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2023年托福阅读TPO20(试题+答案+译文)第3篇-FossilPreservation整理

2023年托福阅读TPO20(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:FossilPreservation整理TPO是我们常用的托福模考工具，对我们的备考很有价值，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO20(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Fossil Preservation。

托福阅读原文【1】When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are covered by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.【2】The term fossil often implies petrifaction, literally a transformation into stone. After the death of an organism, the soft tissue is ordinarily consumed by scavengers and bacteria. The empty shell of a snail or clam may be left behind, and if it is sufficiently durable and resistant to dissolution, it may remain basically unchanged for a long period of time. Indeed, unaltered shells of marine invertebrates are knownfrom deposits over 100 million years old. In many marine creatures, however, the skeleton is composed of a mineral variety of calcium carbonate called aragonite. Although aragonite has the same composition as the more familiar mineral known as calcite, it has a different crystal form, is relatively unstable, and in time changes to the more stable calcite.【3】Many other processes may alter the shell of a clam or snail and enhance its chances for preservation. Water containing dissolved silica, calcium carbonate, or iron may circulate through the enclosing sediment and be deposited in cavities such as marrow cavities and canals in bone once occupied by blood vessels and nerves. In such cases, the original composition of the bone or shell remains, but the fossil is made harder and more durable. This addition of a chemically precipitated substance into pore spaces is termed permineralization.【4】Petrifaction may also involve a simultaneous exchange of the original substance of a dead plant or animal with mineral matter of a different composition. This process is termed replacement because solutions have dissolved the original material and replaced it with an equal volume of the new substance. Replacement can be a marvelously precise process, so that details of shell ornamentation, tree rings in wood, and delicate structures in bone are accurately preserved.【5】Another type of fossilization, known as carbonization, occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon. Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents. The carbon often remains behind as a blackened silhouette.【6】Although it is certainly true that the possession of hard parts enhances the prospect of preservation, organisms having soft tissues andorgans are also occasionally preserved. Insects and even small invertebrates have been found preserved in the hardened resins of conifers and certain other trees. X-ray examination of thin slabs of rock sometimes reveals the ghostly outlines of tentacles, digestive tracts, and visual organs of a variety of marine creatures. Soft parts, including skin, hair, and viscera of ice age mammoths, have been preserved in frozen soil or in the oozing tar of oil seeps.【7】The probability that actual remains of soft tissue will be preserved is improved if the organism dies in an environment of rapid deposition and oxygen deprivation. Under such conditions, the destructive effects of bacteria are diminished. The Middle Eocene Messel Shale (from about 48 million years ago) of Germany accumulated in such an environment. The shale was deposited in an oxygen-deficient lake where lethal gases sometimes bubbled up and killed animals. Their remains accumulated on the floor of the lake and were then covered by clay and silt. Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons (hard outer coverings), frogs with skin and blood vessels intact, and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue.托福阅读试题1.The word agencies in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning tobinations.B.problems.C.forces.D.changes.2.In paragraph 1, what is the authors purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?A.To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist.B.To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation.C.To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete.D.To compare how fossils form on land and in water.3.The word terrestrial in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning tond.B.protected.C.alternative.D.similar.4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 2)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.When snail or clam shells are left behind, they must be empty in order to remain durable and resist dissolution.B.Although snail and clam shells are durable and resist dissolving, over time they slowly begin to change.C.Although the soft parts of snails or clams dissolve quickly, their hard shells resist dissolution for a long time.D.Empty snail or clam shells that are strong enough not to dissolve may stay in their original state for a long time.5.Why does the author mention aragonite in the passage (paragraph 2)?A.To emphasize that some fossils remain unaltered for millions of years.B.To contrast fossil formation in organisms with soft tissue and in organisms with hard shells.C.To explain that some marine organisms must undergo chemical changes in order to fossilize.D.To explain why fossil shells are more likely to survive than are fossil skeletons.6.The word enhance in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA.control.B.limit.bine.D.increase.7.Which of the following best explains the process of permineralization mentioned in paragraph 3?A.Water containing calcium carbonate circulates through a shell and deposits sediment.B.Liquid containing chemicals hardens an already existing fossil structure.C.Water passes through sediment surrounding a fossil and removes its chemical content.D.A chemical substance enters a fossil and changes its shape.8.The word precise in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toplex.B.quick.C.exact.D.reliable.9.Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the carbonization process?A.It is completed soon after an organism dies.B.It does not occur in hard-shell organisms.C.It sometimes allows soft-tissued organisms to be preserved with all their parts.D.It is a more precise process of preservation than is replacement.10.The word prospect in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning topletion.B.variety.C.possibility.D.speed.11.According to paragraph 7, how do environments containing oxygen affect fossil preservation?A.They increase the probability that soft-tissued organisms will become fossils.B.They lead to more bacteria production.C.They slow the rate at which clay and silt are deposited.D.They reduce the chance that animal remains will be preserved.12.According to paragraph 7，all of the following assist in fossil preservation EXCEPTA.the presence of calcite in an organisms skeleton.B.the presence of large open areas along an ocean floor.C.the deposition of a fossil in sticky substances such as sap or tar.D.the rapid burial of an organism under layers of silt.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage. But the evidence of past organic life is not limited to petrifaction. ■【A】Another type of fossilization, known as carbonization, occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon. ■【B】Leaves and tissue of soft-bodied organisms such as jellyfish or worms may accumulate, become buried and compressed, and lose their volatile constituents. ■【C】The carbon often remains behind as a blackened silhouette.■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideasin the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The remains of ancient life are amazingly well preserved in the form of fossils.A.Environmental characteristics like those present on ocean floors increase the likelihood that plant and animal fossils will occur.B.Fossils are more likely to be preserved in shale deposits than in deposits of clay and silt.C.The shells of organisms can be preserved by processes of chemical precipitation or mineral exchange.D.Freezing enables the soft parts of organisms to survive longer than the hard parts.paratively few fossils are found in the terrestrial deposits of streams and lakes.F.Thin films of carbon may remain as an indication of soft tissue or actual tissue may be preserved if exposure to bacteria is limited.托福（阅读答案）1.agency代理，中介，作用，所以答案是force，选C。

TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析

TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析TPO托福阅读真题答案及解析托福阅读真题：The Long-Term Stability of EcosystemsPlant communities assemble themselves fle某ibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a clima某community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mi某 of species—are cumulative. Clima某 communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the ne某t. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting clima某 communities usually have more comple某 food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of clima某 ecosystems depended on their comple某ity. To take an e某treme e某ample, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstablethat one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a comple某 clima某 community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The fi rst problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the clima某 community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, clima 某 communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the clima某 state. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with ma某imum diversity. At least in temperate zones, ma某imum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the clima某 community. Once a redwood forest matures, for e某ample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because clima某communities all over the world are being severely damaged ordestroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic e某plosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for e某ample, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are mostimporta nt to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of clima某 communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes e某tinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can appro某imately fill the niche vacated by the e某tinct population and keep the food web intact.Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves fle某ibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the t erm “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a clima某community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mi某 of species—are cumulative. Clima某 communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.TPO托福阅读题目1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaningto○Natural○Final○Specific○Comple某2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of clima某 communities?○They occur at the e nd of a succession.○They last longer than any other type of community.○The numbers of plants in them and the mi某 of species do not change.○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year’s time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the ne某t. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced.○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the ne某t.○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem’s propertiesParagraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that speciesdiversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting clima某 communities usually have more comple某 food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of clima某 ecosystems depended on their comple某ity. To take an e某treme e某ample, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a comple某 clima某 community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather of pests.4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?○Pioneer communities○Clima某 communities○Single-crop farmlands○Successional plant communitiesParagraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the clima某 community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, clima某 communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the clima某 state.5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.○Ecologists often confuse the word “stability” with the word “resilience.”○The e某act meaning of the word “stability” is debated by ecologists.○There are many different answers to ecological questions.6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of clima某 communities?○They are more resilient than pioneer communities.○They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.○They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with ma某imum diversity. At least in temperate zones, ma某imum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the clima某 community. Once a redwood forest matures, for e某ample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break downthan a child’s tricycle.)7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?○They become less stable as they mature.○They support many species when they reach clima某.○They are found in temperate zones.○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.8. The word “guarantee” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Increase○Ensure○Favor○Complicate9. In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that “(A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle)”?○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday e某ample○To demons trate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations ○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity○To provide an e某ample that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystemsParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because clima某communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic e某plosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States,for e某ample, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important t o the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Increases proportionally○Differs○Loses significance○Is commonParagraph 7：Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of clima某 communities comes not from diversity but from the “patchiness” of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes e某tinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can appro某imately fill the niche vacated by the e某tinct population and keep the food web intact.11.Which of the sentences below best e某presses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.○Uniform environments cannot be clima某 communities becausethey do not support as many types of organisms as patchyenvironments.○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability becauseit is able to support a wide variety of organisms.12.The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning to○Foreign○Stabl e○Fluid○NeighboringParagraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because clima某communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic e某plosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for e某ample, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the communit y’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.13.Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that e某press the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they e某press ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minorideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The process of succession and the stability of a clima某community can change over time.Answer choices○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the clima某 community can be seen in one human generation.○A high degr ee of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem.○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.○Ecologists agree that clima某 communities are the most stable types of ecosystems.○Disagreements over the meaning of the term “stability” make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.○The resilience of clima某 communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.托福阅读真题参考答案：1. ○32. ○33. ○14. ○25. ○36. ○27.○38. ○29. ○110. ○311. ○412. ○413. ○2 14. ○2 3 5托福阅读真题译文：生态系统的长期稳定植物群体可以自由地聚集，他们特殊的结构取决于聚集区域的具体历史。

