美国文学浪漫主义
专八人文辅导:你知道美国文学浪漫主义时期的起止标志吗?(2)

答案:1. B.《瑞普.凡.温克⽽》(Rip Van Winkle)是华盛顿.欧⽂短篇(Washington Irving)⼩说集《札记集》(The Sketch Book)中的⼀篇。
2. B.《睡⾕的传说》(The Legend of Sleeping Hallow)是华盛顿.欧⽂短篇(Washington Irving)⼩说集《札记集》(The Sketch Book)中的⼀篇。
3. C. 《⽪裹腿故事集》(the Leather Stocking Tales)包括5部⼩说,这五部⼩说根据发表的时间先后顺序依次为《开拓者》(The Pioneers),《最后⼀个莫西⼲⼈》(The Last of the Mohicans),《⼤草原》(The Prairie),《探路⼈》(The Pathfinder),《猎⿅⼈》(The Deerslayer)。
4. D.《⽪裹腿故事集》(the Leather Stocking Tales)包括5部⼩说,这五部⼩说根据发表的时间先后顺序依次为《开拓者》(The Pioneers),《最后⼀个莫西⼲⼈》(The Last of the Mohicans),《⼤草原》(The Prairie),《探路⼈》(The Pathfinder),《猎⿅⼈》(The Deerslayer)。
《⽕⼭⼝》(The Crater)是库柏的另⼀部⼩说。
5.B. 《丢失的信》(The Purloined Letter)是爱德加.艾伦.坡(Edgar Allan Poe)创作的侦探⼩说。
6.A. 美国⽂学的浪漫主义时期指从18世纪末到美国内战爆发这段时期,它的起⽌分别以华盛顿.欧⽂(Washington Irving)的《见闻札记》(The Sketch Book)与惠特曼(Whitman)的《草叶集》(Leaves of Grass)为标志。
7.B. 美国⽂学的浪漫主义时期指从18世纪末到美国内战爆发这段时期,它的起⽌分别以华盛顿.欧⽂(Washington Irving)的《见闻札记》(The Sketch Book)与惠特曼(Whitman)的《草叶集》(Leaves of Grass)为标志。
美国文学发展历程探究

美国文学发展历程探究美国文学的发展历程可以追溯到殖民地时期。
随着欧洲人的移民到北美,他们开始在新大陆建立自己的社会和文化,这促使了美国文学的产生和发展。
以下是美国文学的主要发展阶段。
第一阶段:殖民地时期(17世纪至18世纪)在殖民地时期,美国的文学主要受到英格兰文学的影响。
初期的文学作品多以宗教为主题,例如普林斯顿学院校长埃德温·桑德斯对美国文学的定义认为,它是“真正属于美洲的成就,而不是来自外国或短暂存在的痕迹”。
约翰·丹福斯(John Winthrop)《模範》(Model of Christian Charity)(1630年)是殖民地时期最重要的文学作品之一,强调基督教道德和殖民地社会的建立。
启蒙时期是美国文学发展的重要时期,表达了美国人民对自由、平等和理性的追求。
启蒙时期的代表作家包括本杰明·富兰克林、托马斯·潘恩和托马斯·杰斐逊等。
本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》(1750年至1790年)描述了他的成长和成功经历,被认为是美国第一部经典文学作品之一。
美国独立战争的爆发和美国宪法的制定也启发了许多启蒙时期的作品。
第三阶段:浪漫主义时期(19世纪初至中叶)浪漫主义时期是美国文学发展的高潮期,表达了个人情感和人类内心世界的追求。
浪漫主义时期的代表作家包括华盛顿·欧文、爱德加·爱伦·坡和纳撒尼尔·霍桑等。
华盛顿·欧文的《伊卡博德·克兰普》(1819年)是美国文学中最早的短篇小说之一,展示了对美国历史和传说的迷恋。
爱德加·爱伦·坡的小说和诗歌融合了恐怖、神秘和奇幻元素,对后来的美国文学产生了深远的影响。
现实主义时期强调以真实和客观的方式描写生活。
现实主义时期的代表作家包括马克·吐温、亨利·詹姆斯和斯蒂芬·克莱因等。
马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》(1876年)和《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》(1884年)描写了美国南部社会的贫困和不公正。
美国浪漫主义

