新托福阅读题型
托福阅读常见题型
托福阅读常见题型在〔托福〕考试中，阅读部分的题型是比较多的，这就必须要考生们对阅读的各类题型具体信息都做到心里有数。
让我们一起来探讨托福阅读常见题型有哪些。
托福阅读常见题型1.文章内容小结题这是托福阅读考试中常常出现的题目。
顾名思义，是对全文内容的总结，视察的是对文章主旨和段落主旨的把握。
正确选项是一些总结性的选项，错误选项的特点是：与原文不符，原文没有提到，或者是次要信息。
次要信息也就是文中提到的某个细节性的信息，次要信息的选项具有极大的干扰，同学们在做题时应注意识别。
那么文章主旨和段落主旨怎么推断呢，我们可以结合文章标题和题目的引导句来推断文章主旨，段落主旨可以直接看段首句，段首句通常是段落的主旨句。
非常重要的一点是，我们要充分利用前面做过的题目。
我们在前面的做题中已经对各个段落的主旨有了一个大致的了解。
此题目在托福阅读中很好拿分。
2.句子简化题这种题型的主要考查目的是：考查考生们理解文章中某一特定复杂句子所传达的基本内容，并不受细枝末节的干扰，用简化的句子表达原句基本内容的能力。
因此，考生们的语法水平在解题过程中就显得尤为重要。
这种题目在托福阅读中的具体表现是题目中有"high sentence'。
3.修辞目的题这是托福阅读题型中比较难得分的题目，这种题目注重视察单词，短语或句子在句子之内或句子之间起到的作用，这就要求大家平常阅读时，在涉猎原文细节信息的基础之上，要有意识地注意句子之间的逻辑关系以及段落的结构。
在历年托福真题中，这类题目考查的比较少，但一出现就会难倒考生。
托福阅读题型解析一、插空题这些题目虽然不是很难，但是其中的一些较为复杂的逻辑关系会让考生不免失分。
在解答托福阅读插空题，首要任务就是要找到线索词。
也就是能够让我们了解句子之间逻辑或者语法联系的词，线索词亦是解题的关键。
这类题在新托福阅读讲义中有以下几种具体做法：1. 如果要插入的句子中有代词，可是代词所指代的内容又没有出现在句子本身，那么我们就可以依据代词的单复数等性质找到它指代的内容，再插入到该句之后。
新托福阅读题型介绍与技巧
新托福阅读题型介绍一、细节题特征：没有特征（因为其他题型都有各自的特征）数量：每篇3-6题难度：变化很大策略：随机应变二、选非题特征：NOT/EXCEPT数量：每篇1题难度：较低策略：一定要做对三、推理题特征：infer、imply数量：每篇1-2题难度：很高策略：可以放四、修辞题：特征：（1）题干与原文被打上了阴影（2）个选项的开头为TO+关键动词（这些动词代表某个修饰手法，这样的动词很少，所以遇到都要记住）PS：这类题目有可能会变形五、词汇题特征：（1）题干与原文被打上了阴影（2）以the word/phrase开头数量：每篇3-6题难度：非常简单策略：一定要做对六、指代题特征：（1）原文与题干被打上阴影（2）打上阴影的是某个代词数量：1题难度：较低（可以直接测试语法能力）策略：要做对七、复述题特征：(1）原文中一个完整的句子被打上阴影（2）题干为：which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answerchoices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.数量：1题难度：很难或者很简单八、插句题特征：黑色小方框（■）数量：1题难度：较低策略：要做对九、归总题特征：两排六个选项数量：1题难度：1分很简单，2分有点难策略：保1争2新增题型（参考TPO5）：四选二题型：是细节题的变形全文归纳题：可以去归总题找答案第二部分各题型解题技巧串讲阅读的步骤：第1步：把动滚动条拉到底再拉到顶（粗略看一遍文章）第2步：点review键，做完词汇题（不看原文），同时关注一下是否有选非题（因为与原文对应的东西很多）第3步：边看边做阅读，要按顺序做（因为托福阅读，题目顺序和题目对应原文的顺序几乎一致。
新托福阅读题型的解题思路
新托福阅读题型的解题思路托福阅读备考练习中，具体的考试题型也是大家备考的重点。
毕竟实际的考试中，通过对题型解题思路的了解，可以让大家更快速的作答题目。
具体的托福阅读考试题型的解题思路是怎样的?下面我为大家整理了具体的内容，供大家参考!新托福阅读题型的解题思路第一种事实信息题(Understanding the Facts and Details)问法：这类题目一般用what/which/why/when/how/where/who等词来提问。
技巧：学会定位、认真阅读I。
假如不能依据题干来定位的话，那么这个时候我们就需要分析题干中的关键词及〔短语〕。
接着，重新返回到原文中查找相对应的部分进行定位。
关键词包括题干中出现的人名、地名、物种名、年月以及〔句子〕中的核心名词。
II。
直接依据题目就能进行定位。
这种状况下，题干中明确指出了出题对象在原文中所处的具体位置，比方In paragraph 1, According to the 4th paragraph等。
抑或在原文中对出题对象作了重要标示，比方打阴影或斜体字等。
※留意错误选项的迷惑：I。
单纯地重复原文中的信息，却并没有回答下列问题。
II。
对原文中的信息和事实进行了错误的表述。
III。
不够全面。
IV。
原文中未涉及或未提及的信息。
第二种词汇题(Understanding Vocabulary in Context)问法：I.The word/phrase X in the passage is closet in meaning to/means/refers to type of ____?II. What is X?技巧：◎I。
认识原文中的词汇，知道其一种及以上的含义。
那么，这时我们就可以直接从选项中查找该词的〔同义词〕、〔近义词〕，并代入原文检验。
检验至关重要，我们可以从两方面考量：熟词僻义和语法正确(见例题I、II)。
◎II。
不认识原文中的词汇。
新托福试题及答案
新托福试题及答案1. 阅读部分A. 阅读材料一：《城市化的影响》根据文章内容，回答以下问题。
1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的哪些影响？1.2 作者提到了哪些措施可以减少这些影响？答案：1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的影响包括空气污染、水资源短缺和生物多样性的减少。
1.2 作者提到了提高能源效率、推广公共交通和保护绿地等措施可以减少这些影响。
B. 阅读材料二：《古代文明的交流》根据文章内容，回答以下问题。
2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间有哪些交流方式？2.2 这些交流方式对文明发展有何影响？答案：2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间的交流方式包括贸易、战争和宗教传播。
2.2 这些交流方式促进了文化和技术的交流，加速了文明的发展。
2. 听力部分A. 听力材料一：《海洋生物的保护》根据听力材料，回答以下问题。
3.1 演讲者提出了哪些保护海洋生物的措施？3.2 演讲者认为哪种措施最有效？答案：3.1 演讲者提出了建立海洋保护区、限制过度捕捞和提高公众意识等措施。
3.2 演讲者认为建立海洋保护区是最有效措施。
B. 听力材料二：《气候变化的影响》根据听力材料，回答以下问题。
4.1 讲座中提到气候变化对农业有哪些影响？4.2 讲座中提到了哪些应对策略？答案：4.1 讲座中提到气候变化导致作物产量下降、病虫害增加和水资源短缺。
4.2 讲座中提到了改进农业技术、种植抗旱作物和建设水利设施等应对策略。
3. 口语部分A. 口语任务一：描述一个你认为对环境最有益的活动。
答案：我认为植树活动对环境最有益。
它不仅能够吸收二氧化碳，减少温室气体排放，还能增加生物多样性，改善空气质量。
B. 口语任务二：讨论你认为的最有效的学习策略。
答案：我认为最有效的学习策略是定期复习和实践。
定期复习可以帮助巩固记忆，而实践则可以加深对知识的理解。
4. 写作部分A. 写作任务一：论述城市化对人类社会的影响。
答案：城市化对人类社会的影响是多方面的。
新TOEFL托福iBT阅读题型与解题方法
新TOEFL阅读题型及解题方法新托福（托福iBT）● 2005 年9 月，美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）在全球推出新托福考试，即TOEFL iBT(Internet Based Test)。
● TOEFL iBT能够反映学生在一流大专院校的教学和校园生活中的语言应用能力。
加试●出现在听力或阅读部分，也有可能阅读、听力两部分同时被加试。
●加试部分不算分，但考生事先并不知道哪一部分是加试。
●阅读和听力考试之后有10 分钟休息时间。
新TOEFL阅读部分In TOEFL test, there are usually 13 to 14 questions for each passage and the question types can be summarized as the following.1.Factual questions(3-6 questions per set)2.Negative Factual questions(0-2 questions per set)3.Inference Questions(0-2 questions per set)4.Rhetorical Purpose Questions(0-2 questions per set)5.Sentence Insertion Questions(1 question per set)6.Sentence Reference Questions(0-2 questions per set)7.Sentence Restatement Questions(1 question per set)8.Prose Summary Questions(1 question per set)9.Fill in a Table Questions(1 question per set)10.Vocabulary Questions(0-3 questions per set)1. FQ (Factual questions)Definition: FQ ask about explicit facts and details in the passage. They often contain: who, what, when, where, why. For FQ, the information needed for an answer is directly stated somewhere in the passage.Characteristics: FQ often begin with the following1.According to the passage,2.According to the information in paragraph 23.What does the author say aboutTips for FQ:1.Focus on one or two key words from the question, they might be DATE, NAMEand other nouns so on2.Scan the passage and look only for these words as you scroll down3.The questions usually follow the order of the passage, therefore, usually scrolldown form the last questions you answered, you do not need to read the entire passage again4.Underline the sentences where contain the key words, read preceding andfollowing sentences as well.2. Negative Factual Questions (NFQ)Definitions: NFQ ask you to determine which of the four answer choices is not given in the passage. It often contains words, NOT, EXCEPT, LEAST. They always appear in Uppercases.Characteristics: NFQ often begin with the