普通心理学Chapter2Sensationa
普通心理学02感觉和知觉

其他因素的影响,如体态变化(对“太阳错觉”的一
种解释)。
第二节 感觉
二、视觉
3、视觉现象
(3)视觉对比
感觉对比:同一感受器接受不同刺激而引起感受性
的变化。 P202 同时对比(明暗对比、颜色对比),先后对比 马赫带现象:人们在明暗变化的边界上,常在亮区 看到一条更亮的光带,而在暗区看到一条更暗的线 条。
第二节 感觉
二、视觉
ΔR 最小可觉差的物理量/差别阈限;R 原刺激的物 理量;K 韦伯分数(常数)/相对差别阈限
第二节 感觉
一、感受性和感觉阈限
2、差别阈限
补充:费希纳(的贡献) P199
①得出费希纳定律:在一定范围内,刺激强度按几
何级数增加,而感觉强度只按算术级数增加(S = KlogR+C)。(也称对数定律)
整体与部分的关系:“整体优先”
第三节 知觉
二、知觉的特性
3、知觉的理解性
人在知觉过程中,以过去的知识经验为依据,力
求对知觉对象作出某种有意义的解释(如命名或 归类等)。(信息加工第一步) 理解的重大作用:①从背景中区分出对象;②有 助于知觉的整体性;③产生知觉期待和预测。
第三节 知觉
三、听觉
补充:听觉理论 P215
位置理论(地点说)
(1)共鸣说:强调基底膜的振动部位对产生音调听 觉的作用。(有证实,但不充分) (2)行波说(对共鸣说的发展):基底膜对声音的
分析取决于行波最大振幅的位置。
频率理论(频率说)
(3)基底膜是与镫骨按相同频率运动的。(难以解释
S 感觉强度;R 刺激强度;K、C为常数
②建立心理物理学:研究物理量与心理量之间的函
彭聃龄普通心理学第二章

要意义
下丘脑(hypothalamus)
植物性神经系统的主要皮下中枢 也是情绪反应的重要中枢
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二、中枢神经系统的主要结构和机能
(四)小脑
小脑(cerebellum)的主要机能是调 节和校正肌肉的紧张度,以便维持姿势 和平衡
(synapse)。
突触包括突触前膜和突触后膜,以及在它们 之间的突触间隙。
突触前膜属于突触小体,突触后膜属于突触后神
经元。
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三、神经元的联系
(二)突触传导(神经冲动的化学传导)
神经冲动在突触间的传递,是借助于神经递 质(neuro-transmitters)来完成的 。
化
动作电位(active potential)
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二、神经冲动及其电传导(传递)
(二)神经冲动的电传导 神经冲动传导的本质,就是神经纤维膜所产
生动作电位的依次传布。
局部电流
冲动方向
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三、神经元的联系
(一)突触
神经元之间的联系方式是相互接触,而无细
胞质的沟通。其接触部位、神经元和神经胶质细胞
(一)神经元的结构及类型 典型的神经元由胞体、树突、轴突、髓鞘和
突触小体五部分组成
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一、神经元和神经胶质细胞
(一)神经元的结构及类型
按机能特性神经元可分为
感觉(传入、内导)神经元 联络(中间)神经元 运动(传出、外导)神经元
按神经元引起后继单位是兴奋还是抑制
一般被视为中枢神经系统抑制的表现。
普通心理学第二章(彭聃龄第四版)

第二章 心理的神经生理机制
目录
神经系统的进化 神经元 神经系统 脑功能的各种学说
2
神经系统的进化
心理是神经系统的功能,特别是脑的功能 神经系统和脑的进化为心理现象的产生和发展提供了物质基础
神经系统的进化史
多细胞动物(腔肠动物): 脊椎动物: 爬行动物:
网状神经系统
管状神经系统 大脑皮层
大脑左右两半球的功能
• 左脑:言语、阅读、书写、数学运算、逻辑推理 • 右脑:空间知觉、情绪、欣赏音乐、艺术 • 大脑两半球功能的一侧优势
脑功能的各种学说
定位说
• 开始于加尔和斯柏兹姆提出的颅相说 • 真正的定位说开始于对失语症病人的临床研究 • 布洛卡 • 威尔尼克
整体说
• 代表人物:弗罗伦斯、拉什里 • 研究方法:脑毁损技术 白鼠走迷宫实验 • 研究结论:均势原理和总体活动原理
基础。
神经网络学说
•
各种心理活动,特别是一些高级复杂的认知活动,是由不同脑 区协同活动构成的神经网络来实现的
•
不同的脑区可以构成不同的神经网络,参与不同的认知活动, 发挥不同的作用
•
正是由这些脑区组成的动态神经网络构成了复杂认识活动的神 经基础
神经元
• 胞体 • 树突 • 轴突
胶质细胞
• 神经元与神经元之间有大量胶质细胞 • 数量1000亿 • 功能:胶质细胞对神经元的沟通有重要作用
胶质细胞的作用
首先
其次
第三
胶质细胞对神经元 的沟通有重要作用。 它为神经元的生长 提供了线路。
它在神经元周围 形成绝缘层,使 神经冲动得以快 速传递。
它给神经元输送 营养,清除神经 元间过多的神经 递质。
神经冲动在突触间的传递, 是借助于神经递质来完成的。
普通心理学(罗伯特·费尔德曼版)

判断题Chapter 11.The psychodynamic perspective believes that people can control their behavior, while thehumanistic perspective believes that people have little control over their inner forces.2.The under-representation of racial and ethnic minorities among psychologists is a significantproblem within the discipline.3.Correlational research provides a measure of the strength of a relationship between twovariables, while experimental research can establish cause-and-effect relationships.4.The double-blind procedure minimizes only participant bias.5. A key step in the research process is operationalization.FTTFTChapter21.The biological reason for the process of reuptake is that neurotransmitters cannot remainin the synapse without over stimulating the receiving neuron.2.When the sympathetic division is activated, the mouth becomes dry and digestion slows.3.The field of behavioral genetics supports the nurture side of the nature/nurturecontroversy by emphasizing the importance of the environment.4.The right hemisphere of the brain is good at analytical thinking and language skills.5.The thalamus is responsible for regulating much of our motivated behavior, such as eating,drinking, and sex.{应该是脑干}TTFFFChapter31.Sensation and perception are different terms for the same basic process.2.The greatest concentration of rods is in the fovea, while the cones are concentrated in thearea surrounding the fovea.3.Highness or lowness of sounds refers to pitch, while loudness refers to intensity.4.Monocular cues are a kind of depth perception cue.5.The fact that the water in a bathtub may feel hot at first and then seems to cool downafter only a few minutes is caused by the process of sensory adaptation.FFTTTChapter41. A person who is given a sedative to help her sleep will most likely have few dreams thatnight, but will experience excessive dreams the following night.2.During REM sleep, the body is in a lower state of arousal than in any other stage of sleep.3.Daydreams are no different than the dreams one has while asleep at night.4.Marijuana has several medical uses.5.In a biologically based addiction, a person's need for the drug is based on the belief thathe or she needs the drug to function.TFFTFChapter61.The shortest interval of forgetting is found in short-term memory.2.Grouping letters together (out of a long list of letters) can allow more information to bestored in short-term memory.3.Remembering that you ate eggs for breakfast is a function of episodic memory;remembering that eggs come from chickens is a function of semantic memory.4.Implicit memories have no effect on our behavior in daily life.5.In Korsakoff's