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*第六篇BrandsThe word brand is a comprehensive term that encompasses other narrower terms.A brand is a name, term, symbol, and/or special design that is intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers. A brand differentiates one seller’s products from those of competitors. A brand name consists of words, letters, and/or numbers that can be vocalized. A brand mark is the part of the brand that appears in the form of a symbol, design, or distinctive coloring or lettering. It is recognized by sight but may not be expressed when a person pronounces the brand name.A trademark is a brand that is given legal protection because, under the law, it has been appropriated by one seller. Thus trademark is essentially a legal term. All trademarks are brands and thus include the words, letters, or numbers that can be pronounced. They may also include a pictorial design. Some people erroneously believe that the trademark is only the pictorial part of the brand.One major method of classifying brands is on the basis of who owns them—producers or middlemen. Sunbeam, Florsheim, Spalding (athletic products), and Sara Lee are producers’brands, while Allstate, Shurfine, Sysco, Craftsman, and Penncrest are middlemen's brands.The terms national and private have been used to describe producer and middleman brand ownership, respectively. However, marketing people prefer the producer middleman terminology. To say that the brand of poultry feed marketed in three states by a small Birmingham, Alabama, manufacturer is a national brand, whereas the brands of Penney’s or Sears are private brands, stretches the meaning of the terms national and private.译文：品牌品牌是一个综合性的术语，它包括其他范围更小的术语。

一种品牌可以是一个名字、一个术语、一个符号或是一个特殊的标志，用以区别不同卖主或卖主群体的货物或劳务。

品牌可以把一个卖主的商品同其他竞争者的商品区分开来。

一个品觯的名字由可以清晰读出的单词、字母及数字组成。

商标是品牌的一个组成部分，其形式为一个符号、一种图案、一种与众不同的色彩或字母书写。

它可以从视觉上确认，但在读品牌的名学时不一定能表达出来。

商标是受法律保护的品牌，因为依据法律，它已被卖主占有了。

因此，商标实质上是一个法律术语。

所有的商标都是品牌，它也就包括可以被读出的单词、字母及数字。

商标上也可能有图案设计。

有些人错误地认为，商标仅是品觯中的图案部分。

品牌分类的一种主要方法是依据其所有人——制造商和中间商来划分。

山比母、弗拉什姆、斯巴尔丁（体育用品）和萨拉李等是制造商的品牌，而奥斯泰特、舒费因、赛斯克、克拉夫茨曼和Penncrest则是中间商的品牌。

’国有和私有这两个术语分别用于描述制造商与中间商的品牌所有权。

不过，销售人员更偏爱生产者——中间商这个术语。

我们说阿拉巴马州伯明翰市一家小广生产的、在三个州都有出售的家禽饲料为国有品牌，而Penney's或Sears 为私有品牌，就把国有和私有这两个术语的意思引申了。

*第八篇Easy LearningStudents should be jealous. Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they’ve also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep.By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the University of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake.To test the theory, Cheour and her colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first few days of their lives. They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds—one that sounds like “oo”, another like “ee”and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between. EEG recordings of the infant’s brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers, while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups. One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels, while the others listened to other, easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.When tested in the morning, and again in the evening, the babies who’d heard the tricky boundary vowel all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognise this new sound. They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed, while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.Cheour doesn’t know how babies accomplish this night-time learning, bunt she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults, babies don’t “turn off”their cerebral cortex while they sleep. The skill probably fades in the course of the first year of life, she adds—so forget the idea that you can pick up tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups, Cheour ishoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.译文：容易的学习学生们应该感到嫉妒。

婴儿们不仅整天睡觉，而且他们还能在睡眠中掌握学习的艺术。

婴儿到了一周岁时，他们可以识别出很多音，甚至一些简单的单词。

芬兰Turku大学的Marie Cheour怀疑他们进步这么快的原因可能是他们不仅在醒着时学语言，而且在睡觉时也在学语言。