following structures1.According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?3.Which of the following is LEAST likely?Tips for NFQ1.Read the questions first, locate key words.e Key Words technique to look for the information in the passage related witheach answer3.Identify the answer that is not mentioned in the passagesExercise I: Locate the key words for the following sentences:1.What story is told about the first dentist in the North American colonies?2.People in which of the following occupations probably did NOT practiceemergency dentistry?3.What materials did Paul Revere use to make artificial teeth?4.How many students graduated in the first class to study dentistry in the UnitedStates?5.How is the building that housed the first dental school in the United States atpresent?6.According to the passage, what were ”Negative spray” and “Vitalized Air”?7.In what year did William Morton demonstrated ether?8.Which of the following is NOT one of the problems that X rays can indicate?9.What were …dental engines‟?10.How did the dental drills that were developed in the 1950‟s reduce heat and pain? III. Inference questionsDefinition: These questions require you to make inferences according to the information provided in the passages. The answers to these questions are not directly stated anywhere in the passage, but it can be inferred.Characteristics: The questions usually contain the words infer or imply1.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?2.In paragraph..., the author implies that…?3.It can be concluded from the information in paragraph…that…4.The author suggests that:Types of Inference:Infer in reverse direction1.Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, sproutsof oil, or gushers, were common in the past.Which of the following can be inferred about the gushers?A.They make bringing the oil to the surface easierB.They signal the presence of huge oil reservesC.They waste more oil in the pastD.They are unlikely to occur nowadays2.The story of the western movement of population in the United States is, in themain, the story of the expansion of agriculture- of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life enter a national market economyWhat can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 18151.They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.2.They were able to sell their products at high prices.3.They had not been successful in raising cattle4.They did not operate in a national market3.This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. Which of the following can be inferred about canal building?A.Canals were built primarily in the in the south of England rather than in otherregionsB.Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.C.Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damagedin the processD.Canal builders hired surveyors like smith to examine exposed rock strata4.Sediments above and below the gypsum layers contained tiny marine fossils,indicating open-ocean conditions.Which of the following can be inferred about solid gypsum layers?A.It did not contain any marine fossilB.It had formed in open-ocean conditionsC.It had once been soft, deep-sea mudD.It contained sediment from nearby desertsInfer according to the key wordsIn all probabilities, it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latin who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration and a land-based society. Which of the following can be inferred about the people of Latium?A.Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.B.They held different values than the people of RomeC.Agriculture played a significant role in the societyD.They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instinctExercises I: Identify the correct inferences based on the sentence or short passage:1. If a metalworker from 3,000 years ago could somehow travel forward in time, he would recognize virtually every step of the lost-wax process that today is used to cast titanium for jet engines.A: Titanium has been forged for thousands of years.B: The lost-wax methods of casting metal is very oldC: Metalworking has changed very little in 3,000 years.2. When apple growers talk about new varieties of apples. They don‟t mean something developed last month, last year, or even in the last decade.A: Apple growers have not developed any new varieties of apples in recent decades. B: Some varieties of apples can be developed in a short time, but others take a long time.C: New varieties of apples take a long time to develop.3. High level of serum cholesterol used to be thought of as a problem only for adults. A: High level of serum cholesterol are no longer a problem for adults.B: Only children have a problem with high levels of serum cholesterol.C: High serum cholesterol affects both adults and children.4. Alpha Centauri, one of the closest stars to Earth, is just 4.3 light years away. It can be seen only from the southern Hemisphere. However, the closest star(other than our own Sun, of course) is a tiny red star, Proxima Centauri, which is not visible without a telescope.A: ProximaCentauri, is the closest star to Earth.B: Alpha Centauri, is invisible from earth without a telescope.C: Proxima Centauri is closer than 4.3 light years from the earth.5. Compared with the rest of its brain, the visual area of a turtle‟s brain is quite small, since turtles, like all other reptiles, depend mainly on senses other than sight.A: No reptile uses sight as its primary sense.B: Animals that