学术英语(社科)Unit7原文及翻译
学术英语(社科)Unit1-8 Text A译文
学术英语课文翻译Unit1人们如何做出决策理性的人认为在保证金1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
2.理性的人知道生活中的决策很少是黑白的，但通常是灰色的。
在吃饭的时候，你面对的不是空腹或是像猪一样进食，而是吃额外的一匙土豆泥。
当考试开始时，你的决定不是介于两者之间，而是让他们减少或学习一天24小时，而不是花更多的时间复习笔记而不是看电视。
经济学家用“边际变化”这个术语来描述对现有的行动计划的调整。
请记住，边际意味着“边缘如此边缘的变化是在你正在做的边缘周围的调整”。
理性的人往往通过比较边际收益和边际成本来做出决定。
3.例如，考虑一家航空公司决定向待机乘客收取多少费用。
假设撒德躺在横跨美国的200座飞机上，航空公司损失100,000英镑。
在这种情况下，每个座位的平均成本是1,000美元/ 200美元，这是500美元。
有人可能会得出这样的结论：航空公司不应该售出票价低于500美元的机票。
事实上，一家理性的航空公司通常可以通过考虑利润率来提高利润。
想象一下，一架飞机即将起飞，有10个空座位，候机旅客在门口等候，将支付300美元的座位。
航空公司应该把票卖掉吗？当然应该。
如果飞机有空座位，增加一个乘客的成本很小。
乘飞机的平均成本是S500，边际成本仅仅是额外的乘客将消耗的花生袋和苏打水的成本。
只要备用乘客支付超过边际成本，售票是有利可图的。
4.边际决策有助于解释一些令人费解的经济现象。
这里有一个经典的问题：为什么水这么便宜，而钻石这么贵？人类需要水来生存，而钻石是不必要的；但出于某种原因，人们愿意付出更多的钻石比一杯水。
原因是一个人愿意支付任何好处是基于一个额外单位的好处会产生边际效益。
学术英语医学Unit1-3-7-9课文翻译
学术英语unit1,unit3,unit4,unit9课文翻译 Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多，最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行 30 分钟的事。
糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。
学术英语视听说unit7原文Robots how they work and learn to work
When people think about a robot, they often picture a machine that looks something like a human being. However, that’s not always the case. Most robots do not look much like a human being at all, they look like machines because that’s what most of them are- industrial machines.Today, I’m going to talk mostly about industrial robots used in industry. These are robots that do work that for humans would be physically demanding, repetitive, dangerous or very boring. Most industrial robots work on in an assembly line in a factory. For example, a robot might put liz on jars of fruits or start boxes for shaping. In a car factory, robotic arms on an assembly line join the parts of a car together; other robots tighten the boats on the car’s wheels or paint the car. There are thousands of robots putting cars together in ___ plan. These robots are very precise when repeating a task. For example, they always tighten boats with the same exact amount of force. They always move a heavy engine to exactly where it should be and they always put a hold in the exact same place in every car door hour after hour. These are examples of robots doing the work humans could do but the robots are doing the work more efficiently and precisely.So, just how do robots work? To do its job a robot first needs a control system. This control system directs the robots mechanical parts. The control system of a robot is sort of speak--a robot brain. So how does a robot learn which action to do first and which of its moving part needs to do that action? A robot learns its job with the help and guidance of a human being. To teach an industrial robot to do something, first a person must use a hand-held computer. The computer is used to guide the robot’s arm and hand through the motions it needs to do. Then, the robot stores exact movement in its computer memory. The robot has sensors to gather information, so now the robot will use its sensors to direct its actions. The robot tells its moving part what to do and then it performs the action. For example, to pick up and move a box, the robot first finds the box, next it decides the weight of the box. Then it decides how much force is needed to lift and move the box, and finally, it finds the correct place to put the box down. It repeats the process over and over until it's turned off. It does the same job until it is given the job and new program to follow. Some scientists think that robots of the future will be smarter than today's robots. They may also look more human like or even animal like. In fact, they may work and think more like humans do. The industrial robots we've been talking about so far today are automatic robots. They are known as automatic robots because they have program to follow a specific series of movement. Usually, they have parts that move but they really don't travel around. On the other hand, an autonomous machine can change its behavior in relation to its surroundings. For example, an autonomous robot with wheels or legs to move around can change direction when it senses that there are something in its way. A robot such as … can detect the movement of people nearby. It can move to avoid bumping into sb. coming toward it. Asthma can even learn to dance by following the movements of a dancer next to it. I don't know whether or when people would welcome autonomous machines or human like robots. I guess that we will not only think about that in the future. We need to think about how we will interact with our global doctor: robal teacher, robal pet, or even our robal friend.。
学术英语(社科)_Unit 7
ubiquitous news, global information access, instantaneous reporting, interactivity, multimedia content, and extreme content customization
Unit 7
Change in Journalism
→ The most dominant assumption describes an ideal world in which convergence is a good thing and will happen at any rate.