托福阅读TPO20答案解析

1.agency代理，中介，作用，所以答案是force，选C。

原句说由于腐食动物和细菌的侵袭，化学侵蚀和其他地质什么的作用，使得保存的难度非常大。

combination组合明显不靠谱，problem是个负向词，不靠谱，之前并列的都不是变化，change不对。

2.修辞目的题，修辞点所在句是一个例子，所以往前看，前一句说fossil遭破坏的方式和fossil一样多，后面就跟了很多破坏的方式，所以答案是A，阐释为什么如此多破坏之下还有这么多化石存在。

往后看也可以，下一句说如果化石有骨架的话被保留的机会会大增，也就是一直都在说化石存留下来的机会，所以A是正确答案。

3.terrestrial陆地的，陆生的，所以正确答案是A。

原文说尽管大部分的化石都是在海洋中找到的，但也有一些是在河湖中的什么沉积物当中找到的，既然前文都说了大部分是在海洋里找到的，肯定后面会说是在陆地上找到的，所以答案是terrestrial，B/C/D都不靠谱。

4.原句的结构是并列加条件，所以正确答案是D。

A的must be empty原文没说；B和C的关系都错误；D说的是shell会被剩下，如果足够耐腐蚀，就能保存一段时间。

5.修辞目的题，先看例子所在句子，说很多海洋生物的骨骼包含calcite，没有答案，往前看，前一句说一亿年前的沉积物中能发现骨骼不变的海生无脊椎动物，与A靠谱，但A本身不是一个观点，所以A不对；B和D完全没说，不对；强调的中心在例子所在句的下一句，说arogonite的晶体形状不同，相对不那么稳定，会变成更稳定的形式，所以答案是C，想稳定的话必须再变。

6.enhance提升，提高，所以正确答案是D的increase。

原文说很多化学过程都能改变壳体的结构并且怎么样它们作为化石保留下来的机会，combine明显不靠谱；limit和control意思相近，而且这两个词与increase意思相反，所以其他三个都不对。

7.以permineralization做关键词定位至最后一句。

托福TPO真题阅读答案解析

托福TPO真题阅读答案解析托福TPO真题阅读答案解析只有愚者才等待机会，而智者则造就机会。

下面是店铺为大家搜索整理的托福TPO真题阅读答案解析，希望大家能有所收获，l 答案及题目解析Key:1.B2.A3.C4.C5.A6.B7.D8.D9.B10.C 11.D 12.B 13-14.125题目解析：1. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans?(Factual Information Question)A.It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.B.It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.C.It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.D.It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.相关原句：Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence ofa fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.(Paragraph 1)本题解析：cannot disguise…意为“不能掩盖…”，因此“the presence of blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals”意思是“具有blowhol(出气孔)并不能掩盖这一事实：鲸类动物和陆栖哺乳动物有姻亲关系(affinities)”;B选项中cannot concea(不能隐藏)l恰好与 cannot disguise相吻合，并指出鲸类动物是哺乳动物的事实，因此选择B。

托福tpo9阅读答案(文本译文解析)

