P23心理学专业外语第23页

Controversial applications of psychology—the psychology of warfare
PROPAGANDA
Propaganda involves the dissemination of messages intended to change or consolidate attitudes and behavior for political purposes.
Propaganda is similar to advertising in its：
●use of biased, one-sided
communication
●objective of changing behavior and
attitudes
●use of emotion and occasional
disregard for logical analysis
Propaganda is different to advertising in that：
●political ideas and information are
what is ‘bought’
● a more complete and general
behavior and attitude change is sought
●being more socially sanctioned, the
use of bias and deception is more 心理学应用的争议——战争心理学
宣传
宣传包括信息的散播是以试图改变或合并态度和行为为政治目的。

宣传与广告的相似点在于：
●偏见、片面的信息的使用
●改变行为和态度的目的
●情感的运用和逻辑分析方法的偶
然忽视
宣传与广告的不同点在于：
●政治观点和信息是关于“购买”的
是什么
●以一个较为完整的和通用的行为
和态度的转变为追求的目标
●更多的社会认可，偏见与欺骗的使
用更有可能超越任何“消费者保护
likely to extend beyond any “Consumer Protection Act”
Propaganda achieves its aims through a variety of techniques:
●Proliferation of information and
dominance of communication channels-in order to establish their ‘unquestionable truths’ the propagandists have to limit the airing of alternative views in any media，
e.g. television, radio, the press, etc.
●Establishment of narrow and rigidly
defined norms of acceptable thinking and behavior –encouragement is given to reject and sanction alternative ideologies; reinforcement through social acceptance is given for conforming to the correct ideology.
●Dehumanization of the enemy –to
justify persecutory propaganda and reduce inhibitions about biased behavior in the receiver.
●Strengthening of central fears and
stereotypes –to promote and motivate intergroup discrimination. 法”
宣传通过各种技巧达到其目的:
●信息和各种传播渠道的优势的增
殖,其目的是建立其“毋庸置疑的真理”，宣传者必须限制在任何媒体中不同观点的扩散传播,例如，电视、广播、新闻界等。

●被认可的思想行为的狭窄而严格
的定义规范的确立,鼓励被给予了拒绝并处罚了可供替代选择的意识,通过社会认可的强化被接纳为合适正确的思想。

●敌人的人性丧失——以证明虐待
狂迫害的宣传和减少有关接受者偏颇行为的禁忌。

●恐惧和刻板印象的加强——增加
和激发了成员歧视。

BRAINW ASHING
●Brainwashing is a more coercive
form of persuasion, where powerful techniques are used to remove the ability of voluntary thought in a more complete way, thereby leading to behavior that is not in the individual’s own interest.
●Brainwashing is applied in varying
degrees of severity, for a variety of purposes, but there are similar principles involved. Tavris and Wade (1995) have outlined some of these principles and applied them to the brainwashing of cult members, but we can also see how easily these ideas can be used in warfare –to brainwash troops and prisoners of war into obedience.
洗脑
●洗脑是一种强制形式的说服,这样
强大的技术就被用于以一种更完备的方式清除自愿思想的能力。

因此，引导行为的不再是个人的利害关系。

●洗脑因为多种目的被应用于严重
性的不同程度, 但也包括类似的相关的原则,Tavris和韦德(1995),概述了其中的一些原理并将它们应用于狂热组织成员的洗脑,但是我们也可以看到这些想法可以多么容易的被应用于战争——给战争中的部队和战俘洗脑使他们服从。

EV ALUATION
There are many differences as well as similarities in the various situations that brainwashing or coercive persuasion is employed in.
●There are individual differences in
the ability to resist brainwashing.
Psychological techniques often produce greater brainwashing.
●The issue of ‘voluntary’ thinking and
decision making in brainwashing is a difficult issue. If subtly carried out, the influenced individual will strongly feel that the change in their attitudes and behaviors was completely their own decision. OTHER APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY TO W ARFARE ●Interrogation techniques-using
psychological techniques in the delivery and context of questioning and the reinforcement of answers.
●Psychological warfare-disrupting
wartime communication, demoralizing troops; analyzing psychological causes and responses to war.
评价
在各种情况中有许多的差异和相似性，而洗脑或强制劝说则都被应用于其中。

●个体对洗脑的抵抗能力存在差异，
心理技巧的运用常常会更有效的洗脑。

●在洗脑过程中,自愿的思考和决策
是最难解决的问题. 然而如果采取微妙的方式实施，被影响的个体将会强烈的感觉到，他们态度和行为的改变完全是他们自愿的。

战争心理学的其他应用
●讯问技术是应用于在问题的转换
和背景以及答案的强化上的心理技术。

●心理战术用于破坏战时的沟通，削
弱部队的士气，分析心理产生的原因和对战争的反应。