syndrome, intellectual abilities are disabled, but memory function is intact.FTTFFChapter81.A rousal theory assumes that we deliberately seek out stimulation if our arousal levels are too low.2.A norexia nervosa and bulimia are different names for the same eating disorder.3.T he Rorschach Test is used to measure achievement and affiliation motivation.4.I n the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, physiological arousal precedes the emotional experience.5.T here is evidence to suggest that homosexuality may have a biological cause.vTFFFT选择题Chapter 11.A ______________ psychologist would focus on the study of higher mental processes.A) social B) personality C) forensic D) cognitiveFeedback: The correct answer is d. More specifically a cognitive psychologist would study thinking, memory, reasoning, and language.2.Wilhelm WundtA) was one of the first psychologists to focus on child development.B) set up the first psychological laboratory.C) was an influential developmental psychologist.D) developed the field of school psychology.3.The ______________ perspective rejected psychology's early emphasis on the inner workings of the mind.A) psychodynamic B) cognitive C) behavioral D) humanistic4.Introspection is a procedure used by ______________ to study the mind.A) structuralists B) functionalists C) biologists D) humanists5.A(n) ______________ psychologist would most likely be called upon to determine whether an individual was legally sane at the time a crime was committedA) cognitive B) forensic C) personality D) evolutionary6.Most psychologists have a(n)A) master's degree. B) doctoral degree.C) degree in an area outside of psychology. D) undergraduate degree.7.______________ is a newer field of study that unites the areas of biopsychology and clinical psychology.A) Health psychology B) Cerebral biopsychologyC) Clinical neuropsychology D) Evolutionary psychology8.In archival research,A) a control group is necessary. B) existing data are examined.C) new data is generated. D) a sample of people are asked questions.9.Which of the following correlations indicates the weakest association?A) -0.2 B) +0.3 C) +0.8 D) -1.010.The second step in the scientific method isA) formulating an explanation. B) carrying out research.C) operationalizing the hypothesis. D) identifying a question of interest.11.The change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation is calledA) randomization. B) replication.C) the control group. D) the experimental manipulation.12.The purpose of the control group in an experiment is toA) accommodate the extra participants who arrived late and could not serve in the experimental group.B) assist in the design of the research project.C) give a comparison that allows the independent variable to be judged.D) prevent the researcher from cheating.13. During the 1991 Gulf War, news reporters based in Baghdad reported events as they witnessed them. This style of reporting resemblesA) naturalistic observation. B) case study research.C) archival research. D) survey research.14.Participants are randomly assigned to the groups in an experiment so thatA) participants will not know to which group they are assignedB) the composition of the groups are roughly equivalent.C) concern will be minimized that the experiment is too artificial and contrived.D) the experiment will be simplified.15.The purpose of a placebo is toA) ensure that participants can be assigned at random to either group.B) demonstrate to the Food and Drug Administration that even ineffective medications may be worthwhile.C) give participants equal expectations about the treatment variable.D) reduce worries about the representatives of the participants.答案:DBCAB BCBAA DCABCChapter 21.The myelin sheath is a protective coating around theA) dendrite. B) spinal cord. C) axon. D) cerebral cortex.2.A deficiency of which neurotransmitter causes Parkinson's disease?A) dopamine B) serotonin C) endorphin D) acetylcholine3.______________ neurons transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system.A) Central B) Sensory C) Motor D) Somatic4.John touches a stove and immediately withdraws his hand. Why?A) A reflex is at work.B) The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is activated.C) The somatic division of the nervous system is in control.D) The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is activated.5.Which of the following brain-scanning techniques uses a computer to construct an image of the brain by combining thousands of separate X rays?A) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) B) electroencephalogram (EEG)C) computerized axial tomography (CAT) D) positron emission tomography (PET)6.The endocrine system is a(n) ______________ communication network that sends messages throughout the nervous system via the bloodstream.A) chemical B) photo C) neural D) electrical7.The corpus callosum connects theA) brain and spinal cord. B) right