作为创作方法,浪漫主义在反映客 观现实上侧重从主观内心世界出发, 抒发对理想世界的热烈追求,常用 热情奔放的语言、瑰丽的想象和夸 张的手法来塑造形象。
在整体上而言,浪漫主义运动由欧 洲在18世纪晚期至19世纪初期出 现的许多艺术家、诗人、作家、音 乐家、以及政治家、哲学家等各种 人物自发组成,但至于浪漫主义的 详细特征和对于浪漫主义的定义, 一直到20世纪都仍是思想史和文 学史界争论的题材。
美国
浪漫主义
在此输入您的学校名字
American Romanticism(1820-1860)
/19英美小Hale Waihona Puke 1班/目录/contents
01
出 现 背 景
02
主 要 理 念
03
代 表 人 物 及 作 品
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瓦 尔 登 湖
PART 01
出现背景
background
一点点
美国文学中的浪漫主义时代是指18世纪末期到南北战争爆发前期的这段时间,因 为文学的勃兴与繁荣,又称“美国文艺复兴”。是美国文学史上最重要的时期。 华盛顿.欧文的《见闻札记》 ( The Sketch Book,1820)的出版宣告了这一伟大时 代的开始 惠特曼的《草叶集》(Leaves of Grass, 1855)则标志着浪漫主义文学的高峰。 浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期
表明了作者用它来挑战他个人的、甚至是整个人类的界限。但这种挑战不是对实现自我价值的 无限希望,而是伤后复原的无限力量。
《瓦尔登湖》是超验主义经典作品,在美国文学中被公认为最受读者欢迎的非虚构作品。
句子摘录
我看到那些岁月如何奔驰,挨过了冬季,便迎来了春天。
如果把你的目光直接朝内看,就会发现,在你的思想中有一千个领 域尚未被发现。 知道自己知道什么,也知道自己不知道什么,这就是真正的知 识。
美国文学中的几个主义

美国文学中的几个主义清教主义: Puritanism 代表人物: Anna Bradstreet ,Benjamin Franklin ,Thomas Paine ,Thomas Jefferson浪漫主义: Romanticism 代表人物:Washington Irving ,Edgar Allan PoeA超验主义:Transcendentalism ;代表人物:Ralph Waldo Emerson ,Emily Dickinson ,Walt Whitman自然主义:Naturalism ;代表人物:Henry D. Thoreau意向主义:Imagism ;代表人物:Ezra Pound心理现实主义:psychological realism ;代表人物:Henry James一清教主义对美国文学的影响清教徒文学传统形成于17世纪,清教主义与其它宗教相比,包含三个层面的价值体系,并对不同时期的美国文学产生了不同的影响,表现出不同时代特征,以清教主义作为参照系,可以说17世纪美国文学是“信仰时代的文学”,18世纪美国文学是“世俗时代的文学”,19世纪美国文学则可称为“宗教批判与宗教道德时代的文学”。
发端于英国的清教主义对美国社会有着更大的影响,“英格兰有过清教革命,却没有创建清教社会;美国没有经历清教革命,却创建了清教社会”①。
并且这种影响以其持久深厚而铸就了美利坚民族的灵魂。
正如朱世达先生所言:“清教传统像一条红线规范了从殖民时代到如今的美国的政治文化与社会文化”②。
作为美国文化一个独特的源头,清教主义在美国经历了由表及里、由明转暗的曲折发展,最终形成有美国特色的清教价值体系,从某种意义上说,文学是这一发展历程的最好见证。
一般而言,宗教都包含信仰与道德两个层面的价值体系。
清教主义的传播和渗入伴随着早期的移民拓荒、定居北美的整个过程。
作为一种教义 ,清教主义不再具有原有的意义 ,但它对新英格兰乃至整个美国由来已久的影响 ,却在美国形成了一种特殊的文化氛围 ,不仅与美国人性格中的个人主义有联系 ,对美国文学的发展和特点也起着重要作用。
美国文学史浪漫主义时期文学