Do the tasks on pages 142-143.
Unit 7
Change in Journalism
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Read Para. 1 and find out the qualities of the new form of journalism
→ Nowadays the new medium means anyone can publish something she/he wants to say as long as she/he has a computer and a modem. In this case , it is difficult to check the authenticity of content, to verify the source, to guarantee accuracy, and to stick to the truth.
学术英语(第二版)医学教师用书Unit 7
UNIT 7 Doctor-patient Relationship Teaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 7, Ss are expected to accomplish the following objectives:Professio nal knowledg eTo have deep insights into the shift from paternalistic paradigmtopatient-centered paradigm in medical decision-makingTo be aware of the importance of a good doctor-patientrelationship in both the medical practice and thepatient’s recoveryTo have a clear understanding of what counts in maintaininganamicable doctor-patient relationshipTo learn how to communicate properly and effectively with the patientTo be well acquainted with such concepts as paternalistic approach and patient-centered or autonomous approach to medical decision-makingTo know how to shift from a paternalistic decision-making process to a patient-centered oneReading To understand the patient’s attitude toward patientempowerment/ autonomy and its role in doctor-patient relationshipTo be aware of the power of words when communicating withtheTeaching Activities and ResourcesPart 1 ReadingText ALead-inSuggested teaching plan1. Doctor-patient relationship is among the most controversial focuses and mostwidely talked about in medical and healthcare communities. It is a determinant factor of quality care. On the part of language, words are sometimes value-laden and possess magic power. The same relationship can be differently connoted by using different terms. Before starting the class, it is advisable to know the implications of these terms: doctor, physician, medical practitioner, provider and patient, client, customer.Doctor: referring to a “teacher ” to show, to teach, or to appear right, and carryinga connotation of being seemly fitting and decentPhysician: denoting a practitioner of the art of healingMedical practitioner: a technique term without much connotationProvider: a generic term more or less related to businessPatient: indicating a suffering or sick person under medical treatmentClient: referring to a person who is willing to pay for goods or servicesCustomer: denoting one who buys goods or servicesAwareness of the subtleties as incurred by the use of the different terms to indicate the doctor-patient relationship will contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of an amicable and ideal doctor-patient relationship.2. Lead Ss to do Task / Lead-in .1) Ask Ss to think of at least three different situations where doctors may beasked to make “tough decisions ” for their patient s.Decide whether life-support system should be continued or withdrawn.Decide whether euthanasia should be taken into consideration.Decide whether a new therapy should be tried.Decide whether surgery should be the first choice or the last resort.Decide whether transfer or referral is needed.2) Have a quick check and a short discussion on what Ss have come up with.3. Make a summary on the discussion and introduce the topic of Text A.Text ComprehensionSuggested teaching plan1. Launch the topic of the text as a continuum of Lead-in.2. Analyze the text and lead Ss to discuss, integrating Task 2 / Critical readingand thinking / Text A into analysis and discussion. The presentation topics should be assigned to individual Ss for preparation at least one week in advance.Ask other Ss to preview the text with the guidance of the presentation topics.3. Lead Ss to do Task 2 / Language building-up / Text A after a discussion of thetext.4. When analyzing the text, ask Ss to pay special attention to the sentences listed inLanguage focus below.5. If time allows, ask Ss to do Task 1 / Critical reading and thinking / Text A inabout five minutes. Check out the task by asking one or two Ss to read their answers. This is done to get an overview about the text.Language focus1. He was large and powerfully built…miraculously shrinking down to theireye level whenever he spoke with them. (P164, Para. 1)句子运用了对比的手法(large and powerfully built / shrink down to their eye level)，有利于加强文章的艺术效果和感染力。
