中美消费观念的差异
中美消费观差异的背景和意义
中美消费观差异的背景和意义摘要：一、引言二、中美消费观差异的背景1.文化差异2.经济发展水平3.社会环境三、中美消费观的具体差异1.消费习惯2.消费观念3.消费价值观四、中美消费观差异的意义1.个人财务规划2.国家经济发展3.全球经济一体化五、结论正文：一、引言中美作为世界上最大的经济体之一，其消费观的差异一直以来都备受关注。
消费观是人们在生活和消费中所形成的观念和态度，它不仅影响着个人的消费行为，也关系到国家经济的发展和社会的进步。
本文将分析中美消费观差异的背景和具体表现，并探讨这些差异的意义。
二、中美消费观差异的背景1.文化差异中美文化背景的差异是造成消费观不同的主要原因。
中国传统文化强调节俭、谦逊，注重家庭和集体利益；而美国文化则强调个人主义、自由和追求物质享受。
这些文化差异在消费观上得以体现。
2.经济发展水平经济发展水平是影响消费观的重要因素。
美国作为世界上最发达的国家之一，消费水平较高，人们更注重享受当下；而中国虽然近年来经济发展迅速，但人均收入水平仍有一定差距，因此人们在消费时会更加注重实用性和经济性。
3.社会环境社会环境对消费观的影响也不容忽视。
美国社会竞争激烈，人们为了提高生活品质，往往通过消费来展示自己的地位和实力；而中国社会则更注重家庭和亲情，消费观念相对较为保守。
三、中美消费观的具体差异1.消费习惯在中美两国的消费习惯上，中国人更注重节俭和储蓄，习惯于根据自己的收入水平进行消费；而美国人则更倾向于借贷消费，提前享受生活。
2.消费观念在消费观念上，中国人注重长远规划和家庭利益，消费行为往往受到家庭、子女教育和养老等因素的影响；而美国人的消费观念则以个人为中心，更关注当下的生活品质。
3.消费价值观在消费价值观方面，中国人重视面子和人际关系，消费时会考虑到他人的感受；而美国人的消费价值观则以个人喜好和需求为主，较少受到他人意见的影响。
四、中美消费观差异的意义1.个人财务规划中美消费观差异在个人财务规划方面具有重要意义。
关于中美消费观差异的参考书籍
近年来，中美两国的消费观念差异日益受到关注。
中美两国的消费市场、消费行为和消费心态存在着一些明显的差异，这一现象引起了学者们的浓厚兴趣。
针对中美消费观差异的研究逐渐成为学术界的热门话题。
为了深入了解中美消费观差异的相关内容，我在以下书籍中找到了宝贵的研究资料，特此推荐给大家。
第一、《中美消费观念差异研究》该书由著名学者合著，系统地探讨了中美两国消费观念差异的相关问题。
书中首先对中美两国的消费文化进行了比较分析，揭示了中美消费文化的根本差异。
深入剖析了中美用户的心理差异，从文化、历史和社会背景等多个角度进行了综合分析。
书中还通过大量的案例分析和数据支持，论证了中美消费观念差异对市场营销策略的影响。
该书总结了大量的实证研究成果，对中美消费观念差异进行了全面深入的解读，具有较高的学术价值。
第二、《我国消费：文化、社会和历史》该著作是关于我国消费文化的经典之作，书中深入探讨了我国消费行为、观念和心态的历史渊源。
作者结合我国的传统文化和现代社会，对我国消费方式进行了全面分析。
与此书中也对我国消费观念与西方国家的差异进行了深入比较。
通过对我国消费观念的全景式展示，使读者能够更加清晰地认识我国消费文化的特点和独特之处。
该书对于理解我国消费观念的形成和发展具有重要意义，也为研究中美消费观念差异提供了深刻启示。
第三、《美国消费心理学》这本书系统地阐释了美国消费心理学的相关理论和研究成果。
书中通过对美国用户心理特点的深入探讨，揭示了美国用户的消费动机、决策机制和行为模式。
作者还通过大量的案例和实证研究，展示了美国消费心理学在不同场景下的表现和特点。
通过学习这本书，读者能够更加全面地了解美国用户的行为逻辑和心理特征，从而有助于从理论上理解中美消费观念差异的本质。
第四、《跨文化营销：理论与实践》该书系统地阐述了跨文化营销的理论框架和实践方法。
在对不同国家和地区的消费文化进行深入比较的基础上，书中提出了针对不同文化环境下的营销策略与方法。
议论文西方消费观念-中西方消费观念差异
议论文西方消费观念:中西方消费观念差异近年来,受以美国为代表的西方消费主义的生活方式的影响,我国居民不论收入水平的高低对收入越高,消费的商品越多。
接下来小编为你带来议论文西方消费观念，希望对你有帮助。
议论文西方消费观念篇1中国人崇尚勤俭持家，量入为出，习惯于存款消费。
而西方人尤其是美国人则主张超前消费，习惯于贷款去享受生活。
有这样一个故事，讲的是一个中国老太太和一个美国老太太在天堂相遇，谈起了各自在人间的一生。
美国老太太到银行贷款买房，住了30年，最后贷款也还清了，并享受了一辈子的快乐生活。
中国老太太在年轻时，他母亲去世了，为他留下了刚买的房子，让她享受了30年;最后，她也为自己的女儿留下了一套新房。
听完了这个故事，我们应该能够大概了解中美消费观念里体现的文化差异，以及与此相关的社会伦理和社会价值观念等方面的差异。
美国老太太贷款住上了新房，舒舒服服地生活了一辈子;中国老太太也有自己的新房住，也能享受人生，不过住的是她母亲的房子。
从这个故事中可以看出美国人是自己享受生活，自己管自己，认为儿孙自有儿孙福而中国人崇尚的前人载树，后人乘凉，非常关心自己下一代的幸福生活。
造成这种差异的原因是多方面的。
因为从古自今，美国人相信上帝，认为他会给每个人赐福，所以美国人崇尚公平，认为自己的事情自己去做，不要想有别人的帮助;而中国人尊住祖，认为是祖先给子孙赐福，是祖先在保佑着你，所以中国人崇尚伦理亲情。
中西消费观念的差异，取决于各自不同的伦理亲情于价值观念。
随着文化更加广泛、更加频繁、更加激烈、更加深入地接触与碰撞，中西方也会多向的、多层次的互动和吸纳对方的优秀文化，中国人在子女留下财富的同时，也会接受贷款消费，而美国人也会更加注重伦理亲情。
议论文西方消费观念篇2随着经济社会的不断发展，人们的生活水平提高了，消费能力自然上升，消费观念也在发生变化。
此时，为了促进国家和自身的共同发展，正确的消费观就起了重要作用。
首先，要有促进消费增长的意识，这是必须的。
从文化层面分析中美消费观念的差异
从文化层面分析中美消费观念的差异摘要中美社会历史背景、价值观念、道德观念、以及家庭教育背景的差异，引起了两国人们消费观念的不同。
论文从文化的角度，主要论述了中美两国人们在存钱、旅游、以及追求新潮时尚等方面消费观念的差异。
论文重点研究了文化与消费观念的关系，以及文化对消费观念的影响，使人们进一步认识到不同文化背景蕴含不同的消费观念，并能正确、理性地看待本国文化与本国人们的消费观念，打破对其他国家人们不同消费观念持有的偏见，理解、尊重并借鉴不同文化背景下人们的消费观念。
关键词：中美文化；文化差异；消费观念差异On the Differences of Chinese and American Consumption Conceptions from the Perspective of CultureABSTRACTOwing to the geography differences, society development differences, cultural value differences, ethic differences, family education differences, Chinese and American nations’ consumption conceptions differ from each other in three aspects: difference in depositing conception, difference in traveling consuming, and difference in catching fashion. This study mainly elaborates on the relationship between culture and consumption, emphasizing the cultures’ influence on consumption conception from the perspective of culture. The aim of this thesis includes three aspects: firstly, making people view their own culture and consumption conception correctly and rationally; secondly, breaking people’s prejudice towards other nation’s consumption conception; finally, making people understand, and respect people’s consumption conception under different cultures.Key words:Chinese-American culture; culture difference; consumption conception differenceCONTENTS1 Introduction (1)2 Chinese and American Culture Differences (3)2.1 Geography differences (3)2.2 Society development differences (4)2.3 Cultural value differences... . (4)2.4 Ethics differences (5)2.5 Family education d ifferences (6)3 Chinese and American Consumption Conception Differences (7)3.1 Difference in depositing conception (7)3.2 Difference in traveling consuming (8)3.3 Difference in catching fashion (8)4 Influences of Different Cultures on Consumption Conceptions (10)4.1 Influence of geography on consumption conception (10)4.2 Influence of society development on consumption conception (11)4.2 Influence of value on consumption conception (11)4.3 Influence of traditional family education on consumption conception (13)Conclusion (15)References (16)Introduction“Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in identifiable group of people.”