The World Bank on December 9th 2008 forecast a 21% …
2021-2022学年湖南省长沙市西雅中学九年级(上)第一次月考英语试卷(附答案详解)
2021-2022学年湖南省长沙市西雅中学九年级（上）第一次月考英语试卷一、完形填空（本大题共10小题，共15.0分）Do you have a sister or a brother？Do you get on well with each other？The film Sister tells the story of a 24-year-old girl named An Ranplayed (1)Zhang Zifeng.There was the one-child policy（政策）whenAn was a little girl.Her parents (2) that An was disabled so that theycould have a second child — her little brother.After the boy's birth,herparents seemed to give almost all of their love to their (3) son.Anbecame an"unwanted"child and she felt very sad.And she didn't(4)much time with her brother because of their age.Thus she made up her mind to live a good life by herself.Unluckily,when An was preparing for an important exam,her parents were (5) hurt in a car accident and then (6).She became the only family of her brother.She was really stressed because she faced a difficult choice (7) pursuing（追求）her own life and raising her younger brother.At the beginning,An wanted to go to big cities to pursue her dreams and decided to send her 6-year-old brother to a foster family（寄养家庭），(8)some of An's relatives didn't agree to her opinion.They thought An should stay at their hometown and raise her brother.After several months,An (9) to be together with her brother and she could also feel the love from the only family.At last,the film has an open ending and nobody knows An's final decision.The film has brought tears to many people's eyes.Many people begin to think about (10)role girls or women should play in a family.1. A. with B. of C. by2. A. lying B. lay C. lied3. A. younger B. youngest C. elder4. A. have B. spend C. cost5. A. quickly B. seriously C. finally6. A. died B. dead C. death7. A. of B. between C. among8. A. because B. unless C. but9. A. hated B. loved C. created10. A. what B. it C. whether二、阅读理解（本大题共15小题，共30.0分）ACome and join us!join yearlyEaster Huntopen from 10：00 a.m.to 4：00 p.m.Prepare those Easter basketsfor the happiest spring day.Easter Bunny will reward （奖励）you someEaster eggs and other great gifts.Bring your family and join us for fun!enjoy for freemore info.at （April 1st-08th）11.How many hours did the activity last？______A. 5 hours.B. 6 hours.C. 7 hours.12.Jenny took part in the activity so she might have ______A. prepared some Easter baskets and eggs.B. found more information online.C. gone there on April 9th for free.B图表理解，阅读下列图表，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中，选出最佳选项回答问题或完成句子．13.Lucy is interested in film making.Which park could be the best choice for her？______A. Universal Studios.B. Legoland.C. Ferrari World.14.While an adult is visiting Legoland,what will probably be thought about？______A. His or her childhood.B. His or her present.C. His or her future.15.According to the chart（图表），we know that ______ .A. we can visit Universal Studios only in AmericaB. the buildings and dolls at Legoland are made of Lego bricksC. we can get Ferrari cars for free when we visit Ferrari WorldCEdinburgh is the world's "festival city".The city holds 12 festivals throughout the year,half of which are celebrated during the months of July and August.Hundreds of thousands of people visit the Scottish（苏格兰的）capital during that time.Here are some of the events they can enjoy.The Edinburgh International FestivalThis is the original（最初的）Edinburgh festival,which began in1947.Actors,musicians,dancers and opera singers from all over the world perform for large audiences（观众）.You need tickets for most of the festival's events,which take place in theaters around the city.The Edinburgh Festival FringeThis is the largest art festival in the world,with thousands of performances.Anyone can perform at the festival.Over 20，000 artists can take part.Go to the Royal Mile,one of Edinburgh's main streets,to watch performers such as magicians,acrobats（杂技演员）andcomedians.However,it can get very busy,as thousands of tourists and local（当地的）people fill the city streets to enjoy the shows.The Edinburgh International Book FestivalThe largest book festival in the world began in 1983 and takes place every year in Charlotte Square Gardens in the center of Edinburgh.There are over 700 events for children and adults.You can meet many authors,talk to them,ask them to sign a book or listen to them talk about their stories.The Edinburgh Jazz and Blues FestivalMusic lovers come to this festival to enjoy musical performances all over the city.Artists perform street theater,dance and circus（马戏）shows in amazing costumes（戏装）.Everyone can enjoy the music and dance performances.16.In which season are half of the festivals in Edinburgh？______A. Spring.B. Summer.C. Winter17.How long was the Edinburgh International Festival held？______A. For 74 years.B. For 82 years.C. For 71 years.18.Which statement is true according to the passage？______A. Edinburgh is an important city in Scotland.B. You need tickets for all the festival events.C. Over 20，000 artists take part in the music Festival.19.Which festivals are NOT celebrated outside？______A. The Edinburgh International Festival.B. The Edinburgh International Book Festival.C. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe.20.Where can you read this article？