz had a much higher salary than Paul – so perhaps life is fair after all.二、选词填空2、【来源】 2018年上海奉贤区高三一模第31~40题There's nothing more annoying than settling down to sleep and hearing the sound of a mosquito buzzing around you.The only thought most of us ever give to this noise is "I need to get rid of this insect, immediately" , but it turns out that the mosquito is actually quite a(n)1creature.A term of scientists from Oxford University in the UK, in2with the Royal Veterinary College in London and Chiba University in Japan, recently published a study that found some interesting facts about the world's most3insect.By placing eight cameras inside a tiny film studio, the scientists could study several mosquitoes up close. The high-tech cameras filmed the insects at 1,000 frames per second, meaning the scientists were able to study the insects'4in never-before-seen detail. However, it wasn't always straightforward."Recording mosquitoes during free-flight represented a huge technical challenge due to their small size,5wing beat frequency, and the presence of large antennae and legs that can6the view of their wings," Simon Walker of Oxford University, co-author of the study, wrote.Published in the journal Nature, the study found that mosquitoes flap their wings around 800 times a second. As a7, house flies flap their wings about 200 times a second, and hummingbirds 50 times a second.Richard Bomphrey of the Royal Veterinary College, the study's leader, believes that mosquitoes have a unique flying method that sets them apart from other flying insects."We predicted that they must make use of clever tricks, as thewings8their direction at the end of each half-stroke," he wrote in the study.Hopefully, the discovery of the mosquito's special abilities will be of benefit to engineers in the future. The findings could lead to better aircraft, or even improvement to tools like lenses or pumps.But the scientists hope their study can one day be9to new developments in more human-focused use."The more we know about mosquitoes, the better our chance of understanding their flight behavior, how they carry disease and10how to stop them from doing so," Walker wrote.三、完形填空3、【来源】 2018年上海奉贤区高三一模第41~55题Artists have long claimed alcohol and other drugs as inspiration for their creativity. But is there really a(n)1between intoxication（醉酒）and inspiration? A recent study published in Consciousness and Cognition explored the effects of moderate drunkenness on people's creativity. The authors suggest that alcohol's well-known effect in2executive function may be helpful for these types of creation problems: "Sometimes a reduced abilityto3one's attention can have positive implications for select cognitive tasks," they write.The findings raise the question of whether drugs that4attention and focus, in particular, stimulants（兴奋剂）, would have the opposite effect on creativethinking5, very little research has been done on the issue, and what results exist so far have been mixed. The outcomes may well vary according toindividual6to the drugs.7, some research has found that while stimulants can8test performance for those who are less intelligent, for the smartest folks, the drugs can have the opposite effect.If less executive function is linked to more creativity, this may also explain why artists, writers and musicians appear to be more9to have an addiction. Perhaps creative people are more likely than others to be10to drugs in the first place, as a possible source of inspiration. And then, if reduced executive function is11in part for their initial talent, this, too, could make them more easily influencedby12once they start using. Having less executive control before you even take drugs means you'll have less ability to stop once you start.Whatever the real relationship between drunkenness, addiction and art, theauthors13that their study findings don't givepeople14to get drunk to "inspire the muse（冥想）." Co-author Jennifer Wiley, associate professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago, told the British Psychological Society's Research Digest: "We tested what happens when people are slightly drunk-not when people drank to15. There could be no argument from these findings that drinking excessively would have the same effects."A glass of wine or two, however, may occasionally help.A. attractionB. reservationC. connectionD. decorationA. strengtheningB. damagingC. maintainingD. assessingA. blockB. reduceC. disturbD. controlA. remainB. dropC. shiftD. increaseA. HoweverB. MoreoverC. InsteadD. ThereforeA. additionsB. responsesC. oppositionsD. contrastsA. For exampleB. On the contraryC. As a resultD. On the other handA. concealB. executiveC. improveD. deleteA. vitalB. likelyC. idealD. difficultA. attractedB. contributedC. respondedD. withdrawnA. responsibleB. illegalC. naturalD. impossibleA. confusionB. ambitionC. addictionD. exhaustionA. lowerB. monitorC. functionD. cautionA. sacrificeB. privacyC. appreciationD. licenseA. prioritiesB. extremesC. bottomD. Affection四、阅读理解4、【来源】 2018年上海奉贤区高三一模（A篇）第56~59题I was standing in the checkout line behind a woman who looked to be in her 60s. When it was her turn to pay, the cashier greeted her by name and asked her how she was doing.The woman looked down, shook her head and said: "Not so good. My husband just lost his job and my son is up to his old tricks again. The truth is, I don't know how I'm going to get through the holidays."Then she gave the cashier food stamps（食品券）.My heart ached. I wanted to help but didn't know how. Should I offer to pay for her groceries, ask for her husband's resume?As I walked into the parking lot, I spotted the women returning her shopping cart. I remembered something in my purse that I thought could help her. It wasn't a handful of cash or an offer of a job for her husband, but maybe it would make her life better.My heart pounded as I approached the woman."Excuse me, " I said, my voice trembling a bit. "I couldn't help overhearing what you said to the cashier. It sounds like you're going through a really hard time right now. I'm so sorry. I'd like to give you something."I handed her the small card from my purse.When the woman read the card's only two words, she began to cry. And through her tears, she said, "You have no idea how much this means to me."I was a little TAL#NBSP startled by her reply. Having never anything like this before, I didn't know what kind of reaction I might receive. All I could think to say was, "Oh. Would it be OK to give you a hug? "After we embraced, I walked back to my car -- and began to cry, too.The words on the card?"You Matter."A few weeks earlier, a colleague gave me a similar card as encouragement for a project I was working on. When I read the card, I felt a warm glow spread inside of me. Deeply touched, I came home and ordered my own box of You Matter card and started sharing them.