美国文学史浪漫主义时期文学摘要:浪漫主义时期是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一。
当美国人在大刀阔斧地建设自己的国家时,也开始逐渐意识到逐渐与欧洲的不同。
随着不断增强的民族主义意识及民族自豪感,美国人开始希望见到自己的不同与欧洲模式,能表达他们字的美国风情的文学。
这个时代伟大的作家充满热情地记录下这个伟大时代的乐观主义精神。
随后美国文学进入了超验主义时代。
超验主义十分强调个人主义、自立、拒绝传统权威思想。
它实际上是对浪漫主义的发展。
然后,美国的国家自信心受到了内战的动摇。
内战过后,美国处在迷茫中。
在1900年前后这段时期的文学由于美国国内环境的变化而由浪漫主义和超验主义乐观精神转向对社会和人类本质更直接的探讨。
从某种角度,现实主义反对浪漫主义的理想主义和怀旧情绪。
它主要关注中下层人民的日常生活,而在这种情况下人物性格是社会因素作用的结果,环境是整个事件发展不可分割的部分。
关键词:美国文学史;浪漫主义;文学特点The Romantic Period Literature in the history of AmericanLiteratureAbstract: Romantic Period is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. When Americans were constructing their country, they also began to realize their differences from their European counterparts. They began to hope to see an entirely different literature model which expressed American cultures. Great writers of that period captured on their pages the enthusiasm and the optimism of that dream. Later,American literature came to Transcendentalism Period which emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of tradition authority. It was actually greatly influenced by romanticism. However, the country’s confidence was waved by the Civil War. After the war, Americans got lost. At about 1900s, American literature came to another entirely different age—the age of Realism. Realists searched for the social and human nature more directly. In part, Realism was a reaction against the Romantic emphasis on the strange, idealistic, and long-ago and far-away. It has been chiefly concerned with the commonplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes where character is a product of social factors and environment is the integral element in the dramatic complications.Keywords: American Literature History; Romanticism; Literary characteristics1、American RomanticismRomanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s experience of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period of American literature stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It was an age of westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the South, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the North. In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil.1.1The unique characteristics of American RomanticismAlthough greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e,(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams.and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2) The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau's Walden and,later, in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4)Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesserwriters.historical reasonsWith the independence of the United States of America, political autonomy, the rise of the economy, and cultural independence, the largest land expansion in American history began during the Romantic period of the United States. As of 1860, the Civil War began, the territory of the United States extended to the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. No one could have predicted the middle of 19th century. The United States expanded from just 13 states in her early days to 21, with a nearly eightfold increase in the number of citizens from 4 million in 1790 to 1860. The total population of the country reached 30 million. At that time, the European bourgeois revolution and technological revolutionThe influence of life, this young country has experienced the rapid industrialization of baptism, the affected area in addition to the United States at each city area, including the vast rural areas. Whether industrial or agricultural development are the extensive use of the steam engine, in the vast continent of the United States, many factories such as a large number of factories set up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain, the establishment of the inevitable with the demand for labor force increase, at the same time, when the United States appeared a lot of new inventions, these results quickly applied to the life, the production efficiency is greatly improved. In the romantic period, along with the rapid development of American politics, economy, culture, more and more around the worldImmigrants come to the United States, provide good human resources the arrival of immigrants to the industrial and agricultural development.epilogueThe peak period of Romanticism in American literature was the transcendentalism which appeared later.The concept of transcendentalism was first put forward by the New England Transcendentalism Club in 1830s.For the people of the New World,the idea was gradually accepted by American culture,the two most important writers were Emerson and Thoreau.They are regarded as the archetypal figures of American transcendentalism.Their works play an important role in thespiritual independence of American literature.Transcendentalism emphasizes the help of heaven to help the self-help.Strive to achieve the goal of self-improvement.Two other important writers,Hawthorne and Melvil,insisted on the original sin in the period of the moralism.They believed that only through moral constraints could human nature be promoted.reference documentation[1]Leslie A Fiedler. Love and Death in the merican Novel [M]. Harmondswort: Penguin Books, 1984.[2]Zhang Deming . Huckleberry. Adventures > and adult ceremony [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University, 1999. (4):91-97.[3]Jung .C.G.Conception of Collective unconsciousness [A] .trans by Wang Ai, selected by Ye Shuxian. Myth-archetypal criticism [C] .Xi 'an: Shaanxi normal University Press, 1987.101.[4]Bakhtin. Theory of novels [M] .translated by Bai Chunren, Xiao he .Shijiazhuang: Hebei Education Press, 1998.。
美国文学第二章浪漫主义PPT课件

2) Vivid and true characters 3) Finished and musical language 4) Strong sense of humor 5) Never shocking but a bit sentimental at
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>> Irving’s Writing style:
Vivid, memorable characters,
Detailed, insightful description of American scenery, traditions and cultures,
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To sum up:
As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. However, it was in essence the expression of “ a real new experience” and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “ the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.
>>At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England”.
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美国浪漫主义文学的特征

美国浪漫主义文学的特征
1 强烈的主观色彩,偏爱表现主观思想,注重抒发个人的感受和体验。
重主观,轻客观和重自我表现,轻客观模仿。
2 喜欢描写和歌颂大自然。
(尤为突出)
作者们喜欢将自己的理解人物置身于纯朴宁静的大自然中,衬托现实社会的丑恶及自身理解的美好。
3重视中世纪民间文学。
想象比较丰富、感情真挚、表达自由、语言朴素自然。
4注重艺术效果:异国青岛情调、对比、夸张、人物形象的超凡性。
什么是浪漫主义文学
浪漫主义时期是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一,时间从18世纪末延续到美国内战爆发。
从华盛顿.欧文的《随笔》的发表为开端,以惠特曼的《草叶集》结束,作为美国文学的一个伟大兴盛时期,它又被称为“美国的文艺复兴”。
作为一种文化遗传的美国清教对美国浪漫主义作家的影响是惹人注目的。
其中一种现象就是美国的浪漫派作家跟他们的英国同行比起来更容易在道德上说教。
浪漫主义文学的一条重要线索是新英格兰先验论。
基本地讲,先验论在哲学上被定义为:“对人们直觉认识真理能力的认识,或对人们超越感官达到而得到知识的能力的认识”。
爱默生在一次演说中讲到:“最终神圣的只有你思想的完整。
”伴随先验论的其他概念包括自然崇高的思想和个人神圣因而自立更生的思想。
而加尔文派原罪观点和邪恶神秘的先导等则成了霍桑,麦尔维尔等浪漫派作家作品中的标志。
美国文学史脉络

