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战争与和平全译本

战争与和平全译本

战争与和平全译本
《战争与和平》是俄国作家列夫·托尔斯泰的长篇小说,也是其代表作。

以下是一些关于《战争与和平》全译本的信息:
1. 草婴译本:草婴是中国著名的翻译家,他的译本被认为是《战争与和平》的经典译本之一。

草婴的翻译准确、流畅,深受读者喜爱。

2. 刘辽逸译本:刘辽逸是一位资深的翻译家,他的译本在翻译质量和文学风格上也备受赞誉。

3. 高植译本:高植是中国著名的翻译家,他的译本以其精湛的翻译技巧和对原文的深刻理解而闻名。

4. 其他译本:除了以上提到的译本,还有一些其他翻译家的译本可供选择。

写感动中国十大人物的职业英语小作文

写感动中国十大人物的职业英语小作文

写感动中国十大人物的职业英语小作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Most Inspirational Chinese FiguresChina is a vast nation with a rich history and culture that spans thousands of years. Throughout this long and storied past, numerous remarkable individuals have left an indelible mark on society, shaping the course of events and inspiring generations to come. As a student, I have been profoundly moved by the lives and accomplishments of these extraordinary people, and I would like to share my thoughts on the ten most inspirational Chinese figures who have captured my imagination.Confucius (551-479 BC)Confucius, the ancient philosopher and teacher, stands as a towering figure in Chinese civilization. His teachings, known as Confucianism, have profoundly influenced the ethical and moral values of the nation for over two millennia. Confucius emphasized the importance of filial piety, righteousness, and the cultivation of virtues such as benevolence, propriety, and loyalty. His wisdom and insights into human nature have transcendedtime and continue to resonate with people of all ages and backgrounds.Lao Tzu (6th Century BC)Lao Tzu, the legendary author of the Tao Te Ching, is revered as the founder of Taoism, one of the most influential philosophical and religious traditions in China. His teachings centered on the concept of the Tao, or the natural order of the universe, and encouraged a life of simplicity, humility, and harmony with nature. Lao Tzu's profound insights into the interplay of opposites and the importance of maintaining balance have inspired countless individuals to seek inner peace and live in harmony with the world around them.Qin Shi Huang (259-210 BC)Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a unified China, is renowned for his remarkable achievements and ambitious vision. He is credited with unifying the country, standardizing the written language, and initiating the construction of the Great Wall of China. Despite his controversial methods and authoritarian rule, Qin Shi Huang's determination and ambition have left an indelible mark on Chinese history, reminding us of the power of a singular vision and the human capacity to undertake monumental tasks.Kublai Khan (1215-1294)Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, was a remarkable leader and conqueror who extended the Mongol Empire to its greatest extent. He established the capital at what is now Beijing and promoted cultural exchange and technological advancements. Kublai Khan's ability to unite diverse peoples under a single banner and his patronage of the arts and sciences have made him an iconic figure in Chinese history, celebrated for his vision, leadership, and appreciation of cultural richness.Zheng He (1371-1433)Zheng He, the famous Chinese explorer and fleet admiral, embarked on seven epic voyages during the Ming Dynasty. His massive treasure fleet sailed across the Indian Ocean, reaching as far as the east coast of Africa. Zheng He's explorations not only expanded China's maritime prowess but also facilitated cultural exchanges and trade relationships with distant lands. His legacy as a pioneering navigator and ambassador of Chinese culture has inspired generations of explorers and adventurers.Ci Xi (1835-1908)Ci Xi, also known as the Empress Dowager, was a powerful and controversial figure in late Qing Dynasty China. Despite her tumultuous reign and resistance to reform, Ci Xi's determination and political acumen ensured the survival of the dynasty during a period of intense foreign pressure and internal turmoil. Her complex legacy serves as a reminder of the challenges faced by leaders navigating profound societal changes and the lasting impact of their decisions.Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)Sun Yat-sen, the revered revolutionary and political leader, played a pivotal role in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing the Republic of China. His vision of a modern, democratic China inspired countless individuals to join the revolutionary cause. Sun Yat-sen's unwavering commitment to national sovereignty, social justice, and the betterment of the people's lives have made him an enduring symbol of patriotism and the struggle for a more equitable society.Mao Zedong (1893-1976)Mao Zedong, the founding leader of the People's Republic of China, was a controversial yet undeniably influential figure in modern Chinese history. His leadership during the Chinese Communist Revolution and the subsequent establishment of asocialist state have had a profound and lasting impact on the nation. Regardless of one's political leanings, Mao's determination, strategic acumen, and ability to mobilize the masses have secured his place in history as a transformative leader who reshaped China's destiny.Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997)Deng Xiaoping, the pragmatic and visionary leader who initiated China's economic reforms in the late 1970s, is widely regarded as the architect of modern China's economic miracle. His policies of "reform and opening up" ushered in an era of unprecedented economic growth and development, lifting millions out of poverty and propelling China onto the global stage. Deng's legacy serves as a testament to the power of pragmatism, adaptability, and the willingness to embrace change for the greater good of the nation.Tu Youyou (1930-present)Tu Youyou, the Chinese pharmaceutical chemist and Nobel laureate, is an inspirational figure in the field of medical research. Her groundbreaking work on the antimalarial drug artemisinin, derived from traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has saved countless lives around the world. Tu Youyou's dedication to scientific inquiry, her perseverance in the face of adversity, andher unwavering commitment to improving human health have earned her admiration and respect from scientists and ordinary people alike.These ten extraordinary individuals, each in their unique way, have left an indelible mark on Chinese history and culture. Their stories of courage, resilience, and unwavering pursuit of their goals continue to inspire and motivate people from all walks of life. As a student, I am humbled by their achievements and driven to emulate their virtues of determination, wisdom, and compassion in my own endeavors. Their legacies serve as a reminder that greatness can be achieved through unwavering dedication, a commitment to excellence, and a willingness to embrace change for the betterment of society.篇2Writing an Inspiring Essay on the Top 10 Most Influential Figures in ChinaWhen our teacher announced that we would be writing an essay about the most influential people in Chinese history, I felt a mix of excitement and trepidation. On one hand, I was thrilled to have the opportunity to explore the rich tapestry of Chinese culture and learn about the remarkable individuals who haveshaped its course. On the other hand, narrowing down the list to just ten figures seemed like an impossible task, given the abundance of great minds and trailblazers that have emerged from this ancient civilization.After much deliberation and research, I have compiled a list of ten individuals who, in my opinion, have left an indelible mark on China and the world at large. These are people whose contributions have transcended their respective fields, inspiring generations of thinkers, artists, and leaders to follow in their footsteps.Confucius (551-479 BC)No discussion of influential Chinese figures would be complete without mentioning Confucius, the revered philosopher and teacher whose teachings have shaped the ethical and moral foundations of Chinese society for over two millennia. His emphasis on virtues such as filial piety, loyalty, and the pursuit of knowledge has left an enduring legacy that continues to resonate in modern times.Qin Shi Huang (259-210 BC)As the first emperor of a unified China, Qin Shi Huang's impact on the country's political and cultural landscape cannotbe overstated. His ambitious projects, including the construction of the Great Wall and the creation of a standardized system of weights and measures, laid the groundwork for a centralized Chinese empire that would endure for centuries.Laozi (6th century BC)The enigmatic figure known as Laozi is credited with authoring the Tao Te Ching, a philosophical text that has profoundly influenced Chinese thought and spirituality. His teachings on the nature of existence, the importance of simplicity, and the concept of non-action (wu wei) have inspired generations of scholars and spiritual seekers alike.Zhu Xi (1130-1200)As a prominent Neo-Confucian philosopher, Zhu Xi played a pivotal role in reviving and reinterpreting the teachings of Confucius and other ancient sages. His