and left hemispheres.C) frontal and parietal lobes. D) motor area and sensory area.8. Which of the following parts of the brain are found in the central core?A) cerebral cortex B) sensory area C) motor area D) reticular formation9.Some estimates suggest that there are as many as one ______________ neurons involved in behavior.A) trillion B) billion C) thousand D) million10. The ______________ are the part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons.A) terminal buttons B) dendrites C) cell bodies D) axons11. The autonomic nerves areA) located in the spinal cord. B) part of the central nervous system.C) part of the peripheral nervous system. D) voluntary.12. After her stroke, Abigail felt numb on the right side of her body. What area of her brain was most likely damaged?A) the left hemisphere B) the right hemisphereC) the cerebellum D) the central core13. The pituitary gland affectsA) emotion. B) energy levels. C) sexual urges. D) growth.14.Which area of the human body is most sensitive?A) ears B) fingers C) legs D) arms15.Ralph is having difficulty with his speech. Which area of his brain is most likely to be impaired?A) central core area B) sensory area C) association area D) medulla答案:CABAC ABDAB CDABCChapter 31 Cochlear implants can help certain forms of deafness produced by damage to theA) auditory canal.B) hair cells.C) bones of the middle ear.D) cochlear fluid.2 Which of the following structures is related to our sense of balance?A) cochleaB) basilar membraneD) stirrup3 Most psychologists believe that there are just ______________ basic receptor cells for taste.A) twoB) fourC) sixD) eight4 The gate-control theory of pain suggests thatA) pain perception is actually a combination of visual and auditory reception.B) there are no areas in the brain specifically related to pain, just a combination of other sensitive areas.C) pain is a touch reflex controlled by the spinal cord.D) nerve receptors in the spinal cord lead to specific area of the brain related to pain.5 According to ______________, when we encounter a stimulus, our brain's perceptual processing system initially responds to its component parts.A) feature analysisB) opponent-process theoryC) place theoryD) top-down processing6 Depth perception is due largely to the fact thatA) we have perceptual constancy.B) motion parallax is universal.C) we have two eyes.D) binocular disparity does not occur in humans.7 The change in position of the retinal image as the head swings from side to side is calledA) motion parallax.B) relative size.C) binocular disparity.D) linear perspective.8 The visual illusion known as the "devil's tuning fork" isA) seen similarly by people of all cultures.B) copied with great difficulty by Western people.C) difficult for rural Africans to copy.D) evidence for the universality of perception.9 The weakest detectable physical stimulus is called theA) absolute threshold.B) just noticeable difference.C) difference threshold.D) sensory noise factor.10 The ______________ is the dark hole in the center of the iris.A) pupilB) corneaC) lens11 An adjustment in the lens shape in order to keep images in sharp focus is calledA) lens-image inversion.B) top-down processing.C) optical adaptation.D) accommodation.12 The fact that hair cells at different sites on the basilar membrane are stimulated by their own preferred ranges of sound frequencies supports the ______________ theory of the brain.A) placeB) frequencyC) otolithD) gate-control13 The overriding Gestalt principle isA) completion.B) simplicity.C) complexity.D) specificity.14 When the sensory nervous system is sensitive to small differences, the just noticeable difference will beA) moderate.B) impossible to specify.C) large.D) small.15 The proper sequence of structures that sound passes when it enters the ear is the following:A) oval window, eardrum, stirrup, cochleaB) eardrum, stirrup, oval window, cochleaC) cochlea, stirrup, eardrum, oval windowD) stirrup, eardrum, oval window, cochlea答案:BCBDA CABAA DABDBChapter 41 INCORRECT Sleep spindles appear inA) stage 4 sleep. B) stage 3 sleep. C) stage 2 sleep. D) stage 1 sleep. Feedback: The correct answer is c. Sleep spindles are momentary interruptions of the regular wave pattern.2 INCORRECT About ______________ percent of an adult's sleeping time is in REM sleep.A) 50 B) 35 C) 20 D) 5Feedback: The correct answer is c. Most characteristic of this period is the back-and-forth movement of the eyes.3 INCORRECT Which sleep disorder may be associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?A) sleep apnea B) sleepwalking C) insomnia D) narcolepsyFeedback: The correct answer is a. SIDS is a mysterious killer of seemingly normal infantswho die while sleeping.4 CORRECT People who suffer from seasonal affective disorder experience an increase in feelings of despair and hopelessness during theA) summer.B) winter.C) fall.D) spring.Feedback: B5 INCORRECT