汉英翻译技巧第1章 翻译标准[精]
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英汉汉英翻译实训教程Chapter One Introduction to Translation
[点评] ：
(1)译文1中，well-paved确是“铺设得很好的”，可是，一见到well或good
[译就译文成1“]：好铺”，设显得得很语言好贫的乏公。事路实经上过，英一语排里排的这整两洁个的词在，汉现译代时有的很房多屋译法，。 如：a这w些ell房-be屋ha坐ved落gi在rl“树举中止得。体的姑娘”
[译文]: 我们都会想念他的，但我们祝愿他退休后快乐，长寿。 4. He has enough money to burn.
[译文]: 他有花不完的钱。 5. Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep?
[译文]: 你为什么要引狼入室？
General Introduction to Translation
expression）。
General Introduction to Translation
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
• 这类翻译标准或原则的共同特点是：翻译既要“忠实”又要 “通顺”，即译文必须既要考虑到原作者又要考虑到译文的 读者。
• 所谓忠实，首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须把原作的内 容完整而准确地表达出来，不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏阉 割或任意增删的现象。其次还应保持原作的风格——即原作 的民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。 译者对原作的风格不能任意破坏和改变，不能以译者的风格 代替原作的风格。
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814）在《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation）一书中提出了著名的翻译三 原则：
汉英笔译基础教程 翻译技巧及真题[精]
![汉英笔译基础教程 翻译技巧及真题[精]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/23818479f18583d04864591b.png)
每个地方都有自己的传说。 Each place boasts its folklore.
专八翻译技巧
（九）注意时态
翻译时须注意选择合适的时态。
例：中国古代素来以不怠于物不为物役为最主要的人生哲学。 Ancient Chinese always regard "not confined by material, not driven by material" as the major philosophy. 描述的是一般事实，用一般现在时即可。
专八翻译技巧
（二）谓语最小化原则 1．使用介词短语
例：用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪 in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes (is ……
2．使用不定式短语
上海翻译资格证书考试真题解析
（八）英语避免重复
例：背离古训（古老的真理） depart from established maxims / truths time-honored mottos are always ignored
（九）四字词
吃透原文含义。 例：亡国灭种的民族危机 the national crisis 赴汤蹈火 go through fire and water
上海翻译资格证书考试真题解析
（三）谓语最小化（动词转译） 1．动词变成名词
例：坚持预防为主、综合治理、全面推进、重点突破 adhering to the principle of prevention first, comprehensive control, entire push-on and key-point breakthrough
专八翻译技巧
（九）注意时态
翻译时须注意选择合适的时态。
例：中国古代素来以不怠于物不为物役为最主要的人生哲学。 Ancient Chinese always regard "not confined by material, not driven by material" as the major philosophy. 描述的是一般事实，用一般现在时即可。
专八翻译技巧
（二）谓语最小化原则 1．使用介词短语
例：用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪 in what way the young generation should embrace the forthcoming new century replete with hopes (is ……
2．使用不定式短语
上海翻译资格证书考试真题解析
（八）英语避免重复
例：背离古训（古老的真理） depart from established maxims / truths time-honored mottos are always ignored
（九）四字词
吃透原文含义。 例：亡国灭种的民族危机 the national crisis 赴汤蹈火 go through fire and water
上海翻译资格证书考试真题解析
（三）谓语最小化（动词转译） 1．动词变成名词
例：坚持预防为主、综合治理、全面推进、重点突破 adhering to the principle of prevention first, comprehensive control, entire push-on and key-point breakthrough
汉译英第一讲(词的翻译技巧)
课后练习
9 那个人就是他的哥哥。 10 我就不信我学不会。 11 你就是送给我，我也不要。 12 就我所知，他英语很好。 13 两国代表团就共同关心问题进行了会谈。 轻重： 1 这两口箱子轻重不一样。 2 工作应该分轻重缓急，不要眉毛胡子一把抓。 3 你别见怪，他说话就是不知道轻重。
词语搭配
heavy weather 阴沉的天气 heavy casualties 重大伤亡 heavy smoker 烟瘾很大的人 heavy vote 大量的得票 heavy schedule 紧凑的日程 heavy foliage 浓密的叶子 heavy sea 波涛汹涌的大海 heavy investor 巨额投资者 heavy rain 大雨 heavy thinker 思想深沉的人
英语中的惯用法
汉语可以说“吃饭”，也可以说“吃药”，但在英语 里可以说eat a meal，却不可以说eat medicine，而 应该说take medicine。 同样，英语可以说male doctor，也可以说male dog， 但译成汉语只能说“男医生”和“公狗”，不能说 “公医生”、“男狗”。 在英语中，人们说： 违规break rules 发表演说deliver a speech/make a speech
词语搭配
(5)我们可能去那儿,那得看情况而定。 We may go there, but that depends. (6)如何办理,到时候看情况再说。 As to how to deal with it, we shall have to wait and see. (7)她询问了他的健康情况。 She inquired about his health condition. (8)那个地方的情况很混乱。 That place is in a state of confusion.