学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译
学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译1. Unit 1Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs. The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The proprietor(经营者) owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything.For legal purposes, with this kind of business, the owner and the company are the same. This means that the proprietor gets to keep all of the profits of the business, but also must pay any debts. Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to decide how much of the partnership each person controls.One kind of partnership is called a limited liability partnership. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits, but they also have less responsibilities for the business.Doctors, lawyers and accountants often form partnerships to share their risks and profits. A husband and wife can form a business partnership together.Partnerships exist only for as long as the owners remain alive. The same is true of individual proprietorships.But corporations are designed to have an unlimited lifetime. A corporation is the most complex kind of business organization. Corporations can sell stock as a way to raise money. Stock represents shares of ownership in a company. Investors who buystock can trade their shares or keep them as long as the company is in business.A company might use some of its earnings to pay dividends(红利) as a reward to shareholders. Or the company might reinvest the money into the business.If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock. But shareholders are not responsible for the debts of the corporation.A corporation is recognized as an entity(实体)——its own legal being, separate from its owners.A board of directors control corporate policies. The directors appoint top company officers. The directors might or might not hold shares in the corporation.If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock.But not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. Some nonprofit groups are also organized as corporations.2. Unit 2In the past three week I have introduced you to the ideas and methods of economics.In the next week, we will start learning more, in more detail the principles of economic behavior and economic policy.As you proceed through the whole semester, you will be asked to draw on many of your intellectual skills.在过去的三周里，我向你介绍了经济学的思想和方法。
学术英语教师版Unit7课文翻译
Unit 7 Text A艰难抉择还是由医生来做吧！在接受完外科手术培训不久，我便和一位年轻的医生一起工作。
他是那种有感染力的人，不仅是因为他的临床经验，更是因为他对病人的专注。
他身躯健硕有力，但他似乎从来不给病人居高临下的感觉，每当和病人说话时，他会出人意料地缩身下蹲，与病人平视。
他会认真地倾听病人叙述病痛的每一个细节，每次问诊结束之前，总会询问病人是否还有他没解释到的问题。
有一天下午，看到他在一个护士站，用健硕的胳膊比划着向一名护士抱怨一位病人的家属，我很惊奇。
这是位临终的病人，这位年轻的医生安排了和病人家属的病情通报会，商谈撤掉生命支持系统和药物治疗并着手开始临终关怀。
在整个过程中家属一直喋喋不休地问问题，但最终拒绝做任何决定，也不撤除任何治疗手段。
“我一直在和他们说，我们要么继续给他们的亲人造成痛苦，要么可以让他走的舒服一些，”他说的同时手仍然在比划。
“我告诉他们要么受罪，要么舒服，都要由他们做决定。
但最终他们没有做决定就径直出了房间。
”医生和病人做医疗决定的方式在过去的 50 年里发生了巨大的变化。
多少代人以来，这些决定都是医生的专属范围；病人即便参与，在做最终选择时往往也没有什么话语权。
但是这种家长式的决策模式在上世纪 60 年代末和 70 年代开始发生改变。
要求给病人授权的呼声在增长；医学伦理学家也开始清楚地阐述有关病人伦理关怀的原则。
临床医生们尤为拥护的一条宗旨是对患者个体的尊重。
这一伦理原则已被应用于病房、诊所和手术室的工作中，也导致了一种新的临床理念的出现,即以病人为中心的医护。
但是，第二条伦理原则,即尊重每个人的自主权,与第一条密切关联，在医患关系上也起到越来越重要的作用。
随着时间的推移，自主权将意味着让病人自己做决定。
而且，这一诠释也渐渐进入医学院校的课程，也被写入联邦法律中，因为法律规定在治疗方式的选择上医生必须与病人进行讨论。
在接下来的 40 年里，要培养年轻的医生(我也包括在内)，除非是急诊或者一些无足轻重的决定之外，我们要约束自己，不要越俎代庖，代替病人做任何决定。
最新学术英语医学Unit1,3,7,9课文翻译
学术英语unit1,unit3,unit4,unit9课文翻译Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多，最后一次DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行30 分钟的事。
糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。