synthesis of Confucian thought with Buddhist and Taoist principles helped shape the intellectual and moral foundations of Chinese society during the Song Dynasty and beyond.Sima Qian (145-86 BC)Widely regarded as the father of Chinese historiography, Sima Qian's monumental work, the "Records of the GrandHistorian," is a treasure trove of information about the early dynasties of China. His meticulous documentation of events and his willingness to challenge conventional wisdom have made him a revered figure in the field of history and literature.Hua Mulan (4th-6th century AD)The legendary figure of Hua Mulan has captured the imagination of generations of Chinese people, representing the ideals of filial piety, bravery, and gender equality. While her historical existence is still debated, her story has inspired countless works of art, literature, and films, cementing her status as a cultural icon.Li Qingzhao (1084-1155)A pioneering figure in Chinese literature, Li Qingzhao's poetry and prose have left an indelible mark on the literary landscape of her era and beyond. Her introspective and emotionally charged works, which often explored themes of love, loss, and the human condition, have earned her a place among the most celebrated writers in Chinese history.Zheng He (1371-1433)As a renowned explorer and diplomat during the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He's voyages across the Indian Ocean andbeyond not only expanded China's maritime reach but also facilitated cultural exchanges and trade with distant lands. His legacy serves as a reminder of China's long-standing tradition of exploration and international engagement.Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997)As the architect of China's economic reforms andopening-up policies in the late 20th century, Deng Xiaoping's visionary leadership ushered in a period of unprecedented economic growth and development. His pragmatic approach to modernization has had a profound impact on China's trajectory, transforming it into a global economic powerhouse.Tu Youyou (1930-)In a list dominated by historical figures, Tu Youyou stands out as a contemporary trailblazer who has made invaluable contributions to the field of medicine. Her groundbreaking research on artemisinin, a powerful anti-malarial drug derived from traditional Chinese herbs, earned her the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015, making her the first Chinese citizen to receive this prestigious award.As I reflect on this diverse array of influential figures, I am struck by the multifaceted nature of their contributions. Fromphilosophers and rulers to explorers and writers, each of these individuals has left an indelible mark on China's rich cultural heritage. Their stories serve as a testament to the resilience, ingenuity, and unwavering spirit that have defined the Chinese people throughout history.Writing this essay has been a humbling and enriching experience, reminding me of the immense depth and complexity of Chinese civilization. While our list inevitably excludes countless other worthy figures, it is my hope that by exploring the lives and legacies of these ten individuals, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the enduring impact they have had on shaping the course of human civilization.篇3Writing About China's Most Influential Figures: A Student's PerspectiveAs an enthusiastic student of both Chinese culture and the English language, I was recently tasked with an assignment that combined these two passions – to write an essay in English about the top 10 most influential people in China. At first, I felt a mixture of excitement and trepidation. Excitement because I relished the opportunity to delve into the lives and legacies ofChinese historical giants. Trepidation because distilling the vast tapestry of China's rich heritage into just ten figures seemed like an immense challenge.Where does one even begin with such an endeavor? China's 5,000-year civilizational arc has birthed myriad luminaries across virtually every human arena – philosophy, literature, politics, warfare, art, science, and more. As I started my research, I was awash in a sea of titans – Confucius, Laozi, Sun Tzu, Cao Cao, Li Bai, Du Fu, Kublai Khan, Zheng He, and hundreds more. Narrowing it down was agonizing.Ultimately, I decided to focus on individuals whose impact reverberated not just in their respective eras, but across centuries and whose influences could still be palpably felt today. I also wanted a diversity of perspectives and roles represented. With that criteria in mind, my top 10 emerged:ConfuciusStarting this list with any figure other than Kong Qiu (551 - 479 BCE), known to the world as Confucius, would be simply blasphemous. The archetypal philosopher and teacher, Confucius's ideology of parliamentary, ethical governance, and societal roles has shaped the core values of Chinese society forover two millennia. His seminal text, The Analects, remains studied devotionally to this day.LaoziThe enigmatic author of the Dao De Jing and founder of Daoism is the spiritual yang to Confucius's secular yin. Whereas Confucianism concerns itself with social order and hierarchy, Daoism flows in harmony with nature's rhythms. Laozi's philosophical musings on simplicity, humility, and the cosmic balances have influenced Chinese thought as profoundly as Confucius's.Ban ZhaoMy first female entry, Ban Zhao (45 - 116 CE) was a trailblazing woman of letters centuries ahead of her time. One of the most elite historians and philosophers of ancient China, Ban Zhao helped solidify Confucian thought during the Han Dynasty and eloquently advocated for women's education through her timeless texts.Shen NongReverently dubbed the "Divine Farmer," this semi-mythical ruler from 2800 BCE is credited as the father of Chinese agriculture, herbology, and traditional medicine. Shen Nong'spioneering of sustainable farming techniques allowed early Chinese civilization to flourish, while his mastery of agriculture and pharmacology laid the seeds for Traditional Chinese Medicine's development.Zhang HengA true Renaissance man of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng (78 - 139 CE) was an astronomer, mathematician, inventor, cartographer, artist, philosopher, and literary scholar. His vast brilliance manifested in precious few physical remains, but his pioneering work mapping stars, describing the solar system, calculating pi, and inventing the first seismometer, profoundly advanced human knowledge.Cai LunYou're reading this essay in English, a language written with an alphabet derived from Phoenician scripts. But what about the Chinese system of logogrpaphic writing? That tradition is owed to Cai Lun (63 - 121 CE), the eunuch court official credited with inventing paper and revolutionizing writing technology during the Han Dynasty.Zheng HeWhile the genocidal rampages of Genghis Khan and other bloodthirsty Mongol warlords tend to dominate narratives of Asian medieval military conquests, I elected to highlight the pacifist maritime voyager Zheng He (1371 - 1433). This eunuch admiral, with his gargantuan "treasure fleet" of over 300 ships, led 7 epic voyages across the Pacific and Indian Oceans –inspiring both commerce and cultural exchange while brandishing China's might through simple awe rather than bloodshed.Ci XiA controversial but unquestionably pivotal figure, Empress Dowager Ci Xi (1835 - 1908) was the de facto ruler of the crumbling Qing Dynasty for a tumultuous half-century. Originally just a low-ranking imperial concubine, Ci Xi masterminded a coup and ruled with an iron fist, suppressing rebels while simultaneously modernizing China with westernizing reforms in hopes of preserving the imperial system.Deng XiaopingWhile Mao Zedong founded communist China, it was his successor Deng Xiaoping (1904 - 1997) who truly catalyzed its rebirth as a global superpower. Deng's free market economic policies sparked meteoric growth, while cautiously allowingsome social liberalization. His perspective of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" charted China's unique modern path.Tu YouyouMy final entry is a contemporary hero – the pharmaceutical chemist Tu Youyou (b. 1930), who in 2015 became the first Chinese woman awarded a Nobel Prize for her work developing an anti-malarial drug. Her traditional Chinese medicine-inspired discovery has saved millions worldwide. Tu embodies the harmonious synergy of ancient wisdom with modern ingenuity.In crafting this list, I've gained immense admiration for the staggering intellectual, cultural, and innovative achievements of the Chinese people across the ages. Each of these figures has left an indelible imprint on humanity's story. And in striving to encapsulate their legacies through the English language, I developed a deeper appreciation for China's grand history. While abbreviating this tapestry into just ten luminaries was a formidable task, I believe I've represented a diversity of fields and eras befitting China's majestic heritage. For me, this essay was an enriching step in becoming a bridge between civilizations.。