(1) Which of the following is TRUE according to the first three paragraphs?A. The woman's family mainly depends on her son.B. The cashier helped the woman by giving her some food for free.C. The woman and her family were having a tough time.D. The author wondered why the cashier was familiar with the woman.(2) The woman cried when she got the card, probably because.A. it greatly encouraged herB. she could use it to buy foodC. it could solve her present problemD. it could land her husband a job(3) The underlined word "startled" in Paragraph 10 probably means.A. interestedB. gratefulC. ashamedD. astonished(4) From the article, we can tell that the author is a person.A. smartB. kind-heartedC. knowledgeableD. confident5、【来源】 2018年上海奉贤区高三一模（B篇）第60~62题2019~2020学年上海普陀区上海市曹杨第二中学高一下学期期中（B篇）第60~62题6分Seek Out a Unique BeachVISITOregon. For sun and fun away from the crowded beaches of Florida, check out the Oregon coast and its 363 miles of gorgeous shoreline, stretching from the Columbia River south to the redwood forests of California. Every beach is public and free. "The coast is a perfect place to watch sea lions sun themselves or simply see the mighty Pacific weaves crash in the sunset followed by a seafood feast in one of the busy fishing communities located between the coves（小海湾）, " says Bramblett. July and August aren't peak gray whale migration season, but there's still a good chance you could catch a glimpse of some of the 200 whales that spend the summers off the Oregon coast.SLEEPNext to a lighthouse. Imagine yourself an ancient mariner when you book a room overlooking the Pacific Ocean at the Heceta Head Lighthouse Bed and Breakfast in Yachats, Oregon. The working lighthouse, which dated to 1894, cast a bright beam 21 miles out to sea, making it the brightest light on the Oregon coast. The cliff-top rooms at the Light Keeper's home nearby aren't cheap-you'll sell out up to ＄ 385 for a weekend night during peak season （price includes a seven-course breakfast）.BEWAREDangerous currents Unless you love cold water (or wear a wet suit), you may not wait to venture into the sea off the Oregon coast, even during the summer. But if you do, be prepared for the U.S. Lifesaving Association. Swim parallel to the beach until you're no longer being pulled out to sea, then swim diagonally（成对角线地）toward the shore.BRINGBaby powder. Use a generous amount of baby powder to remove sand from your hands, feet or hair. The powder quickly absorbs moisture, allowing sand to fall off easily.(1) It can be inferred from the section SLEEP that.A. the price of one night stay remains the same all the year aroundB. those who stay there can have a free access to the beach and the lighthouseC. those who want to stay there have to pay more during a tourist seasonD. the price includes the breakfast for seven people(2) What is suggested by the leaflet if you want to enjoy your stay at the beach?A. Avoid wearing wet suits.B. Never dive into the cold water off the coast.C. Bring baby powder to protect your skin from sand scratches.D. Don't swim straight toward the shore when there're dangerous currents.(3) Oregon coast will provide you with all the following experiencesEXCEPT.A. a perfect view of sea lionsB. a mariner like stay in the more than 100-year-old lighthouseC. a seafood feast in the popular local communityD. sun and fun of the less crowed beach.6、【来源】 2018年上海奉贤区高三一模（C篇）第63~66题With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type.Mr. Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need inbuilt intelligence within five years, making data scientists-people trained to analyze large bodies of information-key workers in this emerging "cognitive" technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection systems, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior.Many companies that are born digital-particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle-are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.The factors weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of mounting a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend $ 150m a year on a single application and the total bill is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account.Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent. Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1, 000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100, 000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr. Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expand their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field.The biggest barrier to adapting to the coming era of "smart" applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need.Despite the obstacles, some may master this difficult transition. But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition.(1) Which one is obstacle for many traditional companies to popularize learning operation?A. Technological problem.B. Expert crisis.C. High cost.D. Customer interactions.(2) What can not be inferred from the passage about the machine learning?A. Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix.B. Machine learning plays an important role in existent applications.C. Machine learning experts are not highly paid in some non-technology companies.D. Machine learning models are not sufficient to solve business problems in Pinterest.(3) What's the author's main purpose in writing this article?A. To point out the problems facing machine learning experts.B. To call on companies to cultivate more experts in data science.C. To tell the readers the present situation of data science.D. To advice non-technology companies to look beyond the advantages they face.(4) Which of the following is the best title for this passage?A. Data science: A forefront force in tech businessB. Corporate competition: An obstacle to the transitionC. Machine learning: A key to smart technologyD. Technique experts: A decisive factor of the coming era.