2005年清华大学公共管理考研真题及答案解析

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(NEW)清华大学公共管理学院《896管理学专业基础综合》历年考研真题汇编

(NEW)清华大学公共管理学院《896管理学专业基础综合》历年考研真题汇编

目 录第一部分 清华大学896管理学专业基础综合历年考研真题2016年清华大学公共管理学院896管理学专业基础综合考研真题(回忆版,不完整)第二部分 兄弟院校考研真题2015年上海交通大学845管理学考研真题及详解2015年中国人民大学838管理综合考研真题2015年南京大学921管理学原理考研真题第一部分 清华大学896管理学专业基础综合历年考研真题2016年清华大学公共管理学院896管理学专业基础综合考研真题(回忆版,不完整)(5个分析60分,7个简答70分,一个案例20分。

)一、简答题1.管理是建立良好的环境,让人们高效率完成组织目标,管理者怎么做。

2.控制过程中要注意的问题。

3.面对稳定和快速变化的环境,组织结构和组织工作怎么调整。

4.计划赶不上变化怎么理解。

5.竞争战略。

6.7.二、分析题1.管理学二重性,启示。

2.价值链。

3.市场地位是什么,与产品差异化的区别。

4.多角化战略的类型和优缺点。

5.用市场营销学阿迪达斯和耐克成功和失误。

三、案例题关于丰田1.面对通用和福特领先地位采取的战略。

2.马斯洛需求。

3.什么人性假设。

4.如何发挥领导职能。

第二部分 兄弟院校考研真题2015年上海交通大学845管理学考研真题及详解一、辨析题(共8题,每题5分,共40分)1.梅奥试验得到的结论是,人是“经济人”。

2.合乎道德的管理主要是为了企业获利。

3.信息采集工作的质量的唯一标准是信息的真实性。

4.战略性计划的特点是具体性和指导性。

5.矩阵型组织的特点是横向为职能部门,纵向为各部门成员组成的项目小组。

6.权变管理思想的关注核心是执行力。

7.人力管理的第一步是人员招聘。

8.买方市场的条件下,企业应该注重自身的条件和生产能力。

二、简答题(共5题,每题8分,共40分)1.简述沟通在管理工作中的重要性。

2.组织变革的阻碍有哪些?3.薪酬管理应注意哪些问题?4.控制的标准有哪些?5.预算控制是什么?三、论述题(共2题,每题15分,共30分)1.谈谈创新对企业发展的重要性。

2005年MPA真题及详解【圣才出品】

2005年MPA真题及详解【圣才出品】

2005年MPA真题及详解认真阅读下面一则材料,写一篇600字左右的议论文,题目自拟。

在某村有一个不好不坏先生,这个先生从不计较,从不算账,凡事差不多就行,大家都非常信任这个不好不坏先生,这个先生也为村民解决了不少的纠纷,处理了不少问题。

这个不好不坏先生成了远近学习的榜样,结果大家都成了不好不坏先生。

你留意身边,也有不少不好不坏先生。

【真题详解】(一)材料分析上述材料大意选自胡适《差不多先生》一文,差不多先生办事只求“差不多”,“红糖白糖差不多,山西陕西差不多,十与千差不多,今天明天差不多”,最后因“人医牛医差不多”丧命,但仍坚持“最后活人死人差不多”,人们却把这种心态作为榜样,都成了差不多先生,而中国却成了懒人国了。

材料以讽刺的手法反映了社会存在的一种马马虎虎、敷衍消极、懒惰散漫的混世哲学。

考生可以从以下几个方面进行论述:(1)这种混世哲学是误国祸民害己的哲学,必须彻底改掉惰性散漫,奉行认真踏实的处世之道。

(2)切勿小看事物间的微妙差别,避免因小失大,要有防微杜渐的智慧。

(3)身为一国之青年才俊,我们应当心怀大志、自强不息,为国家之真正进步而努力奋斗。

附:胡适在《差不多先生传》一文中说:中国最有名的人物姓差,名不多,各省各县各村人氏。

差不多先生办事只求“差不多”,买红糖他买了白糖,他说:“红糖白糖差不多。

”河北西边的省是山西,他当成陕西,别人纠正,他说:“山西陕西差不多。

”他出差误了火车,今天走不成只好明天走,他说:“今天明天差不多。

”后来,他得了急病,匆忙中没请来人医而请来牛医,他说:“人医牛医差不多。

”结果,牛医误诊,他将要死去,还断断续续地说:“活人死人也差不多。

”差不多先生死后,众人认为他一生看得透,想得通,不肯认真,不肯计较,可谓大有德行者。

无数人学他的榜样,人人成了差不多先生。

然而,中国却成了一个懒人国了。

(二)名言警句1.在战争中,重大事件常常就是小事所造成的后果。

——恺撒大帝2.失之毫厘,谬以千里。

清华大学考研经济学 2005答案

清华大学考研经济学 2005答案

清华大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目:经济学代码:455参考答案清华大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目:经济学代码:4551.瓦尔拉斯定律认为,人们为了满足当前效用的最大化,会花光所有的收入进行消费。

然而现实生活中并非如此,如何解释这一现象?是否人们的消费决策不是按当前效用最大化原则做出的?答:(1)在瓦尔拉斯的一般均衡模型体系中,商品和资源的总供给与总需求均相等,这一恒等关系就是瓦尔拉斯定律。

换言之,瓦尔拉斯定律是指在一般均衡价格模型体系中,生产者愿意生产的各种商品的数量,正好等于消费者愿意购买的数量;居民愿意供给的资源数量,恰好等于厂商所需要的资源数量。

(2)瓦尔拉斯定律认为,人们为了满足当前效用的最大化,会花光所有的收入进行消费。

但现实生活中并非如此,产生这一现象的原因如下:第一,生命周期与持久收入假说。

生命周期假说认为每个人都根据他自己一生的全部预期收入来安排他的消费支出,也就是说,各个家庭的消费要受制于该家庭在其整个生命期间内所获得的总收入,而不仅仅局限于当期收入。