Meditation often consists of the repetition of a(n)A) dream.B) hallucination.C) eye movement.D) mantra.Feedback: The correct answer is d. A mantra can be a sound, word, or syllable.6 CORRECT Nicotine is aA) hallucinogen.B) stimulant.C) narcotic.D) depressant.Feedback: B7 INCORRECT Which of the following is NOT an alternate term, or "street" name, for cocaine?A) blow. B) snow. C) lady. D) speed.Feedback: The correct answer is d. Other names for cocaine include coke and crack. "Speed" is the street name for amphetamines.8 INCORRECT The "date rape drug" isA) rohypnol. B) methadone. C) MDMA. D) amphetamine.Feedback: The correct answer is a. When mixed with alcohol, rohypnol can prevent victims from resisting sexual assault.9 INCORRECT What is the source for most of our knowledge of what occurs during sleep?A) archival research B) electroencephalogram (EEG)C) computerized axial tomography (CAT) D) positron emission tomography (PET) Feedback: The correct answer is b. The EEG measures electrical activity within the brain. 10 INCORRECT Freud argued that if a person dreams of snakes and umbrellas, those objects actually represent male sex organs. In this example, snakes and umbrellas would be theA) evidence for activation-synthesis theory. B) latent content of dreams.C) manifest content of dreams. D) conscious wish for reptiles and rain.Feedback: The correct answer is c. According to Freud, the manifest content of dreams is the overt story line.11 CORRECT Which of the following is a legitimate suggestion for overcoming insomnia?A) Use sleeping pills. B) Drink a glass of coffee or tea.C) Drink a glass of warm milk at bedtime. D) Choose alternate times to go to bed. Feedback: C12 INCORRECT The issue of whether hypnosis represents a state of consciousnessA) is an "either-or" question. B) is still a controversial topic.C) is not really a psychological question. D) has been settled.Feedback: The correct answer is b. This issue has long been a source of controversy among psychologists.13 CORRECT The category of narcotics includes which of the following drugs?A) cocaine B) LSD C) barbiturates D) morphineFeedback: D14 INCORRECT Which of the following statements about alcohol is true?A) Alcohol produces a "high" through the neurotransmitter dopamine.B) Like amphetamines, alcohol is a strong stimulant.C) Alcohol causes neurons to fire more slowly.D) Alcohol is categorized as a narcotic.Feedback: The correct answer is c. Binge drinking among college students is a disturbing trend.15 INCORRECT Which of the following drugs produce vivid hallucinations?A) "ecstasy" B) barbiturates C) heroin D) amphetaminesFeedback: The correct answer is a. Ecstasy is categorized as a hallucinogen.Chapter 61 INCORRECT ______________ memory is a type of sensory memory which stores information coming from the ears.A) Iconic B) Implicit C) Echoic D) SemanticFeedback: The correct answer is c. There are corresponding memories for each of the other senses.2 CORRECT When the information is considered and organized in a particular fashion, it is called ______________ rehearsal.A) elaborative B) repetitive C) constructive D) schematicFeedback: The correct answer is a. Mnemonics is an example of elaborative rehearsal and can vastly improve retention of material.3 INCORRECT In a multiple-choice test, students are asked to ______________ the correct information.A) associate B) recognize C) prime D) recallFeedback: The correct answer is b. Recognition occurs when people are presented with a stimulus and asked to identify it from a list of alternatives.4 INCORRECT A memory of a(n) ______________ would be a likely subject for a flashbulb memory.A) routine visit to the doctor B) typical day at schoolC) uneventful day at work D) car accidentFeedback: The correct answer is d. Flashbulb memories are memories of a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid they are like a snapshot of the event.5 INCORRECT Autobiographical memories encompass ourA) semantic memories. B) procedural memories.C) episodic memories. D) implicit memories.Feedback: The correct answer is c. These memories are our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives.6 CORRECT A memory trace isA) a physical change in the brain. B) a permanent change in neural pathways.C) immune to changes due to the passage of time. D) exclusive to short-term memory. Feedback: The correct answer is a. In decay, the memory trace simply fades away with nothing left behind because of the mere passage of time.7 INCORRECT Alzheimer's diseaseA) does not seem to be inherited. B) is more commonly known as amnesia.C) first attacks long-term memory. D) may result from a defect in the production of the protein beta amyloid.Feedback: The correct answer is d. Beta amyloid is necessary for the maintenance of nerve cell connections.8 CORRECT EncodingA) is the process by which information is initially recorded in memory.B) is the storage of