depend on sight all have larger visual areas in their brain than turtles do.C: The visual area of other reptiles‟ brain is smaller than that of turtles.6. An old but still useful proverb says,” beware of oak, it draws the stroke.” In general, trees with deep roots that tap into groundwater attract more lightning than do treeswith shallow, dry roots. Oak are fifty times more likely to be struck than beeches. Pines are not safe as beeches but are still much safer than oaks.A: The roots of oak are fifty times deeper than those of beeches.B: Pines‟ roots are deeper than beeches, but not as deep as those of oaks.C: the deeper the root, the safer the tree.7. Illegible handwriting does not indicate weakness of character, as even a quick glance at the penmanship of Franklin D. Roosevelt or John E. Kennedy revealsA: Roosevelt and Kennedy both had handwriting that was difficult to read.B: Roosevelt‟s handwriting was more illegible than that of Kennedy.C: The author believe both Roosevelt and Kennedy had weak characters.8. Jack London spent only a year prospecting for gold in Alaska. However, nearly half of his forty books are set there.A: London was successful in his search for gold in Alaska.B: Although London worked in Alaska for only a short time, he wrote almost twenty books while he lived there.C: London‟s experiences in Alaska had a strong influence on his writing.9. Most fish take on the coloration of their natural surroundings to a certain degree. It‟s not surprising, therefore, that fish inhabiting the warm, shallow waters around tropical reefs are colored all the brilliant hues of the rainbow.A: Tropical fish are unlike other fish because they take on the coloration of their environment.B. Tropical reefs are brightly colored environment.C: Tropical fish are brightly colored because they inhabit warm waters.10. Although sheep herding is an older and more beloved occupation, shepherds never caught the attention of filmmakers the way cowboys did.A: There have been more films about cowboys than about shepherds.B: Films about shepherds are older and more beloved than films about cowboys.C: Cowboys are generally younger than shepherds.11. The Okefenokee Swamp is a fascinating realm that both confirms and contradicts popular notions of a swamp. Along with huge cypresses, dangerous quagmires, and dim waterways, the Okefenokee has sandy pine islands, sunlit prairies, and clear lakes.A. Although most swamps are not very interesting, the Okefenokee is an exception. B: The Okefenokee has features that are not commonly associated with swamps.C: Unlike most swamps, the Okefenokee does not have huge cypresses, dangerous quagmires, or dim waterways.12. Thomas Jefferson preferred the Roman Style of architecture, as seen in the buildings at the University of Virginia, to the English style favored by CharlesBullfinch.A: The architecture of the University of Virginia was influenced by the Roman style. B: Bullfinch was an English architect.C: Jefferson preferred to build in the English style of architecture.13. In all cultures, gestures are used as a form of communication, but the same gestures may have very different meanings in different cultures.A: No two cultures use the same gestures.B: one gesture almost never has the same meaning in two cultures.C: A person from one culture may misunderstand the gestures used by a person from another.14. Even spiders that do not build webs from silk use it for a variety of purposes. such as constructing egg sacs and nursery tents.A: All spiders build webs.B: Spiders that build webs don‟t builds egg sacs or nursery tents.C: Silks is used by all spiders.15. In theory, a good screwdriver should last a lifetime, but it seldom does, usually because it is used as a substitute for other tools.A: Using a screwdriver for purpose other than those for which it was intended can shorten its life.B: All screwdrivers, if they are really good, last a lifetime.C: If you want a screwdriver to last a lifetime, use other tools to substitute for it. Exercise II: Choose correct inferences for the questions according to the information in the passageThe Titus-Bode law predicted that there would be a fifth planet between Mars and Jupiter. In 1800, a group of astronomers nic knamed the “celestial police” was organized to search for the missing planet. Before the plan could be put in effect, another astronomer, G.Piazzi, discovered 1 Ceres, the largest asteroids, in this position in space on New year‟s Day, 1801. While trying t o locate Ceres again, the astronomer H.Olbers discovered 2 Pallas in 1802. J.Harding discovered 3 Juno in 1804. H.Olbers also discovered 4 Vesta, the brightest asteroid, in 1807. It was not until 1836 that a fifth asteroid, 5 Asterea, was added to the list. At first, many nineteenth-century astronomers did not find asteroids of much interest. One even called them” the vermin of the sky”. In 1891, Max Wolf pioneered the use of astrophotography to detect asteroids. Then Wolf went on to discover 248 asteroids, beginning with 323 Bruscia. At present, around 150,000 asteroids have been discovered. Most are spotted today by automated systems that pair telescopes with computers.Asteroids vary in size from Ceres, with a diameter of 570 miles, to tiny bodies that are only the size of pebbles. Only the four largest-Ceres,Palas,Vesta,and Juno-arespherical. Most are elongated irregular. Asteroids are not uniformity distributed through space. Many occur in clusters called groups, of in even tighter