(Che Lijun, 2008:3) It is a well-known fact that people across nations and countries have different cultures, which influence human life in various aspects. Besides, consumption conception is one of the deepest aspects being influenced. Owing to the different cultures of China and America, their society and history differences, cultural value differences, ethics differences, and family education differences, the consumption concept of Chinese and American is also different in three aspects: depositing conception aspect, traveling consuming aspect, catching fashion aspect.Until now, many Chinese and foreign scholars, such as Zhu Chen (1996), Chen Qinde(2005) , Miao Qing(2005) , Hao Peiyan(2007) , Yang Guangqiong (2008) have ever done researches on Chinese- American culture differences and Chinese-American consumption conception differences . But each of them approaches it in his own way without keeping abreast of what others are doing on the study of culture and consumption concept. The former studies, which haven't combined culture differences with consumption conception differences, may cause some misunderstanding which can't make people achieve a better understanding of the relationship between culture and consumption conceptions. Based on the researches of the previous experts and scholars, this paper is to make a systematic study on the differences of Chinese-American consumption conceptions from cultural respect. This paper has five parts:The first part is an introduction. It shows readers the relationship between culture and consumption conception. The second part mainly analyses Chinese-American culture differences from geography, society development, value, ethics and family education aspects. The third part will talk about Chinese-American consumption conception differences from three aspects. The fourth part concerns with different culture's influences on consumption conception. The final part serves as a conclusion. It draws a conclusionthat the nature of consumption is culture. Only having a good knowledge of culture differences can we evaluate people's consumption conception correctly.2 Chinese and American Culture Differences“Culture usually means the unique life form in a particular society, including ideas, recognition, emotion, and behavioral faith, which are different from those of other society.”(Che Lijun, 2008:2) In our daily life, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, and all-pervasive, as we have it almost anywhere and anytime. It is understood differently by people throughout the world .Americans believe that culture is a fast-moving train, which is closely connected with what is going on for the time being .The better you adjust to the present world, the more you understand culture .However, Chinese people believe that culture is closely related to the past .The more you know about Confucianism or the past, the more cultured you are consider to be. To the outside observers, Americans may seem like a nation of amnesiacs; they care more about the next big invention. To Chinese, the past is always something to be memorized. They are always proud of the four great inventions they made in ancient times. Therefore, the culture differences between China and America are various, which may be reflected from the following aspects:2.1 Geography differencesChina and America have different geography conditions. America has a vast territory; and most territory physiognomy is low and flat. It lies in the temperate zone where there is enough rain. It supplies good resource condition for the development of American agriculture and has no limit to its development. It also has abundant water resource, which supplies reliable security for the development of American industry and resident usage. The mineral and energetic sources are also very rich, such as iron, copper, lead, zinc, mine, petroleum and natural gas etc. For China, remote location, and the relatively closed environment are the significant features. Geographic environmental conditions in China just like this: in the West and the North, there are plateau, mountains and desert, while in the East and the South, there is sea. All of these are barriers for Chinese.2.2 Society development differencesWe all know that America is an immigration country, where people have adventure spirit. Its history is very short, for about 300 years .For this, we would have to turn to the historical development of the United States. Its origins can be traced back to the 1776. In 1776, the US gained independence from the British rule. After 200 years of development, the United States has developed far beyond its previous in the aspects of economy, politics and military power. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States has become the sole superpower in the world. American is also the first modern democracy country in the world. With prosperous industry, America’s economy is full of vigor, which excludes the natural economy prematurely and breaks the self-sufficient pattern.However, China, as a feudal society with closed natural economy, has developed for about thousands of years.Its self-sufficient producing style forces most Chinese to spend all their life on farming. Once someone lost his ability of self-development or even lost his land, his family cannot survive.2.3 Cultural value differencesIn china, we pay much attention to a person’s reputation, modesty, advocate selfless-service and encourage people to make up for their defect and suffering by adjusting their inner mind. In Chinese history, Confucius concepts played a dominant role in the formation of social ideology. Confucianism believes that one should immerse into the whole society to exist. And one cannot realize his own value of existence if he does not immerse and become part of the society .China’s strong emphasis on the group, cooperation and coordination, in the process of social development, has built up their group-oriented value. As a basic value system, Confucianism has permeated all Asia for centuries .It is a philosophy of humanity which survives on the basis of good interpersonal relationship. “REN”(benevolence), one of its principles and the core of Confucianism, means the harmony of interpersonal passion .In daily life, it has intimate connection with mutual benefit which indicates that one must have the ability to think in other’s shoes, take care ofothers, and give sympathy to others. Another principle is “YI” (righteousness) which is part of human nature brings people back to “the good nature of humankind at beginning of birth”. It can make person see through problems and integrate with others by transcending the present interest and breaking through personal limitations. According to Confucianism, this kind of social relationship based on common interest, is very important and conductive to group coordination and harmonious interpersonal relation .So, in China, because of the high emphasis on group concept and social coordination, collectivism has gained a good and long –standing reputation.However, Americans focus on materials, and stress individualism. The unique experience of American history has determined the formation of their concept of individualism, the basis of American ideology. In order to escape the religious persecution from central Europe, the first group of settlers set up their own colony on the American continent .And this special historic experience of emphasizing on dependence has given a profound influence on American cultural value .In America, each person is viewed as having a unique set of talents and potentials. The striving for self –realization is accompanied by a subjective sense of rightness and personal well-being. Individualism also encourages people to express their own opinions and to make their own decisions independent of external influences.2.4 Ethics differencesChinese family moral education takes human relations as a foundation and emotions as principal to process family interpersonal relationship. Chinese family ethics are based on human relations, and they take emotion for the law to deal with family relationships. Chinese ties to each other with blood as basic coordinates. In dealing with family relations, the Chinese people’s genetic-based sentiments led to unusual attention. However, Chinese people have never followed a "reason" for the love, “A kind father and a filial son, a tender brother and a respecting brother, a gentle husband and a tender wife”(父慈子孝，兄爱弟敬，夫和妻柔) (Weienyase,2000:127))standard has enabled the Chinese to follow. Chinese families used to cultivate good habits and establish relationships of caring other people. Ittrains personality of each family member and at last units a family as a whole.However, American family moral education takes individual as the center. In an American family, individual is the foundation and has the highest value, whose existence does not rely on other people. The family may make all sorts of sacrifices for them, but does not request much obeying. The independent individual can enjoy freedom and equality in the family. The American parents foster and educate their children, but do not attempt any repayment. Children, after 18 years old, leave home to rent a room to live alone, to study or to work, and nobody can accuse the parents of their being unreasonable. Clearly, the common Chinese family stress and believe that, "good relationship is the most important"(和为贵).(Weienyase, 2000:9) American family stresses personality, and has strong rational idea.2.5 Family education differencesChinese family education takes "the benevolence of the Confucianism”as the core; the basic of benevolence is loving people. This enormously affirmed and transferred family member's intrinsic noble motive. In China, the corresponding relation of rights and duties are not important in China morality. When we fulfill our obligation, we make other people enjoy the rights. This is a basic faith of Chinese family.Americans take fair as the moral principle; everything is according with fair. And this “fair" is rational, even indifferent. American believes the fair is in opposition to and in agreement with the duty and the right. American is clear about the relation of the right and the duty. They work to get the