material in memory.C) occurs after the storage of material in memory.D) is a form of forgetting.Feedback: The correct answer is a. You can think of encoding as analogous to the function ofa computer's keyboard.9 INCORRECT The levels-of-processing theory suggests that signals processed on shallow levels will be remembered ______________ signals processed on deep levels.A) to the same extent as B) better thanC) to a lesser degree than D) less consciously thanFeedback: The correct answer is c. The levels-of-processing theory emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed.10 INCORRECT When writing an essay about Abraham Lincoln, T ara remembered the opening line of the Gettysburg address and his hometown of Springfield. What memory model explains this phenomena?A) tip-of-the-tongue B) schemas C) episode D) associativeFeedback: The correct answer is d. According to associative models, when we think about a particular concept, our semantic memory activates the recall of related concepts.11 CORRECT The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a common disorder of long-term memoryA) retrieval. B) storage. C) encoding. D) recognition.Feedback: The correct answer is a. This is an inability to retrieve information that one realizes one knows.12 INCORRECT Research on eyewitness court testimony shows that eyewitnessesA) distort what they recall so that they can appear later on talk shows.B) are misled by the phrasing of a lawyer's questions.C) are extremely accurate in recalling what they saw.D) recall accurately, but only if they are well paid for testifying.Feedback: The correct answer is b. Specific wording of questions can affect the way in which witnesses recall information.13 INCORRECT When musicians learn that the spaces on the music staff spell the word "FACE," they are employing a strategy to improve retention calledA) tip-of-the-tongue. B) priming. C) repetitive rehearsal. D) mnemonics. Feedback: The correct answer is d. Mnemonics are formal techniques for organizing material in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered.14 CORRECT A professor forgets the names of students who took her class two semesters ago because she learned the names of all the students this semester. This is an example of the memory problem calledA) retroactive interference. B) proactive interference.C) decay. D) Alzheimer's disease.Feedback: The correct answer is a. In retroactive interference, information learned later interferes with recall of old material.15 CORRECT After having an accident, a patient cannot remember his wedding day, which took place two years before. This is a symptom ofA) retrograde amnesia. B) anterograde amnesia.C) Korsakoff's syndrome. D) proactive amnesia.Feedback: The correct answer is a. Retrograde amnesia is a memory loss for occurrences prior to a certain event, in this case an accident.Chapter81 CORRECT ______________ approaches to motivation suggest that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals.A) Cognitive B) Arousal C) Incentive D) InstinctFeedback: The correct answer is a. This theory suggests that we are more apt to persevere and produce work of higher quality when motivation for a task is intrinsic rather than extrinsic.2 INCORRECT Self-actualization is associated with which of the following psychologists?A) Hull B) Cannon C) Freud D) MaslowFeedback: The correct answer is d. Maslow's model highlights the complexity of human needs and that biological needs must be met before people become concerned with higher-order needs.3 INCORRECT Which of the following is a social factor in eating?A) The amount of food we place on our plates varies with the amount of exercise that has been done.B) People eat at approximately the same times every day, regardless of their hunger cues.C) When we feel hungry, we search for food.D) When glucose levels are low, we get hungry.Feedback: The correct answer is b. Clearly, internal biological factors do not provide the full explanation for our eating behavior.4 INCORRECT A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others reflects a need forA) arousal. B) achievement. C) power. D) affiliation.Feedback: The correct answer is c. The need to be seen as a powerful individual is an additional type of motivation.5 CORRECT A(n) ______________ is a motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior in order to fulfill some need.A) drive B) homeostatic point C) incentive D) instinctFeedback: The correct answer is a. There are two types of drive: primary drives, which are biological, and secondary drives, which derive from an individual's social context.6 INCORRECT Juan's mother gives him one dollar for every "A" on his report card. Juan tries very hard in school. What motivational theory explains this?A) instinct B) drive-reduction C) incentive D) arousalFeedback: The correct answer is c. This theory suggests that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.7 INCORRECT Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity forA) a tangible reward. B) our own enjoyment.C) the need for power. D) biological satisfaction.Feedback: The correct answer is b. Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment, rather than for any concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us.8 CORRECT People whose body weight is more than 20 percent above the average weight for a person of their heightA) may have a high settling point. B) probably have a high rate of metabolism.C) probably have a low weight set point. D) may be anorexic.Feedback: The correct answer is a. The settling point is determined by a combination of our genetic heritage and our environment.9 INCORRECT The drive-reduction approach to motivation identifies hunger as the drive that relates to the need forA) chewing and swallowing responses.B) anticipation of eating pleasure.C) food. D) reinforcement of eating behavior.Feedback: The correct answer is c. This approach suggests that when people lack some basic biological requirement, a drive to obtain that requirement is produced.10 CORRECT Obesity can be caused in lab rats or other animals by damaging theA) hypothalamus. B) medulla. C) thalamus. D) cerebellum.Feedback: The correct answer is a. Evidence suggests that the hypothalamus is the organ primarily responsible for monitoring food intake.11 INCORRECT If you are badly frightened, you are likely to attempt an escape. This illustrates emotionality's function ofA) labeling one's feelings.B) shaping behaviors for the mid- to long-term future.C) regulating social interactions.D) preparing one for immediate action.Feedback: The correct answer is d. Emotions act as a link between events in our environment and our responses.12 INCORRECT The American Psychological Association has adopted a resolution stating that evidence for the effectiveness of polygraphs isA) not a psychological question.B) satisfactory. C) still unsatisfactory. D) excellent.Feedback: The correct answer is c. Critics suggest that the error rate for a polygraph is close to 30 percent.13 INCORRECT At a field site in an African game park, a biological psychologist records the mating sequence of African love birds that results from inborn preprogramming and the need to survive. She is focused on the study ofA) rational behavior. B) instinctive behavior. C) basic drives. D) emotions. Feedback: The correct answer is b. Instincts are inborn patterns of behavior.14 INCORRECT According to Maslow, which of the following is the highest-order need?A) physiological B) belongingness C) safety D) esteemFeedback: The correct answer is d. Esteem is just below self-actualization in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.15 INCORRECT In the James-Lange theory of emotion, physiological arousal is seen as a(n) ______________ cognitive emotional feelings.A) irrelevant byproduct of B) cause ofC) effect resulting from D) simultaneous event withFeedback: The correct answer is b. This theory suggests that for every major emotion there is an accompanying physiological reaction.Chapter 101 INCORRECT The ______________ personality structure represents social right and wrong as taught and modeled by a child's parents, teachers, and authority figures.A) ego B) superego C) id D) libidoFeedback: The correct answer is b. The superego, if left to operate without restraint, would create perfectionists.2 INCORRECT According to Freud, the Oedipus conflict in boys occurs during the ______________ stage.A) oral B) anal C) phallic D) latencyFeedback: The correct answer is c. The primary source of pleasure for a child at this stage is the genitals.3 INCORRECT Allport defined a ______________ trait as a single characteristic that directs most of a person's activities.A) central B) lead C) cardinal D) secondaryFeedback: The correct answer is c. Most people do not develop a single cardinal trait but rather a few central traits.4 INCORRECT The ______________ approach argues that people are basically good and tend to grow to higher levels of functioning.A) learning B) trait C) psychoanalytic D) humanisticFeedback: The correct answer is d. The major proponent of the humanistic point of view is Carl Rogers.5 INCORRECT One of the best examples of a self-report measure, and the most frequently used personality test is theA) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2).C) Rorschach test. D) Freudian slip test.。
02彭聃龄《普通心理学》课件_第二章 心理的神经生理机制

机体感觉区:位于中央后回,属布鲁德 曼的第1,2,3区,接受由皮肤、肌肉和内 脏器官传人的感觉信号,产生触压觉、温度 觉、痛觉、运动觉和内脏感觉等。
②初级运动区 布鲁德曼第4区,主要功能是发出动作 指令,支配和调节身体在空间的位置、姿势 及身体各部分的运动。
③言语区 布洛卡区:左半球额叶的后下方,靠近外 侧裂处,受损会引发运动性失语症。 威尔尼克区:颞叶上方、靠近枕叶处,损伤这 个区域将引起听觉性失语症。 角回:在顶枕叶交界处,损坏这个区域将 出现理解书面言语的障碍,产生视觉失语症或 失读症。 本书63页图2-19在不同语言作业中大脑不 同脑区的激活。
2 皮层相对大小的变化 皮层指数:新皮层的实际大小与一种典型的 哺乳动物新皮层的期望大小比值。 进化特点之二:新皮层容积增大。
3 皮层内部结构和功能的变化 进化特点之三:皮层结构、功能更加复杂。
第二节 神经元
1.神经元和神经胶质细胞 (1)神经元 神经元即神经细胞。它是神经系统的基本结构 单位、功能单位和营养单位,是脑的建筑材料。
