学术英语writingintroduction
研究生英一作文模板
研究生英一作文模板Research Postgraduate English Writing Template。
As a research postgraduate student, it is essential to be able to write effectively in English. Whether it is for academic papers, research proposals, or thesis writing, having a solid foundation in English writing is crucial for success in the academic world. In this article, we will discuss the key components of a research postgraduate English writing template, providing a comprehensive guide for research postgraduate students to follow.Title: Introduction。
The introduction is the first section of a research paper or proposal, and it serves to set the stage for the rest of the document. In the introduction, the researcher should provide background information on the topic of study, outline the research problem or question, and present the objectives and significance of the study. The introduction should be concise, yet informative, and should capture the reader's attention from the outset.Title: Literature Review。
学术英语写作(修订版)答案
Keys to Task ExtensionsUnit1Task6:Extensions6.1(for reference only)IntroductionThe purpose of this project is to find out the real situation in which the students in a particular college spend their time surfing Internet.It includes how much time they spend doing so,for what reason they work with Internet,and what impact it has on students’learning.To find out the facts about Internet,a survey will be conducted among the students,teachers,and administrative staff.The main proposed problems related to Internet at most colleges can be the overuse of it and overspending of time on it.The serious impact resulted from overdoing Internet needs to be discovered in this project.At most colleges in China,one policy is that freshmen are not allowed to possess a computer,and there are some limitations for them to surf online,which is regarded as one kind of protection to them.In this way,they will not be easily exposed to unhealthy films,pictures,or essays.Also,they can spend not so much time on it and their study will not be affected.In the information society, it is necessary to get information quickly.One of the main sources is Internet.Therefore,it would be wiser to let college students make use of Internet and offer them some guidance.Main bodyFor senior college students,overuse of Internet has become a serious problem.Some students stay up very late surfing the lnternet.Some play video games,some do a lot of chatting,and some spend more time watching films.One student said that on average he spent five hours a day surfing the lnternet.Due to the large number of hours spent on Internet,some students have,to some extent,ruined their academic study and their health.At present,the policy is flexible to the senior students at some colleges.To reserve Internet use, it would be wise for the college to set up an appropriate policy on the one hand and carry out education on the other.It will be important to let students know the passive effect the overuse of Internet might bring to them.At the same time,some rules should be set up.For example,there could be a limit on the use of Internet:after11p.m.no students are expected to surf online.ConclusionTo sum up,it is imperative for college students to obtain information they need for their academic learning through Internet,and it is also necessary to let the students know the bad impact the overuse of Internet would cause on their study and health.6.2(for reference only)IntroductionThe purpose of this project is to find out the main reasons why some families like to send their teenagers to study abroad,and what problems might be brought about to these families and the children.Several articles in various newspapers reported that it had become a social phenomenon for parents to send their children abroad to study.This phenomenon has drawn much public attention.For some families,it has become a big financial burden,and some teenagers could not manage to study and live independently in a foreign country.The project is trying to expose a real picture about it and see how serious problems it might bring about.The project will also try to search for a better policy to help solve this problem.Keys to Task ExtensionsMain bodyIn accordance with the statistics and information gathered from various newspapers and the Internet,it has become a rather serious problem for some families in China.They sent their children to study abroad because of the following two reasons.First,some of these families are rich enough to do so and they want their children to receive better education abroad,especially language training.Second,some families thought that their children couldn’t pass the national university entrance examinations.So they sent their children abroad.For the latter reason,some families are financially not able to do so.They have to borrow money to pay for their children’s education fee abroad.As a result,some of the families ran into heavy debt.These parents can’t live a proper life because they have to send most of their earning to their children.For some children who are studying abroad,they can’t manage to live and study on their own well.As they are rather young,they can’t budget their time and money well without their parents’help.Therefore,they also run into