JV(联营体)
国际工程 专题
在这个市场中，欧、美、日等发达国家的承包公司和咨询公 司垄断市场的程度很高，以1997年为例，在200家大设计咨询公 司中，欧、美、日公司占89％，达178家，在160．35亿美元的国 外总营业额中，欧、美、日公司占94．7％，达151．87亿美元； 在225家国际大承包商中，欧、美、日公司占71．5％，达161家 ，而1102．24亿美元的国外总营业额中，欧、美、日公司占85． 8％，达945．72亿美元。由之可见，打人这个市场绝非易事。
世行、亚行及其他外资项目都要求进行国际公开招标、投标， 采用国际通用的合同条件，按照国际惯例来进行项目督理，因而 都属于国际工程。世行和亚行项目凡其成员国的企业均可参加投 标。 我国改革开放以来，特别是进入90年代中后期，一直是外资 流人量居世界第二大的国家，国内有大量的国际工程项目，据统 计，国际上225家大承包商大约有1/3以上的公司在中国有承包项 目，而且往往是中外联营体(Joint Venture，Jv)中的负责方，国际 上200家大设计咨询公司大约有2/3左右的公司在中国有设计咨询 项目，加入WTO以后，这种趋势还会扩大。由之可以看出，形 势急迫地要求我们加快工程管理体制改革的步伐，努力提高企业 素质，特别是人才素质，通晓和熟悉工程项目管理的国际惯例， 否则我们借贷的外汇中很大一部分又将被外国公司赚走，中国国 内的市场也将成为中外建筑企业角逐的市场。
五、中国公司在国际工程市场中的开拓与差距
（1）我国开拓国际工程市场的成绩主要表现在 1．二十年来，国际工程承包出我们的成就：表1—4为我国对外公司历年承包合 同额总计，表1—5为进入225家国际大承包商的中国公司数。
由表1—4和表1—5可以看出我们取得的巨大进步和成绩。特 别是近几年来，合同额相行业额都有了大幅度的增长，如1997年 亚洲金融危机之后，我国各对外公司的合同额1997年和1998年均 超过百亿美元，1998年营业额也达101．34乙美元。
海外工程项目风险-FIDIC合同管理
海外工程项目风险-FIDIC合同管理一、菲迪克合同条件简述国际工程承包因其项目周期长、跨文化、跨地区且竞争激烈，注定其高风险的行业特征。
由于国际工程项目本身的特点以及由此涉及到的经济利益决定了缔约方必然为了维护自身的利益存在一定程度的对立性，这种利益维护的自我倾向是导致争端发生的根源。
为了规范国际工程市场，FIDIC合同条件应用而生，可以说，菲迪克合同是集工业发达国家土木建筑业上百年的经验，把工程技术、法律、经济和管理等有机结合起来的一个合同条件，经过近五十多年的发展，根据不同的工程要求，逐渐衍生出多个版本，业内人士根据书面封皮的颜色特点，将其统称为菲迪克“彩虹系列”，如下图：FIDIC 合同法律基础为普通法（Common Law），其崇尚合同的自由约定原则，通常不会为保障公平或已签合约中不利一方的利益而干预合同，因此很难以显失公允为理由去修改或删除已经签订的文字约定，因为英美法系不保护不公平交易下的合同不利一方。
而中国法律基础接近大陆法（Continental Law），其倾向于干涉不公平合同，并会为保护不公平合约中欠获公允对待一方的利益而对原合同进行修改，甚至认定所签订的不公平合同为无效合同。
两种不同的法律基础上形成了不同的法律思维、法律框架及法律体系，如何尽快转变思维、融会贯通，总结出一套自己的工程项目管理体系是大多数“走出去”的中资承包企业不得不面对的重大课题，然而“走出去” 是个系统工程，海外建设项目一般来说投资大、建设运营时间长、参与方多，项目潜在风险比较大，需要全方位识别风险、防范风险，才可以顺利地“走出去”，然后把利润安全地“带回来”。
菲迪克合同体系博大精深，其囊括了工程技术、法律、经济和管理等方方面面，笔者结合参与过的海外工程项目仅从风险识别和风险防范的角度总结一点体会，与阅者共勉。
二、FIDIC 合同条款下的风险分摊FIDIC 合同条款的基础是让业主和承包商合理地分摊风险，基本原则如下：（1）合同规定双方应承担相应的风险，由于在传统的工程模式下，业主要花费很大的精力去管理、控制与工程有关的诸多事宜，所以越来越多的业主喜欢做“甩手掌柜”，青睐“一揽子”发包工程，菲迪克EPC 模式越来越受欢迎，但是绝大部分的风险转嫁到了承包商身上，如在银皮书框架下业主除了承担一些法律变化、不可抗力等为数不多的风险外，大多数风险都转嫁到承包商身上；（2）一般认为，承包商在投标时已对那些能够在投标时预见的风险进行了定价，故承包商在招投标之际项目的尽职调查尤显重要，报价环节为重中之重；（3）完成合同规定的工作是承包商的责任，但决定以何种方式去完成这些工作，应不受业主及工程师所左右，当然合同另有规定应通过业主批准的方式除外，但另一方面业主又赋予承包商更大的管控项目的权利。
Joint Venture (JV)
Introduction of Joint Venture ("JV")A Joint V enture is a business arrangement in which the participants create a new business entity or official contractual relationship and share investment and operation expenses, management responsibilities, and profits and losses.The Chinese authorities encourage foreign investors to use this form of company in order to obtain exposure to advanced technology and new management skills. In return, foreign investors can enjoy low labour costs, low production costs and a potentially large Chinese market share. Joint V entures are sometimes the only way to register in China if a certain business activity is still controlled by the government. e.g. Restaurants, Bars, Building and Construction, Car Production, Cosmetics etc. There are 2 types of Joint V enture:1- EJV (Equity Joint V entures)Equity joint ventures are the second most common manner in which foreign companies enter the China market and the preferred manner for cooperation where the Chinese government and Chinese businesses are concerned. Joint ventures are usually established to exploit the market knowledge, preferential market treatment, and manufacturing capability of the Chinese side along with the technology, manufacturing know-how, and marketing experience of the foreign partner.Normally operation of a joint venture is limited to a fixed period of time from thirty to fifty years. In some cases an unlimited period of operation can be approved, especially when the transfer of advanced technology is involved. Profit and risk sharing in a joint venture are proportionate to the equity of each partner in the joint venture, except in cases of a breach of the joint venture contract.Share holdings in a joint venture are usually non-negotiable and cannot be trans ferred without approval from the Chinese government. Investors are restricted from withdrawing registered capital during the live of the joint venture contract. Regulations surrounding the transfer of shares with only the approval of the board of directors and without approval from government authorities will probably evolve over time as the size and number of international joint ventures grow.There are specific requirements for the management structure of a joint venture but either party can hold the position as chairman of the board of directors. A minimum of 25% of the capital must be contributed by the foreign partner(s). There is no minimum investment for the Chinese partner(s).It is preferable that foreign exchange accounts are balanced in order to remit profits abroad so that the repatriated foreign exchange is offset by exports from the joint venture. With the elimination of foreign exchange certificates and the further opening of the China market, this requirement is becoming more and more relaxed.The permissible debt to equity ratio of a joint