1967年斯佩里 (Sperry) 和嘎砸尼咖 (Gazzaniga)等人对做过上述手术的人做了详细的 研究, 他们的研究方法是这样的:
切断胼胝体的病人面对屏幕而坐, 从屏幕的 另一面用幻灯机向屏幕上进行投射,要求病人注 视屏幕中央的某一点, 然后向这个点的左侧 (即 病人的左侧视野)投射字词或投射实物的图形。 投射的时间很短, 被试来不及转动眼睛仔细观察, 投射的图形便消失了。投射在左侧视野的东西, 反映在被试视网膜的右侧 (颞侧), 通过视觉传导 道落入右侧大脑半球; 相反, 投射在右侧视
一但胼胝体被切断之后, 左右大脑两半球不 能互通信息,是否会影响一个人的智力? 其次, 切断胼胝体后, 大脑两半球不得不各自独立, 是 否会形成两个意识中心? 研究者们想到, 在正常 情况下大脑两半球随时互通信息, 很难单独研究 它们, 切断胼胝体后给单独研究一个大脑半球提 供了方便条件。 可是研究研究者们对做过上述 手术的病人观察了两年, 没有发现他们在智力、 性格等方面有什麽显著的异常。
普通心理学 第2章 心理和行为的神经生理基础 教学PPT课件

(一)脊髓
脊髓是中枢神经系统的低级部位,上接延髓,下端终止于细长的终丝。从横切面 看,脊髓中间是呈“H”形的灰质,灰质外面是白质。灰质的主要成分是神经元的细 胞体,白质的主要成分是神经纤维束。
脊髓的主要作用有: ①它将脑和周围神经联系起来,成为神经传入与传出的中介; ②脊髓可完成简单反射活动,如膝跳反射。
二、中枢神经系统
3.小脑 小脑位于延髓与脑桥的背侧,主要是协助大脑维持身体平衡与协调动作。小脑若 发生疾病,则闭眼直立时站不稳,运动时不能完成精巧的动作。 在大脑半球内侧面有一个穹隆形的脑回,因其位置在大脑与间脑交接处的边缘, 故称为边缘叶。边缘叶与有关皮质和皮质下结构构成统一的机能系统,称为边缘系统, 包括海马和杏仁核等,其功能有:个体保存(寻食、防御等活动),种族保存(生殖 功能),内脏功能,控制情绪的发生和表现,等等。
细胞膜外具有更多带正电荷的钠离子(Na+)和带负电荷的氯离子(Cl-), 细
当神经元受到足够强的刺激后,细胞膜的通透性就会迅速发生变化,钠离子比钾 离子和氯离子更容易通过细胞膜,于是钠离子内流,使膜内电位上升,并高过细胞膜 外电位,出现了去极化状态。在去极化后,细胞膜对钠离子的通透性又开始下降,对 钾离子的通透性上升,细胞膜又恢复极化,这种电位变化称为动作电位,它代表神经 兴奋的状态。
三、突触
神经元之间的联系是通过突触进行和实现的。 一个神经元与另一个神经元彼此接触的部位叫突 触,它是神经元在机能上发生联系的部位,是信 息传递和整合的关键。
神经元之间的突触联系大致有三种接触形式: 轴突—细胞体,轴突—轴突,轴突—树突。
突触包含三个部分:突触前部分、突触间隙 及突触后部分。
三、突触
《普通心理学课件》PPT课件ppt
实验法:通过操纵自变量,控制实验条件,观察因变量的变化 实验程序:确定研究假设、实验设计、数据收集与分析、结论解释 实验设计:前实验设计、准实验设计、真实验设计 实验方法:实验室实验、场地实验、模拟实验、现场实验
实验室实验: 在严格控制 的条件下观 察和测量自 变量和因变
量的关系
现场实验: 在自然环境 下对自变量 进行操纵以 观察和测量 因变量的变
19世纪末,实验 心理学的兴起为 普通心理学的发 展奠定了基础。
20世纪以来,普 通心理学得到了 广泛的应用和发 展。
当前,普通心理 学的研究已经深 入到了神经元和 分子层面。
感觉是人脑对直 接作用于感觉器 官的客观事物的 个别属性的反映。
知觉是人脑对直 接作用于感觉器 官的客观事物的 整体属性的反映。
人际关系:普通心 理学可以帮助人们 更好地理解他人, 提高沟通能力和人 际交往能力
招聘和选拔:根据个体的心理特点选拔适合的人才
培训和发展:根据员工的心理特点制定培训计划,提高员工的工作效率和满意度
管理和领导:通过了解员工的心理需求和动机,制定有效的领导策略和管理措施
团队建设:通过团队成员的心理特点,制定有效的团队建设方案,提高团队的协作效率和创新 能力
研究心理现象的 一般规律和原理
探讨人类心理活 动和行为的本质 和规律
为其他心理学分 支提供理论基础 和支持
对象:正常人的心理现象
研究方法:观察法、实验法、 调查法、个案研究法等
学科性质:基础性、综合性、 实用性
与其他心理学的关系:认知心 理学、发展心理学、社会心理 学等
普通心理学的起 源可以追溯到古 希腊哲学家的思 考。
人格:是指个体在遗传、环境、学习等因素作用下形成的独特而稳定的心 理特征系统。
sensation_perception 普通心理学感觉和知觉 英文课件
Part II
William G. Huitt
Last revised: May 2005
Sensation and Perception
• Sensation
– The process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain; sensory information that has registered in the brain but has not been interpreted
• Proximity
– Objects close together in space or time perceived as belonging together.
• Continuity
– We tend to perceive figures or objects as belonging together if they appear to form a continuous pattern.
• Closure
– We perceive figures with gaps in them to be complete.
Perception
• You can see a white vase as figure against a black background, or two black faces in profile on a white background
• Linear perspective – Parallel lines that are known to be the same distance apart appear to grow closer together, or converge, as they recede into the distance
普通心理学Chapter Sensation and Perception
Section 1 Sensory Summarization (感觉概述)
(什么是感觉) 感觉是对直接作用感觉器官的客观事物的个别属性的反映。
虽然人们在日常生活中很少有纯粹的感觉,但在特殊的情况下 也能体验到它。例如看到物体的颜色、闻到气味、感到机体的 疼痛、饥渴等。
上看到一个与它相反的颜色出现,这是颜色对比现象。
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注视左图中心的黑色圆点一分钟,然后把注视点转移到右图中心 处,你会看到白色背景上的一个黑色十字架,这种视觉现象称作负 后像。
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(影响感觉的主要因素)
(2)Influence of Stimulus Time(刺激时间的影响)
在刺激的连续作用下(刺激强度不变)、感觉会随刺激 时间的延续而渐发生变化(多数为感受性降低,甚至于 消失),这种现象叫作感觉的适应 (Sensory adaptation)。 在各种感觉中,嗅觉、味觉和皮肤感觉的适应特别明显。 古人云:“入芝兰之室,久而不闻其香,入鲍鱼之肆, 久而不闻其臭。”说的是嗅觉的适应现象。 视觉的适应现很明显。它分为感受性提高的暗适应和感 受性降低的明适应两种。
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三、感觉的相互作用
感觉并不是孤立的,而是相作用、相影响的。感觉的相互作用可分 为同一感觉之内的相互作用和不同感觉之间的相互作用。
(一)、对比:是同一感官在不同刺激物作用下,感觉在强度和性 质上发生变化的现象。视觉上的对比是很明显的。
对比可分为同时对比和继时对比。
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Section 2 Several Main Sensations
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从感觉剥夺实验中,还发现一个意想不到 的结果,那就是接受感觉剥夺实验的被试中有 50%报告有幻觉,其中大多数是视幻觉,也有 被试报告有听幻觉或触幻觉。视幻觉大多在感 觉剥夺的第三天出现,幻觉经验大多是简单的, 如光的闪烁,没有形状,常常出现于视野的边 缘。听幻觉包括狗的狂吠声、警钟声、打字声、 警笛声、滴水声等。触幻觉的例子有,感到冰 冷的钢块压在前额和面颊,感到有人从身体下 面把床垫抽走。
普通心理学 彭聃龄 超详细笔记
普通心理学彭聃龄第二编人的信息加工第三章感觉第一节感觉的一般概念一、什么是感觉•感觉(sensation)是人脑对事物的个别属性的认识。
感觉提供了内外环境的信息,保证了机体与环境的信息平衡,是一切较高级、较复杂的心理现象的基础。
•感觉剥夺实验•外部感觉接受外部世界的刺激,如视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉、肤觉等。
其中视觉、听觉、嗅觉接受远距离的刺激,又叫距离感觉。
内部感觉接受机体内部的刺激(机体自身的运动与状态),因而又叫机体觉,如运动觉、平衡觉、内脏觉等。
二、近刺激和远刺激•远刺激是指来自物体本身的刺激,因而不会有太大的变化。
如一定波长的光线。
近刺激是指直接作用于感觉器官的刺激,它每时每刻都在变化。
如物体在视网膜上的投影等。
三、感觉的编码•感觉编码(sensory encode)是指将刺激的能量转化为神经系统能够接受的神经能或神经冲动。
•光幻视(phosphenes)•19世纪德国着名生理学家缪勒(Johannes Muller)最早研究了感觉编码问题,并提出了神经特殊能量学说(theory of specific nerve energy)。
认为各种感觉神经具有自己的能,他们在性质上是互相区别的。
缪勒的学说有其合理的地方能不能说明感官分化的真正原因。
•当代两种有代表性的感觉编码理论:①特异化理论(specificity theory)认为,不同性质的感觉是由不同的神经元来传递信息的。
②模式理论(pattern theory)或模块理论(module theory)认为,编码是由整组的激活模式引起的。
近年来的研究发现,在不同的感觉系统中,神经系统同时采用了特异性编码和模式编码。
四、刺激强度与感觉大小的关系——感受性和感觉阈限•感觉是由刺激物直接作用于某种感官引起的。
但是,人的感官只对一定范围内的刺激做出反应。
这个刺激范围及相应的感觉能力,我们称之为感觉阈限(sensorythreshold)和感受性(sensitivity)。
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激强度的影响)