美国文学史脉络美国文学是世界文学发展的重要组成部分,其独特的历史和文化背景使得美国文学在世界文坛上有着重要的地位。
美国文学的发展脉络承载着美国国家意识的形成和演变,同时也反映了社会和文化的变迁。
本文将以时间为线索,回顾美国文学的发展历程,并探讨不同时期的代表性作品和文学思潮。
一、殖民地时期(17世纪初-18世纪初)殖民地时期是美国文学的起源阶段。
在这一时期,早期的英国移民带来了宗教、政治和文化的影响,这种影响对后来美国文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
早期殖民地文学的主要形式是宗教文学,代表作品有威廉·布莱德福的《普利茅斯殖民地纪事》和安妮·布拉德斯特里特的《新英格兰纪实》。
二、启蒙时期(18世纪中叶-19世纪初)启蒙时期是美国文学发展的关键时期,这一时期受到了欧洲启蒙运动的影响,同时也受到了美国独立战争和建国过程的影响。
启蒙时期的作家主张人人平等、追求自由和独立,代表作品有托马斯·潘恩的《常识》和本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》。
同时,启蒙时期也涌现了一些重要的政治文学作品,如托马斯·杰斐逊的《独立宣言》和詹姆斯·麦迪逊、亚历山大·汉密尔顿、约翰·杰伊等人的《联邦党人文集》。
三、浪漫主义时期(19世纪中叶-19世纪末)浪漫主义时期是美国文学的黄金时代,这一时期的作家们主张个性主义、独立思考和自然的崇拜。
代表作家有华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传奇》和爱默生的《自然》。
同时,浪漫主义时期也涌现了大量的诗人,如亨利·沃兹华斯·朗费罗、爱德加·爱伦·坡和怀特曼等人。
这一时期的诗歌作品表达了对自然和个人内心世界的探索,具有强烈的情感色彩和超越现实的思考。
四、现实主义时期(19世纪末-20世纪初)现实主义时期是美国文学发展的转折点,这一时期的作家开始关注社会现实问题,反映工业化和城市化对个人的冲击。
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Irving, Cooper and Bryant are regarded as pioneers of American romanticism. Thus, their works and the works of others constituted what is called “early romanticism.”
In exploring romanticism, we need to remember that its manifestations vary as widely as the individualistic talents and perspectives of romantic writers.
Summary of some general characteristics of romanticism
First, romanticism celebrates the triumph of feeling and intuition over reason. And it is suspicious of the rationalist explanations of the universe and human nature by the Enlightenment writers. A philosophical cornerstone for the romantic resistance to rationalism was laid down by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant in his Critique of Pure Reason. Since romantic writers placed a higher value on the free expression of emotion and on the power of imagination, they showed great interests in the psychic states. As a result, characters in romantic stories sometimes showed extremes of sensitivity, such as fear of the dark and the unknown.
Second, if the Enlightenment had annulled the Middle Ages, romanticism looked back to the Middle Ages with a nostalgic fascination. Also, the “Orient”-especially its “glorious” past-was a source of fascination. Gothic styles, “oriental” styles and other exotic styles were favored by romanticists.
Third, romanticism exalted the individual over society, thus showing a strong disliking for the bondage of convention and customs. As it is sometimes the contradiction, nostalgia for the past traditions is also a romantic strain.
Fourth, nature is believed to be the source of goodness and the antithesis of society as society tends to be corrupt. A related manifestation is the moral enthusiasm exhibited in some romantic writers.
Fifth, cultural romanticism-or the proud belief in one’s own cultural genius and heritage-is also a striking characteristic of romanticism.
American romanticism was influenced by European romanticism, particularly German, English and French. While showing characteristics of European romanticism, American romantic writers differed from their European counterparts in that they did not show the kind of political radicalism as seen in European romanticism. The kind of volk underlining American romanticism took on its characteristics and would eventually found distinct voices in Emerson, Whitman and others. America, being largely agrarian in this period, encouraged idyllic sentiments and humorous treatment of the rustic life. The optimism of the new nation was not free from a “colonial complex”, a sense of cultural inferiority. Thus, we will find a cautious emphasis on stylistic refinement and decorum.。