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福tpo9阅读答案(文本+译文+解析摘要:现在备考托福的同学大家都在做TPO模拟训练,但是会出现一个问题就是训练完了没有参考答案啊,今天小编就准备了托福tpo9阅读答案(文本+译文+解析,看看解析你是否答对了呢?今天小编为大家准备的是托福 tpo9阅读答案(文本+译文+解析,同学们在做TPO9的时候遇到什么问题再也不怕了,赶紧来看看吧,更多的阅读真题解析等着你呦。

以下是托福tpo9阅读答案(文本+译文+解析文本部分:戳这!急速下载托福TPO全套资料Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest CoastIt has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as 16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from theAlaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist Knut Fladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may havebeen deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large land animals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago.The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing, shellfish gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. The first water craft theory about this migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was this midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the east and the Cordilleran to the west-that enabled the southward migration. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most importantradiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat.点击下载!小马 TPO模考软件1. According to paragraph 1, the theory that people first migrated to the Americans by way of an ice-free corridor was seriously called into question by○paleoecologist Glen MacDonald's argument that the orig inal migration occurred much later than had previously been believed○the demonstration that certain previously accepted ra diocarbon dates were incorrect○evidence that the continental ice began its final retreat much later than had previously be en believed○research showing that the ice-free corridor was not as long lasting as had been widely assumed2. The word "persuasively" in the passage is closest in meaning to○aggressively○inflexibly○convincingly○carefullyParagraph 2: Support is growing for the alternative theory that people using watercraft, possibly skin boats, moved southward from Beringia along the Gulf of Alaska and then southward along the Northwest coast of North America possibly as early as16,000 years ago. This route would have enabled humans to enter southern areas of the Americas prior to the melting of the continental glaciers. Until the early 1970s,most archaeologists did not consider the coast a possible migration route into the Americas because geologists originally believed that during the last Ice Age the entire Northwest Coast was covered by glacial ice. It had been assumed that the ice extended westward from theAlaskan/Canadian mountains to the very edge of the continental shelf, the flat, submerged part of the continent that extends into the ocean. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of north America to what is today the state of Washington.3. Paragraph 2 begins by presenting a theory and then goes on to○ discuss why the theory was rapidly accepted but then rejected○ present the evidence on which the theory was based○ cite evidence that now shows that th e theory is incorrect○ explain why the theory was not initially considered plausible4. The phrase "prior to" is closest in meaning to○ before○ immediately after○ during○ in spite o f5. Paragraph 2 supports the idea that, before the 1970s, most archaeologists held which of the following views about the earliest people to reach the Americas?○They could not have sailed directly from Beringia to Alaska and then southward because, it was thought, glacial ice covered the entire coastal region.○They were not aware that the climate would continue to become milder.○They would have had no interest in migrating southward from Beringia until after the continental glaciers had begun to melt.○They lacked the navigational skills and appropriate boats needed long-distance trips.Paragraph 3: The most influential proponent of the coastal migration route has been Canadian archaeologist KnutFladmark. He theorized that with the use of watercraft, people gradually colonized unglaciated refuges and areas along the continental shelf exposed by the lower sea level. Fladmark's hypothesis received additional support form from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways to leave out essential information.○Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.○Fladmark's hypothesis states that the west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.○The fact that the greatest diversity of Native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americans lends strength to Fradmark's hypothesis.