clusters called families. Families or asteroids with similar characteristics, indicating a common origin, are called Hiruzama asteroids.H.Olbers advanced the theory that asteroids are the remnants of a large planet that exploded. Other astronomers suggested that the asteroids were originally moons of Jupiter that broke away and then disintegrated. The most commonly accepted theory among astronomers today is that they occupy a place in the solar system where a sizable planet could have formed but was prevented from doing so by the disruptive gravity field of nearby Jupiter. Originally, perhaps, there were only a few dozen asteroids. These were eventually fragmented by mutual collisions to produce the present population of asteroids.When new asteroids are discovered, they are given a temporary six-character name. The first four numbers correspond to the year of discovery. The first of the two letters corresponds to the half-month period in which the asteroid was discovered, and the second to the sequence in which the asteroid was discovered in that half-month. For example, the asteroid 2006AC was the third asteroid(C) to be discovered in the first half of January(A)in 2006. After the orbit of an asteroid discovery(Currently from 1 Ceres to 95959 Covadonga). The first several hundred asteroids were named for female characters from mythology(Cere, for example, is the Roman goddess of the harvest) Even after these names were used up, the convention of giving asteroid may submit a name to the international Astronomical Union. Some are named for places or for things. Some are named to honor famous scientist, painters, writers, or even pop stars, such as musicians and actors. Some are named after colleagues, family members, and even pets. Discoverers may not, however, name asteroids after themselves. Of the 150,000 known asteroids, only about 10% have names.Most asteroids are found in the Main Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter. Some have highly eccentric orbits, such as 3200 phaeton, which swings close to the Sun. Some asteroids, called Near Earth Asteroids(NEAs),pass close to Earth. It is feared that one day an steroid may hit Earth and cause a great deal of damage. In fact, most scientists believed that a collision between an asteroid and the earth made dinosaur extinct.In June of 2002, without warning, a medium-sized asteroid called 2002 MN passed relatively close to Earth. It was not observed until three days after it has passed. This was the cloest an asteroid had come to Earth since 1994XM. That asteroid missed the Earth by only 64,000 miles. However, the one in 2002 was much larger than 1994XN and potentially much more destructive. Other near misses involved 1989FC and 433 Erros in 1975. While there are programs to watch for Near Earth Asteroids, 2002MN proved that these programs are not completely effective. Some people believe that there should be much larger worldwide program to detect and possibly destroyasteroids that are heading towards out planet.Questions:1.It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that the Titus-Bode lawdeals with which of the following?A. The size of planets.B. The position of planets around the earth.C. The speed of bodies in spaceD. The existence of asteroids.2.What does the author imply about G.Piazzi in paragraph 1?A.He was not trained as an astronomer.B.He worked closely with H.Olbers.C.He was not a member of the “Celestial police”D.He discovered the four largest asteroids.3.It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that H.OlbertsA.was not looking for 2 Pallas when he found it.B.discovered the largest asteroid.C.discovered many asteroids a few years after finding 4 Vesta.D.worked closely with J.Harding.4.The author implies that the nineteenth-century astronomers mentioned inparagraph 1 believed thatA.Astronomers should work on projects other than asteroids.B.astrophotography was a valuable tool.C.more time should be spent searching for asteroids.D.asteroids were dangerous because they might strike Earth.5.It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 2 that asteroids in a familyA.always have a common origin.B.are closer together than those in groupC.all have the same shape.D.are brighter than those in a group6. What does the author imply about the three theories that he explains in paragraph 3?A.They are all valid theories.B.The first two theories are no longer considered valid.C.All three theories have been proved to be false.D.The third theory is older than the first two.7. What can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6 about the asteroid named 2002MNA.It has a temporary nameB.It was the two-thousandth and second asteroid to be discoveredC.It discoverer‟s first name began with M and last name began with ND.It was discovered in January of 20028. What can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6 about the asteroid named 433 Eros?A.It is named for a female character from mythologyB.It was discovered in 433A.D.C.Its orbit has never been calculated.D.It was the four-hundred and thirty-third asteroid to be discovered9. It can be inferred that the first 333 asteroids to be discoveredA. All had feminine namesB. Were all named for mythological characters.C. All were given the names of historical persons.D. Were all named form their discoverers10. Which of the following can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6?A.Smaller asteroids move faster than medium-sized asteroids.rge asteroids are