军事英文术语

军事英文术语

AWOL:Absent WithOut Leave = 擅离职守;无故离队;开小差A:Attacker = 攻击机AA:Anti-Air = 防空AAA:Anti-Air Artillery = 高射炮AAAV:Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle = 先进两栖突击车AAM:Air-to-Air Missile = 空对空导弹AAR:Air-to-Air Refueling = 空中加油AAW:Anti-Air Warfare = 防空作战ABL:AirBorne Laser = 机载激光器ABM:Anti-Ballistic Missile = 反弹道导弹ACMS:Air Combat Maneuvering System = 空战机动系统ACV:Armored Combat Vehicle = 装甲战车AFV:Armored Fighting Vehicle = 装甲战车AEM&C:Airborne Early Warning and Control = 空中预警与指挥AEW:Airborne Early Warning = 空中早期预警AFB:Air Force Base = 空军基地AGM:Air-to-Ground Missile = 空对地导弹AGS:Armored Gun System = 装甲火炮系统AGS:Advance Gun System = 先进火炮系统AIM:Air Intercept Missile = 拦射空空导弹ALBM:Air-Launched Ballistic Missile = 空射弹道导弹ALCM:Air-Launched Cruise Missile = 空射巡航导弹AMRAAM:Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile = 先进中程空空导弹APAR:Active Phase-Array Radar = 主动相控阵雷达APC:Armored Personnel Carrier = 装甲人员输送车APFSDS-T:AP Fin-Stab. Discarding Sabot-Tracer = 尾翼稳定脱壳穿甲曳光弹APS:Artillery Pointing System = 火炮指示系统ARM:Anti Radiation Missile = 反辐射导弹ASM:Air-to-Surface Missile = 空对舰导弹ASRAAM:Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missile = 先进短程空空导弹ASROC:Anti-Submarine Rocket = 反潜火箭ASuW:Anti-Surface Warfare = 反面作战ASW:Anti-Submarine War = 反潜ASW:Anti-Submarine Warfare = 反潜作战ATC:Air Traffic Control = 空中交通管制ATGM:Anti-Tank Guided Missile = 反坦克导弹ATM:Advanced Turret Module = 先进炮塔模块AUV:Autonomous Underwater Vehicle = 自主式水下航行器AWAC:Airborne Warning And Control = 空中预警和控制AWACS:Airborne Warning and Control System = 空中预警与指挥系统B:Bomber = 轰炸机BB:Battle Ship = 战列舰BC:Battle Cruiser = 战列巡洋舰BDA:Battle Damage Assessment = 战斗损害评估BPI:Boost Phase Intercept = 加速阶段拦截BRAA:Bearing, Range, Altitude and Aspect = 目标飞行情况BVR:Beyond Visual Range = 超视距BVRAAM:Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile = 超视距空空导弹C:Carrier = 运输机C3:Command, Control and Communication = 指挥控制通信系统CAP:Combat Air Patrol = 战斗空中巡逻CAS:Close Air Support = 近距空中支援CASE:Computer Aided Software Engineering = 电脑辅助软件工程CBU:Clustered Bomb Unit = 集束炸弹CENTCOM:Central Command = 中央司令部CFC:Carbon Fiber Composite = 碳纤维复合材料CC:Cruiser = 巡洋舰CG:Cruiser (Guided-missile) = 导弹巡洋舰CIC:Combat Information Center = 战斗信息中心CIC:Commander in Chief = 最高指挥官CIWS:Close-In Weapon System = 近战武器系统CIWS:Close Intercept Weapon System = 近程防御系统CNO:Chief of Naval Operation = 海军作战部长COMINT:Communication Intelligence = 通信情报COMDAC INS:Command Display and Control Integrated Navigation System = 集成控制导航系统CR:Close Range = 近程C/S:Course and Speed = 航向与速度CV:Carrier Vessel = 常规动力航空母舰CVN:Carrier Vessel (Nuclear-powered) = 核动力航母CVBG:Carrier Battle Group = 航母战斗群DASS:Defensive Aids Sub-System = 防御性辅助子系统DD:Destroyer = 驱逐舰DDG:Destroyer (Guided-missile) = 导弹驱逐舰DU:Depleted Uranium = 贫铀DVI:Direct Voice Input = 直接语音输入技术E:Electronic = 电子战机ECCM:Electronic Counter-Counter Measures = 电子反对抗,反电子战ECM:Electronic Counter Measures = 电子对抗,电子战ELINT:Electronic Intelligence = 电子情报EMCON:Emissions Control = 发射控制EML:ElectricMagnet Launcher = 电磁炮EMP:ElectricMagnet Palse = 电磁脉冲ERAAM:Extended Range Air-to-Air Missile = 延程空空导弹ESM:Electronic Signal Measures = 电子信号警告ESM:Electronic Support Measures = 电子支援ETG:Electro Thermal Gun = 电热炮ETCG:Electro Thermal Chemical Gun = 电热化学炮EW:Early Warning = 预警EW:Electronic Warfare = 电子战EWAC:Early Warning And Control= 预警及控制F:Fighter = 战斗机FAE:Fuel Air Explosive = 油气炸弹FEL:Free Elctron Laser = 自由电子激光器FF:Frigate = 护卫舰FFG:Frigate(Guided-missile) = 导弹护卫舰FLIR:Forward Looking Infra-Red = 前视红外FLOT:Forward Line Of Troops = 前线FMRAAM:Future Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile = 未来中程空空导弹FMTV:Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles = 中型战术车族GEM:Guidance-Enhanced Missile = 制导增强导弹GEO:Geo-Stationary Orbit = 地球同步轨道GPS:Global Positioning System = 全球定位系统GZ:Ground Zero = 核爆炸中心地面投影H:Helicopter = 直升机HE:High Explosive = 高爆炸药HEAT:High-Explosive Anti-Tank = 高爆反坦克炸药(成形炸药)HMD:Helmet Mounted Display = 头盔显示器HPM:High Power Microwave = 高功率微波HQ:Headquarters = 总部HUD:Head-Up Display = 抬头显示器HVU:High Value Unit = 高价值单位IADS:Integrated Air Defense System = 综合防空系统ICBM:Intercontinental Ballistic Missile = 洲际弹道导弹IFF:Identification of Friend or Foe = 敌我识别IFV:nfantry Fighting Vehicle = 步兵战车IPE:Individual Protection Ensemble = 单兵防护装备IRBM:Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile = 中程弹道导弹IRST:Infra-Red Search and Track = 红外搜索跟踪JDAM:Joint Direct Attack Munitions = 联合直接攻击弹药JHMCS:Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System = 联合头盔指引系统JSF:Joint Strike Fighter = 联合打击战斗机J-STAR:Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar system = 联合侦察和目标打击系统JTIDS:Joint Tactical Info Distribution System = 联合战术信息分发系统K:Kerosene = 加油机KIA:Kill in Action = 阵亡LANTIRN:Low-Alt. Nav.