汉英词汇比较与翻译
第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译第一节翻译中的选义翻译包括理解和表达两个过程。
要做好翻译，首先要对原文进行正确的理解。
但汉语和英语中都有很普遍的一词多义现象，却给理解和表达都带来了很大的困难。
一．根据词典释义选择合适的词义（略）二．根据语境选择合适的词义语义与语境关系密切。
同样的一个词，在不同的上下文里，就可能产生不同的意思。
英国语言学家Firth曾经说过：Each word is a new word in a new context (每个词在一个新的语境中就是一个新词)。
所以说，“多义词数量很多，但我们在语言的实际运用中，除少数歧义句外，却极少见到词的多义现象。
因为在一个具体语境中只使用多义词的其中一个义项”（傅敬民等，《英汉翻译辨析》，p10）。
先看英译汉的例子。
比如man这个词的翻译：man and wife 夫妻officers and men 官兵his man Friday 佣人，仆人man-of-war 战舰，军舰（尤指帆船）Be a man! 像个男子汉！（勇敢一些，坚强一些）另以straight为例：1. He is a straight thinker.2. Put your room straight.3. She keeps straight.4. The accounts are straight.5. They voted the straight ticket.6. She went straight home without going to the market.7. He was tall and straight and clear-eyed and dark.8. He is fairly straight with me.9. This is a very straight place.10．There are a lot of things we’ve got to get straight.11. Thanks for setting me straight.12. I believe I am thinking straight.13. He keeps a straight face.1．他的思路很有条理。
汉译英第一讲(词的翻译技巧).
词语搭配
例2：（1）他有钥匙，但是没有锁。 He has the key, but not the lock. （2）离开屋子时，请把门锁上。 Please lock the door when you leave the room. 例3：（1） 山坡上种了许多树。 There are many trees planted on the hill slope. (2) 十年树木，百年树人。 It takes ten years to grow trees, but one hundred
civilization. 例7：环境卫生 /个人卫生/ 公共卫生 environmental sanitation/personal hygiene/public health
词语搭配
课堂练习：仔细思考下下面的搭配如何处理： 发扬主人翁精神/发扬优良传统/发扬民主/发扬光大 打毛衣/打酒/ 打杂儿 /打官腔 /打水 /打针 /打铁/打人/ 打井/打电话 发展同各国人民的友谊/发展新党员 /发展新会员/发展
词语搭配
他主抓工业。 抓：负责，掌管 He is in charge of industry. 抓养猪 抓：重视 attach importance to pig-breeding “两手抓，两手都要硬。” （重视） We should lay equal emphasis on material and spiritual
lodge a protest /pose a cfute/counter-revolution/inverse function one’s line (occupation)/original idea/to be honest/put the car before the horse symptom of a trend/benefit/enemy seaman/technician/research fellow/typist/official
英汉比较与翻译第一章 英汉翻译概述
• 4.3 熟练的翻译技巧与策略
翻译技巧是译者在翻译实践中不断总结归纳出来 的，并不是所有的译者都熟练掌握所有的翻译理 论知识，但是几乎所有优秀的译者都会下意识地 或有意识地综合运用各种翻译技巧，如：增词法、 省略法、词类转译法、重复法、词序转换法、合 并法、拆分法等等：
E.g. 1 没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (增加代词) E.g. 2 我不放弃原来的梦想，现在不放弃,将来不放 弃。 I don't abandon my original dream, I never now and never will. (省略重复出现的部分)
笔译(translation/written translation)
机器翻译(machine translation) 人机协作翻译（machine-aided translation）
• 3.3 全译、摘译和编译
全译（full-text translation）
摘译（abridged translation）
a sort of man Friday to the director of the company. (何江波， 2010:20)
译文：他们给了我销售经理的头衔，但我却实在 是给公司领导当忠实助手的材料。 分析：如果没有相关的商务知识，可能会把 “ Sales Manager”译成“销售管理者”，如果对 英国作家笛福的小说《鲁宾逊漂流记》中的 “Friday”一无所知，可能会把“man Friday”译 成“星期五男人”。
第三节 翻译的分类
• 3.1 语内、语际和符翻译
语内翻译(intralingual translation)
英汉汉英视译教程上篇英译汉第一单元 时间句视译-精选文档
第1单元 时间句视译（例句）
4. It was not until we got to be an arm’s distance from each other that I recognized it was my longlost elder brother. 【笔译】直到我们走到离彼此只有一臂之遥时， 我才认出对方是我失散已久的哥哥。
第1单元 时间句视译（例句）
〈译评〉笔译参考译文的语义逻辑略显平淡，视 译参考译文听着更具戏剧性，焦点更加 突出。文字表述与口头表述之间存在许 多规律性区别，英汉视译的转换终端是 口头表述形式。因此有时为了使缺乏听 觉趣味和视觉联想效果的书面语言听起 来更加生动、有趣，可以把原文里语境 语义的焦点适度放大或夸张， 甚至挪移， 使之更加凸显，以达到更佳的视听接收 效果。
第1单元 时间句视译（例句）