五、信息匹配7、【来源】 2018年上海奉贤区高三一模第67~70题2019~2020学年上海普陀区上海市曹杨第二中学高一下学期期中第68~71题8分There are a lot of different people in the world, but despite our differences we all want to get along. Humans are social beings, and we enjoy being treated nicely.1It is about treating people with respect and care.Be a good listener. To start a conversation, it is important to listen first, especially when you are in a group. Don't indulge（放纵）yourself in instant chant when you have just arrived. Examine the situation and the conversation, and then say whatever you think fit. It is better to say something valuable, rather than something meaningless.2Don't try to change people. It is not your job to change anyone else. It is not in your power to change anyone else. Let other people live how they want to live.3If you do not like how someone acts, you can arrange things so that you interact with them as little as possible. You can always maintain a good attitude towards them so that your relationship with them might be change.Keep a smile. A little laughter goes a long way, and a smile eases tensions, where a frown can create tensions. If someone teases you, try to laugh at it off. If someone is frowning, smile at them. Be mindful of your facial expression. If you are persistently and optimistic, people will cheer up when they are see you coming.4Some people do not take hints. Some people do not read body language. For these people, it really works to just say, "I really want us to work well together. I will help you and back you up, and you help me and back me up."A. Therefore, it would be advisable to remain thoughtful of how you conduct yourself and deal with others around you.B. State out right that you ant to get along.C. In other words, do not allow yourself to take out your negative emotions on others around you.D. Getting along with someone, regardless of their passions, isn't about being their best friend or sharing all their hobbies.E. You can only change how you interact with people, you can not change them.F. So it is better to listen to what the conversation is about before speaking.六、语言表达8、【来源】 2018年上海奉贤区高三一模第71题Summary WritingA Father's Influence Makes for Better GradesAdolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers' warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father's warmth first influences daughters' sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers' involvement and teenage boys' belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.七、完成句子9、【来源】 2018年上海奉贤区高三一模第72~75题Tranalation(1) 这个城市近几年来发生了翻天覆地的变化。
2018上海高三英语一模汇编：完形填空
2018届高三英语一模汇编——完形填空1、2018黄浦一模Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Could Buying Paintings Make You Rich?Is investing in paintings a good way to get rich fast?And how should you invest in art?“With extreme__41__”is the advice of Patrick Connolly,a financial adviser.“We don’t__42__our customers to invest in art because the downsides are greater than the upsides.It doesn't produce income or earnings.What you__43__ is exclusively based on supply and demand,and there are big movements upwards or downwards if there are changes in the economic environment,”he said.To invest in art as a true investment,you need a starting fund of at least$5,000.But it’s not just about having enough__44__to buy the painting in the first place.Expensive works of art are often stored in protective boxes complete with detectors to monitor humidity and temperature levels,and to protect them from sun damage or other__45__such as a spilled cup of coffee.And if you do put it on your wall,then your insurance costs are likely to be high.If word gets out that you have expensive art hanging on your wall,then you're likely to be a__46__for thieves.Art is also not a regulated investment so when things go wrong–for example,an artwork turns out to be a fraud(赝品)–then investors cannot fall back on__47__for any repayment.Of course given the current environment of low interest rates,that's still a(n)__48__return than many savings accounts will give you.As art has no association to the stock market,it means paintings can__49__in value even when the market crashes,making it a good option for investment__50__.It is reported that after a decrease in the global art market throughout2016,auction(拍卖)sales__51__in the first six months of2017.Yet you don't necessarily have to be super-wealthy to invest in art.There are a growing number of art fairs and online marketplaces aimed at buyers with a more__52__budget.Most art industry experts suggest that you buy a piece of art because you like it,not because you want to get rich.The most__53__approach is probably to buy something you like and can__54__and,be prepared to keep it just for your own pleasure.If it goes up in value that should be just a(n)__55__benefit.41.A.accuracy B.carefulness C.enthusiasm D.generosity42.A.beg B.control C.forbid D.recommend43.A.get back B.look into C.take out D.turn to44.A.desire B.energy C.money D.time45.A.accidents B.appliances C.measures D.drinks46.A.partner B.spectator C.target D.therapy47.A.initiative B.regulation C.strategy D.tradition48.A.better B.earlier C.healthier D.lower49.A.fall apart B.fall down C.go ahead D.go up50.A.funds B.levels C.selections D.rates51.A.ceased B.proceeded C.recovered D.shrank52.A.fixed B.limited C.massive D.modest53.A.creative B.direct C.flexible D.sensible54.A.afford B.preserve C.transfer D.undertake55.A.added B.maximum C.obvious D.social答案：41--45BDACA46--50CBADC51--55CDDAACameron Buckner,assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Houston,argues in an article published in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research that a wide range of animal species exhibit so-called“executive control”when it comes to making decisions,__41__considering their goals and ways to satisfy those goals before acting.He acknowledges that language is__42__for some experienced forms of higher-order thinking,or thinking about thinking.But supported by a review of previously published research,Buckner__43__that a wide variety of animals—elephants,chimpanzees(黑猩猩),ravens(大乌鸦)and lions,among others—__44__reasonable decision-making.“These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the__45__they are evaluating for their goal,they possess a subjective,internal signal regarding their confidence in this take can be used to select among different options,”he wrote.The question has been__46__since the days of the ancient philosophers,as people considered what means to be human is.One way to address that,Buckner said,is to__47__exactly what sets humans apart from other animals.Language remains a key difference between animals and humans,and Buckner notes that serious__48__in the 1970s and80s to teach animal’s human language—teaching chimpanzees to use sign language,__49__—found that although they were able to express simple ideas,they did not engage in__50__thought and language structures.Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable__51__to study the issue,but today’s researcher conduct complicated controlled experiments.Buckner,working with Thomas Bugnyar and Stephan A.Reber,mental biologist at the University of Vienna,last year__52__the results of a result that determined ravens share at least some of the human ability to think abstractly about other minds,__53__their behavior by attaching their own observations to others.In his latest paper,Buckner offers several examples to support his__54__.His goal,Buckner said,was to organize experimental research,“to see that we’re gathered enough evidence to say that animals really are__55__in a unique way.”41.A.secretly B.unintentionally C.scarcely D.consciously42.A.required B.qualified C.acquired D.prepared43.A.concerns plains C.conclude D.convinces44.A.turn down B.engage in C.refer to D.argue about45.A.option B.scheme C.regulation D.random46.A.dismissed B.ignored C.debated D.answered47.A.evaluate B.determine C.overlook D.initiate48.A.results B.successes C.achievements D.attempts49.A.for example B.this is to say C.on the contrary D.as a result50.A.obvious B.feasible C.private plex51.A.mystery B.tradition C.evidence D.fiction52.A.substituted B.published C.reflected D.maintained53.A.adapting B.symbolizing C.investigating D.revenging54.A.agreement B.implement C.requirement D.argument55.A.passionate B.reasonable C.confused D.ridiculous答案：41--45DACBA46--50CBDAD51--55CBADB8Artists have long claimed alcohol and other drugs as inspiration for their creativity.But is there really a(n)__41__ between intoxication(醉酒)and inspiration?A recent study published in Consciousness and Cognition explored the effects of moderate drunkenness on people’s creativity.The authors suggest that alcohol’s well-known effect in__42__ executive function may be helpful for these types of creation problems:”Sometimes a reduced ability to__43__one’s attention can have positive implications for select cognitive tasks,”they write.The findings raise the question of whether drugs that__44__attention and focus,in particular,stimulants(兴奋剂), would have the opposite effect on creative thinking__45__,very little research has been done on the issue,and what results exist so far have been mixed.The outcomes may well vary according to individual__46__to the drugs.__47__, some research has found that while stimulants can__48__test performance for those who are less intelligent,for the smartest folks,the drugs can have the opposite effect.If less executive function is linked to more creativity,this may also explain why artists,writers and musicians appear to be more__49__to have an addiction.Perhaps creative people are more likely than others to be__50__to drugs in the first place,as a possible source of inspiration.And then,if reduced executive function is__51__in part for their initial talent,this,too,could make them more easily influenced by__52__once they start using.Having less executive control before you even take drugs means you’ll have less ability to stop once you start.Whatever the real relationship between drunkenness,addiction and art,the authors__53__that their study findings don’t give people__54__to get drunk to“inspire the muse(冥想).”Co-author Jennifer Wiley,associate professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago,told the British Psychological Society’s Research Digest:”We tested what happens when people are slightly drunk-not when people drank to__55__.There could be no argument from these findings that drinking excessively would have the same effects.”A glass of wine or two,however,may occasionally help.41.A.attraction B.reservation C.connection D.decoration42.A.strengthening B.damaging C.maintaining D.Assessing43.A.block B.reduce C.disturb D.control44.A.remain B.drop C.shift D.increase45.A.However B.Moreover C.Instead D.Therefore46.A.Additions B.responses C.oppositions D.contrasts47.A.For example B.On the contrary C.As a result D.On the otherhand48.A.conceal B.executive C.improve D.delete 49.A.vital B.likely C.ideal D.difficult 50.A.AttractedB.contributedC.respondedD.withdrawn 51.A.responsible B.illegal C.natural D.impossible 52.A.confusion B.Ambition C.Addiction D.exhaustion53.A.lower B.monitor C.function D.caution54.A.sacrifice B.privacy C.Appreciation D.license55.A.priorities B.extremes C.bottom D.Affection答案：41--45CBADA46--50BACBA51--55ACDDB12、2018静安一模The sights,sounds,and smells of the modern marketplace are rarely accidental.More likely,they are tools of an evolving strategy of psychological marketing called“sensory marketing”to create an emotional association to a(n) __41__product or brand.By relating to people in a far more__42__way through everyone’s own senses,sensory marketing is able to affect people in a way that traditional mass marketing cannot.Traditional marketing believes that consumers will systematically consider__43__product factors like price, features,and utility.Sensory marketing,by contrast,seeks to resort to the consumer’s life experiences and feelings. Sensory marketing believes that people,as consumers,will act according to their emotional urge more than to their __44__reasoning.In this way,an effective sensory marketing effort can result in consumers choosing to buy a lovely but expensive product,rather than a plain but cheap__45__.In the past,communications with customers were mainly monologues—companies just‘talked at’consumers. Then they evolved into dialogues,with customers providing__46__.Now they’re becoming multidimensional conversations,with products finding their won voices and consumers responding__47__to them.Based on the implied messages received through five senses,consumers,without noticing it,tend to apply human-like personalities to brands,leading to intimate relationship and,hopefully for the brands,persistent__48__. And that’s the very thing brands are dying to foster in customers rather than instant trend or profits.Most brands are considered to have either“sincere”or“exciting”personalities.