trouble.It is necessary to tell the parents about the real problems children may have in a foreign country.It is also necessary for them to know that there is a possibility for their children to receive good education at home as the enrollment of college students has already been expanded.And the middle school students have more choice than before for their further education.For these families,it will be much wiser to consider their financial competence as to whether they will be able to bear it or not.Therefore,it is very necessary to take everything into a careful consideration before they make a final decision.ConclusionFor some well-off families with independent children,it is a good idea to send the children to study abroad.For other families,it might be wiser to let their children study at home,because their children can also receive a proper education.6.3IntroductionOver the past25years,British society has changed a great deal,but the attitudes about working-class or middle-class has not changed much.Main bodyWorking-class refers to those who do manual work.They were paid less than middle-class people.The stereotype of those people is one who would give his wife“housekeeping”,and then would go out and spend the rest on beer,smoking and betting.Nowadays,factory workers earn as much as their middle-class supervisors.Working-class people seem to be losing the feeling of inferiority.ConclusionAmong the young people the attitudes about the working-class or middle-class have changed a lot,but among the older generation the stereotyped attitudes toward working-class still exist.Unit2Task10:Extensions10.1(for reference only)I do agree with the statement that private cars should not be encouraged in big cities in China.The following examples can support my view.One example is that ten years ago it was a very quiet and smooth street in front of our house.But now it has become very crowded from morning till night.There are too many cars in the street.In the past it took only twenty minutes to get to my office,but now it takes at least forty minutes.Another example is that my neighbour bought a car and he got seriously injured several days ago.His family was shocked and very much depressed.To further support my view,I’d like to cite one more example.Due to the exhausted gas produced by the large number of cars,air in our city is not as clean as before.Some experts say that air pollution has become one of the biggest problems in our city.For what is mentioned above,I think that the government should not encourage people to buy cars blindly.10.2(for reference only)This table shows the average family income and expenses in a Chinese city in1985and1995.In 1985,the average family income was¥400,and in1995,the income was over six times as much as that in1985.In1985,the average family income was divided in the following way:65%was spent on food,5%on housing,10%on entertainment,10%was saved,and10%was used to meet other expenses.In1995,a slightly different picture emerged.Housing cost increased by5%,food cost decreased by15%,and entertainment went up to20%,and the savings and others remained unchanged.From this table,we can see that the people in this city earned more money in1995than in1985, and spent more on entertainment,which indicates that the people in this city wanted to enjoy themselves.In conclusion,a big change has taken place in the life of Chinese people and their living standards have been improved.10.3(for reference only)This article shows the danger of nuclear weapons to the human beings.This danger is increasing every day because nuclear weapons are possessed by more countries and they are very accurate and powerful.If there were a small accident,a nuclear war would break out.10.4This article shows that people are rejected sometimes just because they make mistakes in their resumes.The author believes that we’ll get rewarded by doing little thinys well.Keys to Task ExtensionsUnit3Task10:Extensions10.11.Topic:AIDS Infection2.Title:Sharp Rise in AIDS Infection in the Developing World3.Introduction:The World Health Organization report indicates that cases of AIDS infection areincreasing rapidly in developing countries particularly in Asia,Latin America,and Sub-Saharan Africa.Currently,the virus has infected8to10million people.The infection rate in developed countries is not increasing as rapidly as it had been,but the dramatic increase in other parts of the world indicates that AIDS cases will continue to rise in rural areas of the Third World.4.Main body:The estimate about the cases of AIDS is consistent with an earlier projection by theorganization.But there is a sharp increase in Asia,Latin America,and Sub-Saharan Africa.The increases reflect the growing heterosexual transmission of the AIDS virus around the world.The new estimates about AIDS cases are based on a recently completed analysis of blood tests.The analysis showed that the rate of HIV infection is slowing in industrialized countries.But in sub-Saharan Africa,cases of HIV infection have increased at a rapid speed.Date from Southern Asia, including Thailand and India,showed marked increases in HIV infection.5.Conclusion:The cases of AIDS virus in the developing countries will continue to increase and thesepeople are in danger.10.2DESCRIPTIVE ABOUT HOW PAPER IS MADEPaper is made from wood,and many of the world’s paper mills are found in those countries that have great forests----Canada,Sweden and Finland.Paper is made in the following procedure.After the trees are felled or cut down,they are transported to the sawmill,where they are sawn into logs.Conveyed to the paper mill,the logs are placed in the shredder and cut into small chips.These small chips are mixed with water and acid before they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp.Cleaned and chemically bleached to whiten,the pulp is passed through rollers to be flattened.When the pressed sheets are dried and refined,the paper is produced.10.31)Brown,H.D.2000.Principles of Language Learning and Teaching.London:Longman.2)Cook,V.1993.Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition.London:Macmillan PublishersLtd.3)Most environmental problems are intractable and will take years to resolve,especially indeveloping countries.(Barrett,M.1999:25)4)Richards,J.1999.“Process and product in ESL”.TESOL Quarterly2:409-425.5)Once I met a young man.He gave me the impression that he was particularly successful andhappy.Unit4Task4:Extensions4.1(1)direct quotation:Regarding language and its function,Nida makes the following point:(2)paraphrase:4.2Brislin,R.W.1981.Cross-Cultural Encounters:Face to Face Interaction.New York.(No publisher) During,S.(ed.)1993.The Cultural Studies Reader.Routledge.(No place of publication)Hall,E.T.1966.Beyond Culture.New York:Doubleday.(The book is not italicised)Levine,Deena R.et al.The Culture Puzzle:Cross-Cultural Communication for English as a Second Language.Englewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice Hall.(No date of publication)Stewart,E.C.,and M.J.Bennett.1991.American Cultural Patterns:A Cross-Cultural Perspective.Yarmouth,Maine:Intercultural Press.(correct)4.3Answers are open.Students should have all the publishing details correct.4.4Abstract1:(1)the questions being explored(2)the method and materials being used(3)the content of the paper(4)the findings/resultAbstract2:(1)statement of the research question/issue(2)description of the research method and design(3)major content of the paper(4)major findings and their significanceKeys to Task ExtensionsUnit5Task6:Extensions6.1Answers are open.Each student is encouraged to put down as many topics of interest as possible.By discussing their possibilities as a subject for research,the students should help each other to decide whether the topic is too vague or too broad,too narrow or too complicated;whether there are sufficient available resources that will help finish this project.6.2Students should be clear in their minds what their own ideas on this subject are.The teacher can ask the whole class to brainstorm the possible arguments which will help them develop their project.6.3•What is the credit system in China like now?•What are the policies concerning China’s credit system?•How is it different from the credit system in developed countries such as the United States?•What are the problems?•How to improve the credit system in China?Unit6Task10:Extensions10.110.210.3(1)Labour union:Labour unions are organizations of workers that bargain with employers foreconomic and job benefits.They exist to create and wield political and economic power against private management and the government to achieve their goals.These goals are primarily higher wages,better working conditions,and job security.(Scott and Nigro,1982)(2)Language acquisition device:Language acquisition device(LAD)refers to the capacity toacquire one’s first language,when this capacity is pictured as a sort of mechanism or apparatus.In the1960s and1970s Chomsky and others claimed that every normal human being was born with a LAD.The LAD included basic knowledge about the nature and structure of human language.The LAD was offered as an explanation of why children develop competence in their first language in a relatively short time,merely by being exposed to it.(Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics)(3)Acrophobia:Acrophobia is an intense,unreasonable fear of high places.People withacrophobia exhibit physical symptoms in response to being at great heights.One sufferer from extreme acrophoia,Tom Smith,is unable to go above the third floor of any building without feeling enormous anxiety.(4)Boycott:A boycott is an organised refusal by a group of people to deal with another personor group to achieve a specific goal.An illustration is the famous boycott that began in1955when Mrs.Rosa Parks of Montgomery,Alabama,refused to obey a local ordinance requiring black people to sit at the back of city buses.Mrs.Parks was arrested,and that sparked off a boycott of the Montgomery bus system by blacks.Keys to Task Extensionsunit7Task7:Extensions7.11.400,0002.3,6003.more than804.no more than100,000/less than100,0005.1,800WPH6.six percent7.21.2,500c.c.2.fluids3.solid food4.lungs5.twenty6.water loss7.solid wastes8.ten7.3(for reference only)1.the changes in the numbers of people visiting a particular website between January and August2.more detailed information about the nationalities of those visitors3.the website attracted increasing numbers of visitors4.some fluctuation over the period5.the site being visited by five nationality