easy to detect if they approach the earth.C.The bigger the asteroid, the more destructive it might beD.Even if a large asteroid misses the Earth, it might cause damage.III. Rhetorical Purpose Questions: purpose means WHY, purpose questions ask WHY the author of a passage uses a certain piece of information in the passage.For example: The question may ask you why the authore a certain example2.Makes a comparison3.Quote a sentenceTips or Steps: Purpose questionsusually askyou why author cites an example, quotesa sentence or make a comparison. If the author cites an example, the answer usually will be immediate before the example; For quotation, read the whole sentence, the answer can be reached by the quoted sentence,Exercise:Beach ErosionThe Sea has been rising relative to the land for hundreds of years, geologists say, but the rise has accelerated over the last few decades. The Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States have eroded an average of two or three feet, the Gulf Coast even faster. In some places the erosion has even been more dramatic. Highland Light, the oldest lighthouse on Cape Cod, was 400 feet from the sea when it was built in 1797. Now it is only about 100 feet from the ocean. Just in the last years, a series of harshwinter storms has eaten up over forty feet of the beach in from of the lighting house.The United States has over 19,000 miles of beaches, and nearly half of the population of the United States lives within 50 miles of the coast. Some estimates claim that between 80%-90% of the U.S. coastline is eroding. And the problem is not confined to the United States. Egypt, Thailand, India, the U.K., Australia, and Japan-almost every country that has a coastline-share this problem. During storms, the action of heavy waves carries sand into the sea and leaves it on the ocean floor. During calm period, erosion reverses. Sand is slowly moved landward by the action of gentler waves. In recent times, however, the build up of sand has not kept pace with erosion. In many places, sand has been replaced by sediment.Lately, the leading cause of the increased rate of beach erosion has been global warming. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are generated by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels. These gases are accumulating in the atmosphere, trapping in the sun‟s heat. Forests are being cut down, leaving fewer trees to remove carbon dioxide from the air. Global warming has likely increased the frequency of severe storm that tear sand from beaches. Average temperatures are likely to rise higher in the near future, melting glaciers and polar ice caps, causing the level of the sea to rise, and making coastal erosion even worse.Clearly, something must be done. Too many people live and vacation in Miami Beach, Atlantic City, Malibu, Galveston, and Honolulu to simply allow roads, houses, and resorts to fall into the sea. Many engineers maintain that the best way to protect coast is build protective structures such as sea walls and breakwater to protect beaches from the ravages of storms. These structures have been tried in a number of places along the U.S. coastline and in other countries, notably Japan.The problem with defensive structures is that they often don‟t work. One study, In fact, has shown that these structures accelerate the erosion of beaches. The states of Maine, North Carolina, and South Carolina have banned the building of these structures. Some communities have tried another solution: beach replenishment (also called beach nourishment). These programs simply replace lost sand with sand from deeper parts of the ocean or in the case of some California beaches, with sand brought in by trucks from the deserts. These programs are costly. It costs over US $1 million to replenish one mile of beach. Again, however, this method of preserving beaches is of dubious value. Another study shows that only 10% of replenished beaches have lasted more than five years. In some locations, the supply of suitable sand is limited. And the quality of the sand used for replenishment is seldom as high as the sand that it replaces.Q1: The author illustrates the problem of beach erosion in part bying Highland Light as a dramatic example of how severe beach erosion can beB.exploring the economic cost beach erosion on one seaside community.paring the situation at Highland Light with similar places in other countries.D.saying that the situation on Cape Cod is typical for most seaside communities.Q2: The author probably mentions the fact that nearly half of the population of the United States lives within fifty miles of the coast to show thatA.patterns of population distribution in the United States are changing,B.beach erosion affects a vast number of people in the United StatesC.the problem in the United States is more severe than it is in many other countries.D.beach erosion is not a concern for more than half of the population of the UnitedStates.Q3: The author explains global warming byA.giving its causes and showing how it affects beach erosionparing and contrasting it with other causes of beach erosionC.giving examples of ways to reduce its impact.D.evaluating how it may actually reduce beach erosion.Q4: The author mentions Japan in paragraph 4 because Japan has1.banned the use of protective structures2.ignored the problem of beach erosion3.tried beach replenishment programs4.built seawalls and breakwaters.Q5: The author cites the two studies in the passage in order