第二,进行投资。

人们对当期收入的支配,除了进行消费活动,还可以进行投资活动,从而在将来获得更多的收入。

第三,留给子女遗产。

第四,有人对货币有特殊的偏好。

他们将会把一部分货币形式的收入贮藏起来。

(3)人们的消费决策不是按当前效用最大化原则作出的,而是进行跨时期消费决策,甚至跨整个生命周期的消费决策。

2.某地房地产市场十分兴旺,房价以逐月2%的速度上涨。

原因是外来人口不断增加,当地居民也开始寻求拥有第二套住房,而建造新房的成本逐渐上涨,可供建房的土地也日益减少。

某房地产开发商开发了191套新住房,打算以155万的价格出售,而在该价格下登记的欲购房者有1000人。

该开发商采用抽奖的方式从中抽取191人,出售住房。

请回答:(1)新房均衡市场价格和数量会如何变化?(2)旧房市场会受到怎样的影响?(3)如果该开发商采用市场定价,和原先的定价方式相比,在效率和收入分配方面的效果有何差别?答:(1)新房市场的均衡价格为P =155万,均衡数量为Q=191套。

公共管理硕士(MPA)专业学位联考公共管理基础历年真题汇总

公共管理硕士(MPA)专业学位联考公共管理基础历年真题汇总

公共管理硕士(MPA)专业学位联考公共管理基础历年真题汇总第一章公共管理导论简述题:1.管理学发展的特点(2002)2.简述公共管理的基本特点(2001)3.列出孔茨提出的“管理学丛林”的11个学派(2003)4.简述西方行政学发展的三个阶段(2001)5.行政学发展的国际化与本土化趋势(2003)6.管理的目标构成(2006)7简述管理理论演进的特点(2009)案例分析题:1.机场建设引发的思考(2002)P14P27 P35 P38论述题:P24 P29 P43行政的特点公共管理的三次理论转换简述题:1.影响组织幅度设计的主要因素是什么(2001)2.简述组织设计的基本要素和原则(2002)3.简述韦伯确定的现代行政体系的基本原则(2005)4.简述影响组织幅度设计的主要因素(2005)5.职位设计的方法(2006)6.简述等级制与职能制及现代行政组织双轨体制(2009)案例分析题:1.组织结构分析(2001)p682.杜邦公司的组织结构变革(2002)p723.难忘女儿一句话:“爸爸你腐败”(2003)p77P83 P86 P95 P100 P103论述题1.如何推进我国行政组织(或行政体制)的改革(2003)2.比较古典行政组织理论与新古典行政组织理论(2005)机构改革:大部门制组织环境:行政生态模型P103简述题:1.简述决策的一般步骤(2001)2.简述决策的事实前提的特点及其与价值前提的区别(2002)3.什么是决策树法?它运用于哪种决策?(2003)4.简述行政决策方案可行性分析的内容(2004)5.决策的一般步骤(2006)6.决策的环节(2006)案例分析题:1.以小组意识理论分析决策,并说明如何避免小组意识决策带来的危害(2001)P1322.D县长的“政绩”(2002)P1353.H市动物园的搬迁(2003)P1394.应用行政决策的相关原理分析指出机场建设决策失误的原因及其经验教训(2003)P1475.“协和时代”的终结(2005)P1436.同上(2005)P1487.教学质量评估(2009)8.修建水电站与政府决策(2009)政府如何树立正确的政绩观分析虎跳峡水电站修建决策过程中的各个利益主体的博弈关系P153 P157 P164 P169 P171 P174论述题:1.从理论与实际结合上论述参谋子系统在行政决策系统及其运行中的地位与作用(2002)P163 P166 P169 P171 P174公共决策中的群体决策(公民参与、群体决策)人民代表大会制度第四章行政领导简述题:1.简述利克特的四种领导体制理论(2001)2.梅奥等人提出的社会人假设的基本内容(2003)3.费德勒提出的领导情景的三个权变因素(2005)4.简述领导者的基本技能(即 THC 技能) (2007)案例分析题:1.玩忽职守悲剧由生(2001)P2113.山田和玛丽的管理风格与理念(2003)P2164.公司的花园,员工如珍木(2005)P2205.美国的市长(2005)P2216.运用管理学的三个理论观点分析案例(2005)P2237.运用行政领导的有关原理分析案例(2003)P2258.运用行政领导的有关原理分析下面案例,并回答问题(2004)论述题:P233领导者的权力构成民主集中制行政首长负责制第五章沟通与协调简述题:1.试释广义控制的目的(2001)2.小道消息的功能(2002)3.简述分散控制的优缺点(2002)4.亚历山德拉提出的四种典型类型的听众(2003)5.简述控制的功能(2005)6.简述行政沟通的主要结构模式(2001)7.简述行政信息处理的基本环节(2005)8.控制的特征(2006)案例分析题:1.记过处分(2001)P2492.“柑橘蛆虫”事件与公交车燃烧惨案(2009)论述题:1. 平衡和创新的关系(2006)P271沟通机制合作式协调与应变式协调第六章公共组织人力资源管理简述题:1.资本主义国家将公务员分成政务类和事务类的主要目的(2003)案例分析题:P298 P304论述题:1. 为什么西方文官制度实行“政治中立”原则而我国公务员制度实行“党管干部”原则(2004)公共部门人力资源开发的主要内容公务员制度的完善(公务员管理:公务员局成立)第七章公共管理的法律基础简述题:1.简述公共管理法律途径的核心价值(2007)2.简述行政执法的原则(2009)案例分析题:1. 根据下述材料,运用行政立法的有关理论回答下列问题(2004)2.行政执行的基本原则(2002)P2593.行政执行和行政监控(2003)P2604.甲乙两省轿车大战(2007,小题,综合)P331 P338 P340论述题:1.论述行政执法责任制的主要内容(2007)P338 P342公共管理与私法行政管理程序的法制化第八章公共财政管理简述题:1. 简述绩效预算模式及其要点(2004)2. 财政收费(2006)3.绩效预算的主要管理阶段(2009)案例分析题:P369 P375论述题:1.举例说明政府收费的概念并谈谈我国政府收费需要注意的问题(2003)2.论述绩效预算模式(2005)P369 P375转移性支出管理财政管理体制发展变革(坚持稳健财政政策和从紧货币政策)第九章公共组织的文化与伦理1.简述公共责任的特征(2002)2.简述责任冲突中的利益冲突现象并举例说明。