2. The bell had rung for the class before he could have his breakfast. 【笔译】 他还没来得及吃早饭，上课铃就响了。
【视译】 上课铃响了，可是他还没吃早饭。
第1单元 时间句视译（例句）
〈译评〉 本句中，由before 引导的时间状语从 句置于句末，这是英语常见的时间状 语从句形式，而中文的此类时间状语 更多见于句首。虽然笔译参考译文更 地道、生动，笔者还是建议学生更要 参考视译译文，因为视译译文更符合 “鱼贯而出”的视译规律。
第1单元 时间句视译
上篇 英译汉 英汉汉英视译教程
第1单元 时间句视译
无论何种形式的时间句，包括时间状语词组和时间状 语从句，英语时间句的特点都是时间修饰部分在句子中的 位置根据表达侧重的需要比汉语更加灵活多变，常见于句 首、句中和句末。而汉语时间句的时间修饰部分多见于句 首或句中，却鲜见于句末，这就造成英译汉时时间成分分 别在英汉句式结构中的时间和空间上的不对称，给即时口 译，尤其是同声翻译译员在瞬间构建译文逻辑时带来很大 的不便、干扰或障碍，从而减缓翻译效率，降低翻译质量， 甚至阻碍信息的顺畅传递。我们如果注意到英汉语句时间 修饰成分在句子结构位置上的特点与差异，经过专项翻译 练习，熟练掌握应对英汉时间句的转换技巧，便能够在语 句、语段或语篇翻译时达到迅速、自如、流畅、通顺的口 译较高境界。
大学英语四六级汉译英翻译技巧(1)
2.2.1 动词→名词 练习: (注意黑体部分的静态表达)
1.汉语的特点之一是动词占优势。
2. 学习外语非下苦功不可。 3. 他通晓多种不常使用的外国语，这使我 们大家感到惊讶。 4. 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世 界引起了巨大的反响。
2.2.1 动词→名词 练习答案
1.汉语的特点之一是动词占优势。 One of the characteristics of the Chinese language is the predominance of the verb. 2. 学习外语非下苦功不可。 The mastery of a foreign language demands pains-taking effort. 3. 他通晓多种不常使用的外国语，这使我们大家感到 惊讶。 His familiarity with many rarely used language surprised us all.
2.3.2 意思表达需要
Eg: 【原文】这是黄河滩上的一幕。 【译文】This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River. 【分析】在翻译“这是黄河滩上的一幕”时 ，增译taking place短语，使译文表达更为 生动贴切。
(介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得 介词也得以频繁出现。而且英语中有些介词本身是 由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。因此，汉译 英时，有些动词可以用介词来表达。 Eg: 【原文】但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚， 一起吃年夜饭。 【译文】However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.
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第1章
翻译标准 The Criteria of Translation
目录
01
导读
02
翻译的标准
03
翻译练习
04 翻译练习参考答案
一、导读
一、导读
翻译标准作为一种规范或尺度是翻译工作者首先要明 白的。古今中外的翻译标准措词各异，但大致以“忠实” 为首要之义。“忠实”并不意味着在语言形式上亦步亦趋 地追随原文，而是要兼顾形式与内容的辨证统一，在理解 和表达过程中通过翻译方法和翻译策略的灵活变通再现原 文的风格和韵味。在这一过程中，译者需要遵守信息的“ 传真”、表达的“准确”和语体的“得当”三个标准。《 西式幽默》是当代著名作家冯骥才的一篇小小说，以外国 教师点评学生作文为背景，寓深刻的人生哲理于质朴无华 的文字之中，人物刻画栩栩如生，文笔自然洗练，堪称小 小说的佳作。刘士聪的英译文灵活运用翻译方法和变通手 段，译笔流畅自然，成功再现了原文的风格和韵味，体现 出译者娴熟的双语驾驭能力，是探讨翻译标准和翻译方法 难得的研究素材。
西式幽默 ——冯骥才
西式幽默 ——冯骥才
西式幽默 ——冯骥才
Western Humor
by Feng Jicai
Our institute employed an English teacher. He looked very strange—red-faced, golden-haired, and with a thick growth of whiskers, a few even traveling all the way to the nose. He was really tall—sufficiently six feet five inches. When he came in through the door, he had to lower his head to avoid banging against the doorframe. It looked as though he always bowed to you at the door and that was much too polite. What was most strange about him was that when he chatted with the Chinese students on amusing topics, he did not laugh, nor did his face show any expression as if he had no sense of humor at all. However, when it came to topics of the most unamusing nature, he would burst out laughing, roaring while rocking in his chair, almost tipping off and falling flat on his back, his Adam’s apple dancing up and down in his throat and his whisker fluttering all over his face. The students would look at each other, wondering if this guy was in his right mind.