在可感觉的刺激范围内,感觉随刺激强度的增减 而发生变化,但是如果刺激强度变化过小则不能 被感觉到。此现象由德国生理学家韦伯 (E.H,Weber)于1934年首次加以描述。他认为能 被机体感觉到的刺激强度变化与原刺激强度之比 是一个常数。
a
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4.1.3 Main Factors of Influence Sensation
(影响感觉的主要因素)
(3)Influence of Sensation Reciprocity
感觉相互作用的影响 感觉并不是孤立的,而是相作用、相影响的。感觉的相 互作用可分为同一感觉之内的相互作用和不同感觉之间 的相互作用。 对比是同一感觉官在不同刺激物作用下,感觉在强度和 性质上发生变化的现象。视觉上的对比是很明显的。如 白色的对象在黑色的背景上会显得特别明亮,而在灰色 背景上则要显得暗一些。这是非彩色对比。 融合:两个以上的刺激同时作用而产生一个新感觉 联觉: 一种感受器官受到刺激,在产生一种特定感觉的同 时,又产生另一种不同的感觉的现象。
a
4
感觉剥夺实验
a
5
所有的被试每天要做的事是每天24小时躺在有光的小屋的床 上,时间尽可能长(只要他愿意)。被试有吃饭的时间、上厕所的 时间。严格控制被试的感觉输入,给被试戴上半透明的塑料眼罩, 可以透进散射光,但没有图形视觉;给被试戴上纸板做的套袖和 棉手套,限制他们的触觉;头枕在用U形泡沫橡胶做的枕头上, 同时用空气调节器的单调嗡嗡声限制他们的听觉。
a
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2.1.3 Main Factors of Influence Sensation
(影响感觉的主要因素)
(2)Influence of Stimulus Time(刺激时间的影响)
从刺激作用于感受器开始到最终形成感觉,有一短暂的潜伏期。在 此期间,感觉逐渐增强,最后达到一个稳定的水平。
刺激停止作用以后,感觉并不立刻消失,而是逐渐减弱,这种感觉 残留的现象叫作感觉的后效。在各种感觉中,肤觉的痛觉后效特别 明显,视觉的后效也很显著。视觉的后效即是视觉后像。
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从感觉剥夺实验中,还发现一个意想不到 的结果,那就是接受感觉剥夺实验的被试中有 50%报告有幻觉,其中大多数是视幻觉,也有 被试报告有听幻觉或触幻觉。视幻觉大多在感 觉剥夺的第三天出现,幻觉经验大多是简单的, 如光的闪烁,没有形状,常常出现于视野的边 缘。听幻觉包括狗的狂吠声、警钟声、打字声、 警笛声、滴水声等。触幻觉的例子有,感到冰 冷的钢块压在前额和面颊,感到有人从身体下 面把床垫抽走。
白、灰以外的所有颜色。
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I. Multicolor and neutral(彩色与非彩色)
颜色有三种属性,即明度、色调和饱和度。
明度:是彩色和非彩色的共同属性,它是由 物体表面的反系数决定的。反系数大,明度 说大:反系数小,明度说小。例如,白低的 反系数可达成0.8,因此使人感到很明亮;黑 绒的反系数只有0.033,使人觉得很暗。
Section 1 Sensory Summarization (感觉概述) 2.1.1What is section?(什么是感觉)
感觉是对直接作用感觉器官的客观事物的个别属性的反映。
虽然人们在日常生活中很少有纯粹的感觉,但在特殊的情况下 也能体验到它。例如看到物体的颜色、闻到气味、感到机体的 疼痛、饥渴等。
实验前,大多数被试以为能利用这个机会好好睡一觉,或者 考虑论文、课程计划。但后来他们报告说,对任何事情都不能进 行清晰的思考,哪怕是在很短的时间内。他们不能集中注意力, 思维活动似乎是“跳来跳去”的。感觉剥夺实验停止后,这种影 响仍在持续。
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具体地,对于简单的作业,如词或数字的 记忆,感觉剥夺没有影响;对于中等难度的作 业,如移动单词中的字母问题,感觉剥夺也没 有什么影响;对于复杂的问题,如需要高水平 语言能力和推理能力的创造测验、单词联想测 验,接受过感觉剥夺的被试不如未接受感觉剥 夺的被试的成绩好。感觉剥夺影响了复杂的思 维过程或认识过程。
适宜刺激 光(电磁波刺激) 声(机械刺激) 气体(挥发性物质
液体(水溶性物质) 热(电磁波刺激) 泠(电磁波刺激) 压力(机械刺激) 伤害性刺激
平衡感觉 耳内前庭器官中的毛细胞 运动感觉 肌、腱、关节中的神经末梢
身体的位置变化和运动 (机械刺激)
内脏感觉 内脏器官壁上的神经末梢
机械刺激、化学刺激
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上阈 能忍受的最大强度(即使继续增强也不能使感觉进一步 变化(甚至产生痛觉)的刺激强度)是这个范围的上限,叫 做感觉的“最大刺激阈限”或“上阈”
差别阈限:刚刚能引起差别感觉的刺激的最小变化量。又叫做 最小可觉差。其值越小,察觉差别的能力越强
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2.1.3 Main Factors of Influence Sensation(影响感觉的主要因素)
颜色视觉是由不同波长的光刺激引起的。正常人在光 亮条件下能看到可见谱的各种颜色。 白光(如阳光)不是单色光,它是各种色光的混合光 线。
光的衍射
I. Multicolor and neutral(彩色与非彩色) 颜色可以分为彩色和非彩色两大类。非彩色包括黑色、 白色以及界于二者之间深浅不的灰色。彩色是除了黑、
嗅 觉
Hale Waihona Puke 弥散于6个房间中的一滴香水
触 觉
从一厘米距离落到你脸上一个苍蝇的翅膀
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重要概念
阈限:临界值或界限
感觉阈限:人感到某刺激的存在、或刺激变化的强度、或强度变化 所需要的量的临界值
每一种感觉都是在适宜刺激作用于特定的感受器时产生的。刺激 强度太弱或过强都不会产生感觉。既,使感觉得以产生刺激强度有 一定的范围。
(几种主要感觉)
2.2.1.Vision(视觉)
(1)Vision process (视觉过程)
视觉的适宜刺激是波长为760毫微米到场380毫微米之间 的电磁波,也叫可见光。
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) 视觉的器官是眼球,按功能可分为折光系统和感光系统两部分(图4-4
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(2) Color Vision (颜色视觉)
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2.1.3 Main Factors of Influence Sensation
(影响感觉的主要因素)
(1)Influence of Stimulus Intensity(刺激强度的影响)
韦伯将上述关系用数学公式表示,即为:
△I/ I = K, 其中I为原刺激强度,△I为可辨别差值,K为常数。 这个公式后人称之为韦伯定律。常数K即为感觉 的“差别阈限”或“辨别阈”。它不是绝对的值, 而是一个比率,任何刺激强度的增减只有超过差 别阈限才能被感觉到。
刚刚能够引起感觉的最小刺激强度是这个范围的下限,叫作感
觉的“绝对阈限(absolute limen)”或“下阈”。而那种即使继续
增强也不能使感觉进一步变化(甚至产生痛觉)的刺激强度是这个
范围的上限,叫做感觉的“最大刺激阈限”或“上阈”
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(二)、感觉阈限及种类
阈限:临界值或界限 感觉阈限:人感觉到某刺激的存在或刺激变化的强
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三、感觉的相互作用
感觉并不是孤立的,而是相作用、相影响的。感觉的相互作用可分 为同一感觉之内的相互作用和不同感觉之间的相互作用。
(一)、对比:是同一感官在不同刺激物作用下,感觉在强度和性 质上发生变化的现象。视觉上的对比是很明显的。
对比可分为同时对比和继时对比。
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Section 2 Several Main Sensations
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Chapter 2 Sensation and Perception (感觉和知觉)
人对客观世界的认识,大至宇宙天体,小 到一个具体事物,无不起始于感觉和知觉。 感觉和知觉是认识的开端,是一切知识的 源泉。
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Chapter 2 Sensation and Perception (感觉和知觉)
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色调:是彩色的最重要的属性。它决定了色的主 要性质和特点,是由物体表面所反的光线中占 优势的那一种光线决定的。
紫色 蓝色 绿色 黄色 红色
400纳 470 500 570-600 700 米以下 纳米 纳米 纳米 纳米 饱和度:是色的另一属性。它是色调的表现程度, 是由物体表面所反射的占优势的那一种光线与 整个反光线的比例所决定的。优势光线所占的 比例越大,饱和度越大,反之就小。
注视左图中心的黑色圆点一分钟,然后把注视点转移到右图中心 处,你会看到白色背景上的一个黑色十字架,这种视觉现象称作负 后像。
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2.1.3 Main Factors of Influence Sensation (影响感觉的主要因素)
(2)Influence of Stimulus Time(刺激时间的影响)
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重要提示 感觉产生的必备条件 适宜刺激S 正常感官O+正常的神经系统NS
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表2—1 感觉的种类
感觉名称
视觉
听觉
嗅觉
味觉
温觉 肤 泠觉 觉 触觉
痛觉
感受器
眼球视网膜上的视细胞
内耳耳埚科蒂氏器中的毛细胞
鼻腔上部粘膜中的细胞
舌头味蕾中的味细胞
皮肤、粘膜中的 游离神经末梢的
温点 泠点 压点 痛点
度,或强度变化所需要的量的临界值(即能引起 感觉的最小刺激量,以及能察觉感觉变化的最小 刺激量和最大刺激量圈定的强度区域)
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可分为绝对感觉阈限和差别感觉阈限
绝对感觉阈限:刚刚能够引起感觉的最小刺激量是这个范围的 下限,叫作感觉的“绝对阈限”或“下阈”。