reward, which also includes love. If they ask other people for help they also have to pay some reward. For example, they have paid for using relative's telephone, and the children demand the reward if they help their parents to wash car. American views that duty and right is not inconsistent with their intrinsic love. To pursue the coexistence of the right and the duty is the American family’s fair principle.3 Chinese and American Consumption Conception DifferencesConsumption conception means people’s ideology and attitude towards their disposable income, including people’s pursuit of the goods value. It also refers to a consumption activity, which makes people evaluate and value their action towards consumption manner, consumption process, and consumption trend. The process of shaping consumption conception is closely related to the level of productivity. Owing to the different level of productivity, the two nations’ consumption conceptions are different. The characteristics of Chinese consumption conceptions are conservative, with high saving rate. On the contrary, to most Americans, they tend to consume excessively. The main differences are as following:3.1 Difference in depositing conceptionAmerica is an emerging industrial country, without traditional agricultural period (while China is a large agricultural country), and therefore they do not have the conception of depositing money. Americans have courage to active advance.However, China, as a feudal society with closed natural economy, has developed for about thousands years. Chinese people from the very young has been instilled such a conception–to keep up. Since ancient times, Chinese society is also to appraise the economy, which is many Asians’ concept ion to money. To sum it up in one word that is "deposit." There is an old story that can best prove this phenomenon: it is about a Chinese old woman and an American old woman. When they were dying, the Chinese old woman said, “It took me 60 years to save enough money to buy a big house”, and the Western old woman said, “It took me 60 years to pay for the debt of my house”. (王埃亮，2000) We can see from the story that Chinese people traditionally think that they buy what they can afford and don’t want to be on a debt. However, Western people think that they would like to enjoy their lives even by loaning money from bank or making an installment. In myopinion, it’s a good idea for people to e njoy the life more comfortable while, we should also realize that the real happy life is contributed to the hard work by our own hands.3.2 Difference in traveling consumingAmerica is an immigrant nation. The development of the western region makes constant flow become a living. Therefore, American have no conception of the ancient precept "it is good to stay home for a thousand days ,and it is difficult to go out even for a moment(在家千日好，出外一时难)". With the development of family vehicle and highway, as well as other infrastructure industry and technology, travel becomes very simple. So tourism has become a major industry in America. However, Chinese advocate economy. They don’t think it very important to conduct cultural entertainment expense and service expense. In their point of view, traveling expense is also the service expense, which is spiritual expense, and it belongs to high income people. They also believe that, tourism expense is the expense after people’s basic life needs are satisfied; and at present, traveling is a kind of basic accumulation expense, but it is not a kind of regular expense. People think the traveling expends, especially traveling aboard is luxurious expense. To borrow money to travel, for most people in China is an incredible thing. In the eyes of most ordinary people, tourism consumption is not necessary in their lives.3.3 Difference in catching fashionAmerican likes to catch new things in order to be different. In America, Only the work- clothes have the possibility to be put on for above 3 years, the leisure clothes generally only are put on for 1 - 2 years. Moreover per capita has various seasons clothing above 10 sets. Their clothing is massively from Chinese and all developing nations, the price of which is extremely cheap.In the durable consumable aspect, the renewal speed is very quick. According to Sun Bangzhu’s investigation, the proportion of people having the cell phones is very high, nearly 100% university students, 50 - 70% middle-school students, 80% adults have cellphones, and after just one year they will get a new one. For automobile and other domestic electric products, they don’t use them until they can’t work. Therefore, in American life trash, we can see all kinds of things, such as refrigerator, air conditioner, television, and washer and so on.In the 80's, American pursued luxuriously. The majority of Americans have only the brand in mind, especially some young people; they didn’t put on clothes, which are the non- name brand. But in the 90's, American gradually has been faint in expense idea called brand