“Sincere”brands like IBM and Boeing tend to be regarded as conservative and reliable while“exciting”brands like Apple,and Ferrari are as imaginative and__49__.In general,the consumers tend to form__50__relationships with sincere brands than with exciting ones,this explains the relatively enduring history of the“Sincere Brands”.Certainly,with the eyes containing two-thirds of all the__51__cells in a person’s body,sight is considered the most important of all human senses.Sensory marketing uses sight to create a memorable“sight experience”of the product for consumers which extends to packaging,store interiors,and printed advertising to form a(n)__52__image for the brand.In other words,no aspects of a product design is left to__53__anymore,especially color.Brand acceptance is linked closely with the appropriateness of the colors on the brand—does the color__54__the product at all?If not, customers,though not realizing it themselves,will__55__the brands in all possible ways-sales,reputations,etc. Therefore,brands,isn’t it time now to study the new field of marketing?41.A.specific B.qualified C.average D.adequate 42.A.economic B.personal C.artificial D.mechanic43.A.obvious B.potential C.accessible D.concrete 44.A.imaginable B.objective C.psychological D.gradual 45.A.alternative B.reward C.sample D.exhibit pliment B.fund C.prospect D.feedback47.A.temporarily B.subconsciously C.occasionally D.attentively48.A.loyalty B.philosophy C.endurance D.regulationd B.daring C.steady D.classic50.A.far-fetched B.hard-won C.long-lasting D.easy-going51.A.individual B.sensory C.present D.general52.A.overall B.ambitious C.dramatic D.additional53.A.chance B.maintenance C.progress D.leadership54.A.accept B.overlook C.fit D.treat 55.A.shape B.punish C.signify D.exploit答案：41-45ABDBA46--50DBABC51--55BAACB13、2018青浦一模Travel,a home coming tourIn the UK travel is an enriching life experience that will make your resume stand out amongstother applicants. Travel is not simply a pursuit of__41__but also“character-b uilding”，“defining”and potentially“career-boosting”.Most of the people I know here at university__42__the desire to travel and escape the stresssurrounding us.But Idon’t think,as UK students,we can blame our addiction to international travel simply on a stressful life.Yes,Ihave a lotto handle and it’s a fine__43__act managing my part-time job,my degree and my social life to a perfect level.In a trulyopen world,we can get anywhere,see anything and experience every culture under the sun,at the click of a button,thepurchase of a__44__.Many people I met while working in China were surprised at the number of countries I’d travelled pared to friends and family I consider myself vastly__45__.I’ve never set foot across the pond in the U.S.A and Canada,let alone South America and even within Europe my checklist of destinations is far from__46__.I was also met by__47__at how little travelling I had done within my own borders.This was something I had not really considered before.How much of my own country had I really seen and experienced?To those from a place as vast and varied as China,Britain was really so__48__in comparison and so to have spent20years there and not seen every part of it was quite surprising.I had a conversation with a Chinese colleague over the reasoning behind our use of golden Cotswold stone,which sounds dull for most people.As a student of history,I found anything__49__fascinating.However it was not the stone within British cities I found interesting.What was curious was that it was something I had never even considered,and yet here was someone__50__on something I had simply taken for granted.We continued our discussion,yet I was left__51__that I could not answer her question.In China,as well as a wealth of new culture that fascinated me,I discovered that there were parts of the UK’s culture,history,the very structure of my identity that were so different,so unique from China that I also__52__a newly found interest in my own heritage.In this respect,travelling enables you with two things.Firstly you develop a(n)__53__with new cultures, understanding customs,experiencing cuisines and absorbing the sights and smells of every new city.For many employers this__54__to new locations is seen as tremendous in your personal resume.But alongside increased employability,through international,cross-cultural conversations,you develop an interest in your own history,culture, and customs.You return to your home__55__an understanding of other people’s fascination with it and your own sense of love for its peculiarities.41.A.leisure B.wealth pany D.personality42.A.question B.refuse C.detect D.experience43.A.balancing B.forcing C.judging D.disturbing44.A.course B.stamp C.diploma D.ticket45.A.under-stuffed B.under-travelled C.under-used D.under-expanded46.A.official B.vacant plete D.accurate47.A.excitement B.hatred C.astonishment D.disgust 48.A.youngB.beautifulC.remoteD.small 49.A.historical B.dramatic C.religious D.perfect 50.A.piledB.hookedC.reliedD.carried51.A.exhausted B.embarrassed C.puzzled D.convinced52.A.exchanged B.lost C.gained D.traded53.A.observation B.resolution C.fascination D.illustration54.A.relation B.preference C.agreement D.adaptability55.A.objecting to B.filled with C.bothered by D.searching for答案：41--45ADADB46--50CCDAB51--55BCCDB15、2018金山一模AlphaGo has struck again,defeating Ke Jie,the world’s number one Go player,3-0.After his defeat,the youngChinese prodigy said AlphaGo sees the__41__of Go while he could only see a small area around him.This win, coupled with last year’s victory over Lee Se-dol,shines a light on the awe-inspiring__42__of technology and places AlphaGo among the greatest Artificial Intelligence(AI)systems created to date.The AI industry is certainly making great advancements,constantly surprising the public with new and interesting tools and making life__43__.Twenty years ago,just connecting to the Internet was a__44__.Now,we can do just about anything on our phones,from online banking to__45__shows.The shifting sands of technology have placed so many paths in front of humanity that it is hard to__46__even the immediate future.We may talk about how AI can make our lives better,but we also consider the risks.Many stories and films__47__ around the theme of AI vs.human.One that comes to my mind now is The Terminator.The film is about an AI system called Skynet,which was__48__to protect humans.What the programmers did not expect was that Skynet began to think.It came to the conclusion that humans were a danger to its existence,so it started a global nuclear war and tried to “__49__”humanity.AlphaGo’s recent achievements highlight the__50__that technology and AI can bring about.They also serve to remind us of the__51__and risks we may not have had time to think about.Some of us used to__52__the possibility of creating an actual“thinking”AI system,or believe that humans will always be able to__53__an AI system,but certain facts have now been placed in front of us.All that’s left to be done is to__54__the actual“thinking”part of advanced AI systems like AlphaGo to more fields.Once that happens,human beings will be pretty much__55__.If we do not fully understand the risks of AI systems,we might be flying too close to the“sun”,and like Icarus in Greek mythology,we will fall.41.A.fun B.secret C.universe D.potential42.A.intelligence B.advancements C.risks D.threats43.A.easier B.slower C.harder D.faster44.A.mess B.headache C.loss D.leisure45.A.live B.instant C.immediate D.direct46.A.tell B.frame C.predict D.encounter47.A.reveal B.reverse C.resolve D.revolve48.A.processed B.modified C.introduced D.developed49.A.help B.isolate C.terminate D.investigate50.A.benefits B.possibilities C.signals D.incident51.A.questions B.tragedies C.treasures D.disasters52.A.analyze B.develop C.doubt D.preview53.A.outsmart B.overhead C.outnumber D.overtake54.A.adopt B.shrink C.adapt D.control55.A.intelligent B.powerful C.patriotic D.outdated答案：41-45CBABA46--50CDDCB51--55ACACD15。