______A. In a travel guide.B. In a novel.C. In a newspaper.DChen Xue,a woman from Liaoning province,listens to her favorite singer's songs over and over every morning.This helps lift his rankings（排名）on different social media sites.Chen,along with 1，000 other members of a fan club,has also spent lots of money buying the singer's albums and crowdfunding（众筹）for his billboards,Xinhua reported.What Chen and her club members do mirrors the rise of fan culture,or "fan quan" culture,in China.Fan quan,meaning "fan circles" ，are highly organized groups of loyal（忠实的）fans.They use their time and money to make their "idols"，usually pop singers or actors,as popular and influential as possible.Fan circle members are mostly members of Generation Z （those born between 1995 and 2009）.In 2020，about 8 percent of China's 183 million teen internet users have supported stars in some way,according to the China Internet Network Information Center.However,fan loyalty can quickly go down a dark path.Some blindly follow their idols.They attack or even bully（欺侮）others online.They sometimes spread rumors about other famous people.To buy expensive gifts for their idols,they crowdfund in fan clubs.Some teen fans even steal their parents' money to do so,Xinhua reported.In June,the Cyberspace Administration of China （CAC）started a campaign（行动）called"Clear and Bright"to clean up online fan clubs.On Aug.23，after an online "fight" between the fans of two celebrities,Sina Weibo silenced 100 accounts and removed 3，770 posts（帖子）.After this happened,the CAC brought out 10 new guidelines.According to theguidelines,teenagers are not allowed to take leading roles in fan clubs.They should not use money to support celebrities,either.21.How do the fans support their idols according to the passage？______A. By listening to the songs and helping selling their idols' billboards.B. By spending money and time on the things connected with the idols.C. By crowdfunding for the idols' albums.22.What does the underlined word "mirrors" mean？______A. 看见.B. 镜子.C. 反映.23.Which statement is true according to the passage？______A. Fan circle members are mostly teen internet users.B. Around 183 million internet users supported stars.C. Fan loyalty may hurt others.24.What is the attitude（态度）of the CAC to the online fan clubs？______A. It allows teenagers to take leading role in fan circles.B. It cleans up the clubs by starting a campaign.C. It doesn't care about the clubs and removed 3，770 posts.25.What does the passage mainly talk about？______A. The fan club member.B. The fan circle.C. The fan loyalty.三、任务型阅读-简答（本大题共1小题，共10.0分）26.After nearly three years of detention（拘留）in Canada,Huawei Technologies CFO MengWanzhou returned to China and reunited with her family last Saturday.She was controlled by the Canadian police in December 2018 at Vancouver International Airport on aU.S.warrant charging（控告）her with bank fraud（欺诈罪）in Huawei's business dealings in Iran.Chinese people are glad about Meng's return,and the topics about it have got to the top in the search list for almost the whole izens are so excited about Meng's return that they post welcome notes on social media to express their pride for being a Chinese with a powerful country.In a video seen by Global Times,a GPS tracker that Meng had worn for over two years has been removed,and she addressed the public after the hearing,expressing thanks to the Canadian judge and court.She also thanked the Chinese embassy in Canada and herteammates."Over the past three years,my life has been turned upside down.It was a hard time for me as a mother,wife and a company executive," she told reporters outside the court."But I believe every cloud has a silver lining.It was really a valuable experience in my life,"she said."The saying goes,the greater the difficulty,the greater the growth.Although it has been a very difficult time,there's always hope, "Meng said.It's exciting news that the US and Meng have finally reached an agreement,which would also be a landmark（里程碑）deal that may help improve the present China-USrelations,Chinese experts said.Where was Meng Wanzhou controlled by the police？______Did Chinese people pay much attention to Meng's return？______How do netizens express their pride for being a Chinese with a powerful country？______What valuable lesson does Meng get according to paragraph 4？______Why is the agreement reached by the US and Meng a landmark deal？______四、信息匹配（本大题共5小题，共10.0分）People don't always solve every problem successfully on their own,because it's difficult for them to separate（分离）themselves from society. (1) But how can you ask for a favor and be sure to get a positive response instead of being refused？Here is some advice which does help a lot.Be a nice person.Asking someone for a favor in a friendly way is quite necessary.If people think you're friendly to get along with,they're more likely to offer to help. (2)(3) How do people respond to requests like this one："Hey,Mike!Lend me your car!" (4) How can you avoid this problem？Pay attention to your tone and choose your words carefully to express yourselves correctly!For example,say,"Mike,would you mind doing me a favor？"Mike will probably respond like this："Maybe.What do you need？"