consciousness, and the price consciousness is in the upper hand. However, Chinese are just on the opposite. Chinese consumers’expense behavior has two extremely remarkable characteristics: One is admiring fashion, displaying the new conception and new product craving, but the original product loyalty is low; the other is worshiping the psychology of foreign countries, favoring the purchase of international brand.4 Influences of Different Cultures on Consumption ConceptionIn sections two and three, we have explained in the different culture and consumption conceptions between China and America. So in this part we will mainly focus on how the culture influences the consumption conception.4.1 Influence of geography on consumption conceptionAmerica is an advanced agricultural country, which owns vast, low and flat territory, abundant water resource, and mineral and energetic sources.These sources are taking great grade in the world. Variety and rich resources also supply great foundation to the American industry and great production for consumption .Therefore; they don’t have the idea of depositingHowever, China, because of its relatively closed environment, it inevitably brings closure psychological and cultural anthropology. In China, the psychological and the marine cultural development do not play the important roles, which also related to the Huang - Huai basin, whose natural conditions is good for farming, so the people began to get active and formed a deep attachment to the land. Chinese people are lack of sufficient interest in the sea. Operations at sea are not only difficult but also dangerous, far less safe than agriculture. We assume that, in the low standard of living condition, the need of security should be quite strong. Since people have land for farming, so why do they seek danger? What’s more, the farming life also helps farmers like simple lifestyle and calm rhythm of life, and the sea-based trade will be disturbed and fast rhythm. China's natural conditions, climate, topography, and other aspects are not good for agricultural production, but in general far more favorable than negative. Given China’s own conditions, agriculture is the best choice. Chinese people have a deep sense of food .They think "food is the most important thing of people’s life”(民以食为天)" and "relying on the nature"（靠天吃饭）（李肖，2002）derived from the experience of agricultural life. Chinese food culture is full of life, which is a factor of fundamental aspect of people's life. This factor is constrained andarranged by the “nature”(天). Therefore, the farmers had to take into account the instable climate and mutations factors. The surplus grain will be stored up for the rainy day, and the Chinese community has always been a form of self-sufficiency. Therefore, Chinese people from the very young have been instilled to keep up such a conception. Since ancient times, Chinese society is also to appraise the economy, whi ch is many Asians’ concept ion of money. To sum it up in one word that is "deposit."4.2 Influence of society development on consumption conceptionWe all know that America’s neoteric economy is full of vigor. It breaks the self-sufficient pattern. Exploiting the world market and increasingly extending are all impacting the nation guard and limitation. Besides, America is an emerging industrial country, without traditional agricultural period (while China is a large agricultural country). Owing to these reasons, Americans do not have the conception of depositing money. They have the courage to advance. However, Chinese value agriculture more than industry and commerce. In China, two thirds of its population remains making a living on land. Old China is a feudal society with closed natural economy which has developed for thousands of years. Its self –sufficient producing style forces most Chinese to spend all their lives on farming. Once someone lost his ability of self-development or even lost his land, his family cannot survive. Owing to the difference of the society development, Chinese and American consumption conceptions are different. Americans don’t care much about depositing, while Chinese value it very much.4.3 Influence of value on consumption conceptionChinese highlight a person’s reputation, modesty, paying much attention to the spiritual consumption. They advocate selfless-service and encourage people to make up for their defect and suffering by adjusting their inner mind. For this, we could trace back to the origin of the traditional Chinese values. Confucianism as the mainstream of Chinese culture,along with Taoism and Buddhism, has established the framework of Chinese traditional culture and has built the mentality of the Chinese people. “Benevolence” is the core, and ethics is the standard. Adopted and reinforced by kings and governors since the Han Dynasty, especially in the Song and Ming dynasties, classic Confucianism became the theoretical pattern, whose ultimate concern was how to become a noble man or gentleman, how to cultivate one’s attitude or outlook. Confucius said: “the man with benevolence is the one who loves all men.”