groups6.the nationality breakdown has changed7.4(for reference only)The graph compares the rate of smoking in men and women in Someland from1960to2000.It can be clearly seen that the rate of smoking for both men and women is currently declining and that fewer women have smoked throughout the period.In1960,600men in every1,000was smoking.This number decreased gradually to500by1975and continued to decrease but more steeply to250in2000.In contrast,the rate of smoking in women in 1960was very low at only80in every1,000.By1968this increased to170,and increased again but more steeply to320in1977.The rate of female smokers then remained stable at320until1984at which point the figures began to decline and had dropped to200by2000.In conclusion we can see that the rate of smoking in men dropped throughout the whole period but was always at a higher level than the female figures.The rate of smoking in women increased until1977 but then decreased for the rest of the period.Unit8Task6:Extensions6.1(for reference only)The optimum positioning of roadside advertisements is recognized by the industry as an important factor in attracting the attention of passing drivers.Less acknowledged is the possibility that the location of an advertisement may distract attention from vital driving-related information.This study compared street-level advertisements(SLAs)with raised-level advertisements(RLAs)of the same size that were suspended3m above the ground,on their ability to attract attention under different task conditions.Participants were split into two groups and watched video clips of driving,rating them for hazardousness while their eye movements were recorded.One of the groups was additionally primed to attend to advertisements.SLAs received the most fixations when participants were solely looking for hazards,and the fewest fixations when primed to look for advertisements.Though SLAs also had longer fixations than the RLAs,they were more poorly recognized in a subsequent memory test.We conclude that SLAs attract and hold attention at inappropriate times compared to raised-level advertisements.6.2(for reference only)This study compared street-level advertisements(SLAs)with raised-level advertisements(RLAs)of the same size that were suspended3m above the ground,on their ability to attract attention under different task conditions.The result of our experiments on32participants,who were divided into two groups,shows that SLAs attract and hold attention at inappropriate times compared to raised-level advertisements.6.3Answers are open.。
《学术型英语写作》课件
Present the findings in a logical and coherent manual, avoiding excessive detail and focusing on key results
要点三
Experimental design
Select appropriate experimental methods based on the research question to ensure representativeness and reproducibility of the experiment.
Fundamentals of Academic English Writing
Clarity
The language used should be clear and straightforward, avoiding complex or aggressive intentions
Objectivity
目录
Academic English Writing Standards and FormatsAcademic English Writing Evaluation and Feedback
CONTENTS
Introduction
This course is designed to improve students' ability in writing English for academic purposes
英语作文学术简介范文模板
英语作文学术简介范文模板英文回答：Academic Abstract Template。
An academic abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, thesis, or dissertation. It provides an overview of the research question, methods, results, and conclusions of the work. Abstracts are typically 150-250 words in length and are written in a clear and concise style. They are often used by researchers to disseminate their findings to a wider audience and to attract potential readers to their work.Structure of an Academic Abstract。
The following is a typical structure for an academic abstract:Introduction: The introduction provides a briefoverview of the research topic and the research question being addressed.Methods: The methods section describes the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques used in the study.Results: The results section presents the key findings of the study, including any statistical tests or other analyses that were conducted.Conclusions: The conclusions section summarizes the main findings of the study and discusses their implications.Tips for Writing an Effective Abstract。
英语学术论文写作教程-Unit 2
Unit 2 Introduction
Overview
A good beginning is half done, so is a research paper. One is to arouse the readers’ interest, and the other is to offer adequate information to prepare readers for understanding the paper and evaluating the worth of the study. In terms of structure, a well-organized Introduction presents a funnel shape, or in other words, it begins with stating general research scope and then narrows down to the research focus. In order to write an effective Introduction, Swales & Feak (2012) proposes a widely used discourse pattern, known as the Create-a-Research-Space (or CARS) model.
Information Convention
❶With the rapid development of chemical industry, heavy metals in environment increase rapidly and go beyond the normal range, which has seriously polluted the soil. ❷ Such soil contamination leads to deterioration of environmental quality and does harm to human’s health. ❸ So, it is important to control soil pollution caused by heavy metals.