2005年同等学力申硕《公共管理学科综合水平考试》真题及详解【圣才出品】

2005年同等学力申硕《公共管理学科综合水平考试》真题及详解【圣才出品】

2005年同等学力申硕《公共管理学科综合水平考试》真题及详解考生须知1.本试卷满分100分,包括公共基础部分和专业知识部分。

公共基础部分满分30分,每位考生必答;专业知识部分含行政管理学、社会保障学、教育管理学、卫生事业管理学、土地资源管理学五部分,各部分满分均为70分,考生可根据自己拟申请硕士学位的专业选择其中一部分作答,多选者只按前选部分计分。

2.请考生务必将本人姓名和考号填写在本页方框内。

3.必答题部分的单项选择题的答案一律用2B铅笔填涂在指定的答题卡上,凡做在试卷或答题纸上的答案一律无效;其它题一律用蓝色或黑色墨水笔在答题纸指定位置上按要求作答,未做在指定位置上的答案一律无效。

4.在答题卡上正确的填涂方法为:在代表答案的字母上划线,如[A][B][C][D]。

5.监考员收卷时,考生须配合监考员验收,并请监考员在准考证上签字(作为考生交卷的凭据),否则,若发生答卷遗失,责任由考生自负。

第一部分公共基础部分(共30分,每位考生必答)一、单项选择题(每题1分,共10分)1.公共行政中著名的二分论是指()。

A.政治与社会之分B.政治与法律之分C.政治与行政之分D.政治与经济之分【答案】C【解析】二分论即从政治和行政的关系角度来考察公共行政,是美国行政学者古德诺提出的,他认为政治是政策的制定,行政是政策的执行,即政治—行政二分法。

2.新公共管理运动的本质特征表现为()。

A.采用集权化组织B.倡导市场机制C.强调宪政原则D.注重成本投入【答案】B【解析】传统的观念认为,微观经济领域应该由私营企业承担,而公共服务领域则应由政府部门垄断。

而新公共管理运动则从根本上改变了这一做法。

在当代西方公共管理改革中,都比较注重改革过于单一、垄断的公营部门,引入竞争机制。

这种改革注重公民的自由选择,把以市场为导向的思想应用到政府管理中,以提高其运行绩效。

3.就管理幅度与管理层次关系而言,现代行政组织的结构趋向于()。

清华公共管理学院考研考情分析及经验指导【盛世清北】

清华公共管理学院考研考情分析及经验指导【盛世清北】

清华公共管理学院考研考情分析及经验指导【盛世清北】【简介】本文重点说明清华公共管理学院考研招生变化,复试内容及分数线,参考书,历年真题,盛世清北内部资料,清华公共管理学院考研经验等。

【考情分析】清华公共管理学院专业课历年考试难度大,考的深,考的活,即使是同一本教材,但是掌握程度与考生高校要求不可同日而语。

考什么,怎么考,怎么学,怎么考高分是在报考清华大学考生面前的拦路虎。

因此,考生要了解和掌握清华大学考试风格,考试题型,考试重点,难点,突破跨越顶尖名校的障碍。

由于清华大学考试要求及难度大于其他高校,因此,清华大学专业课程的备考,也可用于其他高校通科目专业课程备考使用。

【2021招生目录】【院系招生变化】对比清华公共管理学院2021年与2020年招生目录,总结出:1、2021年招生目录中公共管理专业学位给出复试内容的说明,公共管理专业没有给出复试内容的说明;2、2021年公共管理专业减少了(全日制)公共管理硕士新疆项目的招生人数40人,其他专业招生人数不变;3、2021年公共管理专业硕士减少了(全日制)公共管理硕士新疆项目的研究方向,增加了02(非全日制)清华大学-香港城市大学MPA-EMBA 双硕士学位项目;4、各专业考试科目不变;5、公共管理专业学位仅招收原单位定向生(在职培养)。

综述,对于复试内容,虽然2021年尚未给出,但可以参考2020年招生目录进行提前准备。

【复试分数线】一、公共管理学院公共管理专业(120400)入围复试分数线1)硕士研究生:初试总分:不低于345分;政治:不低于60分;英语:不低于70分;业务课一:不低于90分;业务课二: 不低于90分2)少数民族高层次骨干人才计划:初试总分:不低于345分;政治:不低于50分;英语:不低于50分;业务课一:不低于90分;业务课二: 不低于90分二、.公共管理专业(125200)考生入围复试分数线(1)公共管理(MPA)复试分数线初试总分不低于203分(单科:“管理类联考综合能力”成绩不低于120分,“英语二”成绩不低于50分)。

清华大学公共管理学院848公共管理基础(政治学20%、管理学30%、经济学50%)历年考研真题专业课考试试题

清华大学公共管理学院848公共管理基础(政治学20%、管理学30%、经济学50%)历年考研真题专业课考试试题
二、简述题。(共3题,每题15分,共计45分) 1.简述制定政策方案的原则。 2.简述我国行政信息开发利用战略。 3.简述柔性组织管理的思想及其启示。
三、案例题(共1题,共计30分)
近年来,各地再次掀起简政放权的浪潮。其中辽宁、山西、安徽等 省市纷纷将全省的省级权力清单公布,这包括各省发改委、教育厅、科 技厅等几十个部门的行政审批项目目录。
目 录
第一部分 清华大学848公共管理基础(政治学20%、管理学30%、经济 学50%)历年考研真题
2015年清华大学公共管理学院848公共管理基础(政治学20%、管理 学30%、经济学50%)考研真题(回忆版) 2013年清华大学公共管理学院848公共管理基础(政治学20%、管理 学30%、经济学50%)考研真题(回忆版) 第二部分 兄弟院校考研真题及详解 2015年电子科技大学806行政管理综合考研真题 2015年电子科技大学806行政管理综合考研真题及详解 2015年华中农业大学842公共政策学考研真题 2015年华中农业大学842公共政策学考研真题及详解 2015年暨南大学717公共管理学考研真题 2015年暨南大学717公共管理学考研真题及详解
二、论述题 1.为什么说领导具有艺术性?
2.X理论和Y理论的内容自己相应的管理重点。
三、案例分析 1.市场定位市场细分 2.经营战略 3.管理启示
2013年清华大学公共管理学院848公共管 理基础(政治学20%、管理学30%、经
济学50%)考研真题Байду номын сангаас回忆版)
<政治学部分> 1.国家的特征有哪些 2.“政治”的概念有多种被认可的说法,请你写出你认为的其中最 重要的内容 <管理学部分> 1.公共管理与商业管理有什么区别和联系,请详细论述 2.为什么要建设服务性ZF,谈谈我国基层ZF如何改善服务水平 3.请你设计一套XX大学暴雨危机预案