(Weienyase, 2000:69) The way to carry out benevolence is to establish others if one wants to establish oneself and to enhance others if one would enhance oneself. Do not do to others what you would not wish to be done yourself. The great learning teaches illustrious virtue, to improve the people, and to remain in the state of highest excellence. To achieve a moral ethics and improve one’s spiritual state as the Confucian ideals have made up of the core value of Chinese culture, due to which China becomes one of the cultural and economic centers of the ancient world. To the virtuous ancient Chinese, human interest and desires were of less important, and hence not worth pursuing.However, American is an interest-oriented country. They focus on material consumption. They consider it almost a right to be materially well off and physically comfortable. They expect swift and convenient transportation, a variety of clean and healthy food, and comfortable homes equipped with numerous laborsaving devices including both central heating and hot water. The government is expected to ensure access to food and drug products. Activities of all people and agencies can affect the public welfare. Associated with the values of physical comfort and health is the acceptance of cleanliness as being nearly identical with health. All the values of material property with material well-being yield the powerful social norm of progress. Progress may be said to be universal .Throughout the world, people wish for basic physical comfort, necessary material possessions, and good health and medical services that reduce the physical harshness of birth, disease and death .Both science and technology serve the value of progress .Based on this value, most Americans tend to believe that the basic problem of the world is economic and that technology offers solutions. Associated with material comfort,the American genius for devising and employing machines also provide efficiency and convenience in daily life .American advisors and technicians exhibit a strong tendency to perceive their tasks as requiring the use of machinery. Their future orientation creates a feeling that progress can make everything better than now. Americans find it important to cope with the flow “keeping up with the times” (Borden, George A) and to look ahead “keeping an eye on the future”, (Borden, George A) but the temporal orientation downstream should be qualified as “near future”. So most Americans feel that through their effort they can bring about a better future without compromising the welfare and progress of others .That there is enough for everyone is a valid belief for people living in a large country with an expanding economy and abundant recourses. With no restriction on the goods available to all, individuals can progress, that is, acquire a large quantity of the goods for themselves without concern for depriving others of the same opportunity. The Americans stress on material things is associated with a belief in the inviolacy of private property, a value commonly asserted to be at the root of the constitution and the American conception of democracy. They react negatively to the idea that free enterprises will be denied to anyone in the world .Americans regard free enterprises as an inalienable right that is worth fighting for. At the interpersonal level, many Americans also encounter difficulties in their dealing with persons who do not share with them a clear distinction between private and public property. On a large scale, Americans may react quite negatively to bribery of government officials and other methods of directing public funds into private pockets .With the scientific support of the theory of evolution, Americans see progress as ascending the primitive past along a path in time toward a future in which the impediments of nature are dominated by individual will and technology.4. 4 Influence of traditional family education on consumption conceptionParents in China are good at persuading. They attach importance to their children excessively. They even accept the obligation of educating their children without any complaint. In each stage, they protect children from hurt. For the benefit of the children, they try their best to solve the problems for children. Chinese children also respect the oldgeneration and their experience, and they are happy to accept the current experience of their parents. Today, Chinese parents give more attention to education than before. But they lack scientific educational ideas. Sometimes their ideas of children education are wrong. There is a universal phenomenon that Chinese parents lose the family education direction. People hope that their sons will grow up to be successful persons, which always causes children to feel tired of study, or even to give up the study. Both American family and Chinese family take moral education. In America, the children are cultivated the