venture is regulated depending on the size of the joint venture. In situations where the sum of debt and equity is less than US$ 3 million, equity must constitute 70% of the total investment. In joint ventures where the sum of the debt and equity is more than US$ 3million but less than US$ 10 million, equity must constitute at least half of the total investment. In cases where the sum of the debt and equity is more than US$ 10 million but less than US$ 30 million, 40% of the total investment must be in the form of equity. When the total investment exceeds US$ 30 million, at least a third of the sum of the debt and equity must be equity.Equity can include cash, buildings, equipment, materials, intellectual property rights, and land-use rights but cannot include labor. The value of any equipment, materials, intellectual property rights, or land-use rights must be approved by government authorities before the joint venture can be approved.After a joint venture is registered, the entity is considered a Chinese legal entity and must abide by all Chinese laws. As a Chinese legal entity, a joint venture is free to hire Chinese nationals without the interference from government employment industries as long as they abide by Chinese labor law. Joint ventures are also able to purchase land and build their own buildings, privileges prevented to representative offices.2- CJV (Cooperative Joint V enture)In a Sino-Foreign Cooperative V enture (also known as Contractual Joint V enture), the parties involved may operate as separate legal entities and bear liabilities independently rather than as a single entity. A cooperative venture may also be registered as a limited liability entity resembling an equity joint venture in operation, structure, and status as a Chinese legal entity.There is no minimum foreign contribution required to initiate a cooperative venture, allowing a foreign company to take part in an enterprise where they preferred to remain a minor shareholder. The contributions made by the investors are not required to be expressed in a monetary value and can include excluded in the equity joint venture process can be contributed such as labor, resources, and services. Profits in a cooperative venture are divided according to the terms of the cooperative venture contract rather than by investment share, allowing a more flexible schedule for return on investment in cases where one investor provides cash while the other party's investment is primarily in kind.Greater flexibility in the structuring of a cooperative venture is also permissible including the structure of the organization, management, and assets. There is no term for unlimited terms in cooperative ventures, but also no provisions for the term of the duration. The term of the cooperative venture contract may be renewed subject to the consent of the parties involved and approval from the examination and approval authorities. The foreign investor is permitted to withdraw their registered capital or a po rtion thereof from the cooperative venture during the duration of the cooperative venture contract.Because of the unique privileges and added features offered to the foreign party in a cooperative venture, trade unions must be allowed to represent the em ployees in employment matters to protect the interests of the employees.KEY ISSUES REGARDING A JOINT VENTURENature of JV Project(A) The principal differences between an EJV and a CJV can be simply summarised as follows:- For an EJV:1. Each party must make cash or permitted in¨Ckind contributions in proportion to its subscribed percentage of the EJV's registered capital.2. Profit must be distributed strictly in accordance with the parties' respective percentage shareholding of the registered capital of the EJV.3. Upon dissolution of the EJV at the expiry of the term of operation, the EJV's net assets are to be distributed to each party in accordance with its respective shareholding of the EJV's registered capital.- For a CJV:1. A party (typically, but not always, the Chinese party) may contribute non-cash intangibles in the form of "cooperative conditions". Such "cooperative conditions" may consist of market access rights, rights to use buildings or office space owned or leased by the party that are not subject to clear valuation. In exchange for such "cooperative conditions", the party is entitled to participate in the distributable earnings of the CJV.2. Profit sharing in a CJV need not be made strictly in accordance with the parties' res pective percentage shareholding of the registered capital of the CJV but can be made in accordance with the agreement of the parties (e.g. the Chinese party may be entitled to a fixed profit share with the balance to be distributed to the foreign party, or the parties may agree on a multi-tiered profit-sharing arrangement that permits the foreign party to recover an amount equal