& Targeting Infra-Red for Night = 低空导航与目标指示红外夜视仪LAV:Light Armored Vehicle = 轻型装甲车辆LCA:Light Combat Aircraft = 轻型战斗机LEO:Low Earth Orbit = 近地轨道LD:Laser Designator = 激光导引LGB:Laser Guided Bomb = 激光制导炸弹LORCAP:Long-Range Combat Air Patrol = 长距离战斗空中巡逻LPT:Low Profile Turret = 低矮炮塔LRBM:Long-Range Ballistic Missile = 远程弹道导弹LRIP:Low Rate Initial Production = 低速试产MBT:Main Battle Tank = 主战坦克MC:Marine Corps = 海军陆战队MCA:Medium Combat Aircraft = 中型战斗机MCM:Mine Counter-Measures = 扫雷MFD:Multi-Function Display = 多功能显示器MFR:Multifunction Radar = 多用途雷达MIL-STD:Milliraty Standard = 军事标准MLU:Mid-Life Update = 中期延寿(战机)MOPP:Mission-Oriented Protective Posture = 攻击中的防范状态MOAB:Massive Ordnance Air Blast = 巨型空中炸弹MOAB:Mother Of All Bombs = 炸弹之母MPRF:Medium Pulse Repetition Frequency = 中脉冲重复频率MRLS:Multiple Rocket Launching System = 多管火箭发射系统NAVSSI:Navigation Sensor System Interface = 导航传感器系统界面NCTR:NonCooperative Target Recognition = 非己方目标识别NBC:Nuclear Biological and Chemical = 核、生物、化学OICW:Objective Individual Combat Weapon = 目标单兵战斗武器OOB:Order Of Battle = 战斗序列OPCW:Org. for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons = 禁止化学武器组织OTH:Over the Horizon = 超视距OWS:Overhead Weapon System = 遥控炮塔P:Patrol = 巡逻机PA:Phase Array = 相控阵PAC:Patriot Advanced Capability = 改进型爱国者导弹PGM:Precision-Guided Munitions = 精确制导炸弹PIM:Path of Intended Motion = 预定机动路线PK:Probability of Kill = 杀伤率PLGR:Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver = 精确轻型GPS接收器R:Reconnaissance = 侦察机RATO:Rocket Assisted Take-Off = 火箭辅助起飞RCS:Radar Cross Section = 雷达截面RLG:Retractable Landing Gear = 回收式起落架ROE:Rules of Engagement = 交战规则ROV:Remote Operated Vehicle = 遥控车辆、飞机RPG:Rocket Propelled Grenade = 火箭助推榴弹RTB:Return To Base = 返回基地RTO:Ready to Take-Off = 起飞准备就绪RWR:Radar Warning Receiver = 雷达告警器SAM:Surface to Air Missile = 防空导弹SAR:Search and Rescue = 搜索救援SAR:Synthetic Aperture Radar = 合成孔径雷达SATCOM:Satellite Communication = 卫星通信SDV:Swimmer Delivery Vehicle = 潜水员输送载具SEAD:Suppression of Enemy Air Defense = 压制敌方防空任务SLBM:Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile = 潜射弹道导弹SLGR:Small Lightweight GPS Receiver = 小型轻便GPS接收器SOP:Standard Operation Procedure = 标准操作程序SRBM:Short-Range Ballistic Missile = 近程弹道导弹SSBN:Ballistic-missile Nuclear-powered Strategic Sub. = 战略导弹核潜艇SSL:Solid State Lasers = 固态激光器SSM:Surface-to-Surface Missile = 面对面导弹SSN:Strike Submarine (Nuclear-powered) = 攻击型核潜艇SSNDS:SSN Direct Support = 直接支援核潜艇SSPK:Single-Shot Probability of Kill = 单发杀伤率START:Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty = 战略武器削减条约STK:Strike = 袭击STN:Satellite Tracking Network = 卫星跟踪网STOL:Short Take Off and Landing = 短距起降STOP:Simultaneous Time on Top = 同时到达SURTASS:SURface Towed Array Sonar System = 水面拖曳阵列声纳系统TASM:Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile = 战斧反舰导弹TEL:Transporter/Erector/Launcher = 运输/起竖/发射车THAAD:Theater High Altitude Area Defense = 战区高空区域防空TLAM:Tomahawk Land Attack Missile = 战斧对地攻击导弹TMA:Target Motion Analysis = 目标运动分析TOW:Tube-launched Optic-tracked Wire-guided = 光学有线制导管内发射反坦克导弹(陶式导弹)TVC:Thrust Vector Converter = 矢量推力UAV:Unmanned Air Vehicle = 无人驾驶飞行器UCAV:Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle = 无人驾驶战斗机UFCP:Up Front Control Panel =(战机座舱)前部控制屏UUV:Unmanned Underwater Vehicle = 无人水下航行器VL:Verticle Landing = 垂直起降VLS:Vertical Launch System = 垂直发射系统VTOL:Vertical Take Off and Landing = 垂直起降WECDIS:Warship Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems = 海图显示和信息系统WRM:War Reserve Materials = 战争物资储备W/S:Weapon System = 武器系统WYPT:Waypoint = 路径点A,是空中(机载),I是对空,M是导弹,AIM就是空对空导弹了。