to1.suggest that the sea is not rising as fast as was originally believed.2.strengthen the engineers‟ claim that protective structures and beachreplenishment are necessary.3.propose two new solutions to the problem of beach erosion.4.support his own position about protective structures and beach replenishment. Q6: It can be inferred the author of this passage1.opposes the use of both protective structures and beach replenishment2.believes beach replenishment would be more effective than protectivestructures.3.oppose any actions to prevent beach erosions.4.denies that beach erosion is a serious problemIV. Sentence Restatement(highlighted) QuestionsDefinition: Present a sentence from the passage, then asks you to choose the sentence from the answer choices that best restates or summarize the information in the original sentence.Characteristics:1.The correct choice will not look like the original sentence. It will use differentgrammar and vocabulary. Sometimes, use synonyms as a substitute.2.Correct choice may eliminate details and examples from original sentence. Itmay simplify and summarize the original sentence.3.Incorrect choices may1.Omit important information from original sentence, not the completesummarization.2.Change the meaning of the original sentence，usually the logicalrelationship between the sentences has been changed.Tips or steps:1.Break the sentences into 2-3 ideas and find the correct relationship amongsentences.Exercises:Passage 1:In some cases, a warning call or a threatening pose may be the only defense that is needed, but in other cases, intruders may refuse to leave peacefully and a battle for the territory takes place.Q 1: Which of the following sentences best express the essential information in the sentence in bold?ually a warning call is all that is required to get the invading bird to leave,but sometimes a threatening pose is also needed.2.If an intruder is threatened by the pose of the bird that occupies the territory, astruggle will take place.3.Sometimes the invader can be frightened away, but sometimes the defendermust fight.4.The intruder generally frightens the defender with warning calls andthreatening poses.Which of the following sentences if closed in meaning to the sentence in bold in the passage above?Passage 2It is also possible, of course, that people are concerned with several of these classes of motivation simultaneously, as would be the case if, on the same day, a person installed a fire safety alarm (satisfying a need for protection) and joined a folk-dancing club (satisfying a need for belonging).Q2: which of the following sentences best restates the information in the sentence in bold?1.People may satisfy more than one of Maslowe‟s categories of needs at thesame time.2.Obviously, for some people, installing a fire safety alarm is more importantthan joining a social club.3. A typical person is more motivated to satisfy a higher-level need, such as the。
托福阅读的三种常见题型
托福阅读的三种常见题型托福阅读的三种常见题型有哪些托福阅读文章可分为不同类型,新托福阅读考试的句按类型可分为:开门见山型.标靶型和导入型三类.托福阅读备考中,无论是哪种题型,每段句都非常重要.这三个类型有不同的答题方法,根据类型进行解题,更有针对性.所谓开门见山型,即指文章直接推出论点,表达文章的中心思想或主题走向.开门见山型的特征往往为定义型句子.一般都较为简短有力,富有哲理性,不超过两行.文章如属于开门见山型,则主题的确立自不待言.所谓标靶型,即作者在起笔处先推出某个错误的论点或看法,然后加以批驳,给出作者所持的相反或相对立的观点.标靶型语句的特征往往为:〝人们常常以为……〞.〝一般说来……〞.〝据称……〞.遇到标靶型语句时,只要句作相反理解,即可确知文章的主旨.所谓导入型,即作者先隐下主题思想不说,从别的细碎的地方谈起,渐渐接入正题.导入型的语句一般较为琐碎具体,甚至具体到某年某月.有时也纯为挑起读者的好奇心而设.如″Americanfirms have aprob?″什么问题呢?作者只字不提.导入型语句尽管隐藏了主题思想,但文章的脉络.所涉及的范围依然清晰可见.如上句的举例,讨论的关键肯定在problem,范围局限在美国公司.当然,新托福阅读考试题的分类并不是的,有时我们也可看到几种类型缠绕在一起的句子.托福阅读的重点关键在于:读完句后,应能确定文章的中心思想,即或不能,也应尽可能地把握文章的讨论走向.完成了这一点,也就完成了初步阅读.剩下的就是在中心思想或文章的主题走向的指导下去做选择项了.托福阅读真题原题+题目The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentiethcentury were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style,characterized by sinuous lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescentcoloration. The Art Nouveau style was an eclectic one, bringing togetherelements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures, and natural forms. Theglass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberatelydistorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style wasto imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried.Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatestpopularity had been generically termed art glass. Art glass was intended fordecorative purposes and relied for its effect upon carefully chosen colorcombinations and innovative techniques.France produced a number of outstanding e_ponents of the Art Nouveau style;among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (_46-__). In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (_43-_33) was the most noted e_ponent of this style,producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copiedin their time and are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer,successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese, and Persian motifs. The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from _95until __, although its influence continued throughout the mid-_20 s. It waseventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalismthat had been present since the turn of the century. At first restricted to asmall avant-garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged asthe dominant influence upon designers after the First World War. The basic tenetof the movement — that function should determine form — was not a new concept.Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: form should be simple, surfaces plain,and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new designconcept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventionsof the preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused ArtNouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramaticeffects of contrast, stark outline and comple_ te_tural surfaces.1. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?(A) Design elements in the Art Nouveau style(B) The popularity of the Art Nouveau style(C) Production techniques for art glass(D) Color combinations typical of the Art Nouveau style2. The word one in line 4 refers to(A) century(B) development(C) style(D) coloration3. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass was sometimes similar towhich aspect of ancient buried glass ?(A) The distortion of the glass(B) The appearance of the glass surface(C) The shapes of the glass objects(D) The size of the glass objects4. What is the main purpose of paragraph 2?(A) to compare different Art Nouveau styles(B) to give e_amples of famous Art Nouveau artists(C) to e_plain why Art Nouveau glass was so popular in the UnitedStates(D) to show the impact Art Nouveau had on other cultures around theworld5. The word prized in line _ is closest in meaning to(A) valued(B) universal(C) uncommon(D) preserved6. The word overtaken in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) surpassed(B) inclined(C) e_pressed(D) applied7. What does the author mean by stating that function should determine form(lines 23-24)?(A) A useful object should not be attractive.(B) The purpose of an object should influence its form.(C) The design of an object is considered more significant than itsfunction.(D) The form of an object should not include decorative elements.8. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason Functionalism becamepopular was that it(A) clearly distinguished between art and design(B) appealed to people who liked comple_ painted designs(C) reflected a common desire to break from the past(D) was easily interpreted by the general public9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements aboutFunctionalism?(A) Its design concept avoided geometric shapes.(B) It started on a small scale and then spread gradually.(C) It was a major force in the decorative arts before the First WorldWar.(D) It was not attractive to architects and designers.10. According to the passage , an object made in the Art Nouveau stylewould most likely include(A) a flowered design(B) bright colors(C) modern symbols(D) a te_tured surfacePASSAGE 28 ACBBA ABCBA托福阅读真题原题+题目The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clayparticles to large boulders. The most abundant particles — sand, silt, and clay—are the focus of e_amination in studies of soil te_ture. Te_ture is the termused to describe the composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typicallyseveral representative handfuls.To measure soil te_ture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted outby size and weight. The weights of each size are then e_pressed as a percentageof the sample weight. In the field, soil te_ture can be estimated bye_tractinga handful of soil and squeezing the damp soil into three basic shapes; (1) cast,a lump formed by squeezing a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread, a pencilshape formed by rolling soil between the palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shapeformed by squeezing a small sample between the thumb and inde_ finger. Thebehavioral characteristics of the soil when molded into each of these shapes, ifthey can be formed at all, provide the basis for a general te_turalclassification. The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by theamount of clay in the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive, and whendampened, behave as a plastic. Therefore the higher the clay content in asample, the more refined and durable the shapes into which it can be molded. Another method of determining soil te_ture involves the use of devicescalled sediment sieves, screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soilis filtered through a group of sieves, each with a different mesh size, theparticles become grouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can beweighed to make a te_tural determination. Although sieves work well for silt,sand, and larger particles, they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay isfar too small to sieve accurately; therefore, in soils with a high proportion ofclay, the fine particles are measured on the basis of their settling velocitywhen suspended in water. Since clays settle so slowly, they are easilysegregated from sand and silt. The water can be drawn off and evaporated,leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed.?1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Characteristics of high quality soil(B) Particles typically found in most soils(C) How a high clay content affects the te_ture of soil(D) Ways to determine the te_ture of soil2. The author mentions several representative handfuls in line 4 in orderto show(A) the range of soil samples(B) the process by which soil is weighed(C) the requirements for an adequate soil sample(D) how small soil particles are weighted3. The phrase sorted out in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) mi_ed(B) replaced(C) carried(D) separated4. It can be inferred that the names of the three basic shapes mentioned inparagraph 2 reflect(A) the way the soil is e_tracted(B) the results of squeezing the soil(C) the need to check more than one handful(D) the difficulty of forming different shapes5. The word dampened in line _ is closest in meaning to(A) damaged(B) stretched(C) moistened(D) e_amined6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a soilsample with little or noclay in it?