英语学术论文写作纲要
英语学术论文写作纲要英语学术论文写作Course Title: Effective Academic Writing in English: an Essential GuideCourse Numbers: 1800000106Type of course: Major compulsoryHours per week: 1Credit: 1Duration: 18 hoursText and Materials:Aimin cheng, Shouhua Qi, Effective Academic Writing in English：An Essential Guide,2010, Shanghai Foreign Education Press, ISBN:9787810956819Course description:Academic Writing is one of the key courses for university students majoring in English in China. This course is designed to help students learn how to write a course paper and/or a BA thesis and to lay a foundation for writing more advanced academic papers in English for their future career. The course is an essential guide to effective academic writing in English, by that it does not to cover every single one of all the important issues that are related to academic writing. That would have been a much more ambitious project with a much more comprehensive approach than has been adopted by the book.Course contents:Part 1 General features of Academic WritingChapter 1 Academic Writing: An Introduction●Academic writing: A definition●Characteristics of Good Academic WritingGood writing calls for critical reading and critical thinkingGood writing involves thoughtful revisionGood writing is directed toward an audienceGood writing achieves a clear purposeGood writing expresses ideas clearlyGood writing pluses with creativityChapter 2 Kinds of Academic Writing●Writing to summarize●Writing to synthesize●Writing to explainWriting to informWriting to explain processesWriting to explain●Writing to ArgueThe logical AppealThe Emotional AppealThe Ethical AppealFive Basic Components●Writing to propose●Writi ng to analyze●Writing to evaluateChapter 3 The rhetorical context and characteristics of Academic Writing●The rhetorical contestTopic or subjectAudiencePurpose and role●Characteristics of Academic papersPart ⅡProcess of Effective Academic WritingChapter 4 Finding a Topic●Process of Writing●Assessing your Prior Interest and Knowledge●Narrowing the Topic-Creating a Good Title●Techniques for InventingFree writingBrainstormingBranchingCubingQuestioning or Journalistic Formula●Generating New Ideas by Critical ReadingChapter 5 Researching the Topic●Field researchObservingInterviewingUsing questionnaire●Library researchTaking notesInternet research●Keeping track of your research● A six-step Approach to ResearchChapter 6 Outlining●The structure of a paper●Storing out your notes and other Materials●OutliningDraft OutlineFormal OutlineTwo Commonly Used patterns of Formal outlines Formulating the thesis statementChapter 7 drafting, Revising, Editing and Proofreading ●DraftingRevising for content and Organization-Macro-revisionRevising for detail-Micro-Revision●Final Editing and ProofreadingPart III Strategies for Effective Academic Writing Chapter 8 organizing the paper●Five basic Organizational patternsGeneral to specific/ abstract to concreteSpecific to general /concrete to abstractOrder of ImportantChronological OrderSpatial OrderOther Organizational Patterns●IntroductionNarrativeDescriptivePreparatoryCorrectiveInquisitiveStating a problemGiving a surprising fact or statisticsUsing a striking quote●ConclusionRestating the Main PointsReferring back to the thesis and the introductionSuggesting a solution further study or predicting an outcomeGiving a humorous comment or unexpected twistUsing a striking or Memorable QuoteChapter 9 strategies for DevelopmentSentence definitionExtended definitionHistorical definitionStipulate definition●ClassificationChoosing the principle to classifyTesting the effectivenessExplaining each subgroup●ExampleRelevant examplesSpecific examplesSufficient examples●Comparison and contrastPoints for comparing and contrastingTwo ways for organizing comparison and contrast Transitional words and phrases●Course and effectDistinguishing between cause and EffectNecessity, sufficiently and mill’s methodsOrganizing cause and effect analysisTransitional words and phrases for cause and effect analysis ●Generalization●Visual elementsChapter 10 Use of Sources and Documentation●Importance of Using and Documenting Sources●Three Ways to Use Sources●Styles of Documentation●MLA StyleIn-text CitationExplanatory notesList of works cited●APA styleIn-text citationExplanatory NotesList of References or Bibliography。
引言 范文英语
引言范文英语In the realm of academic writing, the introduction often serves as the first and foremost impression, setting the tone and direction for the entire essay. As the saying goes, "A good beginning is half done," and this could not be truer when it comes to essay introductions. The art of writing an engaging introduction lies in its ability to captivate the reader's attention, provide a clear overview of the topic, and preview the main points to be discussed. This is where the power of model essays in English comes into play.Model essays in English, especially those with exemplary introductions, offer a valuable resource for writers seeking to enhance their own skills. By studying these models, writers can learn how to craft anintroduction that is both informative and engaging. The key elements of a strong introduction include a clear statement of the topic, a hook to grab the reader's interest, and a preview of the main arguments or points to be made in the essay.For instance, a model essay might begin with a thought-provoking quote or statistic that immediately captures