战争与和平 刘辽逸 草婴 高植译文对比

战争与和平 刘辽逸 草婴 高植译文对比

战争与和平:刘辽逸与草婴译文对比一、引言战争与和平,是人类社会长期以来关注的话题。

作为文学作品的经典之一,《战争与和平》是俄国作家列夫·托尔斯泰的代表作,被誉为世界文学史上最伟大的小说之一。

在不同的时代,不同的译者对《战争与和平》进行了多次译文,其中刘辽逸、草婴和高植等译者的版本备受关注。

在本文中,我们将对刘辽逸和草婴的译文进行对比,探索他们在翻译《战争与和平》时的差异和亮点。

二、深度评估与比较1. 语言风格刘辽逸译本中的语言风格较为严谨、正式,使用的辞藻较为古板。

他将“官员”翻译为“朝廷中人”,“兄弟”翻译为“骨肉之亲”,这样的翻译在一定程度上保留了俄文原作的古典风格。

而草婴的译本则更注重对原著情感的贴切表达,语言更为通俗易懂,使用的辞藻也更加现代化,更符合当今读者的口味。

2. 翻译技巧在翻译《战争与和平》这样的经典之作时,翻译者需要具备良好的文学素养和深厚的语言功底。

刘辽逸在翻译中尊重原著的文字,更加忠实于俄语原文,尽可能保留了俄国社交规范和传统礼仪。

而草婴在译文中则更注重对中文读者的情感共鸣,采用更加语言通顺的表达方式,让读者更易于理解和接受。

3. 体裁特点《战争与和平》是一部宏大的历史小说,包含了丰富的历史人文背景和多样的人物形象。

刘辽逸和草婴在翻译中对于这些历史人文的呈现有不同的侧重点。

刘辽逸更加注重对历史细节的忠实还原,对于历史事件和人物关系的描述更为准确。

而草婴则更加注重对人物内心世界的揭示,对于人物情感和情节发展更加细腻和深入。

三、总结回顾在对比刘辽逸和草婴的译文时,我们可以看到两位译者在对待《战争与和平》这一经典文学作品时有各自的特点和侧重点。

刘辽逸译文更忠实于俄语原文,更注重历史细节和正统文学风格的表现;而草婴译文则更贴近现代读者的口味,更注重情感共鸣和文学表达的通俗性。

无论是何种翻译风格,都为读者提供了一种全新的阅读体验,使得《战争与和平》这部优秀的文学作品能得以在中文世界中广泛传播。

中国翻译史简介

中国翻译史简介
鲁迅对翻译标准的主要观点是:“凡是 翻译,必须兼顾着两面,一当然力求其 易解,一则保持着原文的风资。”他提 出“宁信而不顺”。
主张直译,是为了照顾输入新表现法和 保持原作的风貌,对待翻译工作的态度 十分严肃。
Unit 1 lesson 3
哀互生
朱自清,原名自华,字佩弦, 号秋实,生于光绪二十四年十月初九( 1898
科技翻译的代表人物
明代徐光启和意大利人利马窦合作,翻译了欧几里得 的《几何原理》等书。虚心吸取别国的长处,为我所 用,以超越前人。徐光启是最早将翻译的范围从宗教 以及文学扩大到自然科学的翻译家。
清代的林纾(琴南)以口述笔记的方式翻译了184种西 方文学作品,达一千万字以上。最著名的有《巴黎茶 花女遗事》(La Dame aux Camelias)、《黑奴呼天 录》(Uncle Tom‘s Cabin)、《块肉余生述》 (David Copperfield)、《王子复仇记》(Hamlet) 等。因不懂外文,译作删减、遗漏、随意添加甚多。 但是林纾的翻译让中国读者了解西方文学作品,郭沫若、 鲁迅等都受到林译小说的影响。
清朝的林纾(字琴南)第一个把西方的文学作 品介绍给中国读者,被称为文学翻译的始祖。 文学译品甚多,字数达1200万,有《巴黎茶 花 女 遗 事 》 《 块 肉 余 生 述 》(David Copperfield), 王 子 复 仇 记 》(Hamlet), 《 撒 克 逊 劫 后 英 雄 略 》(Ivanho) 、 《 黑 奴 吁天录》(Uncle Tom's Cabin)等。
年11月22日),逝于1948年8月12日, 现代著名散文家、诗人、学者、战士。 原籍浙江绍兴 因三代人定居扬州,自己又毕业于当时设
在扬州的江苏第八中学高中, 且在扬州做过教师,故自称 “扬州人”。 他是现代著名的作家和学者。

2016年国家社科基金项目-语言学

2016年国家社科基金项目-语言学

吉安片赣语与周边方言的比较研究 近现代西班牙传教士文献中闽台语言文化资料的发掘整理及其传播史研 究 四川湘语与西南官话接触演变研究 吴语处衢方言的地理语言学研究 泰国汉语云南方言调查比较研究 语言接触视角下的西北回民汉语方言研究 “一带一路”沿线中东主要国家语言政策与规划研究 “一带一路”建设中的“语言消费”新问题及其对策研究 近代日本在华语言同化政策研究 新时期云南边疆民族地区微观语言规划研究 藏汉英性别语言中的女性地位异同研究 多方言县域城镇化进程中的语言生活研究 汉语性别成分的语序变化规律研究 十九世纪英文汉学期刊对中国文化典籍的译介研究 新市民语言市民化的模式研究 多模态视阈下的国防话语研究 国家语文政策视野下的网络语言规范化研究 基于评价理论的网络司法舆情话语研究 基于语料库的医患话语冲突与弱化的多模态研究 国际标准视野下汉语作为第二语言口语等级标准研究 汉语儿童应答能力发展的认知研究 基于口语语料库的汉语儿童话语标记早期发展研究
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
古罗马长诗《物性论》与西方思想史研究 英语十四行诗的艺术传承与历史演变研究 大数据背景下汉语语块数据库建设与应用研究 语法、语义、韵律的互动研究 语义—句法互动的定量分析研究 基于认知的英汉语法转喻对比研究 新型城镇化进程中的语言生态建设研究 语料库语言学意义发现理论建模研究 区域通语视角下江西地方戏曲音韵研究 殷墟甲骨文与战国文字结构性质的比较研究 历代辞书疑难故训考辨与研究 上古汉语复句研究 现代汉语特殊定中结构的认知加工研究 基于统计模型和概率评价的司法语音研究 中美关系危机话语的互文性与对话性比较研究 中国朝鲜语方言地图集 湘西地区汉语方言地图集 现代晋语的形成及其与宋元通语和唐五代宋西北方音之间的关系研究 原侗水语调查记录语料的整理研究与古音构拟研究 “华二代”祖语保持研究 汉语高功能自闭症儿童的语用推理研究 19世纪来华传教士记录的官话方言及其历时演变研究

目的论视域下抗战时期西方军学著作的汉译(1931—1945)

目的论视域下抗战时期西方军学著作的汉译(1931—1945)本文以翻译目的论为视角,以《战争论》在抗战期间的4个中译本为研究对象,深刻剖析了相关的副文本及历史资料,指出军学著作翻译活动具有深刻的历史目的性,翻译文本与历史语境存在明显的互动关系。

标签:目的论;《战争论》;抗日战争;译介自1840年鸦片战争以来,中国对西方军学著作的汉译从来就没有停止过,可以这么说,中国军队的近代化就是伴随着对西方军学著作的译介而展开的。

在抗日战争期间,国人对西方军学著作的译介也不例外,在这场大规模的译介活动中,因译者、社会语境、文本性质等因素的不同,从翻译活动的发起到翻译原本的确定、翻译过程的展开、翻译文本的传播等方方面面均呈现出不同的特点。