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2017学年奉贤区调研测试英语试卷I. Listening ComprehensionSection A1. A. interviewer and interviewee. B. teacher and student.C. doctor and nurse.D. boss and secretary.2. A. 9:00. B. 9:10. C. 9:30. D. 9:35.3. A. pass the journal. B. listen to the woman.C. repeat his request.D. take the journal himself.4. A. exciting. B. disappointing.C. interesting.D. satisfactory.5. A. to make a budget for her. B. to buy a gift for Mary.C. to give her mother information about Mary.D. to give some suggestions.6. A. he wants to finish his study. B. he wants to earn a lot of money.C. he wants to finish his study.D. he wants to have a good rest.7. A. The woman should not get involved in the situation.B. The woman should not be angry with the friends.C. he will explain to the woman what happened.D. he will talk to Sally and Mark soon.8. A. good weather tomorrow. B. the vacation plan.C. getting up early in the morning.D. possible heavy traffic.9. A. interested. B. fascinated. C. hostile. D. reluctant.10. A. intelligence determines admission to college.B. highly motivated students usually do well in college.C. successful college students are usually intelligent.D. a successful college motivates its students.Section BQuestions 11 through 13 are based on the following news.11. A. two terms. B. three terms. C. four terms. D. five terms.12. A. because he had been a policeman.B. because he earned a law degree in a night school.C. because they had formed a good opinion of him.D. because there was a large population of black people in Los Angeles.13. A. they want people in Los Angeles voted.B. an introduction about Thomas Bradley, major of Los Angeles.C. the reasons why white candidates failed in the vote.D. something Thomas Bradley did for the vote.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. he has more than fourteen pills a day. B. he has two pills a day.C. he has four times a day.D. he has nine pills a day.15. A. all of them. B. three kinds of medicine.C. two kinds of medicine.D. almost none.16. A. children over twelve years old. B. older people with a fever.C. old people with heart attack.D. adults with a cold.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. she has made an attempt to become pregnant.B. she has requested her supervisor to transfer her to another department.C. she has bought the new equipment for the laboratory.D. she has complained to the government about the issue.18. A. because the new equipment is not available now.B. because the patient has made too many complains.C. because the hospital wants to tighten its budget.D. because the new equipment carries a health risk.19. A. a technician in the hospital lab. B. a doctor working in the hospital.C. a teacher working in the school.D. head of hospital administration.20. A. she will be likely to quit her job. B. she still feels at a loss as what to do.C. she will complain to the administration.D. she will fight to get her income back.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADifferent background shouldn’t mean less education. Fifty years ago, in a primary school classroom, two boys aged 11 took an examination called the 11-plus, (21)______ would make decisions about the rest of their lives. Paul passed and went to a “grammar school”. Baz failed the examination and went to a “secondary modern school”. They did not see each other again for years.Many grammar schools (22)______ (establish) hundreds of years ago to teach the Latin language to children who were not from rich families. They encouraged students to study (23)______ they were 18 and then to go to university. Secondary modern school students left at 16, usually with fewer qualifications than grammar school students. Baz says the secondary modern school had (24)______ (few) resources and the quality of teaching was not as good.Things have changed. In the 1960s and the 1970s “comprehensive schools” were created. Today, 90 percent children aged 11 to 16 from the same area to the same school without (25)______ (take) any entry examination.The British often disagrees about the best way (26)______ (educate) their children. Many people say that comprehensive schools help more children to succeed because they provide everybody (27)______ similar opportunities in a fairer way. Another view, though, is that more intelligent children, especially (28)______ from poor homes are better supported at grammar schools. Now, the government plans to open new grammar schools (29)______ ______ almost two million children will go to the same type of school that Paul attended.And Paul and Baz? Aged 60, they met again and compared (30)______ had happened to them. After university, Paul qualified as a teacher. Baz went to work in a factory at 16 and later became an engineer. In fact, Baz had a much higher salary than Paul – so perhaps life is fair after all.There’s nothing more annoying than settling down to sleep and hearing the sound of a mosquito buzzing around you.The only thought most of us ever give to this noise is “I need to get rid of this insect, immediately”, but it turns out that the mosquito is actually quite a(n) __31__ creature.A term of scientists from Oxford University in the UK, in __32__ with the Royal Veterinary College in London and Chiba University in Japan, recently published a study that found some interesting facts about the world’s most __33__ insect.By placing eight cameras inside a tiny film studio, the scientists could study several mosquitoes up close. The high-tech cameras filmed the insects at 1,000 frames per second, meaning the scientists were able to study the insects’ __34__ in never-before-seen detail. However, it wasn’t always straightforward.“Recording mosquitoes during free-flight represented a huge technical challenge due to their small size, __35__ wing beat frequency, and the presence of large antennae and legs that can __36__ the view of their wings,” Simon Walker of Oxford University, co-author of the study, wrote.Published in the journal Nature, the study found that mosquitoes flap their wings around 800 times a second. As a __37__, house flies flap their wings about 200 times a second, and hummingbirds 50 times a second.Richard Bomphrey of the Royal Veterinary College, the study’s leader, believes that mosquitoes have a unique flying method that sets them apart from other flying insects.