spirit of independence, and confidence. They explore these when they are young. The children have the right to choose what they want freely. Today, the children in US have more choices than their parents, but the complex situation makes it more difficult to make a decision. The parents do not make decisions for their children instead they give freedom to them. The last goal of American family education is to make children to be a useful person. The Americans give more encouragement than protections to the children .Americans encourage the children to make all kinds of attempt, which can raise their ability, interest, and the most important confidence.From the above analysis, we can draw the conclusion that family education has great influence on cultivating the consumption conception. Americans’education style makes them consume boldly. They have enough confidence to pay the debt. While for Chinese, we do anything hesitantly. And we like asking parents to give advice.。
浅析中美消费观差异
圜圈嘲
浅析 中美 消费观差异
．
王 峥
摘 要 ： 近 年 来 中 美 两 国的 差 异 日益 缩 小 ， 却 始 终 存 在 中国 ， 孩子是家庭的一切 ． 代表着希望 ． 家 长 往 在着很 多不容忽视的差异 ． 如 消 费观 念 的 不 同 ： 美国 往 把 自己 的孩 子 当做 自己的 第 二 次 机会 ． 去 竭 力 供 养 人 习惯 于超 前 消 费 ． 而 中 国人 偏 爱 储 蓄 。 这 种 差 异 性 自己的子女使之成才 。同时在 中国的教育体 制下 ． 子 表现在 方方面面 ． 诸 如 购 买住 房 、 供 养 子 女 以及 享 受 女 的 教 育开 销 占据 了家 庭 大 部 分 的 开支 而美 国父 母 生 活 的 方 法 此 两种 消 费观 念 因其 多方 面 的 形 成 原 因 更 希 望 自己 的孩 子 通 过 自 己的 努力 ． 例 如 打 工 或 做 家 不 同致使 其 各有 千秋 ． 所 以 两 种 消 费观 念之 间 的 相 互 务 来 获得 额 外 的收 入 ． 而不 是 直接 向父 母 索 要 学 习至 关 重要 （ 三） 享 受生 活— — 旅 游 和 时 尚 关键词 ： 中 羡 消 费观 中美 价值 观 差异 美 国人 习惯 在 假 期 时 外 出 度假 ． 这 可 以放 松 身 心 舒缓心情 。 并 且 增 加 家庭 成 员 之 间 的感 情 时 至 今 日 中美 消 费 观 的 差 异 性 伴 随 着 交通 业 的发 展 与 益 完 善 ． 旅 游 变 得 越 来 越 简 美 国人 注重 生 活 质 量 ． 性格开放 。 崇 尚享 乐 ， 敢 于 单 。 致 使 旅 游 业 成 为 了美 国支 柱 型 产 业 之 一 而 在 中 花 明 天 的 钱 享 受 今 天 的 生 活 ．是 超 前 消 费 的 典 型 代 国 ． 旅游 则是一项奢侈活动 ． 民众 通 常 只 有 在 满 足 所 表； 而 中 国 人 性 格 自古保 守 ． 以 勤 俭 为美 德 ， 他 们 习惯 有 基 础 需 求 之 后 才 予 以 考 虑 ． 但 大 部 分 人 仍 不 能 轻 易 于 把 钱 存 起 来 以 备 不 时 之 需 ．是 保 守 消 费 的 典 型 代 满 足地 生 活 基 本 需 求 ． 所 以在 他 们 的 观 念 里 旅游 是 一 表 。据 报 道 ， 截至 ２ ０ ０ ７年 底 ， 美 国家 庭 部 门 负债 率 已 件 可 有 可 无 的活 动 飞 涨至可 支配个 人 收入 的 １ ３ ３ ％ ． 比十 年 前 上 升 了 美 国人 喜 欢 追 求 新 鲜 事物 。据 一 项 调 查 表 明 ： 在 ４ ０ ％。（ 严． ２ ｏ ｌ ｏ ） 而 中 国 的 消费 率 一 直 低 于 国际 水 平 。 美国， 只 有 工 作 服 有 可 能 被 使 用 ３年 以 上 ． 平 常 的衣 且 呈 逐 年 下 降 的趋 势 据世界银行统计 ． 上世纪 ９ ０年 服 最 多 穿 着 １ — ２年 ．并 且每 一 个 季 节 的人 均 服 装 都 代 以来 ． 世界各 国平 均消费率 稳定 在 ７ ３ ％一 ７ ９ ％， 一些 高 达 １ ０套 以上 它 们 大 多 以低 廉 的 价格 从 发展 中 国 发 展 中 国家 的最 终 消 费 率 也 达 ６ ５ ％一 ７ Ｏ ％ ． 而 中 国 的 家 引进 ． 而 那些 国 际知 名 品牌 在 美 国的 售 价 也 相 对 较 最终消费率在 ２ ０ ０ ８年仅 为 ４ ８ ． ６ ％。 （ 严． ２ ０ １ ０ ） 低． 所 以尽 管 美 国 人 民 购 买 很 多 的 服 装 ． 但 是 这 笔 开 卜一 ） 购 买 住 房 支 只 占他 们 收 入 的小 部 分 。 而 中 国 的 情 况 则 恰 恰 相 “ 当来 自中 国 和美 国 的两 位 老 妇 人 死 后 在 天 堂 相 反 。 随着 国际化的影响 ． 很 多 国 际 知 名 品 牌 以高 昂 的 遇 时， 她 们 各 自谈起 了 自己 的整 个 人 生 美 国老 妇 人 价 格 进 驻 中 国 ，而 很 多本 土服 装 价 格 也 不 断 攀 升 ． 使 说： ‘ 年 轻 的 时候 我借 了好 多钱 买 房 子 ． 我 余 下 的 人 生 得 服 装 作 为 基础 型 消 费 占据 中 国人 收 入 的 一定 比例 都在还债 ． 虽 然 辛 苦 但 是 当我 看 到 自 己漂 亮 舒 适 的房 二 、 中 美 消 费观 差 异 产 生 的 原 因 子时 ， 所 有 的沮 丧 都 不 见 了 ’ ： 而 中 国 老 妇人 则 说 ： ‘ 我 ｆ 一） 经 济 体 制 辈子都在努力工作存钱 ． 看 到 存 折 上 的 数 字 一 点 点 美 国是 典 型 的市 场 型 经 济 “ 市场经济 （ 又称 为 自 加大 ． 我觉得一切 努力都是值得 的 ． 在 我 人 生 的 最 后 由市 场 经 济 或 自 由企 业 经 济 ） 是一种经 济体系 ． 在 这 几 年 我 终 于 买 了 自己 的房 子 现在 我 的孩 子 正 住 在 里 种 体 系 下 产 品 和 服 务 的生 产 及 销 售 完 全 由 自 由市 场 ２｝ Ｉ Ｉ Ｊ Ｈ 蔷 ） 【 Ｉ Ｊ ｝ 二 面” ’ 。 的 自由 价格 机制 所 引 导 ． 而不 是像 计 划 经 济 一 般 由 国 这 则 小 故 事 反 映 了 中美 两 种 不 同 的购 房 观 现金流量 、 守 型 消 费 的 中 国 人喜 欢存 钱 买 房 ． 而 超 前 消 费 的 美 国 物 资 都 由市 场 自己 掌 控 ．它 们 的 分 配 更 为合 理 而 流 人 则 喜 欢 贷 款买 房 在美 国 消 费贷 款 是 一 种 常 见 的社 畅 ， 并 且 更 容 易 刺 激 科 学 技术 的进 步 ， 降 低 资 源 消耗 。 会现象 ． 美 国人 贷 款 购 物 以提 高 自己 的 生 活 质 量 。相 中 国正 处 于 由计 划 型 经 济 向 市 场 型 经 济 的 转 型 反 ．中 国人 则偏 向存 款 达 到金 额 后 才 一 次 性 消 费 ． 安 过 程 中 。 中 国从 建 国初 期 到 第 十 四 届 全 国 代 表 大会 ． 全 地 远 离 债 务 直 处 于计 划 型 经 济 。“ 计划经济 ， 或计 划 经济 体制 ， ｆ 二） 供 养 子女 又称 指 令型 经 济 ， 是 一种 经 济体 制 ， 而这 种 体 系 下 ． 国 “ 在 两 位 在 天 堂 探 讨 人 生 的 老 妇 人 的 葬 礼 结 束 家 在 生 产 、 资 源 分 配 以及 产 品 消 费 各 方 面 ． 都 是 由 政 后 ．中 国老 人 的女 儿 对 其 丈 夫 说 ： ‘ 感谢我们的妈妈 ． 府 或 财们现在有新 房子住 ． 我们也要像 她一样 ． 努 力 工 行 的 过 程 中 ． 逐 渐 暴 露 出很 多 缺 点 ， 它 不 能 够 满 足 市 作 给我 们 的孩 子 买 房 ’ ： 而美 国老 人 的女 Ｊ Ｌ ￣ ］ Ｊ 对 自己 场 中各 个 板 块 的 高 速 发 展 。 对一 些 国有 企 业 的偏 顾 ． 的 丈夫 说 ： ‘ 像 我 们 的妈 妈 一 样 ． 我 们 也 应 该 去 买 自己 也 使 市 场 失 去 了应 有 的 竞 争 力 。 现今 ． 中国 政 府 正 努 的房 子 。 然 后 努 力赚 钱还 清贷 款 ” ’ 。 力扭转这一局 面 ， 推 行 了社 会 主 义 市 场 经 济 “ 社会
中美消费观念比较调查报告
中国在危机中相对而言受到影响不大，但也难以完全涉身事外。
当前，我们便是要借鉴美
国人的消费观念，鼓励人们将多余的钱从银行取出来去消费，从而拉动内需，进一步减小金融
危机对当前我国经济的负面影响。
美国人和中国人在消费理念上存在极大的差异。
中、美消费
习惯差异，就是要更多地关注市场和消费的差异、研究目标市场的特性，只有这样才能获得成功。
中小企业要真正全面、深入地了解美国消费者的消费习惯和心理，我们就能够更有针对性
地开拓美国市场。
一、美国消费观念
身处在经济高度发达、资源和物产非常丰富国度里的美国人，在很多方面非常奢侈、浪费，但在某些地方又表现得很随意、俭朴。
首先，以能源为例，美国人均能源消耗量为发展中国家的几十倍。
公路上穿梭的小汽车中
绝大多数只坐一个人，公共汽车里也是乘客稀少。
以往美国的小汽车大多耗油量较大，直到最近，由于汽油价格的不断攀升，耗油量较小的日本品牌汽车才逐步扩大了市场占有份额。
同样，马路上的街灯昼夜都亮着；私人厂家的，甚至私人花园里的灯多半也是“与日月争辉”。
其次，由于美国的地理条件非常优越。
土地富饶，现有的农耕地多达28亿亩，草原面积36.3亿亩，因此农产品非常丰富，价格（产出成本）也比较低廉。
其主要农产品的人均消耗量都高于世界平均水平。
例如，美国人均糖的消耗量就高于中国的10倍以上。
除了能满足国内
的巨大消耗以外，美国的农产品还大量出口，是世界上最大的农产品供应国。
美国人非常能吃，如牛排、汉堡、热狗这样的“大号”食品，造就了很多的大胖子。
中西方购物差异
中西方购物差异我们都知道，中西方文化习俗传统方面存在差异;所以，购物方面肯定也会有各种观念上的不同。
以下是店铺为大家整理的中西方购物差异的资料，希望对大家有用哦。