2005年MPA英语真题及参考答案

2005年MPA英语真题及参考答案

2005年MPA英语真题及参考答案Part I Dialogue Communication (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A Dialogue CompletionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best suits the situation to complete the dialogue. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Speaker A: I’m exhausted. I had to work until 2 o’clock this morning.Speaker B: ______A. Don’t worry too much. You can do it later.B. Take it easy. You didn’t have to work so hard.C. Take time off and let it be.D. Take it or leave it. You don’t have to do it.2. Speaker A: My apartment is only 10 minutes’ walk from the office. Why don’t you drop by some time? Speaker B: ______A. Because I didn’t know you live so close by.B. Because I didn’t want to bother you.C. I’d love to. Can I take my roommate along?D. That’s OK. I’ll be there soon.3. Speaker A: Doctor Smith is engaged on Wednesday. Would you like to come on Thursday?Speaker B: ______A. Thursday would be fine.B. See you then.C. Thank you very much. Good-bye.D. It’s very kind of you.4. Speaker A: We came so close, really. We almost won that game!Speaker B: ______A. There, there.B. There’s no use crying over spilt milk.C. You guys were superb.D. I couldn’t care less.5. Speaker A: Don’t you think the concert is terrific?Speaker B: ______A. I want to hear other opinions.B. It certainly is. And I really like the band.C. Yes, the concert is terrible.D. No, everything went on perfectly.Section B Dialogue ComprehensionDirections: In this section, you will read 5 short conversations between a man and a woman. At the end of each conversation there is a question followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer to the question from the four choicesgiven and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.6. Woman: What do you like to do on your summer vacation?Man: I like nothing better than fishing on a hot summer day.Question: What does the man mean?A. He doesn’t like fishing on a hot summer day.B. Although he likes fishing, he doesn’t want to do it on a hot summer day.C. Fishing is his favorite pastime on a hot summer day.D. He likes nothing, including fishing on a hot summer day.7. Woman: I heard John and Frank had a quarrel.Man: Oh, they soon made up.Question: What does the man mean?A. John and Frank had an argument, but now they are friends again.B. John and Frank hate each other since their argument.C. John and Frank pretended that they had a quarrel.D. John and Frank often quarrel though they are friends.8. Woman: I’ve changed my mind and would like to take the new approach.Man: You’re on the right track now!Question: What does the man mean?A. The woman is right.B. The woman is getting on well.C. The woman is doing the right thing.D. The woman has changed her mind.9. Woman: Doctor, what’s wrong with my father?Man: He’s in pretty good shape, considering.Question: What do we learn from the dialogue?A. Her father is very sick.B. There is nothing serious with her father.C. Her father is an athlete.D. The man is not sure about her father’s condition.10. Man: Why don’t you dress up a little when you’re ou t with your friends? Woman: That’s a good idea!Question: What does the man suggest?A. The woman should put on nice clothes.B. The woman should wear makeup.C. The woman should get up right away.D. The woman should make a dress herself.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.11. Scarcely ______ those words when suddenly the monster was transformed into a very handsome youth.A. had he utteredB. did he utterC. he had utteredD. he did utter12. The new automobile factory is expected to ______ around 30,000 to 50,000 vehicles annually in the first three years.A. assembleB. serviceC. supplyD. repair13. Within the foreseeable future there may be a major ______ of species, involving from one-third to two-thirds of all the species now in existence.A. exhaustionB. exhibitionC. extensionD. extinction14. ______ we arrived in a more urban area, where Jim took me to a place called Boston Market.A. Before longB. After longC. Shortly beforeD. Shortly after15. ______ urgent the situation may be, you will need to make one change at a time, and then move on.A. AsB. WheneverC. HoweverD. Whatever16. The museum’s new building will have ______ the exhibition space as before.A. three timesB. three times likeC. three times asD. three times larger17. When you are in your room, leave the door ______ so that your visitors do not have to knock.A. openB. openedC. openingD. being open18. Earth is believed to ______ by an object the size of Mars at some point in the distant past before its surface cooled.A. be hitB. have hitC. have been hitD. being hit19. The only thing ______ really matters to the parents is how soon their children can return home.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. this20. It is unacceptable that a person ______ for an uncommitted crime.A. gets punishingB. punishesC. get punishedD. punished21. In Australia the Asians have made their influence ______ in businesses, large and smallA. feelingB. feelC. feltD. to be felt22. The angry mother didn’t know who ______ for th e broken glass.A. will blameB. to blameC. to be blamedD. blames23. In the Chinese mind the Spring Festival is ______ with nice food and new clothes.A. joinedB. relatedC. linkedD. associated24. Mobile phones are proved to ______ with flight instruments and have a negative effect on flight safety.A. interfereB. disturbC. interruptD. trouble25. Some governments have forbidden cigarette ______ and launched anti-smoking campaigns.A. commissionsB. commoditiesC. commercialsD. commands26. If you try to sell them something that they ______ for free, they aren’t going to buy it.A. used to gettingB. used to getC. were used to getD. are used to get27. Applicants must show that they have $10,000 or more ______ for living expenses and approximately $10,000 for tuition.A. acceptableB. advisableC. availableD. applicable28. The director often says it is difficult to design a program that will meet the ______ needs of all our users.A. diverseB. distinctiveC. distinctD. distinguished29. ______ their differences, they are united by the common desire to transform their personal commitment into public leadership.A. But forB. For allC. Above allD. Except for30. The winter just ending was ______ severe, causing great hardship to the poorer people in this area.A. exceptionallyB. explosivelyC. extensivelyD. expressivelyPart III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes, 40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneDeclaring that physical exercise is one of the most powerful medicines to help improve our quality of life is 3not an exaggeration. The World Health Organization expressed the same view in its 2002 World Health Report, emphasizing that the damage produced by lack of physical activity was equal to the strong probability of serious illness such as heart disease and even some kinds of cancer.Those who have embraced an active lifestyle for years are familiar with the sort of physical and psychological benefits that come from exercise. Nevertheless, a lot of people would never think of physical activity as a way of feeling better, simply because they don’t think they are in need of it, or because they are lazy or maintain that they haven’t got enough time.There are many positive effects that result from physical exercise and they are not only concerned with the physical aspects but also psychological and social ones. Beginning with the physical benefits, physical activity improves the life of the heart, burns off fat, lowers