○According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the lo ngest along the west coast of the Americas.Paragraph 4: More recent geologic studies documented deglaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. One study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been deglaciated beginning around 16,000 years ago, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.7. The author's purpose in paragraph 4 is to○ indicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothesis○ indicate that coastal and inland migrations may have happened simul taneously○ explain why humans may have reached America's northwest coast before animals and plants did○ show that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how peo ple reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State8. The word "Vast" in the passage is closest in meaning to○Frozen○Various○Isolated○HugeParagraph 5: The coastal hypothesis has gained increasing support in recent years because the remains of large landanimals, such as caribou and brown bears, have been found in southeastern Alaska dating between 10,000 and 12,500 years ago. This is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to be inhospitable for humans. It has been suggested that if the environment were capable of supporting breeding populations of bears, there would have been enough food resources to support humans. Fladmark and other believe that the first human colonization of America occurred by boat along the Northwest Coast during the very late Ice Age, possibly as early as 14,000 years ago. The most recent geologic evidence indicates that it may have been possible for people to colonize ice-free regions along the continental shelf that were still exposed by the lower sea level between13,000 and 14,000 years ago. 点这下载！托福 tpo9 阅读答案(文本+译文+解析 9. According to paragraph 5, the discovery of the remains of large land animals supports the coastal hypothesis by providing evidence that ○ humans were changing their hunting techniques to adapt to coastal rath er than inland environments ○ animals had migrated from the inland to the coasts, an indication that a midcontinental ice -free corridor was actually implausible ○ humans probably would have been able to find enough resources along the coastal corridor ○ t he continental shelf was still exposed by lower sea levels during the period when the southward migration of people began 10. The word "inhospitable" in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ not familiar ○ not suitable ○ not dangerous ○ not reachable 11. According to paragraph 5, the most recent geologic research provides support for a first colonization of America dating as far back as○16,000 years ago ○14,000 years ago ○12,500 years ago ○10,000 years ago Paragraph 6: The coastal hypothesis suggests an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing gathering, and the use of watercraft. Because of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, there may have been a greater impetus for people to move in a southerly direction.12. The word "impetus" in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ chance ○ protection ○ possibility ○ incentive Paragraph 1: It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia, slowly traveling across a land bridge called Beringia (now the Bering Strait between northeastern Asia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. ■ The first water craft theory about the migration was that around 11,000-12,000 years ago there was an ice-free corridor stretching from eastern Beringia to the areas of North America south of the great northern glaciers. It was the midcontinental corridor between two massive ice sheets-the Laurentide to the west-that enabled the southward migration. ■ But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect. ■ He persuasively argued that such an ice-free corridor did not exist until much later, when the continental ice began its final retreat. ■ 13. Look at the four squares [■ ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Moreover, other evidence suggests that even if an ice-free corridor did exist, it would have lacked the resources needed for human colonization. Where could the sentence best fit? 14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Recent evidence favors a rival to the long-standing theory that the Americas were colonized 11,000-12,000 years ago by people migrating south from Beringia along a midcontinental ice-free corridor. ● ● ● Answer Choices ○Evidence thatan ice-free corridor between two ice sheets developed when the continental ice first began to melt came primarily from radiocarbon dating.○There is growing support for the theory that migration took place much earlier, by sea, following a coastal route along Alaska and down the nor thwest coast. ○Recent geologic evidence indicates that contrary to what had been believed, substantial areas along the coast were free of ice as early as 16,000 years ago. ○Research now indicates that the parts of the inner continental shelf that remained covered wi th ice were colonized by a variety of early human groups well adapted to living in extremely cold environments. ○There is evidence suggesting that areas along the coast may have contained enough food resources between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago to have made human colonization possible. ○Even though the northern part of the continent allowed for a more varied economy, several early human groups quickly moved south. 以上就是小编为大家准备的托福 tpo9 阅读答案(文本+译文+解析的相关内容，同学们下载完后要记得每天做练习，大量的做题会使你进步，希望大家经过长期积累经验后能够取得最终的胜利。