基于功能翻译理论,本文以《战争论》的汉译本为研究对象,对抗战期间西方军学著作的译介特点进行个案研究。

《战争论》从上面这段文字我们可以看出,柳若水翻译《战争论》的原因有二:一是当时国际风云变幻,1934年前后,德、意两国的法西斯在各自的国家已经取得了统治地位,日本法西斯势力正在扩张,国际局势十分危急,战云密布。

柳氏为了提醒国人,让国人了解战争的运作而进行翻译;二是译者的个人兴趣,“『战争论』,不是一本单纯论战争的书。

其实,我之译读这本书,亦完全是由哲学的兴趣而来”。

作为一名哲学翻译家,柳氏的翻译还是考虑了个人的研究兴趣。

可见,柳若水翻译《战争论》既有时局的考量,又有译文读者的考量,也有个人志趣的考量,他的翻译活动的目的是纷繁复杂的。

2、训练总监部译本“总而言之,德法兵学之根本思想,盖同出于克劳则维次者也,尊之曰西洋近代兵学之创祖,谁曰不宜,……克氏所著『战争论』,死后始传于世,系其妻为之梓行,见者敬叹,各国竞事翻译。

民国初年,我国始据日译『大战学理』转译,流传未广。

……。

昭和六年训练总监部军学编译处作为南京国民政府的军方翻译机构,重译《战争论》有深刻的政治军事目的。

一是“民国初年,我国始据日译『大战学理』转译,流传未广”;二是因为日译本译者马迅健之助的译本“读者称善”,且“为应急需”。

中国近代科学幻想小说重要创作与翻译年表

中国近代科学幻想小说重要创作与翻译年表(1900-1918-1925)资料来源:张治(蓝)、李广益(绿)、李献雅(红)、武田雅哉(紫)、Helena(褐) July.12.061900年【翻译】《八旬日周游记》,(法)房朱力士著,逸儒(陈寿彭)译,秀玉(薛绍徽)笔记,经世书社《潜艇魔影》(法)亚波倭得著,林纾、陈家麟同译中国近代文学大系商务印书馆1900年说部丛书1901年【翻译】《十五小豪杰》,梁启超 1902年【创作】《新中国未来记》,梁启超,《新小说》1-7号(1902.11)【翻译】《世界末日记》,饮冰译,《新小说》1902年1期(1902.11.14) 《海底旅行》,(英)萧鲁士原著,南海卢藉东译意,东越红溪生润文,《新小说》第1号-第2年6号(1902.11.14-1905.7,计21回未完) 《水底渡节》,上海新庵译述,《新小说》2年6号(1905.7,标为冒险小说) 《新译神女再世奇缘》,周树奎撰,《新小说》2年10-12号(1905未完) 《海底周游记》,海外隐士(此书为抄袭)1903年【创作】《陆治斯南极探险事》,钱瑞香,《童子世界》29号,《明日之瓜分》,瓜子,《江苏》7期,《理想的宁波》,《宁波口语报》2-5册,-《黄人世界》,佚名,《游学译编》11-12期(1903) 《情天》,徐念慈,《女子世界》,1903【翻译】《十五小豪杰》,(法)焦士威尔奴原著,饮冰子(梁启超)、散发生(罗普)合译,新民社《铁世界》,(法)迦尔威尼原著,天笑生译述,文明书局1903.6 (李广益查获即《蓓根的五亿法郎》(Les 500 millions de la Bégum1879)一书) 《月界旅行》,(法)凡尔纳著,中国教育普及社(鲁迅译)译印,日本东京进化社(鲁迅当时据日.井上勤日译本重译,但翻译时误为美.查理士.培伦著,实乃法.凡尔纳作品)(1903.10) 《地底旅行》,(法)凡尔纳著,索子(鲁迅)译,《浙江潮》10-12期(鲁迅将作者误译为英.威男所著)(1906年南京启新书局出版单行本)《空中飞艇》,(日)押川春浪著,海天独啸子译,明权社《梦游二十一世纪》,(荷)达爱斯克洛提斯著,杨德森译,《绣像小说》1-4期(1903.5.29-1903.7.9) 《电术奇谈》,一名《催眠术》,(日)菊池幽芳著,东莞方庆周译述,我佛隐士衍义,知新主人评点,《新小说》1903年8期-1905年6期(1903.10.5-1905.7) 《星球旅行记》,(日)井上圆了著,戴赞译《空中旅行记》,(英)萧鲁士,《江苏》1-2期《极乐世界》,(日)矢野文雄著,披雪洞主译,上海广智书局《明日之战争》,(法)陆军大尉邓利著,冷血译,《江苏》4-7期-1020 《人外境》,(日)泪香小史(黑岩泪香)译述,《翻译世界》3-4期-0227 《僬侥国(汗周游)》,(英)司威夫脱著,《绣像小说》?-71期(1903.7-1906.5,计36回) 《未来战国志》,高安龟次郎,老骥译,上海广智书局1903.2.22 《瓜分惨祸预言记》标“政治小说”,题“日本女士中江笃济躲本,中国男儿轩辕正裔译述”。