“We predicted that they must make use of clever tricks, as the wings __38__ the ir direction at the end of each half-stroke,” he wrote in the study.Hopefully, the discovery of the mosquito’s special abilities will be of benefit to engineers in the future. The findings could lead to better aircraft, or even improvement to tools like lenses or pumps.But the scientists hope their study can one day be __39__ to new developments in more human-focused use.“The more we know about mosquitoes, the better our chance of understanding their flight behavior, how they carry disease and __40__ how to stop them from doing so,” Walker wrote.III. Reading ComprehensionSection AArtists have long claimed alcohol and other drugs as inspiration for their creativity. But is there really a(n) __41__ between intoxication（醉酒）and inspiration? A recent study published in Consciousness and Cognition explored the effects of moderate drunkenness on people’s creativity. The authors suggest that alcohol’s well-known effect in __42__ executive function may be helpful for these types of creation problems: “Somet imes a reduced ability to __43__ one’s attention can have positive implications for select cognitive tasks,” they write.The findings raise the question of whether drugs that __44__ attention and focus, in particular, stimulants（兴奋剂）, would have the opposite effect on creative thinking __45__, very little research has been done on the issue, and what results exist so far have been mixed. The outcomes may well vary according to individual __46__ to the drugs. __47__, some research has found that while stimulants can __48__ test performance for those who are less intelligent, for the smartest folks, the drugs can have the opposite effect.If less executive function is linked to more creativity, this may also explain why artists, writers and musicians appear to be more __49__ to have an addiction. Perhaps creative people are more likely than others to be __50__ to drugs in the first place, as a possible source of inspiration. And then, if reduced executive function is __51__ in part for their initial talent, this, too, could make them more easily influenced by __52__ once they start using. Having less executive control before you even take drugs means you’ll have less ability to stop once you start.Whatever the real relationship between drunkenness, addiction and art, the authors __53__ that their study findings don’t give people __54__ to get drunk to “inspire the muse（冥想）.” Co-author Jennifer Wiley, associate professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago, told the British Psychological Society’s Research Digest: “We tested what happens when people are slightly drunk-not when people drank to __55__. There could be no argument from these findings that drinking excessively would have the same effects.”A glass of wine or two, however, may occasionally help.41. A. attraction B. reservation C. connection D. decoration42. A. strengthening B. damaging C. maintaining D. assessing43. A. block B. reduce C. disturb D. control44. A. remain B. drop C. shift D. increase45. A. However B. Moreover C. Instead D. Therefore46. A. additions B. responses C. oppositions D. contrasts47. A. For example B. On the contrary C. As a result D. On the other hand48. A. conceal B. executive C. improve D. delete49. A. vital B. likely C. ideal D. difficult50. A. attracted B. contributed C. responded D. withdrawn51. A. responsible B. illegal C. natural D. impossible52. A. confusion B. ambition C. addiction D. exhaustion53. A. lower B. monitor C. function D. caution54. A. sacrifice B. privacy C. appreciation D. license55. A. priorities B. extremes C. bottom D. AffectionSection B(A)I was standing in the checkout line behind a woman who looked to be in her 60s. When it was her turn to pay, the cashier greeted her by name and asked her how she was doing.The woman looked down, shook her head and said: “Not so good. My husband just lost his job and my son is up to his old tricks again. The truth is, I don’t know how I’m going to get through the holidays.”Then she gave the cashier food stamps（食品券）.My heart ached. I wanted to help but didn’t know how. Should I offer to pay for her groceries, ask for her husband’s resume?As I walked into the parking lot, I spotted the women returning her shopping cart. I remembered something in my purse that I thought could help her. It wasn’t a handful of cash or an offer of a job for her husband, but maybe it would make her life better.My heart pounded as I approached the woman.“Excuse me,”I said, my voice trembling a bit. “I couldn’t help overhearing what you said to the cashier. It sounds like you’re going through a really hard time right now. I’m so sorry. I’d like to give you something.”I handed her the small card from my purse.When the woman read the card’s only two words, she began to cry. And through her tears, she said, “You have no idea how much this means to me.”I was a little startled by her reply. Having never anything like this before, I didn’t know what kind of reaction I might receive. All I could think to say was, “Oh. Would it be OK to give you a hug?”After we embraced, I walked back to my car -- and began to cry, too.The words on the card?“You Matter.”A few weeks earlier, a colleague gave me a similar card as encouragement for a project I was working on. When I read the card, I felt a warm glow spread inside of me. Deeply touched, I came home and ordered my own box of You Matter card and started sharing them.56. Which of the following is TRUE according to the first three paragraphs?A. The woman’s family mainly depends on her son.B. The cashier helped the woman by giving her some food for free.C. The woman and her family were having a tough lime.D. The author wondered why the cashier was familiar with the woman.57. The woman cried when she got the card, probably because ______.A. it greatly encouraged herB. she could use it to buy foodC. it could solve her present problemD. it could land her husband a job58. The underlined word “startled” in Paragraph 10 probably means ______.A. interestedB. gratefulC. ashamedD. astonished59. From the article, we can tell that the author is a ______ person.A. smartB. kind-heartedC. knowledgeableD. confident(B)Seek Out a Unique BeachVISITOregon. For sun and fun away from the crowed beaches of Florida, check out the Oregon coast and its 363 miles of gorgeous