Now you have his attention and can explain the situation."Mike,would you mind lending me your car？"Show your respect.If someone is willing to do you a favor,allow the person to choose when he or she helps you.Be respectful of the person's time.Don 't interfere too much with others. (5) Don't make it a habit to ask others for favors.No one is obliged to do so.27. A. A B. B C. C D. D E.E28. A. A B. B C. C D. D E.E29. A. A B. B C. C D. D E.E30. A. A B. B C. C D. D E.E31. A. A B. B C. C D. D E.E五、阅读填空（本大题共1小题，共10.0分）32.What would you do if a friend asked you to help cheat（作弊）in exams？Do you find (1)difficult to decide？This kind of decisions can be made much (2) （easy）through the four-way test.Students in a middle school in Colorado were (3) （ask）to take the test onNovember10th.More than 230 (4) （eight）graders took part in it.They came up with possible solutions to different (5) （situation）in school.For example,what would you do if a friend took away your things without (6) （tell）you that？Then they used thefour-way test to decide (7) it was the best solution.The test asks four questions：Is it true？Is it fair to everyone involved（涉及的）？Will it build friendship？Will it be beneficial（有益的）to everyone involved？If a person can say yes to all of these questions,it's possible for him or her (8) （make）a good decision." (9) useful ways they are!" Destiny Pritchard,a 14-year-old boy said, "If I help my friend cheat in exams,we will end up (10) cheats.It's not fair or beneficial to everyoneinvolved.So that would be a bad decision."He also said."Since there are a lot of similar things going on in school,the four-way test will help with that."六、单词拼写/单词释义（本大题共1小题，共10.0分）33.阅读下面的短文，将划线部分译成英文或中文。
2023-2024学年山东济南人教版中考专题英语中考真卷习题及解析
2023-2024学年山东济南人教版中考专题英语中考真卷1.单选题第1题.—What time is it, Jack?—It's ________ a quarter to seven. We often watch CCTV news ________ seven ________ the evening.A: at; at; onB: at; /; inC: /; at; in【答案】C【解答】C 考查介词辨析。
句意：——杰克，现在几点了？——差一刻七点。
我们经常在晚上七点看中央电视台的新闻。
at在，指在某一时刻或用于一些固定短语；on 在，指在具体的某一天或特定某日的上午、下午或晚上；in，指在上午、下午、晚上、某一季节/月份/年份。
结合句意理解可知，问句是问现在几点钟？所以第一空前不用介词，时间a quarter to seven在句中作表语；第二空前用at，表时刻，在七点钟；第三空前用in，在晚上。
故选C。
第2题.We live in Wuhu．She is our beautiful hometown．We alllove________．（）A: itB: himC: herD: them【答案】C【解答】考查人称代词．根据题干She is our beautiful hometown．可知前面的主语是she，love动词后接人称的宾格形式her．故选：C．第3题.We have no vegetables. Let's go to the ________ to buy some（）A: stationB: supermarketC: kitchen【答案】B【解答】B 考查名词辨析。
句意：我们没有蔬菜了，我们去超市买点吧。
A. station 车站。
B. supermarket 超市。
C. kitchen 厨房。
根据常识，可知买菜在超市。
故选B。
第4题.—You ________ be happy with the strong public support you've received. —Yes, you're right. I'm really excited.A: mayB: canC: must【答案】C【解答】C 考查情态动词。
2022湖南省岳阳市中考英语真题试卷和答案
2022年岳阳市初中学业水平考试试卷英语温馨提示：1.本试卷共两部分，76小题，满分120分，考试时间90分钟；2.本试卷分为试题卷和答题卡，所有答案必须填涂或填写在答题卡规定的答题区域内；3.考试结束，考生不得将试题卷、答题卡、草稿纸带出考场。
Good Luck to all of you!第一部分听力部分(共三节，满分20分)第一节图片理解从每小题所给的三幅图中选出与你所听到的对话内容相同或相近的图画，每段对话读两遍。
1. A. B. C.2. A. B. C.3. A. B. C.4. A. B. C.5. A. B. C.第二节对话理解根据你所听到的对话内容，选择最佳选项回答问题，每段对话读两遍。
听第6至第10段对话，回答第6~10小题。
6. What’s the woman’s first name?A. Linda.B. White.C. Gina.7. How much is the purple skirt?A. $15.B. $40.C. $45.8. What time will they go shopping this afternoon?A. At 3:30.B. At 3:15.C. At 3:45.9. What was Mike doing when the girl called him?A. Watching TV.B. Taking a shower.C. Drinking coffee. 10. Who is Jenny’s sister?A. The tall girl with curly hair.B. The heavy girl with straight hair.C. The short girl with blonde hair.听下面一段对话，回答第11、12小题。
11 How far is it from Tom’s home to Animal Helpers?A. 4 kilometers. B. 5 kilometers. C. 6 kilometers.12. How does Tom go to Animal Helpers in Yueyang?A. By bus.B. By bike.C. On foot.听下面一段对话，回答第13~15小题。
商务翻译(英译汉) Unit 9 The World Bank
【结构分析】本句中，since引导的原因状语从句， 其中，to combine agriculture是will make的宾语，it是 形式宾语；而to combine few也是宾语，它作makes的 宾语，makes后面的it也是形式宾语。 【参考译文】这种困境是确定无疑的，因为能源 的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国的耕作方式 继续下去，而这种耕作方式使投入极少数农民可获得 高产成为可能。
13. There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
【结构分析】英文原句共使用了三个代词：关系 代词that、宾格代词them和主格代词they，汉语译文中 却只用一个代词“其”，that被译成了名词“监测器”， they被译成了名词“汽车”。这是因为汉语里没有关系 代词，that从英语语法上讲指代的是先行词monitors， 把它译成名词“监测器”就成了很地道的汉语表达。 而如果把they译成“它们”，汉语里就有可能语义不清， 因为“它们”有可能指“汽车”，也有可能指“监测 器”。由此可见，英语里很多代词译成汉语时都要变 成名词。 【参考译文】届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视 访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车，一旦这些汽车污 染超标（或违规），监测器就会使其停驶。
We are not a bank in the common sense; we are made up of two unique development institutions owned by 186 member countries: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development （IBRD） and the International Development Association （IDA）. Each institution plays a different but collaborative role in advancing the vision of inclusive and sustainable globalization. The IBRD aims to reduce poverty in middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries, while IDA focuses on the world’s poorest countries. Together, we provide low-interest loans, interest-free credits and grants to developing countries for a wide array of purposes that include investments in education, health, public administration, infrastructure, financial and private sector development, agriculture, and environmental and natural resource management.