100名著名西方汉学家名单

100名着名西方汉学家名单(中国国家图书馆汉学家资源库)姓名中文译名国籍生卒年月研究领域Ferdinand Verbiest南怀仁(字敦伯、勋卿)比利时1623—1688西学东渐(天文历法、铸炮等)PhilippeCo uplet 柏应理比利时1623—1693中国经典思想译介MichelBoym 卜弥格波兰1612—1659中国动植物学、医药学、地图学等HerbertFranke 福赫伯德国1914—中国古代史,重点是宋元史和蒙古史,兼及中国文学史、文化史和边疆民族史JohannAda mSchallvo nBell 汤若望(字道未)德国1592—1666西学东渐——天文历算OttoFranke 福兰阁德国1863—1946主要研究中国历史,出版《中国通史》RichardWil helm 卫礼贤德国1873—1930翻译中国古典经籍,研究中国传统文化WilhelmGrube 顾路柏(又译顾威廉) 德国1855—1908中国文化与文学WolfgangBauer 鲍吾刚德国1930—1997中国哲学史、思想史WolfgangF ranke傅吾康德国1912—明清史、中国近代史、近代东南亚华人碑刻史籍АлексейЛеонтьевичЛеонтиев列昂季耶夫俄国1716—1786汉语ВасилийПавловичВасильев瓦西里耶夫(王西里、魏西里夫) 俄国1818—190佛教、中国历史、地理、语言、文学ИлларионКалиновичРазсохин(Россохин,Рассохин)罗索欣俄国1707—1761汉语КонстантинАндрионовичСкачков斯卡奇科夫(孙琪庭、孔气、孔琪)俄国1821—1883收藏,天文、气象,农业、手工业НикитаЯковлевичБичурин(Пичуринский)比丘林(雅金夫、亚金甫)俄国1777—1853汉语、中国边疆民族史地、中国传统文化ПавелИвановичКаменский卡缅斯基俄国1765—1845满学、汉语ПавелСтепановичПопов(МаоЛинь)波波夫(柏百福、茂陵)俄国1842—1913汉语、中国政治ПетрИвановичКафароф卡法罗夫(鲍乃迪、巴拉第)俄国1817—1878宗教、汉语、中国边疆史地СергейМихайловичГеоргиевский格奥尔基耶夫斯基俄国1851—1893汉语、中国古代史БорисЛьвовичРифтин李福清俄罗斯1932—中国文学ВладимирСтепановичМясников米亚斯尼科夫俄罗斯1931—俄罗斯汉学史、俄中关系史ВладиславФедоовичСорокин索罗金俄罗斯1927—中国文学ЛевНиколаевичМеньшиков缅希科夫(孟列夫)俄罗斯1926—2005中国古典文学、敦煌写本ЛеонардСергеевичПереломов贝列罗莫夫(嵇辽拉)俄罗斯1928—中国古代政治史、儒学МихаилЛеонтьевичТитаренко季塔连科俄罗斯1934—中国哲学、中国政治НиколайТрофимовичФедорен费德林俄罗斯1912—200中国文学коРудольфВсеволодовичВяткин维亚特金俄罗斯1910—1998中国历史СергейЛеонидовичТихвинский齐赫文斯基(齐赫文)俄罗斯1918—中国近代现代史、俄中关系、苏中关系、日本近现代史DonaldHol zman侯思孟法国1926—涉及中国古代文学、中国现代文学、中国古代思想等许多方面,尤其以魏晋南北朝诗与乐府最为突出,同时对于中国人的伦理道德观念也进行了深入研究EdouardCh avannes沙畹法国1865—1918研究中国佛教,考察文物、碑帖,钻研古文字、西域史、突厥史、中国地理、道教、中外关系史等诸多方面Grosier 格鲁贤法国中国历史、美术和文学HenriMaspero 马伯乐法国1883—1945中国古代史、中国佛教史、道教史、安南语、安南史JacquesGernet 谢和耐法国1921—中国社会和文化史研究JeanFranco iseFoucquet 富凯(傅圣泽)法国1665—1741博览群籍,儒、道、诸子,古代经典,近人注疏,尤其是协助白晋对《易经》进行了系统而全面的研究JeanPierre AbelR em usat 雷慕沙法国1788—1832对古代中国哲学理论、汉语语言、中国古代文学进行了广泛的研究,尤其是中国古代小说领域成就更为突出JoachimBo uvet 白晋法国1656—1730最突出的成就是对《易经》的系统研究JosephdePr emare 马若瑟法国1666—1736中国语言和中国文学Joseph-Fra ncois –Mari e-Annede Moyriacde Mailla 冯秉正法国1669—1748精通满、汉语言,主要研究中国历史、文学,《中国通史》就是其在历史研究方面的成果MarcelGranet葛兰言法国1884—194运用社会学理论及分析方法研究中国古代的社会、文化、宗教和礼俗,而且主要致力于中国古宗教的研究NicolasTri gault 金尼阁法国1577—1629涉及中国政治、历史、教育、宗教、汉语语音等方面PaulDemi戴密微法国1894—197在佛教、道教、敦煌学、语言学、eville9中国古典文学等方面都有杰出成就。