high blood pressure, makes tissues more resistant, and increases muscle flexibility and joint mobility.On a psychological level, physical activity helps reduce anxiety and stress by causing tension to disappear and by encouraging us to have a better sense of ourselves through listening to our bodies during movement.Lastly, seeing ourselves in better health is advantageous socially. The sense of satisfaction thus obtained will result in an increase of self-respect and self-confidence in terms of our ability to interact with others.The benefits linked to exercise have also not gone unnoticed in the business world, with more and more companies setting up gyms on-site. Employees’ improved health translates into better performance and reduced costs as well as an increase in people’s satisfaction in the work place.Physical activity is recommended for all age groups, including children. It is an important growth factor in a child’s education.And for the elderly? There is no doubt that regular physical activity allows greater efficiency in daily life as well as creating more basic independence day by day, including the possibility of keeping in touch with others and not feeling isolated.31. The writer regards physical exercise as a strong medicine because ______.A. the WHO holds the viewB. it helps improve the quality of lifeC. the lack of it equals serious illnessD. it enables people to live longer32. Many people do not engage in physical exercise mainly because ______.A. they are not aware of its benefitsB. they don’t have the facilitiesC. they don’t think they need itD. they are physically unfit for it33. According to the passage, physical exercise can make people ______.A. stronger and more intelligentB. more intelligent and more open-mindedC. more open-minded and healthierD. healthier and stronger34. Physical exercise is socially beneficial because ______.A. it gives people competitive advantageB. it helps people reduce anxietyC. it enables employees to work better for their companyD. it makes people confident in dealing with others35. According to the passage, regular physical exercise can make old people ______.A. better able to look after themselvesB. look younger than they really areC. less likely to suffer from diseasesD. more aggressive in their interaction with othersPassage TwoAccording to the United States government, people are classified as homeless if they have no place to stay and no expectation of finding a place for the next thirty days. Although technically accurate, that is an impersonal assessment of an enormous and very human problem.The homeless population represents all of us Americans. It includes men and women, the elderly, children, and infants. Its members are from all ethnic (种族的) groups. What they have in common is poverty.Currently in the U.S., thirty-nine million people live in poverty. When money is really tight, paying the rent or buying food often becomes a choice. Government assistance in the form of food stamps does help but, as one homeless man explains, you can’t pay the rent with food stamps.With no money for rent, the streets and homeless shelters become the alternative. Although men constitute the largest group within the homeless population, homeless women with children are rapidly joining them. In fact, one quarter of the homeless people in the U.S. are teenagers and young children. People may become homeless for numerous reasons. However, there are certain factors that many of these individuals have in common. They include a lack of adequate education and job skills. A majority of the teenagers and adults have not completed high school.The abuse of alcohol and drugs is also a common factor. One third of the adult homeless population abuses alcohol, while one quarter of the same group uses drugs. Some members of this population suffer mental health problems. Within the pastseveral years many institutions for the mentally ill have been closed and their patients sent ―home‖. Unfortunately, a number of those people have no home to go to and they are unable to adequately look after themselves.Job loss in today’s economy has also become a real factor in the loss of people’s homes. The breakup of families through abandonment and divorce are also contributing factors, particularly when there are children involved. The parent who is left to care for the kids with inadequate income may be forced to depend on the homeless shelters to put a roof over their heads.36. The writer thinks that the U.S. government’s definition of the homeless reveals ______.A. an insincere attitude toward the homelessB. an unbearable attitude toward the homelessC. an uncivilized attitude toward the homelessD. an unsympathetic attitude toward the homeless37. The U.S. government helps the homeless by ______.A. giving them homeless allowancesB. giving them food stampsC. finding jobs for themD. finding residences for them38. Most of the homeless in the U.S. are ______.A. male adultsB. female adultsC. the elderlyD. children39. People become homeless for all the following reasons EXCEPT ______.A. the lack of adequate educationB. the abuse of alcohol and drugsC. the closure of institutions for the mentally illD. the poor performance of economy40. The breakup of families is likely to lead to homelessness because a parent with kids may ______.A. lose his or her job in today’s economyB. be unable to look after the kidsC. not have enough incomeD. find residence at a homeless shelterPassage ThreeIn early 2004 eight tiny sensors were dropped from a plane near a military base in California. After hitting the ground, the sensors—also known as smart dust sensors—organized themselves into a network and quickly detected a fleet of military vehicles on the ground. The determined the direction, speed and size of a series of military vehicles traveling along the road and later transmitted the data to a computer at a nearby base camp.Smart dust sensors are minicomputers—as small as a grain of rice in some cases—that can monitor and evaluate their physical environment and can relay the information via wireless communication. They can monitor elements such as temperature, moisture, humidity, pressure, energy use, vibration, light, motion, radiation, gas, and chemicals. These devices will soon have many applications, such as use in emergency rescue.Software has been developed to run these minicomputers. A key feature of thesoftware is the ability of the sensors to automatically organize themselves into a communications network and talk to each other via wireless radio signals. If any one connection is interrupted, the sensors will self-correct and pass the information on to the next available sensor.Each sensor has a chip that does the computing work—recording things like temperature and motion at its location. Each sensor also has a tiny radio transmitter that allows it to talk to other sensors within 100 feet or so. With a single network of 10,000 sensors—thought to be the biggest array (阵列) of sensors currently possible—you could cover 9 square miles and get information about each point along the way. The data finally works its way to a base station that can send the information to a computer or to a wireless network.The scientists who are working with this technology say smart dust sensors can be used to detect the location or movement of enemy troops in areas too dangerous or remote for soldiers to operate. Scattering hundreds of self-networking sensors from a manned or unmanned plane onto the battlefield, in theory, could produce critical information and lead to strategic advantage. Sensors