2008年大学英语四级考试AB卷真题及答案（三）
听⼒Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes) 25%Section A 5%（10×0.5%）Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are requested to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.Some years ago I was offered a writing assignment that would require three month of travel though Europe's had been aboard a couple of times, but I could hardly claim to know my way around the continent. Moreover, my knowledge of foreign languages was limited to a little college French.I hesitated. How would I, unable to speak the language, totally unfamiliar with local geography or transportation systems, set up interviews and do research? It seemed impossible, and with considerable news. I sat down to write a letter begging off. Halfway through, thought ran through my mind: you can't learn if you don't try. So I accepted the assignment.There were some bad moments. But by the time I had finished the trip I was an experienced traveler. And ever since, I have never hesitated to head for even the most remote of places, without guides or even advanced bookings, confident that somehow I will manage.The point is that the new, the different, is almost by definition scary. But ach time you try something, you learn, and as the learning piles up, the world opens to you.I've learned to ski at 40, and flown up the Rhine River in a balloon. And I know I'll go on doing such things. It's not because I'm braver or more daring than others. I'm not, but I'll accept anxiety as another name for challenge and I believe I can accomplish wonders.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。
2008年12月大学英语三级(A级)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2008年12月大学英语三级（A级）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 2. V ocabulary and Structure 3. Reading Comprehension 4. Translation from English to Chinese 5. WritingPart I Listening Comprehension (15 minutes)Directions：This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 3 sections.Section ADirections: This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. The dialogues and the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices A , B, C, and D.1．A．Close the window.B．Open the window.C．Turn off the TV.D．Turn on the radio.正确答案：A解析：M: May I close the window outside?W: Yes, please. It’s too noisyQ: What will the man do?从女士的语气上判断她同意关窗，因此A正确。
英语(二)真题2008年下半年
英语(二)真题2008年下半年(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structrue{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：10.00)1.He was specifically asked to write a play that would be______to the local community.（分数：1.00）A.flexibleB.accessible √C.responsibleD.capable解析：[解析] 句意：他被专门要求写一本当地居民可以看懂的剧本。
本题考查词组的固定搭配。
be accessible to可接近的，可使用的，符合句意。
flexible柔韧的，有弹性的；be responsible for为……承担责任. be capable of doing sth有能力做某事。
2.It is strongly held that new______must be introduced to protect the right of the immigrants. （分数：1.00）A.statisticsB.constructionsC.measures √D.concessions解析：[解析] 句意：大家强烈认为必须采取新的措施来保护移民的权利。
本题考查词义辨析。
measure措施，方法，符合句意。
statistic数据，统计资料；construction造句法，意思；concession减价，特许权。
3.Country life is better than city life______it offers fresh air and noiseless environment. （分数：1.00）A.in that √B.as thatC.as forD.in which解析：[解析] 句意：乡村生活比城市生活好，因为农村有新鲜的空气和安静的环境。
2008年4月外刊经贸知识选读试题真题答案
全国2008年4月自考外刊经贸知识选读真题一、1. The strong increase in imports last year is attributed to buoyant economic activity as well as to the success of the Government’s trade and foreign investment policies.A. ascribedB. describedC. distributedD. contributed2. In April 1984, the State Council declared 14 cities along the entire coast plus Hainan Island open to foreign investment.A. demonstratedB. informedC. announcedD. displayed3. In Shanghai, Tianjin and other urban centers, China is trying —with considerable success —to attract high-technology firms that will modernize its economy.A. considerateB. consideringC. greatD. massive4. Chile has now been growing at an average annual rate of 4.5 percentage points for the past six years.A. quarterlyB. weeklyC. monthlyD. yearly5. But it appears that officials are prepared to turn up the temperature on trade —and live with the consequences.A. consensusB. resultsC. frequenciesD. agreements6. If the political will to continue moving forward fails, we can anticipate more strains in the marriage contract that ultimately would strike at what we’ve accomplished.A. activateB. participateC. completeD. expect7. Having argued that criticism of the trade surplus is misconceived, MITI’s paper goes on to predict that the surplus will, of its own accord, gradually diminish in size and relevance.A. willinglyB. reluctantlyC. accordinglyD. thoroughly8. Korea, once known as the “Hermit Kingdom”, is plainly on the move.A. on motionB. in progressC. under revolutionD. for evolution9. Shaikh Fahim has already shown in recent public statements that he is inclined to be forthright about the threat posed by the UAE’s neighbours across the Gulf.A. forthcomingB. formerC. uprightD. straightforward10. Jean-Pierre Soisson, the farm minister, has said France may block the EC’s acceptance of a new farm-trade deal, and thereby wreck the round.A. boomB. blinkC. constructD. obstruct11. But countertrade is not the exclusive province of debtor nations.A. creditorB. borrowerC. purchaserD. loaner12. The company is distributing more consumer coupons and giving bottlers bigger discounts.A. giving outB. assembling toC. collecting upD. gathering upon13. Hong Kong Eggs and Products Company monopolizes the import of Chinese eggs, both fresh and preserved.A. confinesB. minimizesC. dominatesD. mobilizes14. All other things being equal, a subsequent fall in the dollar might be expected to give a compensating boost to dollar commodity prices.A. pullB. pushC. dragD. draw15. Values declined in line with platinum and New York advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation.A. in contrast withB. in terms withC. in comparison withD. in agreement with二、将下列词组译成中文（本大题共10小题，每小题1 分，共10分）16. fiscal packages17. countervailing duty18. debt service19. liquid assets20. good resistance21. current account22. cash crops23. GNP24. deinflationary policy25. equivalent value2三、将下列词组译成英文（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）26. 市场份额27. 供应短缺28. 世界银行29. 资本货物30. 生产力31. 国内需求32. 外汇收入33. 进口税34. 有形贸易收支35. 利润汇款四、简答题(本大题共6小题，共18分)Passage 1If Europeans aren’t bursting to give the single market a coming-out party, it may simply be that markets aren’t the kinds of things people gush about, as EC commission president Jacques Delors has often noted. The fact that free movement of people —an aspect of the market that will be most evident to the average person —is not yet a reality also plays a role.Another explanation is that many of the market’s original 282 directives have already been implemented.“By Jan. 1 we will have passed 95 per cent of what we sought in 1986 to create the single market, and much of that will already have been translated into national law,”says Perissich. “Adjustment to the market has been going on for years and won’t be expected over-night.”36. What does the first sentence tell us about Europeans’ attitude toward the single market?37. What are the reasons why Europeans don’t give the single market a coming-out party?38. How do you interpret in English the underlined word “translate”in the third paragraph? Please find an appropriate Chinese equivalent for it.Passage 2On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere, and extend competition to hitherto sheltered, and therefore backward, parts of all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement.Such opportunities come too rarely to be squandered. Yet this one still may be.39. What would the Uruguay round bring to the backward parts of economies?40. Why would an economy be backward once it is “sheltered”?41. Please rewrite in full the last sentence “Yet this one still may be”.