to its capital investment on a priority basis, following which the profit split will be changed, etc.).3. Upon dissolution of the CJV at the expiry of the term of operation, the CJV's net assets may be transferred to the Chinese party without compensation (thus operating in many respects as a BOT project) so long as the foreign party has been able to recoup its capital contribution during the term of the CJV. Such recoupment typically is funded by excess cash flow generated by accelerated depreciation of the CJV's assets. Such arrangement requires approval of relevant finance and tax authorities in China. Note that this capital recoupment is separate and distinct from possible priority rights to receive after-tax net profit distributions as outlined in the bullet point above.Capitalisation of JV(A) The concepts of authorised and issued capital are not used in connection with Sino-foreign joint ventures. Instead, the concepts of "registered capital" and "total investment" are employed. Under applicable PRC law, registered capital is defined as the total amount of capital contributions subscribed to by the parties and registered with the Chinese authorities. Thus, the term "registered capital" refers to the parties' equity in the venture. The concept of "total investment", on the other hand, includes both registered capital and external borrowings.(B) Pursuant to regulations promulgated by the SAIC, certain minimum equity requirements are imposed on joint ventures. These are:PRC laws governing joint ventures require that the foreign party contribute no less than 25% of the registered capital.(C) The capital to be injected by the parties constituting their capital contribution may take a variety of forms including cash, machinery, equipment and intangible property, such as proprietary technology, trademarks and other industrial property rights. Pursuant to a circular promulgated by SAFE and effective as of 1 April 2003, subject to SAFE's approval, a foreign party may also use the assets obtained by way of early recoupment of investment, liquidation, share transferring, capital reduction etc. from FIEs it has previously invested in. In addition, the Chinese side may contribute the right to use a site and count this as part of its contribution.There are, however, certain restrictions on in kind contribution by a party. For example, the technology contributed as registered capital by a party generally should not exceed 20% of the total registered capital (but this can be increased with approval for certain encouraged projects) or 50% of an individual investor's capital contribution. The issue of the appropriate valuation of in kind contribution can often be a major stumbling block in joint venture negotiations.Once the joint venture contract is approved, the parties must inject their subscribed registered capital amounts within the time limits set out in the contract. If paid in one lump sum, the registered capital contributions must be made within six (6) months of the issuance of the business license for the joint venture. If the subscribed registered capital is to be injected in instalments, the first instalme nts, which must not be less than 15% of the total subscribed registered capital, must be made within three (3) months following issuance of the business license. The balance is to be contributed in accordance with a schedule agreed by the parties, provided that the parties must complete all such contributions within the following time limits (calculated from date of issuance of the business license) depending on the total amount of registered capital of the joint venture company:(D) Chinese law permits joint ventures to borrow funds from either Chinese or foreign banks in excess of the parties' capital contributions. Shareholder loans from the foreign party are also permitted. (Chinese partners likely will not have a sufficiently broad scope of business to permit them to provide shareholdersloans.) All such loans should be registered with SAFE and should not exceed the difference between the registered capital amount and the total investment amount.Transfers of Equity Interests in Joint V enturesIf a party proposes to transfer all or part of its interes t in the registered capital of the joint venture company to a third party, then each other party has a pre-emptive right to purchase the equity interest proposed to be transferred. As an equity transfer also requires amendment of the joint venture contract and articles of association, which in turns requires the signature of each party, each party in effect holds absolute consent rights to any transfer generally. All transfers of registered capital additionally require a unanimous approval of the joint venture company board of directors and approval by the original government authority which approved the joint venture contract and articles of association.Off-shore