could also be used to detect the presence of chemical weapons and could give troops the time needed to put on protective gear.41. Smart dust sensors can do all the following EXCEPT ______.A. giving troops their protective gearB. organizing themselves into a computer networkC. detecting the movement of military vehicles nearbyD. operating in remote and dangerous war zones42. By ―physical environment‖ (Paragraph 2), the writer means such elements as ______.A. the position of military troopsB. the presence of minicomputersC. the strength of radio signalsD. the amount of water vapor in the air43. If connection between two sensors is blocked, the network will automatically ______.A. replace the sensor involvedB. repair the sensor involvedC. ignore the sensor involvedD. destroy the sensor involved44. To cover an area of 3 square miles and get information about each point along the way, how many smart dust sensors are needed?A. About 3,000 sensors.B. About 3,300 sensors.C. About 5,000 sensors.D. About 6,600 sensors.45. The passage implies that the smart dust sensors are most likely to be used in ______.A. emergency rescueB. monitoring pollutionC. military operationsD. evaluating the environmentPassage FourEach semester, Andrew Tom receives a term bill outlining his expenses: tuition, dorm fee, student center fee, recreation fee, resident activity fee, health insurance. If only the rest of his expenses were as easy to quantify.―It’s like you start out the semester with plenty of money and then $20 for dinner outhere and $100 at the departme nt store there, it’s gone,‖ said Tom, a Northeastern University third-year student. ―And there are so many things you need like toothpaste or laundry detergent (洗涤剂) that you don’t think about until you get here and need it.‖From the books lining their shelves to the fashionable clothes filling their closets, college students say the expenses of a college education go well beyond tuition and a dining hall meal plan. Many say they arrive on campus only to be overwhelmed by unexpected costs from sports fees to the actual price of a slice of pizza.Balancing a job with schoolwork, especially at colleges known for their heavy workloads like Harvard and MIT, can be tough. So can the pressure students often feel to financially keep pace with their friends.―When you get dragged along shopping, you’re going to spend money; if you get dragged to a party and everyone wants to take a cab but you’re cheap and want to take a bus, chances are you’ll end up sharing the fee for the cab,‖ said Tom. ―I guess you could say no, but no one wants to be the only one eating in the snack bar while your friends are out to dinner.‖Max Cohen, a biology major at MIT, said he is accustomed to watching fellow students spend $40 a night to have dinner delivered or $50 during a night out at a bar. During the school’s recent spring break, friends on trips for the week posted away messages that read like a world map—Paris, Rome, Tokyo. ―Meanwhile I stay home and work,‖ said Cohen. ―I didn’t realize when I came here how much money I would spen d or how hard I would have to work to get by.‖It is a lesson some younger students learn quickly. Others, surrounded by credit card offers, go into debt, or worse, are forced to leave school.―A lot of people don’t think twice about how much they spend,‖ said a first-year student at MIT, ―and you feel the pressure sometimes to go along with them.‖46. The sentence ―If only the rest of his expenses were as easy to quantify‖ (Paragraph 1) implies that ______.A. there are many other unexpected expensesB. it is easy to calculate how much more to spendC. the tuition is too high to be calculatedD. he has to pay only a few other expenses47. All the following expenses are included in the term bill EXCEPT ______.A. health insuranceB. sports feesC. recreation feesD. dorm fees48. According to the passage, many college students ______.A. have to work hard in their studiesB. suspend their studies in order to workC. depend on their families for all the expensesD. are under great financial pressure49. The wo rd ―cheap‖ (Paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to ______.A. inferior in qualityB. inexpensiveC. unwilling to spendD. valueless50. From the last paragraph, one may learn that an important reason for the highhidden costs for college students is ______.A. the extremely high prices of daily necessitiesB. the school’s overcharging for campus activitiesC. the too many expenses the students have to payD. the pressure of keeping pace with their peersPart IV Cloze Test (15 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each numbered blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Ireland is the best place in the world to live for 2005, 51 a life quality ranking that appeared in Britain’s Economist magazine last week.The ambitious 52 to compare happiness levels around the world is based on the principle that wealth is not the only 53 of human satisfaction and well-being. The index of 111 countries uses 54 on incomes, health, unemployment, climate, political stability, job security, equality between men and women as well as what the magazine calls ―freedom, family and community life‖.Despite the bad weather, troubled health service, traffic problems, and the high cost of living, Ireland scored an impressive 8.33 points 55 10. That put it well ahead of second-place Switzerland, which managed 8.07. Zimbabwe (津巴布韦), troubled by political insecurity and hunger, is rated the lowes t, 56 only 3.89 points. ―Although rising incomes and increased individual choices in developed countries are 57 valued,‖ the report said, ―some of the factors associated with 58 such as the breakdown in traditional institutions and family values in part take away from a positive impact.―Ireland wins because it successfully combines the most desirable elements of the new—the fourth highest gross domestic product per head in the world in 2005, low unemployment, political 59 —with the preservation of certain warm elements of the old, such as 60 family and community life.51. A. following up B. coming with C. according to D. except for52. A. attempt B. attack C. attitude D. attraction53. A. reason B. volume C. measure D. monitor54. A. amount B. data C. number D. account55. A. up to B. out of C. off and on D. in about56. A. missing B. getting C. keeping D. putting57. A. hardly B. excessively C. highly D. passively58. A. modernization B. civilization C. constitution D. tradition59. A. liberties B. activities C. unions D. campaigns60. A. sticky B. static C. steep D. stablePART V English-Chinese TranslationDrinking water and water for domestic use often come from ground water. In order to protect this water, local water authorities can apply to local administrative authorities to mark certain locations as water protection areas. The size of these areas is calculated in such a way that the quantity of ground water taken from them corresponds to the acture rainfall going into them. In the water protection areas fall into three zones. Zone 3 is the other most zone with a diameter of 4 kilometers aroundthe ground water well, Here no chemical work or the use of pesticides are allowed. Zone I is determined around the so-called 50-day line. It is assumed that after 50 days in the ground water harmful bacteria will have died off. Here settlements and fertilizer storage are forbidden. Zone I marks the ten-meter boundary around the well. Here, any use of the land, as well as access by unauthorized person, is forbidden.PART VI Writing (15 points)在家所在的社区附近建一个购物中心,是否同意,并列举理由。