the reader's attention. This hook is designed to make the reader curious and interested in reading further. Following the hook, the writer then provides a brief overview of the topic, explaining its relevance and significance. This overview helps the reader understand the context of the essay and what to expect in the following paragraphs.In addition to the hook and overview, a strong introduction also includes a clear statement of the main arguments or points that will be discussed in the essay. This preview gives the reader a sense of direction and allows them to anticipate the flow of ideas throughout the piece. By doing so, the writer establishes a clear path for the reader to follow and ensures that the essay remains focused and coherent.The power of model essays lies not only in theirability to guide writers but also in their potential to inspire. By reading well-written introductions, writers can gain insight into the thought processes and techniques usedby experienced writers. This can help them develop their own writing style and improve their own skills over time. Moreover, model essays can serve as a source of motivation for writers facing challenges or difficulties in their writing process. By looking at how others have successfully tackled similar issues or topics, writers can draw inspiration and find new ways to approach their own writing tasks.In conclusion, the introduction is a crucial component of any academic essay, and the power of model essays in English cannot be overstated. By studying and learning from these models, writers can enhance their own writing skills and produce more engaging and effective essays. The next time you sit down to write an essay, consider taking a moment to reflect on the power of the introduction and how you can use model essays to make your own introduction stand out.**引言的魅力：范文英语的力量**在学术写作领域，引言往往作为第一印象出现，为整篇文章定下基调和方向。
学术英语写作Unit-6.Introduction
9
➢Background (sentences 1-4) ➢Literature Review (sentences 5-6) ➢Unresolved Question (sentence 7) ➢The Present Paper (sentences 8-10)
In sentence 6 the writer provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.
In sentence 7 the writer describes a gap in the research.
In sentence 8 the writer describes the paper itself. In sentence 9 the writer gives details about the
Unit 6 How to Write the Introduction
1
Teaching Procedures
1
Lead-in
2
Sample Analysis
Building a Model
4
Grammar and Writing Skills
2
Lead-in 1. What information should be contained in the Introduction?
13
➢ The Present Paper
8. The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component. 9. On the basis of these criteria it then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydro-carbon rubber (PI). 10. This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations formed a novel polymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility .
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What belongs in the introductory section(s) of your paper?
A statement of the goal of the paper: why the study was undertaken, or why the paper was written. Do not repeat the abstract.
Structural Layout of Introduction
The first layer 1.1 Introducing the general research area including its background,
Frequently asked questions
What is an introduction for? Is it a summary?
An introduction is not a summary. A summary repeats the main ideas of an essay. An introduction introduces the reader to the topic of the
What is Introduction?
Introduction is the first section of a scientific paper, including the background information of the research, the nature and scope of the problem investigated.
An essay introduction does not need to do more than tell the reader the topic of the essay, describe how the body of the essay is organized, and explain the thesis that you argue for in the essay.
Frequently asked questions
What should I put in my introduction?
Do not try to pack everything into the introduction. It would then not be an introduction at all!来自Significance
The purpose of an introduction is to prepare the reader for the body of writing that comes after it.
You know what you are writing about and why. But unless you inform your readers of this in an introduction, they will feel lost and judge your essay to be an unclear piece of work! Without an introduction it is sometimes very difficult for your readers to figure out what you are trying to say. There needs to be a thread of an idea that they will follow through your paper.
essay, describes the organizational structure of the essay, and explains the point of the essay (the thesis argued for).
Introduction
This is a general introduction to what the thesis is all about. It is not just a description of the contents of each section. Briefly summarize the question (you will be stating the question in detail later), some of the reasons why it is a worthwhile question, and perhaps give a brief overview of your main results.
Explain the scope of your work, what will and will not be included.
A verbal "road map" or verbal "table of contents" guiding the reader to what lies ahead.
Sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand the context and significance of the question you are trying to address.
Proper acknowledgement of the previous work on which you are building. Sufficient references such that a reader could, by going to the library, achieve a sophisticated understanding of the context and significance of the question.