购物消费习惯差异：美国人比较习惯于先看免费寄到家里的各大商店的广告，然后再根据广告出去到价格比较便宜的商店买回家里需要的东西中国习惯于直接购物，现场比价格，消费差异故事例子：在美国，笔者发现一个奇怪的现象，美国人喜好挖空心思地想点子玩，比如，开着自家车，有的车后还拖着一辆水上摩托艇或小游艇，从洛杉矶出发，冒着加州的炎炎烈日，驱车行驶四五百公里，到科罗拉多州的拉福林去度周末，而在美国的中国人则仍旧忙忙碌碌地奔波着，周末最多是全家一起在家吃顿饭或看电视。
笔者好奇地请教了美国友人安德逊，为什么中国人和美国人在追求生活的享受上存在着如此大的反差呢?安沉思了片刻说，这主要是两国文化习俗传统方面存在着差异所致。
他说："中国人是为他人生活，而美国人是为自己活着。
"如何解释这个说法呢?友人安是这样说的，中国人到美国后首先是为自己的身份而奋斗，有了身份后就拼命挣钱，当然挣钱不是为了享受生活，而是为了后人：儿子女儿，甚至孙辈。
中国人挣的钱自己舍不得花，都一点点地积攒起来准备在将来为下一代办点事或养老用。
尽管在美国已获得身份的中国人无需再为自己的社会福利和医疗保险担忧，但他们仍过得很累，他们一直希望自己的银行存款每年有新的增长，今年有几万，明年希望挣几十万，后年则企盼上百万。
安说，中国人的兴趣似乎是喜欢看着存折上的数字在增大，因而他们花出去的钱很少。
许多在美国已经扎根的中国人应该属于创业奋斗的一代，他们已经在美国获得了立足之本，但他们仍保留着中国人节俭的作风，舍不得花钱，不过也有例外，他们在孩子身上花钱却很大方。
不少中国人有这样的心态，自己这一代创业时吃尽了苦，因此，应该让孩子生活得更好些。
所以，在美国小学里，人们可以看到那些穿得最好的，口袋里零花钱最多的是中国人的小孩，而正宗的美国孩子穿着是很普通的，口袋里也没有多少零花钱。
中美消费观比较
中美消费观比较有这样一个故事讲到中美两国人在消费观念上的不同，说是一个中国老太太和一个美国老太太在天堂相遇，谈起了在人间的一生。
美国老太太说：“我辛苦了三十年，终于把住房贷款都还清了。
”中国老太太说：“我辛苦了三十年，终于攒够了买房的钱。
”美国老太太在自己买的房子里住了三十年，后半生都在还款；而中国老太太后半生一直在存款攒钱，刚攒够了买房的钱，却去了天堂，无福享受自己买的新房。
中美消费观念的主要差异就在于美国人没钱借钱消费，而中国人使劲攒钱不敢消费。
为什么会出现这样的现象呢？这主要得从两个国家不同的体制和观念等深层次的问题进行分析！首先，体制的不同。
美国奉行的是民主的自由的资本主义制度，一切都实行私有化，实行的是自由的市场经济，倡导的是人的自我存在价值。
而中国，实行的是具有中国特色的社会主义初级阶段，推行的是不完全的市场经济，目前中国的经济体制仍处于由过去的计划经济向市场经济转变的过程之中。
特征是既要打破过去的经济体制，而又暂时未建立起来完善的新体制，所以时下出现了一些具有中国特色的实际问题。
中国的市场经济并不是完全由市场自己决定，更多的包括了政府的宏观调控成分。
！由于经济体制的不同，引发了两国人民消费观念的不同！其次，两国人民价值观念的差异。
在美国，人人都重视自我意识，过度享受生活，超前消费意识深入到美国社会的各个阶层。
美国作为一个发达国家，经济实力世界首位，在全球经济中有绝对的话语权。
正是依靠这些独特的优势，美国社会里人人都想过上富足的生活。
在美国财富也是比较集中的掌握在少数的大亨手中，美国的绝对穷人也属于少数！而中产阶级占了大多数，这也是美国社会近百年以来始终保持社会稳定的一个主要原因！与此同时，美国本身的强大使它有足够的能力来完成对社会保障体系的构建，比较完善的社会保障减震器使它多次避免了出现在亚洲、非洲等国家的由于经济危机而带来的社会震荡的局面，从某个角度来说消灭了社会不稳定的来源。
美国的穷人不怕挨饿，因为有强大的社会保障系统保证他们不会被饿死，这和亚非国家不同！相反还会得到不错的救济待遇。
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浅析中美消费观念的差异
研究消费观, 首先应理解什么是消费。
我国专门研究消费问题的消费经济辞对消费的定义是: “ 人们通过对各种劳动产品的使用和消耗, 以满足自己需要的行为和过程。
”消费包括生产性消费和生活消费。
消费观则是人们对消费水平、消费方式和消费行为等问题的总的态度和看法, 它影响人们的消费行为, 是社会经济现实在人们头脑中的反映, 其一旦形成又反作用于社会经济, 并对其产生深刻而重大的影响。
三种有重大影响的消费观——节俭消费观、侈糜消费观和适度消费观. 1 节俭消费观就是主张人们在消费时应最大限度地节约物质财富，减少甚至杜绝浪费的一种消费观。
这是人类历史上形成最早、影响最深、历时最长的一种消费观。
可以说，自人类产生到时至今日，这种消费观都或多或少、或强或弱地影响着人们的消费行为和消费方式。
2 这是一种与节俭消费观完全对立的消费观，与经济发展水平以及自身经济状况不相适应的消费观。
它主张消费者大量地、无节制地占有和消耗物质财富，以满足自身的需求和欲望。
这种消费观不仅在发达资本主义国家得到了普遍的认可和广泛的推行，而
且也向发展中国家不断传播和扩散，成为影响这些国家消费观念和
消费行为的重要因素。
3适度消费观是一种既吸收了上述两种消费观的合理因素，又屏弃了它
们的消极因素的消费观；是一种既不主张对物质财富一味节约吝惜，又不赞成对物质财富毫无节制的消耗滥用的消费观；是一种使消费者既不为清贫所迫，又不为物质所累的消费观。
消费观念有两种对立的形态。
一种是主张节俭的，一种是主张消费的。
崇尚节俭的国家以中国为代表，而美国就是典型的主张消费的国家。
中国和美国都是目前在全球经济发展中发挥着重要作用的国家，但储蓄与消费的运行轨迹截然不同：存款过度与负债累累，形成了鲜明反差。
．美国：高消费一低储蓄的过度消费模式
在美国，经济由生产驱动向消费驱动转型已有100 多年的历史，超前消费、负债消费、低储蓄率是当前美国消费模式的主要特征。
居民消费支出占GDP 比重居高不下，而且个人储蓄率一直低迷甚至为负数。
近年来，美国已发展成为透支消费、超前消费和炫耀性消费。
中国：高储蓄一谨慎保守型消费模式
中国居民消费规模相对较小，增长缓慢。
消费率低于国际平均水
平，且呈逐年下滑趋势。
据世界银行统计，中国居民消费率不仅低
于低收入国家平均水平的，也低于中等收入国家。
居民消费一直滞
后于收入的增长，而且储蓄余额不断攀升。
中美两种消费模式都具有各自的深刻原因
1社会文化习惯、宏观经济政策导向等因素密切相关，过度消费来源
于美国移民的传统习惯
2中国谨慎型消费模式的形成有其历史原因。
从现实情况看，由于
长期在计划经济体制下运行，中国实物分配型、供给型消费特征明
显，居民的福利性消费的比重较大，各种福利、补贴大约占到工资
总额的90 %以上。
整个社会没有把消费摆在应有的位置，对消费对
经济的拉动作用认识不足，重视不够。
消费观念逐步更新随着改革开放的不断深化和经济生活条件的逐步
改善.居民消费观念发生了重大变化
20世纪初期中美消费文化比较
综上所述,20世纪初期既是中国消费文化由传统向现代过渡的重要阶段，也是美国消费文化
由传统向现代转型的关键时期，两国消费文化在变迁内容、原因等方面有相似之处，在某种程度上可以说在19世纪中美两国主体消费文化差异不大，两国消费文化差异扩大开始于20 世纪初期，而且对后来两国经济发展产生的影响也有很大不同。
美国的增长主要由消费拉动，而中国的经济增长则主要依赖于出口和投资。
从中美GDP的构成来看，美国消费占
GDP的比重约为70%，而中国消费占GDP的比重仅为35%。
“花明天的钱，圆今天的梦”成为美国百姓津津乐道的消费模式。
与美国的过度超前消费模式相对比，中国古往今来量入为出的谨慎消费模式则被批评为落后、保守。
虽然中美两种消费模式都具有各自的深刻原因，但长期来看两种模式的转变都存在着必要性。
、
2超前消费观，这是一种与节俭消费观完全对立的消费观，与经
济发展水平以及自身经济状况不相适应的消费观。
它主张消费者大
量地、无节制地占有和消耗物质财富，以满足自身的需求和欲望。
它的显著特点是居民透支未来的收入，储蓄少。
要增加内容在二战后，随着凯恩斯主义成为资本主义国家的主流经济
学派和制定经济政策的理论依据，遂使超前消费观得到了空前的发展，奢侈消费方式大行其道。
这三个消费观念中有两种对立的形态。
一种是主张节俭的，一种是主张消费的。
崇尚节俭的
国家以中国为代表，而美国就是典型的主张消费的国家。
中国和美国都是目前在全球经济发展
中发挥着重要作用的国家，但储蓄与消费的运行轨迹截然不同：存款过度与负债累累，形成了
鲜明反差。
中国：高储蓄一谨慎保守型消费模式
中国居民消费规模相对较小，增长缓慢。
消费率低于国际平均水平，且呈逐年下滑趋势。
据世界银行统计，中国居民消费率不仅低于低收入国家平均水平的，也低于中等收入国家。
居民消费一直滞后于收入的增长，而且储蓄余额不断攀升。
美国：高消费,低储蓄的过度消费模式
在美国，经济由生产驱动向消费驱动转型已有100 多年的历史，超前消费、负债消费、低储蓄率是当前美国消费模式的主要特征。
居民消费支出占GDP 比重居高不下，而且个人储蓄率一直低迷甚至为负数。
近年来，美国已发展成为透支消费、超前消费和炫耀性消费。
United States has developed into overdraft consumption, excessive consumption and conspicuous consumption
中美两种消费模式都具有各自的深刻原因1社会文化习惯、宏观经济政策导向等因素密切相关，过度消费来源于美国移民的传统习惯
2 中国谨慎型消费模式的形成有其历史原因。
从现实情况看，由于长期在计划经济体制下运行，中国实物分配型、供给型消费特征明显，居民的福利性消费的比重较大，各种福利、补贴大约占到工资总额的90 ％以上。
整个社会没有把消费摆在应有的位置，对消费对经济的拉动作用认识不足，重视不够。
(二)绿色消费有利于保护环境
生产力高速发展一方面方便了生活, , 使物质享受更加丰富多彩, 另一方面也造成了资源的短缺和环境污染。
自然环境是
一种重要的生产要素,它可以提供人们直接消费的物品, 当人们所得增加时, 能源的需求量也越大, 能源在消耗的过程中会产生许多废弃物,而自然环境能吸收的废弃物是有限度的,最终造成环境恶化,危害人类生存的环境。
绿色消费要求人们在消费过程中注重对的处置垃圾, ，在生产过程中节约资源的使用, 以便不造成环境污染。
二如何进行、绿色消费的
(一)政府要加强宣传和教育,提高全民素质。
可持续消
费观的形成, 有赖于全民素质的提高,政府的宣传教育是十分重要的手段。
消费者是可持续消费得以有效实施的基础,但是处于分散和自发状态下的消费者只有通过政府的教育, 才能扭转传统的消费观念,自觉主动地参与到可持续消费活动中去。
(二)对企业而言,要实行: (1) 清洁生产,从产品的设计、生产过程到产品结构的调整都要贯穿环保理念,清洁生产能够兼顾经
济效益、环境效益和社会效益。
(2) 绿色营销。
企绿色营销是企业以环境保护观念作为企业文化核心, 在满足消费者绿色消费需求前提下,为实现企业目标而进行的营销活动。
绿色营销已经越
来越受到各企业的重视和广大消费者的欢迎。
(3) 绿色管理。
绿色管理就是企业为了更好地协调环境与经济之间的关系, 在企业推行国际标准化组织国际环境管理系列标准———ISO14000 标准,以规范企业的组织活动以及产品和服务的环境行为,支持全球的环境保护工作。
（三）对我们公民来说，我们要支持绿色消费，在生活中以绿色消费观指导我们的行为。
要厉行节约，适当消费，反对攀比、奢侈消费观念和方式，抵制盲目消费和过度消费。
在消费中选购有益于环境的产品，从而促使生产者也转向制造有益于环境的产品，对垃圾分类，这是对垃圾进行有效处置的一种科学的管理方法。
通过对垃圾分类投放、分类收集，把有用物资从垃圾中分离出来重新回收、利用，变废为宝。