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2014 年清华大学公共管理考研状元笔记及历年真题解析
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清华大学 2005 年硕士研究生入学考试试题 科目:经济学 代码:455 1.瓦尔拉斯定律认为,人们为了满足当前效用的最大化,会花光所有的收入进行消费。 然而现实生活中并非如此, 如何解释这一现象?是否人们的消费决策不是按当前效用最大化 原则作出的? 2.某地房地产市场十分兴旺,房价以逐月 2%的速度上涨。原因是外来人口不断增加, 当地居民也开始寻求拥有第二套住房, 而建造新房的成本逐渐上涨, 可供建房的土地也日益 减少。某房地产开发商开发了 191 套新住房,打算以 155 万的价格出售,而在该价格下登记 的欲购房者有 1000 人。该开发商采用抽奖的方式从中抽取 191 人,出售住房。请回答: (1)新房市场的均衡市场价格和数量会如何变化? (2)旧房市场会受到怎样的影响? (3)如果该开发商采用市场定价,和原先的定价方式相比,在效率和收入分配方面的 效果有何差别? 3.某人有收入 R 元,欲购买商品 x,请分析他的购买决策是如何做出的,推导出 x 的 需求曲线,如果坚持认为货币的边际效用不变,则他的效用函数具有什么形式。 4. “谷残伤农” ,粮食丰收反而会带来农民收入的下降,请分析背后的经济学原因,并 说明政府在农业领域可以发挥哪些作用。 5.甲有 300 单位商品 X,乙有 200 单位商品 Y,二人的效用函数都是 U(x,y)=xy, 推导出所有满足 Pareto 最优的状态。二人通过交换达到 Pareto 最优,求出社会的价格体系, 并求出后的交换结果。 6.为什么在经济调控中,光用市场或者政府手段都不行,要将二者有机结合起来? 7.从 1998 年以来,我国一直实行积极的财政政策,而 2004 年 12 月底中央会议上首次 提出,2005 年将实行稳健的财政政策。你是如何看待这一转变的? 8.凯恩斯和弗里德曼都注意到了货币流通速度的顺周期性,分别用他们的理论解释这 一现象。 9.分析税收和政府支出对 IS 曲线的影响,并分析其中隐含的政策意义。 10.说明新古典主义和新凯恩斯主义的主要观点。
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图2
价格—消费曲线和消费者的需求曲线
(2)货币边际效用设为λ ,货币的边际效用不变即λ 不变,则该消费者的效用函数为 U=U(x) +λ y,此效用函数是拟线性的。 4. “谷贱伤农” ,粮食丰收反而会带来农民收入的下降,请分析背后的经济学原因,并 说明政府在农业领域可以发挥哪些作用。 答: “谷贱伤农”指风调雨顺时,农民粮食增收,粮价却下降,卖粮收入反而比往年 少的现象。 (1) “谷贱伤农”的经济学原因分析。 商品的需求价格弹性表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动 的反应程度。对于缺乏弹性的商品,降低价格会使厂商的销售收入减少,相反,提高价格会 使厂商的销售收入增加,即商品的价格与销售收入呈同方向的变动。其原因在于:对于缺乏 弹性的商品, 厂商降价所引起的需求量的增加率小于价格的下降率。 这意味着需求量的增加 所带来的销售收入的增加量并不能全部抵消价格下降所造成的销售收入的减少量。 所以, 降 价最终会使销售收入减少。 造成“谷贱伤农”这种现象的根本原因在于农产品往往是缺乏需求弹性的商品。以图 1 来具体说明。 图中的农产品的需求曲线 D 是缺乏弹性的。 农产品的丰收使供给曲线由 S 的位
y1 300 y1 = x1 200 x1