新托福试题及答案

新托福试题及答案1. 阅读部分A. 阅读材料一：《城市化的影响》根据文章内容，回答以下问题。

1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的哪些影响？1.2 作者提到了哪些措施可以减少这些影响？答案：1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的影响包括空气污染、水资源短缺和生物多样性的减少。

1.2 作者提到了提高能源效率、推广公共交通和保护绿地等措施可以减少这些影响。

B. 阅读材料二：《古代文明的交流》根据文章内容，回答以下问题。

2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间有哪些交流方式？2.2 这些交流方式对文明发展有何影响？答案：2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间的交流方式包括贸易、战争和宗教传播。

2.2 这些交流方式促进了文化和技术的交流，加速了文明的发展。

2. 听力部分A. 听力材料一：《海洋生物的保护》根据听力材料，回答以下问题。

3.1 演讲者提出了哪些保护海洋生物的措施？3.2 演讲者认为哪种措施最有效？答案：3.1 演讲者提出了建立海洋保护区、限制过度捕捞和提高公众意识等措施。

3.2 演讲者认为建立海洋保护区是最有效措施。

B. 听力材料二：《气候变化的影响》根据听力材料，回答以下问题。

4.1 讲座中提到气候变化对农业有哪些影响？4.2 讲座中提到了哪些应对策略？答案：4.1 讲座中提到气候变化导致作物产量下降、病虫害增加和水资源短缺。

4.2 讲座中提到了改进农业技术、种植抗旱作物和建设水利设施等应对策略。

3. 口语部分A. 口语任务一：描述一个你认为对环境最有益的活动。

答案：我认为植树活动对环境最有益。

它不仅能够吸收二氧化碳，减少温室气体排放，还能增加生物多样性，改善空气质量。

B. 口语任务二：讨论你认为的最有效的学习策略。

答案：我认为最有效的学习策略是定期复习和实践。

定期复习可以帮助巩固记忆，而实践则可以加深对知识的理解。

4. 写作部分A. 写作任务一：论述城市化对人类社会的影响。

答案：城市化对人类社会的影响是多方面的。

托福tpo65阅读解析

托福tpo65阅读解析
（最新版）
目录
1.文章概述
2.文章结构
3.文章主旨
4.文章细节解析
5.总结
正文
托福 TPO65 阅读解析是一篇关于托福考试阅读部分的文章，主要解析了 TPO65 的阅读题目，为考生提供了解题技巧和方法。

文章首先概述了 TPO65 的阅读部分，包括文章的题材、题型和难度等。

接着，文章分析了 TPO65 阅读部分的结构，介绍了文章的组织方式和解题步骤。

文章主旨是为了帮助考生更好地理解和解决 TPO65 的阅读题目。

文章详细解析了题目中的难点和重点，包括词汇、句子理解和文章结构等方面。

同时，文章还提供了一些解题技巧和方法，如先读题目再读文章、注意文章主题句和段落主题句等。

在文章细节解析部分，文章以具体的题目为例，详细解释了解题过程和方法。

例如，文章分析了一道关于文章主题的题目，通过找出文章的主题句和段落主题句，帮助考生准确理解文章主旨。

总结部分，文章强调了阅读理解题的重要性，提醒考生在备考过程中多加练习，提高解题能力和阅读水平。

总之，托福 TPO65 阅读解析是一篇实用的阅读技巧文章，旨在帮助考生更好地应对托福考试的阅读部分。

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最新托福TPO阅读解析
2013年2-7月，ETS连续发布了4套托福TPO。

对此四套托福TPO阅读部分进行了深入的分析和研究，发现最新的托福阅读真题逐渐从“准学术化”考试正在向“学术化”考试演进。

一、基本难度分析
总体来说，托福TPO27-30的阅读部分难度有所下降，不比23-26的难度更高。

其一，词汇量要求基本保持不变。

除了个别文章以外，例如TPO28的两篇文章“Groudwate”和“EarlySaharan Pastoralists”的词汇难度较高，其他文章的词汇难度都不大，而且词汇题的难度也基本保持原先的水平。

其二，细节题的定位很容易。

最新的四套托福TPO中，细节题基本上都能很清楚的找到定位，而且关键词相当清晰。

除了TPO28的“Groudwater”以外，基本没有特别难的定位题目。

其三，传统的出题位置依然不变，暗因果依然是考官最喜欢出题的考点。

例如，用make引出的因果关系，用其他名词、连词、甚至是副词引出的因果关系等。

其四，文章结构基本上还是简单的“概念解释”或“概念进一步解释”型，除了TPO30的“The Pace of Evolutionary Change”和TPO28的“Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes”以外，其他文章还是基本符合先标题改写再按照标题逐层展开的文章套路。

二、最新趋势
(一)托福阅读向GRE和GMAT阅读发展
从2013年年初开始，托福阅读的文章和考试内容正在向GRE和GMAT接近。

例如，2013年1月3日的托福阅读，有一篇讲述骆驼在沙漠中生存的文章，这篇文章原本是GMAT阅读的文章;TPO19的“Discovering the Ice Age”讨论O18和O16在化石中的比例，这篇文章是老GRE真题。

通过对最新四套TPO的12篇文章的深入分析，有一点就更加清楚了，最新的托福阅读真题更加接近GRE的选文和题目设置。

1、GRE文章继续在托福考试中原文出现
在TPO27中，“The Formation of Volcanic Islands”，有关夏威夷群岛火山岛链形成原因的文章，基本内容就是GRE阅读真题文章的简单化版，而且出题位置和内容与GRE文章重点信息无二。