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Introduction: Understanding the Impact of New Media on Journalism1 Journalism is undergoing a fundamental transformation, perhaps the most fundamental since the rise of the penny press of the mid-nineteenth century. In the twilight of the twentieth century and the dawn of the twenty-first, there is emerging a new form of journalism whose distinguishing qualities include ubiquitous news, global information access, instantaneous reporting, interactivity, multimedia content, and extreme content customization. In many ways this represents a potentially better form of journalism because it can reengage an increasingly distrusting and alienated audience. At the same time, it presents many threats to the most cherished values and standards of journalism. Authenticity of content, source verification, accuracy, and truth are all suspect in a medium where anyone with a computer and a modem can become a global publisher.2 Although the easy answer is to point to the Internet, the reasons for the transformation of journalism are neither simple nor one-dimensional. Rather, a set of economic, regulatory, and cultural forces, driven by technological change, are converging to bring about a massive shift in the nature of journalism at the millennium.3 The growth of a global economic system, made up of regional economies, all interrelated (witness the volatility in the world’s financial markets in August 1998, when drops in Asian and Russian markets triggered drops in European and U.S. markets) and increasingly controlled by multinational corporate behemoths, has rewritten the financial basis for journalism and the media in general. Deregulation, as outlined in the U.S. Telecommunications Act of 1996 and 简介：了解新媒体对新闻的影响1新闻业正在发生根本性的变革，或许最根本的变革是十九世纪中叶的便士报的崛起。
在二十世纪末和二十一初，新闻业出现了一种新的形式，显着的特点包括，ubiquitous news，全球信息获取，即时报告，交互性，多媒体内容，和极端内容定制等。
在许多方面，这表示新闻业有一个潜在的更好的形式，因为它可以重新接入数量渐增的不信任和已经疏远了的观众。
同时，那也意味着给最珍贵的价值观和新闻标准带来了许多威胁。
任何人通过一台电脑和一个调制解调器就可以怀疑信息内容的真实性，来源的可靠性，准确性和真理性，就像可以成为一个全球性的出版商一样。
2尽管可以将答案简单地指向互联网，但是新闻业转变的原因既不简单，也不是单一的。
相反，在千禧之年，被技术变革驱动的经济，管理和文化的力量，正在融合并将给新闻的性质带来一个巨大的转变。
3由区域经济组成的全球经济体系的增长已经改写了新闻业和大众媒体的财政基础。
它与跨国公司巨头相互关联（1998年8月，见证了世界金融市场的波动性，当亚洲和俄罗斯市场的下降诱发欧洲和美国市场下降的时候），并且越来越受跨国公司巨头的控制。
放宽管制已经催生了新闻通信业日益强大的竞争力（其中电信私有化一直是驱动力）， 1996年美国电信法概述了放宽管制的内容，并在世界上的其他许多地方上演着类似的方式。
played out in like fashion in many other parts of the world (where privatization of telecommunications has been a driving force), has spawned increasingly powerful competitive forces in journalism and communications. The end of the cold war has unleashed a variety of pent-up cultural and political forces that have yet to stabilize. Together, these forces have created an environment of uncertainty for journalism as it enters this new age in which the alignment of superpowers has been fundamentally altered, shareholders are the most important stakeholders, and competition is more likely to come from a software company based in Redmond, Washington, than from the cross-town newspaper or broadcaster.4 Fueling this changing environment has been the emergence of the first and perhaps most powerful medium of global interactive communications. As James Carey writes, “The Internet should be understood as the first instance of a global communication system. That system, in turn, is displacing a national system of communications which came into existence at the end of the nineteenth century as a result of the railroad and telegraph, and was ‘perfected’ in subsequent innovations through television in the network era.”5But in many ways the Internet is merely a product, or symptom, of a more fundamental technological change that has been under way for the past half-century and only now is beginning to crystallize: the convergence of telecommunications, computing, and traditional media. Together, this new media system embraces all forms of human communication in a digital format where the rules and constraints of the analog world no longer apply. Some would question whether this convergence is actually occurring. They would point to the fact that most 冷战的结束释放了还没有稳定下来的各种被压抑的文化和政治力量。
同时，这些势力已经创造了不确定性新闻业的环境，因为它进入了一个超级大国调整发生根本变化的时代。
股东是最重要的利益相关者，并且竞争比之从跨镇的报纸或广播来讲，更可能来自总部设在华盛顿雷德蒙市的软件公司。
4这种环境改变的加速促使了第一个也可能是最强大的媒体——交互式通讯媒体的出现。
正如詹姆斯凯里写道，“互联网应该被理解为一个全球通信系统的第一个实例。
反过来，这一系统取代了自十九世纪末以来的以铁路和电报为结果的国家通讯系统，并通过网络时代的电视等随后的革新得以完善。
“5但在很多方面互联网仅仅是过去半个世纪中根本技术变革的一个产品，或症状，而现在正开始具体化：通讯，计算和传统媒体的融合。
同时，这个新媒体系统包括人们通过数字格式交流的所有形式，其中模拟世界的规则和约束不再适用。