Western Humor
by Feng Jicai
One day he set the students an essay to see how well they could write in English, the topic being “Comments on Campus Life”— either complimentary or critical. That was simple. The Chinese students, quick at writing, finished it off at one go and turned it in in no time. Having gone through the students’ essays the teacher picked one that he thought was the best. When he read it out to the students, they were perplexed. Of all the essays, why did he like this one better? Not a single word of it was true. The article was about the institute cafeteria and the author was a peaceable and timid student from a village in the outskirts. Taking care not to offend the institute authorities—the decisive factor concerning his final grading, evaluation and, most important of all, where he was to go after graduation—he had make up a high-sounding story in praise of the cafeteria, regardless of the realities, and that made his classmates very angry. The teacher, however, was not unaware of the cafeteria’s terrible conditions, but why did he have his eye on this one in particular? Someone asked.
翻译标准 The Criteria of Translation
目录
01
导读
02
翻译的标准
03
翻译练习
04 翻译练习参考答案
一、导读
一、导读
翻译标准作为一种规范或尺度是翻译工作者首先要明 白的。古今中外的翻译标准措词各异，但大致以“忠实” 为首要之义。“忠实”并不意味着在语言形式上亦步亦趋 地追随原文，而是要兼顾形式与内容的辨证统一，在理解 和表达过程中通过翻译方法和翻译策略的灵活变通再现原 文的风格和韵味。在这一过程中，译者需要遵守信息的“ 传真”、表达的“准确”和语体的“得当”三个标准。《 西式幽默》是当代著名作家冯骥才的一篇小小说，以外国 教师点评学生作文为背景，寓深刻的人生哲理于质朴无华 的文字之中，人物刻画栩栩如生，文笔自然洗练，堪称小 小说的佳作。刘士聪的英译文灵活运用翻译方法和变通手 段，译笔流畅自然，成功再现了原文的风格和韵味，体现 出译者娴熟的双语驾驭能力，是探讨翻译标准和翻译方法 难得的研究素材。
西式幽默 ——冯骥才
西式幽默 ——冯骥才
西式幽默 ——冯骥才
Western Humor
by Feng Jicai
Our institute employed an English teacher. He looked very strange—red-faced, golden-haired, and with a thick growth of whiskers, a few even traveling all the way to the nose. He was really tall—sufficiently six feet five inches. When he came in through the door, he had to lower his head to avoid banging against the doorframe. It looked as though he always bowed to you at the door and that was much too polite. What was most strange about him was that when he chatted with the Chinese students on amusing topics, he did not laugh, nor did his face show any expression as if he had no sense of humor at all. However, when it came to topics of the most unamusing nature, he would burst out laughing, roaring while rocking in his chair, almost tipping off and falling flat on his back, his Adam’s apple dancing up and down in his throat and his whisker fluttering all over his face. The students would look at each other, wondering if this guy was in his right mind.
Western Humor
by Feng Jicai
One day he set the students an essay to see how well they could write in English, the topic being “Comments on Campus Life”— either complimentary or critical. That was simple. The Chinese students, quick at writing, finished it off at one go and turned it in in no time. Having gone through the students’ essays the teacher picked one that he thought was the best. When he read it out to the students, they were perplexed. Of all the essays, why did he like this one better? Not a single word of it was true. The article was about the institute cafeteria and the author was a peaceable and timid student from a village in the outskirts. Taking care not to offend the institute authorities—the decisive factor concerning his final grading, evaluation and, most important of all, where he was to go after graduation—he had make up a high-sounding story in praise of the cafeteria, regardless of the realities, and that made his classmates very angry. The teacher, however, was not unaware of the cafeteria’s terrible conditions, but why did he have his eye on this one in particular? Someone asked.