联立①②得:
y1
2 x1 3
y1 2 x1 3 。
因此,所有满足 Pareto 最优的状态的契约线为:
p
(2)令 x 价格为 1,y 的价格为 先求甲的效用最大化条件:

max U1 ( x1 , y1 ) x1 y1 s.t. x1 py1 300
效用最大化条件:
max U 2 ( x2 , y2 ) x2 y2 s.t. x2 py2 200 p x 2 100 p, y 2 100
解得: ;
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育明教育官网 北大、人大、中财、北外 、中传教授创办 集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班
由于农产品是缺乏弹性的商品, 农产品的丰收反而会降低农民的收入, 这会降低农民农 业生产的积极性,因此政府需要采取措施保证农民的收入,具体来说,可以采取以下两个措 施。 第一,政府保护价收购。即在农业丰收时,为了避免价格大幅度下降,政府设定农产品 收购保护价, 这就保证了农民可以以较高的价格出售商品, 从而使得农产品丰收时农业也可 以获得更高的收入,保证了农民农业生产的积极性。 第二,对农业生产进行补贴。政府可以采取直接补贴的形式,对进行农业生产的农民进 行财政补贴, 这种补贴实质上降低了农业生产的成本。 农民不会因为农产品丰收反而收入减 少,这保证了农民未来农业生产队积极性。 5.甲有 300 单位商品 X,乙有 200 单位商品 Y,二人的效用函数都是 U(x,y)=xy,推 导出所有满足 Pareto 最优的状态。二人通过交换达到 Pareto 最优,求出社会的价格体系, 并求出交换结果。 解: (1)设甲乙两人的消费束为:甲 题设的约束条件为:
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活动,从而在将来获得更多的收入。第三,留给子女遗产。第四,有人对货币有特殊的 偏好。他们将会把一部分货币形式的收入贮藏起来。 (3)人们的消费决策不是按当前效用最大化原则作出的,而是进行跨时期消费决策, 甚至跨整个生命周期的消费决策。 2.某地房地产市场十分兴旺,房价以逐月 2%的速度上涨。原因是外来人口不断增加, 当地居民也开始寻求拥有第二套住房,而建造新房的成本逐渐上涨,可供建房的土地也日 益减少。某房地产开发商开发了 191 套新住房,打算以 155 万的价格出售,而在该价格下 登记的欲购房者有 1000 人。 该开发商采用抽奖的方式从中抽取 191 人, 出售住房。 请回答: (1)新房均衡市场价格和数量会如何变化? (2)旧房市场会受到怎样的影响? (3)如果该开发商采用市场定价,和原先的定价方式相比,在效率和收入分配方面的 效果有何差别? 答: (1)新房市场的均衡价格为 P =155 万,均衡数量为 Q=191 套。 (2) 旧房市场因供给量不变, 而需求量增加 (新房市场上的未中奖者将转向旧房市场) , 价格将上涨,如图 1,由 P1 上升到 P2。 (3)若采用市场定价,和原先的定价方式相比:市场价格报价可能超过 155 万,收入 分配更多地向房地产开发商转移,同时一部分消费者剩余损失掉,生产者剩余效率下降。如 下图 1。
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参考答案
清华大学 2005 年硕士研究生入学考试试题 科目:经济学 代码:455 1. 瓦尔拉斯定律认为, 人们为了满足当前效用的最大化, 会花光所有的收入进行消费。 然而现实生活中并非如此,如何解释这一现象?是否人们的消费决策不是按当前效用最大 化原则做出的? 答: (1)在瓦尔拉斯的一般均衡模型体系中,商品和资源的总供给与总需求均相等,这 一恒等关系就是瓦尔拉斯定律。换言之,瓦尔拉斯定律是指在一般均衡价格模型体系中,生 产者愿意生产的各种商品的数量, 正好等于消费者愿意购买的数量; 居民愿意供给的资源数 量,恰好等于厂商所需要的资源数量。 (2)瓦尔拉斯定律认为,人们为了满足当前效用的最大化,会花光所有的收入进行消费。 但现实生活中并非如此,产生这一现象的原因如下:第一,生命周期与持久收入假说。生命 周期假说认为每个人都根据他自己一生的全部预期收入来安排他的消费支出, 也就是说, 各 个家庭的消费要受制于该家庭在其整个生命期间内所获得的总收入, 而不仅仅局限于当期收 入。第二,进行投资。人们对当期收入的支配,除了进行消费活动,还可以进行投资
1 置向右平移至S 的位置, 在缺乏弹性的需求曲线的作用下, 农产品的均衡价格大幅度地由 P
下降为 P2 。由于农产品均衡价格的下降幅度大于农产品的均衡数量的增加幅度,最后致使
OP2 E2Q2 的面积之差。 1 E1Q1 和 农民总收入量减少。总收入的减少量相当于图 1 中矩形OP
图 3 谷贱伤农 (2)政府在农业领域可以发挥的作用。
由第(1)问中解得的 Pareto 最优条件: y1 可求得: 此时
2 x1 3
p 1. 5 。
x 1 150, y 1 100 , x 2 150, y 2 100
也就是说,社会最终的价格体系为:X 的价格为 1,Y 的价格为 1.5;交换结果为:甲消 费 150 单位的 X,消费 100 单位的 Y;乙也消费 150 单位的 X,消费 100 单位的 Y。 6.为什么在经济调控中,光用市场或者政府手段都不行,要将二者有机结合起来 ? 答:(1)市场机制是指在市场经济中,利润最大化的厂商行为所决定的供给、效用最大 化的消费者行为所决定的需求,以及价格三者之间相互作用、相互影响、相互制约,使整个 经济体制顺利进行并达到均衡的作用机制和调节功能。 在市场经济中, 市场机制主要解决生 产什么、生产多少、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。在市场机制中,价格机制构成了经济运行 的中心。价格作为最敏感的市场信号,通过它对生产者和消费者的利润和效用的影响,像一 只“看不见的手”那样调节着他们的经济行为。每一种商品和劳务都有价格,价格的变动引 起供给和需求的变动。 生产者生产什么和怎样生产由生产者按照利润最大化原则, 根据产品 及要素价格的相对变化,以及其产量、产品价格及要素投入的均衡点来决定。为谁生产取决 于生产要素的价格,工资、地租、利息、利润构成要素所有者的收入。市场机制在完全竞争 的市场环境中得到完全的发挥, 使整个经济处于最有效率的状态。 厂商获得最大利润并且不 存在过剩生产能力;消费者以最低的价格获得尽可能多的产品,其效用达到最大化。 (2)但市场机制不是完美的,存在着市场失灵。市场失灵指完全竞争的市场机制在很多 场合下不能导致资源的有效配置, 不能达到帕累托最优状态的情形。 导致市场失灵的原因主 要有如下几种: 外部性, 即一个经济主体的行为造成的另一个经济主体的利益或成本的变化, 而另一个经济主体又没有得到补偿或支付的情况;公共产品,即对整个社会有益,但因不能 获得收益或私人成本太高而私人厂商不愿意生产的产品和劳务,如国防、空间研究、气象预 报等;非零交易成本,如搜集信息、讨价还价、达成合同等所需要的成本,往往使得交易难 以进行;市场特权,如垄断的存在或过度的竞争;市场机制不能够解决社会目标问题;非对 称信息,如生产者往往具有比消费者更多的关于商品的信息;等等。 此外,现代多数经济学家认为,市场机制的作用主要解决社会经济的效率问题,但它并 不能实现社会公平。因此,要求得社会在公平与效率之间的平衡,也需要一定的政府干预。 (3)正是由于市场经济难以解决经济活动中公共产品、外部效应、不完全竞争、收入 分配不公、经济波动与失衡等的问题,政府需要通过其资源配置对此进行必要的干预。 首先、市场机制不适应于公共产品的有效生产,政府的首要职能就是提供公共产品。第 二、市场机制难以解决外部效应问题。外部效应有正负两个方面,社会为了达到最大的经济 效果, 应该鼓励那些能够带来正外部效应的生产活动, 限制那些带来负外部效应的经济活动, 但靠市场机制无法达到这一目的。第三、现代市场经济是包含自然垄断、市场垄断在内的复 合体, 是不完全竞争。 政府通常采取替代市场来组织公共事业的生产来防止或通过价格管制 的办法来纠正自然垄断,制定反托拉斯法对市场垄断加以限制。第四、市场机制不能解决收 入分配不公问题。社会必须追求效率与公平的平衡,市场经济能较好地解决效率问题,却不 能解决公平问题。政府可以普遍采用税收政策和社会保障制度来调节收入分配。第五,市场 经济不能解决宏观的经济波动与失衡。 因为市场机制注重的眼前利益和个体的微观利益, 市 场的调节作用具有短期性和局部性的特点,容易导致宏观总量失衡、长期发展受阻。国家必 须通过制定和实施经济计划来解决这个问题。
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