shoreline, stretching from the Columbia River south to the redwood forests of California. Every beach is public and free. “The coast is a perfect place to watch sea lions sun themselves or simply see the mighty Pacific weaves crash in the sunset followed by a seafood feast in one of the busy fishing communities located between the coves（小海湾）,” says Bramblett. July and August aren’t peak gray whale migration season, but there’s still a good chance you could catch a glimpse of some of the 200 whales that spend the summers off the Oregon coast.SLEEPNext to a lighthouse. Imagine yourself an ancient mariner when you book a room overlooking the Pacific Ocean at the Heceta Head Lighthouse Bed and Breakfast in Yachats, Oregon. The working lighthouse, which dated to 1894, cast a bright beam 21 miles out to sea, making it the brightest light on the Oregon coast. The cliff-top rooms a t the Light Keeper’s home nearby aren’t cheap-you’ll sell out up to $ 385 for a weekend night during peak season (price includes a seven-course breakfast).BEW AREDangerous currents Unless you love cold water (or wear a wet suit), you may not wait to venture into the sea off the Oregon coast, even during the summer. But if you do, be prepared for the U.S. Lifesaving Association. Swim parallel to the beach until you’re no longer being pulled out to sea, then swim diagonally（成对角线地）toward the shore.BRINGBaby powder. Use a generous amount of baby powder to remove sand rom your hands, feet or hair. The powder quickly absorbs moisture, allowing sand to fall off easily.60. It can be inferred rom the section SLEEP that ______.A. the price of one night stay remains the same all the year aroundB. those who stay there can have a free access to the beach and the lighthouseC. those who want to stay there have to pay more during a tourist seasonD. the price includes the breakfast for seven people61. What is suggested by the leaflet if you want to enjoy your stay at the beach?A. Avoid wearing wet suits.B. Never dive into the cold water off the coast.C. Bring baby powder to protect your skin from sand scratches.D. Don’t swim straight toward the shore when there’re dangerous currents.62. Oregon coast will provide you with all the following experiences EXCEPT ______.A. a perfect view of sea lionsB. a mariner like stay in the more than 100-year-old lighthouseC. a seafood feast in the popular local communityD. sun and fun of the less crowed beach.(C)With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type.Mr. Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need inbuilt intelligence within five years, making data scientists-people trained to analyze large bodies of information-key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection systems, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior.Many companies that are born digital-particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle-are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.The factors weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of mounting a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend $ 150m a year on a single application and the total bill is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account.Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent. Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1,000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr. Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expand their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field.The b iggest barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need.Despite the obstacles, some may master this difficult transition. But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition.63. Which one is obstacle for many traditional companies to popularize learning operation?A. Technological problem.B. Expert crisis.C. High cost.D. Customer interactions.64. What can not be inferred from the passage about the machine learning?A. Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix.B. Machine learning plays an important role in existent applications.C. Machine learning experts are not highly paid in some non-technology companies.D. Machine learning models are not sufficient to solve business problems in Pinterest.65. What’s the author’s main purpose in writing this article?A. To point out the problems facing machine learning experts.B. To call on companies to cultivate more experts in data science.C. To tell the readers the present situation of data science.D. To advice non-technology companies to look beyond the advantages they face.66. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?A. Data science: A forefront force in tech businessB. Corporate competition: An obstacle to the transitionC. Machine learning: A key to smart technologyD. Technique experts: A decisive factor of the coming era.There are a lot of different people in the world, but despite our differences we all want to get along. Humans are social beings, and we enjoy being treated nicely. __67__ It is about treating people with respect and care.Be a good listener. To start a conversation, it is important to listen first, especially when you are in a group. Don’t indulge（放纵）yourself in instant chant when you have just arrived. Examine the situation and the conversation, and then say whatever you think fit. It is better to say something valuable, rather than something meaningless. __68__ Don’t try to change people. It is not your job to change anyone else. It is not in your power to change anyone else. Let other people live how they want to live. __69__ If you do not like how someone acts, you can arrange things so that you interact with them as little as possible. You can always maintain a good attitude towards them so that your relationship with them might be change.Keep a smile. A little laughter goes a long way, and a smile eases tensions, where a frown can create tensions. If someone teases you, try to laugh at it off. If someone is frowning, smile at them. Be mindful of your facial expression. If you are persistently and optimistic, people will cheer up when they are see you coming.__70__ Some people do not take hints. Some people do not read body language. For these people, it really works to just say, “I really want us to work well together. I will help you and back you up, and you help me and back me up.”IV. Summary WritingA Father’s Influence Makes for Better GradesAdolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome theeconomic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then spills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.V. Tranalation72. 这个城市近几年来发生了翻天覆地的变化。