因此，对于先考GRE后考托福的考生们而言，“277”2将是各位同学相当重要的练习材料，其中很多有关physical science和biological science的文章都具有极高的参考价值。

2、实验类文章成为托福文章重点类型
在TPO27-30的12篇文章中，实验类文章的比例出奇的高，其中出现实验类文章的有“Predator-Prey Cycles”、“Competition”、“Role of Play in Development”。

这三篇biological science的文章都使用了实验类段落，出现比例达到25%(这一点在之前的四套里，即TPO23到26里，只有不到10%)。

最重要的是，在“Role of Play in Development”一文中，一道细节题甚至问到了GRE考试才会考到的实验要保证“控制变量”不变的考点，是之前所有文章中没有提到的。

因此，最近的托福考生一定要注意在实验类文章中的实验目的、实验方法和实验结论三大考点，同时要注意理解实验类文章中“控制变量”设置的问题。

3、“人名+观点”成为重要考点
由于有了更多的实验，人名加观点也更多地成为了这四套TPO的考点，也就是定位点。

这点并不奇怪。

但是，在托福里更多的出现了“argue”型的段落，这一点不得不引起考生们的注意。

这种段落多数时候是先提出一个观点，然后再进行更正，并给出第二个观点正确的原因，属于比较典型的GRE文章段落特征。

这样的段落在TPO27-30里更加普遍和明显，而之前很少。

4、GRE题型出现在托福考题中
在TPO30中，“The I nvention of the MechanicalClock的第10题“Paragraph 5 answers which of thefollowing questions about mechanical clock”是一个典型的GRE题型，一般称之为“信息题”，这个题型难度很大，但是做题方式与GRE阅读无异。

5、冒号出题
在之前的托福TPO阅读真题中，冒号(：)这个考点是很少的，而在新的TPO 里冒号这个考点很多，这一点也是GRE的考点，需要考生注意。

(二)名词成为指代题和词汇题考点
在托福的指代题中，常见的考题是问，文中的“it”或“them”是指谁。

但是从TPO15开始，这种题目就开始销声匿迹了，但是在最新的TPO 里，这种考题有开始有重现的趋势，但更多的是问，文中的“某个名词”是指谁。

例如，在TPO30的“The Invention of the MechanicalClock”的第5题，就问道“The author uses the phrase …thetimekeeper of last resort‟ to refer to”就是一个很典型的例子。

另外，还有一些词汇题，虽然是问，“这个词是什么意思”，但是其实也是指代题。

因此名词指代很可能成为近期托福考生练习的重点。

(三)乱序成为托福题目常态
“托福阅读按照文章顺序出题”这句话一直被所有托福老师奉为经典，但是这一点已经在最新的TPO里成为“Obsolete”了。

笔者统计了一下，在TPO1-26里，平均每三篇文章出现一次乱序，但是在最新的TPO里这个比例达到了每篇文章一道，甚至是两道。

因此，再用传统的方法定位已经不能满足新托福阅读的要求了。

但是，必须指出的是，这种乱序并不能对笔者一直给考生讲授的“篇幅定位法”构成任何威胁。

另外，对广大考生而言，今后做托福阅读时一定要关注每道题前面的“According to Paragraph╳”，从而更准确的使用“篇幅定位法”。

(四)更多的注释
在TPO27-30中，有注释的单词特别多。

例如在TPO29的“Characteristics of Roman Pottery”一文中竟然出现了8次注释之多;而在其他文章中，这些种现象也是相当普遍，这点更证明了托福考官的出题目的就是考察考生阅读速度和能力，而避免用过难的词汇来难为考生。

(五)达尔文
最后一个小特点是在这12篇文章中竟然有3篇文章中提到了“达尔文”，而且有一篇文章，TPO30的“The Pace of Evolutionary Change”，所讲的内容竟然与一篇经典的托福阅读加试文章“达尔文进化论”出奇的相似。

这一点可以为考生们提供一些未来泛读的内容。

三、结论
综上所述，最新的托福TPO显示，未来的托福阅读很可能更向GRE阅读发展。

一方面，要求考生们更多的练习更加高难的文章，尤其是实验类文章;另一方面，也要求托福阅读教师更多的向考生传达有关本文前面所提到的各种最新的出题趋势。

最后，希望本文能够帮助更多考生，在学习托福TPO阅读的过程中，明确未来半年的托福阅读的练习方向，从而在考试中取得满意的分数。