五、正误判断题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）全国2008年4月自考外刊经贸知识选读真题3Passage 1Today, the Internet is changing the way business transactions are conducted. It is empowering both consumers and businesses by providing expanding markets and choices to not only national, but also international communities. It brings more competition in products and prices and it encourages change and improvement, given its ability to provide information and comparative choices.Putting up a Website to promote and display products, and attracting online shoppers to look around at the products, however, are only one way of conducting business via the Internet. To realize the true potential of electronic commerce, an effective method of receiving payment for products which are sold or delivered through the Internet is a necessity. This is the focus of current Internet-related research. While it is currently possible to buy things over the Internet, this form of commerce has not yet gained enough popularity. It has great potential.While nobody is certain what the future will bring, we do know that the Internet recognizes no national borders. Electronic commerce is global in nature, so the Internet can’t help but dramatically increase international business. The ever-changing technology in electronic commerce and the introduction of new hardware, software, and service technology force businesses to quickly adjust their basic business strategies. Companies who want to participate in the worldwide electronic commerce revolution must adapt their electronic service capabilities and products to the requirements of the electronic commerce marketplace.42. One result of e-commerce is more competition in products and prices.43. The potential of the Internet goes far beyond displaying and promoting products.44. Paying for products and receiving payment through the Internet are now very effective.45. The problem with the Internet is that it does not recognize international money.46. The Internet cannot greatly help international business.Passage 2The global economy is becoming more integrated than ever before. A half-century of emphasis on free trade by major industrial countries has resulted in the freer flow of goods, services, and capital among nations. As a result, companies both large and small now view the world, rather than a single country, as their marketplace. Also, companies have dispersed their manufacturing, marketing, and research facilities to those locations around the globe where cost and skill conditions are most favorable. This trend is now so pervasive in industries such as automobiles, aerospace, and electronics that it is becoming increasingly irrelevant to talk about “American products”or “Japanese products”.Consider what happens when an American consumer buys a car. The engine is produced in France, the storage battery in Japan, the seat belt in Austria, and the body is assembled in Germany. Is it a “German product”? Obviously not —but neither is it a “French product”, a “Japanese product”, or an “Austrian product”. Like an increasing number of the products we buy today, it is an international product.4The increasing integration of the global economy has had many consequences. First, the volume of world trade grows at a faster rate than the volume of world output.Second, foreign direct investment is playing an ever increasing role in the global economy as companies of all sizes invest in overseas operations.A third consequence is that imports are penetrating deeper into the world’s largest economies. The growth of imports is a natural by-product of the growth of world trade and the trend toward the manufacture of component parts, or even entire products, overseas before shipping them back home for final sale.Finally, the growth of world trade, foreign direct investment, and imports implies that companies around the globe are finding their home markets under attack from foreign competitors. This is true in Japan, where Kodak has taken market share in the photographic film industry away from Fuji and in the United States, where Japanese auto makers have captured market share from GM, Ford and Chrysler.47. Major industrial countries have stressed the necessity of free trade since 50 years ago.48. Big companies rather than small ones view the world as their marketplace.49. With the increasing integration of the global economy, it’s harder to tell whether a certain product is made in a single country.50. The entire products manufactured overseas are mainly sold overseas.51. The example of Kodak indicates the result of economic integration.六、翻译题（本大题12分）52.For South Korea as a whole, that seems as much a prophecy as an ambition. Like Japan in the 1960s, the country is poised for an assault on the world’s export markets. Its surging $81 billion economy is churning out a flood of increasingly sophisticated products, from shoes, toys and telephones to video recorders and microprocessors. Korea’s mighty conglomerates dominate Middle East construction, and they command key shares of the world’s shipbuilding, textile and steel industries.一、1.ACCDB 6.DABDD 11.BACBD二、1:财政一揽子计划2:反补贴税3:利息付款4:易于变卖的资产5:强阻力6:经常项目7:经济作物8:国民生产总值9:反通胀政策10:对等价值三、1:market share2:short supply全国2008年4月自考外刊经贸知识选读真题53:the World Bank4:capital goods5:productive forces6:domestic demand7:foreign exchange earnings8:customs duties9:visible trade account10:profit－remittance四、1:They are not very enthusiastic/excited about it.（1分）2:The three possible reasons are: 1)Europeans don’t gush about the single market；（2分）2)free movement is not yet a reality;（2分）3)many of the market’s original 282 directives have been implemented.（2分）3:The word means “to change from one form to another”. Its Chinese equivalent might be “转化”，or “转变”.（2分）1:Economic growth and competition.（2分）2:When one country’s economy is “sheltered”and with little competition, it’s most difficult for them to make good use of their absolute and comparative advantages, leaving the country far behind in economic development.（5分）3:Yet this opportunity may still be squandered.（2分）五、TTFFF TFTFT六、对整个韩国来说，那似乎既表示一种预示，也表示一种雄心。
第12讲 数词(课件)-2024年中考英语一轮复习讲练测(全国通用)_1
读法：一般是两位两位读
1. in 1998 2. in 2005 3. in 1900
in ninteen ninety-eight in two thousand and five in nineteen hundred
年份
4. in 1805 in eighteen O five
5. in the 1980s in the nineteen eighties 年代
提升·必备题型归纳
2．（2023·黑龙江哈尔滨·模拟预测）Bill Gates became the richest man in the world in his ________. And he gives away most of his money to help the poor. A．thirty B．thirties C．thirtieth 【答案】B 【详解】句意：比尔·盖茨在三十多岁时成为世界首富。他把大 部分钱都捐给了穷人。稿定PPT 考查数词用法。thirty三稿十定P，PT，基海数量素词材；持续th更irties三十多（从30到 3o9n）e’；s+th逢irt十iet的h第基三数十词，的新款序复，适上合数数千你词”款模。，板根选表择据示总语有“一境在可某知人，（考整查十“）i多n 岁”， 固定用法。故选B。
分数的表达法
英语分数巧记 英语分数不费事，＂母序子基＂四个字。
分子若是大于一，分母还须加-s。
提升·必备题型归纳
1．（2023·黑龙江绥化·校考模拟预测）Up to now, almost ________ of the students in the class have completed ________ of
1.Please give me a second chance. 请再给我一个机会。
MBA联考英语真题2008年