翻译家 汝龙 草婴


冬宫
贝加尔湖
一生只做一件自己喜欢的工作 草婴
草婴生平
草婴(1941年起使用),原名盛峻峰。文学翻译家。 原名盛峻峰。 草婴(1941年起使用),原名盛峻峰 文学翻译家。 1923年出生 浙江省宁波慈溪人。 1923年出生,浙江省宁波慈溪人。南通农学院肄 年出生, 1960年参加 辞海》编辑工作, 年参加《 辞海》 业。1960年参加《辞海》编辑工作,任《辞海》 编委兼外国文学学科主编。中国译协副会长, 编委兼外国文学学科主编。中国译协副会长,现 为中国译协名誉理事。2006年被俄罗斯作家协会 为中国译协名誉理事。2006年被俄罗斯作家协会 吸收为名誉会员。 吸收为名誉会员。 1978年至 年至1998年 系统翻译了列夫· 从1978年至1998年,系统翻译了列夫·托尔斯泰 全部小说作品,包括三个长篇、 全部小说作品,包括三个长篇、六十多个中短篇 和自传体小说。 和自传体小说。
翻译家 汝龙 草婴
汝龙生平
汝龙(1916-1991),文学翻译家。江苏 汝龙(1916-1991),文学翻译家。江苏 苏州人。1938—1945年先后在江北县立中 苏州人。1938—1945年先后在江北县立中 学、重庆复兴中学、四川巴蜀中学、重庆 复旦中学、四川涪陵中学任英语教师。建 国后,历任江苏文教学院副教授、东吴大 学中文系副教授、中国文学院、苏南文化 教育学院,平明出版社编辑部主任,中国 作协第四届理事,中国翻译工作者协会第 一、二届理事。
获得的荣誉
1987年获得苏联文学最高奖——“高尔基文学奖” 1987年获得苏联文学最高奖——“高尔基文学奖” 1997年获中国作协颁发的“鲁迅文学翻译彩虹奖” 1997年获中国作协颁发的“鲁迅文学翻译彩虹奖” 1999年获俄中友协颁发的“友谊奖章” 1999年获俄中友协颁发的“友谊奖章”和奖状 2002年被中国翻译工作者协会授予“ 2002年被中国翻译工作者协会授予“中国资深翻 译家” 译家”荣誉称号 2006年被授予“俄罗斯荣誉作家”称号、“ 2006年被授予“俄罗斯荣誉作家”称号、“高尔 基勋章” 基勋章”。 2011年荣获“上海文艺家终身荣誉奖” 2011年荣获“上海文艺家终身荣誉奖”。
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俄罗斯人对草婴的评价
• 草婴——这两个字是难以估计的艰苦劳动, 文化上的天赋以及对小组成员:
• • • • • • • 吴鹏宇 刘博远 李青 郭力萌 王静文 郑文清 陈秀秀
咬紧牙关度难关
• 中苏关系破裂之时,苏联文学被封杀。由于翻译了肖 洛霍夫的作品,草婴被打成了“苏联修正主义文学的 代理人”,成为“文革”最早批斗的对象。在劳动改 造中,先是十二指肠大出血,送到医院,胃被切除 3/4;后来是从卡车上卸水泥,造成第十二节胸椎压 缩性骨折,痛入骨髓,一年后虽然愈合,但就此落下 病根。 • 在那个疯狂的年代里,很多人把活着当成悲剧,把死 亡当成喜剧。多年以后,再回忆起那段“不得动弹” 的岁月,追问先生是否绝望过?草婴却含着微笑缓缓 地说:“若是绝望就活不下来了。我当时想,要咬紧 牙关,我还有很多翻译工作没有做呢。”
“离离原上草,一岁一枯荣。野火烧不尽, 春风吹又生。”平淡的人做平淡的事。我 觉得自己很平凡很渺小,好像一棵小草, 即使火烧也好,被人踩也好,但有了一定 的条件我还是会重新长出来,我不会随便 地屈服,就像小草的精神。而‘婴’是小 的意思,小草的婴儿,就是比小草还要小 的意思。
草婴
——平凡的别名叫坚韧
生平简介
• 原名盛峻峰。文学翻译家。1923年出生,浙江宁波人。 南通农学院肄业。1938年开始学习俄语,同时参加新文 字研究会。1941年起,先后为《时代》杂志、《苏联文 艺》杂志及《时代日报》译稿。1945至1951年任时代出 版社编译。1952年后为人民文学出版社、新文艺出版社、 中国青年出版社、少年儿童出版社及上海文艺出版社翻译 俄国和苏联文艺作品。1960年参加《辞海》编辑工作, 任《辞海》编委兼外国文学学科主编。从1978年至1998 年,系统翻译了列夫· 托尔斯泰全部小说作品,包括三个 长篇、六十多个中短篇和自传体小说。曾任华东师范大学 和厦门大学兼职教授,中国作家协会外国文学委员会委员, 上海作家协会副主席兼外国文学组组长,国际笔会上海中 心理事兼翻译委员会主任,上海翻译家协会会长,中国译 协副会长,现为中国译协名誉理事。2006年被俄罗斯作 家协会吸收为名誉会员。
文学翻译是艺术再创作
• 翻译在总体上分为两大类,一类是艺术性翻译,另一类是 非艺术性翻译。非艺术性翻译包括科技翻译、外事翻译、 新闻翻译等,如今科技作品、新闻报道以及社会科学方面 的一些文章,已经可以用电脑来协助翻译,这样的翻译速 度快,而且准确度也蛮高的。而艺术性翻译的性质与做法 则与技术性翻译完全不同。文学翻译家要将原著的有价值 有经典意义的作品介绍给译文的广大读者,首先要看文学 翻译家本身是否具备一定的条件,当然作为翻译家来说, 精通两国语言或者说精通两国文字,这是最起码的条件。 但光是精通两国语言或文字,作为一个文学翻译家来说, 是远远不够的。一个文学翻译家要把原著作者的精神世界 通过他的译文,非常完整地传达给译文的读者,使得译文 读者能准确地感受到原著作者的思想感情、精神生活,同 样达到原著作者希望达到的要求,也就是说,文学翻译本 身也一定要具备像原著一样的艺术标准艺术要求。只有这 样,才能很好地来完成文学翻译工作。
为读者打开一扇窗
• 除了草婴,世界上还没有哪个翻译家译完了博大 精深的《托尔斯泰小说全集》。因此,草婴的名 字与俄罗斯文学、与托尔斯泰紧紧联系在一起。 可以说,草婴就是中国读者了解俄罗斯文学的一 扇窗户,是传布俄罗斯文学的一种力量。
翻译家的精神追求
• 草婴是一位“三无人士”——无工资、无编制、无职称,一直靠翻译 的稿酬为生。 • 他不是没有领导才干,也不是没有出山机会,“文革”结束,组织上 曾邀他出任新成立的译文出版社总编辑,可为了把托尔斯泰全部小说 翻译出来,他谢绝了。他说:“人生有限,一个人一生能做好一两件 事,就是成就。” • 他说,“良知是心,是脑,是眼,是脊梁骨,是胆。“心”是良心, 做人做事都要凭良心,要是没有良心,什么卑鄙无耻的事都可以做。 “脑”是头脑,不论什么事,什么问题,都要用自己的头脑思考、分 析、判断,也就是遇事都要独立思考,不能人云亦云。“眼”是经常 要用自己的眼睛去观察社会,观察人民的生活,不能只听媒体的介绍, 也就是要随时分清是非,尤其是大是大非。“脊梁骨”是人活在世上 总要挺直脊梁,不能见到权贵,受到压迫,就弯腰曲背,遇到大风就 随风摇摆。“胆”是勇气,人如果没有胆量,往往什么话也不敢说, 什么事也不敢做。” • 对比时下某些人把“蒋介石”译成“常凯申”,把“水磨坊”译成 “水淋淋的小姑娘”,两三个月就翻译一本十几万字的小说,草婴不 仅足以让翻译界警醒,更让我们看到“翻译事业这座大山令人敬仰的 高处”。
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著述作品
• 《我与俄罗斯文学》
获得荣誉
• • • • 1987年获得苏联文学最高奖——“高尔基文学奖” 1997年获中国作协颁发的“鲁迅文学翻译彩虹奖” 1999年获俄中友协颁发的“友谊奖章”和奖状 2002年被中国翻译工作者协会授予“中国资深翻 译家”荣誉称号 • 2006年被授予“俄罗斯荣誉作家”称号、“高尔 基勋章”。
一生忠于一件事
• 1977年草婴开始准备翻译《托尔斯泰小说全集》。能够 在条件成熟的情况下,系统地翻译托尔斯泰作品,一直是 草婴的宿愿。 • 为了忠于原著,草婴翻译的速度是“一天千字”。 • “完成一部译作,我通常要看十来遍,有时更多,吃透原 作后再开始翻译。只有这样,原著中的一个一个人物才会 在你脑海里活灵活现,这就是形象思维。要翻译好作品, 不仅要把人物关系理清楚,还得把他们各自的性格、特征、 习惯等搞明白,这是翻译前必做的案头工作。” • 草婴的一生只专心地做着一件事——文学翻译。
翻译作品
• • • • • 〔苏〕巴甫连柯《幸福》 〔苏〕戈尔巴朵夫《顿巴斯》 〔苏〕尼古拉耶娃《拖拉机站站长 和总农艺师》 〔苏〕尼林《试用期》 〔苏〕肖洛霍夫《被开垦的处女地》 《一个人的遭遇》、《静静的顿河》 〔苏〕卡泰耶夫《团的儿子》 〔苏〕班台莱耶夫《翘尾巴的火 鸡》、《加里宁论文学和艺术》 〔俄〕莱蒙托夫《当代英雄》 〔俄〕列夫· 托尔斯泰《高加索故 事》、《安娜· 卡列尼娜》《复 活》、《一个地主的早晨》 〔苏〕肖洛霍夫《新垦地》 《托尔斯泰中短篇小说选》 托尔斯泰《战争与和平》。
迈入俄罗斯文学海洋
• 抗日战争爆发后,怀着对日本侵略者的刻骨仇恨, 草婴把目光转向当时被认为是充满光明和希望的 苏联。受鲁迅和姜椿芳的影响,开始文学翻译的 生涯。 • 草婴翻译的第一个俄罗斯短篇小说是普拉东诺夫 的《老人》,刊登于1942年《苏联文艺》第二 期 。1950年,草婴翻译了巴甫连柯的长篇小说 《幸福》。为他赢得空前声誉的是1955年翻译的 尼古拉耶娃的中篇小说《拖拉机站站长和总农艺 师》。这篇翻译作品在新时期被誉为“重放的鲜 花”。 • 此后,草婴开始徜徉于俄罗斯文学世界
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