(A) It is not very heavy.(B) It may not hold its shape when molded.(C) Its shape is durable(D) Its te_ture cannot be classified7. The word they in line _ refers to(A) categories(B) sieves(C) larger particles(D) clay particles8. It can be inferred from the passage that the sediment sieve has anadvantage over the handtest in determining soil te_ture because(A) using the sieve takes less time(B) the sieve can measure clay(C) less training is required to use the sieve(D) the sieve allows for a more e_act measure9. During the procedure described in paragraph 3, when clay particles areplaced into water they(A) stick to the sides of the water container(B) take some time to sink to the bottom(C) separate into different sizes(D) dissolve quickly10. The word fine in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) tiny(B) many(C) e_cellent(D) various_. All of the following words are defined in the passage E_CEPT(A) te_ture (line 3)(B) ribbon (line 10)(C) sediment sieves (line _)(D) evaporated (line 25)PASSAGE 27 DADBC BBDBA D托福阅读的三种常见题型有哪些。
新托福各类阅读题型解读方法
新托福各类阅读题型解读方法综述：文章数量：3-5篇字数：700要求：快速阅读+精确理解题目数量：每篇文章12-14题单题分值：1-4分文体：说明, 论述, 记叙速度要求：100 words/min各类题型特征及解题方法：1 词汇题问法：The word/phrase XXX is closest in meaning to____技巧：(1)首先看是否认识, 如果在认识, 在选项中找同义或近义词, 并代入原文检验(2)如果不认识,将4个选项代入原文, 看上下文是否合理(3)看原词所在句子前后2句, 找重复对应(4)如果悬想中有2个悬想都在上下文中合理,选择在含义上与原词沾边的词(5)选项中不认识的词不轻易去选做题顺序：看单词，看选项，原文验证注意：(1)不可能所有单词都认识(2)注意熟词僻义, 一定看完所有选项,并代回原文验证2 指代题问法：The word they/ their/ it/ its/ some in the passage refers to技巧：(1)单复数it找单数名词或名词性词组they找复数名词或名词性词组(2)在主从复合句, 并列句中, 后半句的代词主语优先指代前半句主语的核心词(有例外, 要从意义判断)(3)简单句中,代词优先指代主语核心词, 次之制代宾语核心词.(4)代词所在句子找不到合适的指代, 优先指代前一句主语, 次之指代后一句宾语(5)一句话中, 相同的代词指代相同3 直接事实题问法：According to the passage, what/ which/ why/ when?技巧：定位原文, 细读(1)题干明确定位(如给出第几段, highlight)(2) 题干无明确定位A 找题干中人名, 地名, 物种名, 大写, 斜体, 数字年代, 符号.B 定位某一段, 再定位某一位置C 用核心名词定位4 infer题(需要精确理解)注意：既然是infer, imply, 就一定不是原文中明确说的技巧：(1)时间前后推理(2)排除法a 原文直接清楚描述的,排除b 与原文无关的新内容,排除(3)不要加入自己的观点5 举例说明概述题(例子的作用)技巧：(1)重点不是例子本身, 而是举例子的目的及例子的服务对象(2)概述的同义改写就是答案6 EXCEPT列举题技巧：重视文中三个或三个以上的列举(遇到的话就做笔记记下来---Sissi如是说) 定位：核心关键词such as n1, n2, n3………A, B, and/ or C.7 插入句子题逻辑关系, 上下文关系, 是否紧密,是否有跳跃技巧(1)待插入的句子中, 代词this, these their, it, such, he, another 这些通常是上一句]提过的,所以才特指(2)因果, 转折等过渡词therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary(3)递进扩展词furthermore, also, as well, too, other, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally(4)结构配对词on the one hand…. On the other hand some…others(5)关键同义词重复出现的名词、副词、形容词8 句子要点题问法：which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence错误选项：(1) 有新内容, 或有相反内容(2) 遗漏了原文中重要信息9 全文总结题考全文key points的总结(不只一个key point)(1)注意段首句, 注意自己归纳总结(2)关注文章结构,特别是先总后分式(3)错误选项特征a 原文没有的新内容, 或在程度, 范围上发生变化b 与原文相反c 有原文中的细节(细节不该是key point)10 信息归类题特点：(1)通常文章采用对比写法(2)有无用的选项关键：排除无用选项新托福五大特点及各题型应对方法应对培养一种高效的速记能力新托福口语考试中，除了独立说外，还增加了先读、听后说和先听后说。
新托福题型
新托福题型
新托福考试题型包括以下几种:
1. 填空题(Fill in the blanks):考生需要根据句子中的提示词填写缺失的信息,通常是五个单词或短语。
2. 阅读理解题(Reading comprehension):考生需要阅读一段文字,然后回答问题,通常包括一个选择题和一个翻译题。
3. 写作题(Writing):考生需要撰写一篇文章,通常包括一个标题、段落和结论。
4. 独立任务(Unique tasks):考生需要在四个部分中分别完成一个独立任务,通常包括一个词汇题、一个语法题、一个图表题和一个逻辑题。
5. 匹配题(Matching):考生需要根据句子中的提示词匹配两个或多个单词或短语,通常是五个单词或短语。
请注意,以上题型可能会随着考试的变化而有所不同,所以最好在考试前仔细阅读考试说明并参考最新的考试指南。
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新托福阅读题型
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托福考试向来是想要探求American dream的孩子们要过的第一个关卡,老托福成Internet Baed的新托福,实行全机考策略,让很多备考的同学更受打击,因为新托福不仅增加了以前老托福没有的口语考试部分,其他几部分考试的难度也有一定比例的提高,例如阅读和听力的文章长度都增加了,写作还增加了结合听力和阅读的综合写作部分。
所以ETS从整体上大大提高了托福考试的难度,使其成为更难下咽的一根"山姆大叔鸡肋"。
在本文中,朗阁海外考试研究中心将和大家探讨一下新托福考试的阅读部分,分析一下新托福阅读考试十大题型的考察要点,然后给考生提供一些针对性的复习建议。
新托福阅读考试的文章长度由老托的500字左右文章加长到800字左右的文章,文章篇数为3篇或5篇(5篇文章意味着有2篇文章为加试),每篇文章题数大约11-13题,题型从OG(official guide)上看总共有10种类型,分别为
1、
Factual information quetion (事实信息题)
2、
Negative factual information quetion (非事实信息题) 3、
Inference quetion (推理题)
4、
Rhetorical purpoe quetion (修辞目的题)
5、
Vocabulary quetion (词汇题)
6。
Reference quetion (指代题)
7。
Sentence implification quetion (句子简化题)
8。
Inert tet quetion (句子插入题)
9。
Proe ummary (内容摘要题)
10。
Fill in a table (表格归类题)
从以上的阅读题型列表来看,可以发现新托福阅读考试是强调考察学生总体英语阅读能力的,ETS考察的内容非常之全面,从语言学习的最基础内容词汇开始,再到句子,最后到整体文章内容理解。
所以有些英语基础不扎实却想走技巧捷径的考生是很难在新托福阅读考试中尝到甜头的。
我们可以把以上几种题型归一下类,首先是第五种题型词汇题。
词汇题是阅读考试中最基础的一个环节,而且题数非常多,每篇有3-5题。
这其实就是考察学生最最基础的英语词汇量以及根据上下文猜词的能力。
要做好词汇题,就要从基础做起,扎扎实实找本适合的词汇书去看,不要按字母顺序背,一般同学很少能坚持背完Lit D,所以建议同学可以跳着字母背,或者挑些按话题分类的词汇书。
另外根据上下文猜测词意的能力也是不可或缺的。
接下来我们来看第六种和第七种题型,指代题和句子简化题,这两种题型是在考察学生对于单个句子或相邻句子的理解。
代词是英语句子理解的一个重要环节,只有搞清楚指代的内容,才能知道句子的含义,这其实
跟英语的基本语法相关,不需要很难很高深的语法,高中的语法知识其实足
以应对了。
主要是一些句子的构成成分分析,插入成分修饰成分,定语从句
状语从句之类。
而句子简化题则是侧重句子内部的逻辑关系和句子主要成
分的同义转换。
所以备考的同学可以复习一下中学时学过的一些基本语法
知识,尤其是指代这一块内容,搞清楚句子结构及其修饰成分的区分,然后
将常见逻辑关系的连接词复习一下,如并列关系,因果关系,否定关系,转折
关系等,再增加一点常见同义词的积累,那么对付这两种题型应该是够用了。
从这两个题型引申出来的更高级别的题型就是第一种和第二种题型,
事实信息题和非事实信息题。
这两种题型是去理解题目指出的相关句子内容,也许是一句话,也许是几句话,或者是一段话。
其实说白了就是理解多
个句子,利用基本语法和词汇量,如果考生能做好以上题型的准备,这两种
题型很容易迎刃而解。
最后是内容摘要题和表格归类题,这两类题应该是阅读最高层次的题型,因为它们是需要考生对整篇文章结构和内容的理解。
所以这种题型都
是在所有题目的最后出现,通过之前题目让考生对文章的局部进行理解,然
后要求考生总结归纳出文章的中心。
这是一种在短时间内抓住文章大意的
一种能力,并不是在短期内能提高的,必须要结合之前所提到的各种英语应
用能力,每篇练习做完后都花点时间将文章每段的段意归纳一下,然后自己
整理出文章的中心思想,每天分析一到二篇,持之以恒,肯定会有所提高。
综上所述,考生如要备考新托福阅读考试并希望取得好成绩,最重要的
还是从词和句这两个英语能力的基础部分着手,不要急功近利,一步一个脚印,付出终会有收获的。