2008年MBA联考英语试卷Section ⅠVocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one to complete the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.1. Oil is an important ______ material which can be processed into many different products, including plastics.A. rawB. bleakC. flexibleD. fertile2. The high living standards of the US cause its present population to ______ 25 percent of the world's oil.A. assumeB. consumeC. resumeD. presume3. Y ou shouldn't be so ______ —I didn't mean anything bad in what I said.A. sentimentalB. sensibleC. sensitiveD. sophisticated4. Picasso was an artist who fundamentally changed the ______ of art for later generations.A. philosophyB. conceptC. viewpointD. theme5. Member states had the option to ______ from this agreement with one year's notice.A. denyB. objectC. suspectD. withdraw6. The two countries achieved some progress in the sphere of trade relations, traditionally a source of ______ irritation.A. mutualB. optionalC. neutralD. parallel7. Williams had not been there during the ______ moments when the kidnapping had taken place.A. superiorB. rigorousC. vitalD. unique8. Travel around Japan today, and one sees foreign residents holding a wide ______ of jobs.A. rangeB. fieldC. scaleD. area9. Modern manufacturing has ______ a global river of materials into a stunning array of new products.A. translatedB. transformedC. transferredD. transported10. Lightning has been the second largest storm killer in the US over the past 40 years and is ______ only by flood.A. exceededB. excelledC. excludedD. extended11. V oices were ______ as the argument between the two motorists became more bad-tempered.A. swollenB. increasedC. developedD. raised12. Some sufferers will quickly be restored to perfect health, ______ others will take a longer time.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. whereas13. My brother likes eating very much but he isn't very ______ about the food he eats.A. specialB. peculiarC. particularD. unusual14. Britain might still be part of France if it weren't ______ a disastrous flood 200000 years ago, according to scientists from Imperial College in London.A. uponB. withC. inD. for15. The Water Prize is an international award that ______ outstanding contributions towards solving global water problems.A. recognizesB. requiresC. releasesD. relays16. in its 14 years of ______ the European Union has earned the scorn of its citizens and skepticism from the United States.A. enduranceB. emergenceC. existenceD. eminence17. His excuse for being late this morning was his car had ______ in the snow.A. started upB. got stuckC. set backD. stood by18. ______ widespread belief, cockroaches (蟑螂) would not take over the world if there were no one around to step on them.A. In view ofB. Thanks toC. In case ofD. Contrary to19. Consciously or not, ordinary citizens and government bureaucrats still ______ the notion that Japanese society is a unique culture.A. fit in withB. look down onC. cling toD. hold back20. As you can see by yourself, things ______ to be exactly as the professor had foreseen.A. turned inB. turned outC. turned upD. turned downSection ⅡGlozeDirections: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.Olympic Games are held every four years at a different site, in which athletes (21) different nations compete against each other in a (22) of sports. There are two types of Olympics, the Summer Olympics and the Winter Olympics.In order to (23) the Olympics, a city must submit a proposal to the International Olympic Committee (IOC). After all proposals have been (24) , the IOC votes. If no city is successful in gaining a majority in the first vote, the city with the fewest votes is eliminated, and voting continues, with (25) rounds, until a majority winner is determined. Typically the Games are awarded several years in advance, (26) the winning city time to prepare for the Games. In selecting the (27) of the Olympic Games, the IOC considers a number of factors, chief among them which city has, or promises to build, the best facilities, and which organizing committee seems most likely to (28) the Games effectively.The IOC also (29) which parts of the world have not yet hosted the Games. (30) , Tokyo, Japan, the host of the 1964 Summer Games, and Mexico City, Mexico, the host of the 1968 Summer Games, were chosen (31) to popularize the Olympic movement in Asia and in Latin America.(32) the growing importance of television worldwide, the IOC in recent years has also taken into (33) the host city's time zone. (34) the Games take place in the United States or Canada, for example, American television networks are willing to pay (35) higher amounts for television rights because they can broadcast popular events (36) , in prime viewing hours.(37) the Games have been awarded, it is the responsibility of the local organizing committee to finance them. This is often done with a portion of the Olympic television (38) and with corporate sponsorships, ticket sales, and other smaller revenue sources. In many (39) there is also direct government support.Although many cities have achieved a financial profit by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially (40) . When the revenues from the Games were less than expected, the citywas left with large debts.21. A. in B. for C. of D. from22. A. lot B. number C. variety D. series23. A. host B. take C. run D. organize24. A. supported B. submitted C. substituted D. subordinated25. A. suggestive B. successful C. successive D. succeeding26. A. letting B. setting C. permitting D. allowing27. A. site B. spot C. location D. place28. A. state B. stage C. start D. sponsor29. A. thinks B. reckons C. considers D. calculates30. A. For instance B. As a result C. In brief D. On the whole31. A. in time B. in part C. incase D. in common32. A. Since B. Because C. As for D. Because of33. A. amount B. account C. accord D. acclaim34. A. However B. Whatever C. Whenever D. Wherever35. A. greatly B. handsomely C. meaningfully D. significantly36. A. live B. living C. alive D. lively37. A. Until B. Unless C. Whether D. Once38. A. incomes B. interests C. revenues D. returns39. A. cases B. conditions C. chances D. circumstances40. A. safe B. risky C. tempting D. feasibleSection ⅢReading ComprehensionDirections: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Y ou should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim (the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. "My whole motto (座右铭) was 'Start small, think big, and have fun', "says MacDonald, 26, "I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side."Y et as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites. These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment- maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than 4600 services, from math lessons to ironing.This is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major barrier—what Bob Meyer, publisher of BarterNews, calls "the double coincidence of wants." That is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that bothdesired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency.Barter also helps firms make use of idle capacity. For example, advertising is "hugely bartered" because many media, particularly on the Web, can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don't register in industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to "grade" trading partners for honesty, quality and so on. Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two (QL2) plans to open in Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be "liberated from corrupt middlemen." For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a precapitalist past.41. The word "techies" (Line 4, Para.1) probably refers to those who are ______.A. afraid of technologyB. skilled in technologyC. ignorant of technologyD. incompetent in technology42. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they ______.A. were impressed by his creativityB. were eager to identify with his mottoC. liked his goal announced in advanceD. hoped to prove the power of the Internet43. The Internet barter system relies heavily on ______.A. the size of barter sitesB. the use of virtual currencyC. the quality of goods or servicesD. the location of trading companies44. It is implied that Internet advertisements can help ______.A. companies make more profitB. companies do formal exchangesC. media register in statisticsD. media grade barter sites45. Which of the following is true of QL2 according to the author?A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey's biggest city has seen it all Y et the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarkers to say they have had enough.Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shootin’, have been flooded with offers of help and support since the killings. Y usef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50000 to promise to "stop shootin’, start thinkin’, and keep livin’." The Newark Community Foundation, which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community Eye, a surveillance (监视) system tailored towards gun crime.Cory Booker, who became mayor 13 months ago with a mission to revitalize the c ity, believes the surveillance program will be the largest camera and audio network in any American city. More than 30 cameras were installed earlier this summer and a further 50 will be installed soon in a seven-square-mile area where 80% of the city's recent shootings have occurred. And more cameras are planned.When a gunshot is detected, the surveillance camera zooms in on that spot. Similar technology in Chicago has increased arrests and decreased shootings. Mr. Booker plans to announce a comprehensive gun strategy later this week.Mr. Booker, as well as church leaders and others, believes (or hopes) that after the murder the city will no longer stand by in coldness. For generations, Newark has been paralyzed by poverty—almost one in three people lives below the poverty line—and growing indifference to crime.Some are skeptical. Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60% of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess. But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark; now, a year later, the figure is 30%. Mr Booker has' launched a New Y ork-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30% (though the murder rate looks likely to match last year's high).46. What happened in Newark, New Jersey on August 4th?A. The Newark residents witnessed a murder.B. Four young people were killed in a school playground.C. The new mayor of Newark took office.D. Four college students fell victim to violence.47. Judging from the context, the "Community Eye" (Line 5, Para.2) is ______.A. a watching system for gun crimeB. a neighborhood protection organizationC. an unprofitable community businessD. a grassroots organization48. We learn from the passage that Newark has all the following problems EXCEPT ______.A. violenceB. floodC. povertyD. indifference49. Mayor Booker's efforts against crime seem to be ______.A. idealisticB. impracticalC. effectiveD. fruitless50. The best title for the passage may be ______.A. Stop Shootin', Start Thinkin', and Keep Livin'B. Efforts to Fight against Gun CrimesC. A Mission to Revitalize the CityD. V iolent Murders in NewarkQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:According to a recent survey on money and relationships, 36 per cent of people are keeping a bank account from their partner. While this financial unfaithfulness may appear as distrust in a relationship, in truth it may just be a form of financial protection.With almost half of all marriages ending in divorce, men and women are realizing they need to be financially savvy, regardless of whether they are in a relationship.The financial hardship on individuals after a divorce can be extremely difficult, even more so when children are involved. The lack of permanency in relationships, jobs and family life may be the cause of a growing trend to keep a secret bank account hidden from a partner; in other words, an "escape fund" .Margaret's story is far from unique. She is a representative of a growing number of women in long-term relationships who are becoming protective of their own earnings.Every month on pay day, she banks hundreds of dollars into a savings account she keeps from her husband. She has been doing this throughout their six-year marriage and has built a nest egg worth an incredible $100000 on top of her pension.Margaret says if her husband found out about her secret savings he'd hurt and would interpret this as a sign she wasn't sure of the marriage. "He'd think it was my escape fund so that financially I could afford to get out of the relationship if it went wrong. I know you should approach marriage as being forever and I hope ours is, but you can never be sure."Like many of her fellow secret savers, Margaret was stung in a former relationship and has since been very guarded about her own money.Coming clean to your partner about being a secret saver may not be all that bad. Take Colleen, for example, who had been saving secretly for a few years before she confessed to her partner. “I decided to open a savings account and start building a nest egg of my own. I wanted to prove to myself that I could put money in the bank and leave it there for a rainy day.”"When John found out about my secret savings, he was a little suspicious of my motives. I reassured him that this was certainly not an escape fund and that I feel very secure in our relationship. I have to admit that it does feel good to have my own money on reserve if ever there are rainy days in the future. It's sensible to build and protect your personal financial security."51. The trend to keep a secret bank account is growing because ______.A. "escape fund" helps one through rainy daysB. days are getting harder and harderC. women are money sensitiveD. financial conflicts often occur52. The word "savvy" (Line 2, Para.2) probably means ______.A. suspiciousB. secureC. shrewdD. simple53. Which inference can we make about Margaret?A. She is a unique woman.B. She was once divorced.C. She is going to retire.D. She has many children.54. The author mentions Colleen's example to show ______.A. any couple can avoid marriage conflictsB. privacy within marriage should be respectedC. everyone can save a fortune with a happy marriageD. financial disclosure is not necessarily bad55. Which of the following best summarizes this passage?A. Secret Savers.B. Love Is What It's Worth.C. Banking Honesty.D. Once Bitten, Twice Shy.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:"The word 'protection' is no longer taboo (禁忌语)" This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy late last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren't acting out of unselfishness. They knew their economies were the most competitive, so they'd profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared that their economies would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned—though few acknowledge it. The West continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asia, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That's why Sarkozy’s words were so important: he finally injected some honesty into the trade debate. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in free trade, though few leaders admit it. Some economists are more honest. Paul Krugman is one of the few willing to acknowledge that protectionist arguments are returning. In the short run, there will be winners and losers under free trade. This, of course, is what capitalism is all about. But more and more of these losers will be in the West. Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Joseph Schumpeter, who said that "creative destruction" was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs, suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles. Things have yet to reverse completely. But there's clearly a negative trend in Western theory and practice.A little hypocrisy (虚伪) is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key global economic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Look at what's happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund). The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director. But all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else's when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians—who are clearly the new winners in today's global economy—to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade. Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there's a real danger that Adam Smith's principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die. And that would leave all of us worse off, in one way or another.56. It can be inferred that "protection" (Line 1, Para.1) means ______.A. improving economic efficiencyB. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs57. The Western leaders preach free trade because ______.A. it is beneficial to their economiesB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith58. By "the tables have turned" (Lines 3～4, Para.2) the author implies that ______.A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have become advocates of free tradeC. the developed economies have turned less competitiveD. the developing economies have become more independent59. The Western economists used to like the idea of “creative destruction” because it ______.A. set a long-term rather than short-term goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. entailed a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economies60. The author uses "IMF" as an example to illustrate the point thatA. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries' interests are being ignored by economic leadersSection ⅣT ranslationDirections: In this section there is a paragraph in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.The term "business model" first came into widespread use with the invention of the personal computer and the spreadsheet (空白表格程序). Before the spreadsheet, business planning usually meant producing a single forecast. At best, you did a little sensitivity analysis around the projection. The spreadsheet ushered in a much more analytic approach to planning because every major line item could be pulled apart, its components and subcomponents analyzed and tested. Y ou could ask what-if questions about the critical assumptions on which your business depended—for example, what if customers are more price-sensitive than we thought?—and with a few keystrokes, you could see how any change would play out on every aspect of the whole. In other words, you could model the behavior of a business. Before the computer changed the nature of business planning, most successful business models were created more by accident than by elaborate design. By enabling companies to tie their marketplace insights much more tightly to the resulting economics, spreadsheet made it possible to model business before they were launched.Section ⅤWritingDirections: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. Y ou should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.以往许多人报考成人高校，是为圆文凭梦。
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Japan reported a 44% fall in exports year on year in January 2009 following a fall of 35% in December 2008
China reported 17.5% fall in exports YoY and a 42% fall in imports in January (latter no doubt affected by commodity price falls since January 2008)
That also means the beginning of a realignment of power and responsibility in the management of the world economy Jim Rollo, Sussex European Institute
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Jim Rollo, Sussex European Institute
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Dangers of increased protectionism real
Trade a bellwether and potential intensifier of the recession
In great depression second round of trade contraction led by beggar thy neighbour policies
Benefits of DDA deal look small (Though insiders say that is a mistake)and are distant Costs of no deal catastrophic signal of the failure of global policy coordination – cannot even complete a Jim Rollo, Sussex European Institute weak agreement after a 7 year negotiation
Potential for WTO legal protectionism significant
Jim Rollo, Sussex European Institute 6
Short term What we need to do
Act to get global demand going again
A worst case scenario
This is the deepest crisis so far
The threat of protectionism and competitive devaluations to boost domestic production in net deficit countries still potential but real No consumer(s) of last resort function
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What happened at G20
Up to $750bn for IMF $100bn for MDBs Fiscal stimulus packages – estimated at 2% of GDP in 2009 and 0.9% in 2010 by latest WEO On trade
Or promised – Buy American
BUT support for financial firms and autos sector worldwide will require careful management as (if) we emerge from the slump if global competition not to be impaired But fiscal stimulus likely to involve subsidy And exchange rate falls – $ and notably £ seen by some as 'competitive devaluation but stability of $ Jim Rollo, Sussex European Institute remnibiexchange rate not consistent with this
The World Bank on December 9th 2008 forecast a 2.1% fall in world trade in 2009, after an overall 6.2% rise in 2008.
The IMF updated its WEO forecasts and suggested that world trade and production shrank by 45% and 15% annualised in the 4th quarter of 2008
Overall not bad - if they mean it and iff they sustain fiscal stimulus among the net exporters into 2010
Jim Rollo, Sussex European Institute 9
The dangers to the export led growth model of development
Jim Rollo, Sussex European Institute
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protectionism not the key problem- yet
This is the effect of the credit crunch turning into a fall in demand
Protectionism in rhetoric (Sarkozy/Berlusconi)
Commitment to no increased protectionism extended to end 2010 (but weasel words on WTO inconsistent measures) Notify WTO of any protectionist measures Provide $250bn for trade Finance
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What do we need to do 2
On trade policy
First do no harm so public and high profile G20 recommitment to a freeze on new protectionist trade policy measures including – explicitly - WTO legal (November rhetoric on trade was unclear) Second send trade ministers back to Geneva to finish DDA – if necessary take their passports away and lock them in a room until they agree
Find funds for trade credit needs a concerted and coordinated and further monetary and fiscal stimulus – de facto that means ex ante or ex post a realignment of exchange rates and a consequent fall in net exports in the surplus countries and an increase in the deficit countries as surplus countries take on more of the burden of sustaining global demand
Export led growth has propelled billions out of post conflict devastation and poverty by generating historically unprecedented rates of growth
It has also & however contributed to major instabilities in the global economy mainly via persistent undervalued exchange rates and consequent imbalances – Germany and Bretton Woods, Japan and the Plaza/Louvre accords, east Asia and the current crisis. Net importers to blame too Institute but creditors cannot10 Jim Rollo, Sussex European walk away from their responsibility
Trade and the Crisis
Jim Rollo EPR20 May 2009
Jim Rollo, Sussex European Institute
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Trade Falling off a cliff since last end of 2008
Data for the month of December suggest an accelerating decline, with monthly drops in exports reported by China (-2.8%) the US (-6%) and the UK (-3.7%) by value;