Structures(A) Offshore StructuresThe entity to be used by the foreign investor as the offshore investment holding company ("OHC") for its investment in the EJV will be determined by a number of factors. One of the main considerations driving choice of OHC is tax-efficiency. In this respect the foreign party needs to ascertain whether there is a double tax treaty ("DTT") covering the types of revenue streams that are likely to be coming out of the EJV as between the PRC and the jurisdiction where the OHC is established. DTTs generally cover loan interest, dividends and distributions, income taxes, royalties and capital gains. The tax treatment of dividends tend to be less important in terms of determining the location of the OHC because, at present, China exempts dividends by FIEs to their foreign shareholders from withholding and other taxes (although this could change as the post-WTO levelling of the playing field progresses, as Chinese parties do not benefit from such an exemption). There are proprietary software programs for determining the most tax-efficient jurisdiction under the applicable DTT s, based on a specific set of input parameters which you provide.Based on past experience, popular DTTs for investment in China are the PRC-Mauritius DTT (but note the provisions on capital gains do not apply to FIEs whose principal assets comprise real estate assets), PRC-Netherlands and PRC-Malaysia. If you are using a Labuan company, note that certain countries have objected to Labuan companies getting Malaysian DTT benefits in the country of investment because it is a tax haven within Malaysia, although China does not appear to have done so to date.A number of industries in China, notably the telecommunications, fund management, banking, venture capital and many others require foreign investors to meet certain qualification requirements which ma y preclude using a special purpose vehicle ("SPV") as the OHC. This needs to be considered on an industry-by-industry, case by case basis. It may be possible, in some cases, such as under the Foreign Invested V enture Investment Enterprise Administrative Regulations to use an affiliated entity to satisfy the qualification requirements where there is an express legal basis for doing so, whilst investing through an SPV located in a tax-efficient jurisdiction.Another possibility to consider, when establishing an EJV in "special industries" with foreign investor qualification requirements, is whether the industry regulator would accept the use of an SPV backed upby a parent company guarantee of the SPV's obligations in relation to the EJV or similar arrangement, based on an agreement negotiated with the regulator. Again there are no hard and fast rules as to what may or may not be possible as it depends on the position taken by the regulator. Y ou should make telephone enquires to confirm.Tax structuring of the foreign party's investment in an FIE does not, however, stop at the OHC level, as you also need to consider (where applicable) the tax implications of repatriating funds from the OHC to the foreign party's home jurisdiction, and the DTT s (if any) between OHC jurisdiction and the foreign investor's home jurisdiction.(B) Tax Havens as OHCsMany foreign investors tend to favour the use of tax haven jurisdictions, typically the British Virgin Islands ("BVI"), the Cayman Islands and so forth as OHCs for China investments.From the foreign investor perspective the main advantage is low or zero rates of tax on funds once they reach the tax haven or on disposals of shares in OHCs located in the tax haven. On the other hand, tax havens do not have any DTTs to reduce the tax withheld at the China end, so the tax required to be withheld in China before a remittance of funds out by EJV (other than for dividends) by way of payment of loan interest, royalties etc. will be the maximum applicable rate under Chinese law and policy at the time, thus giving a substantially reduced amount on arrival at the tax haven.The location of OHCs, as can be seen from the above, is not always straightforward and is a decision that will be determined by a large number of variables on a case-by-case basis. Often foreign investors will make the decision based on internal policies or on the basis of advice from their own in-house or external tax advisers.Miscellaneous(A) Under PRC law, joint venture companies have a fixed term of operation. Currently, the most common term of operation approved is fifty (50) years. This term can be extended with the consent of all parties and approval of the relevant government authorities. In some instances, particularly in BOT-like CJVs, the term of operation agreed by the Chinese party and approved by the relevant government authorities will be much shorter.(B) Depending on the nature of the operations of the proposed joint venture company, certain additional government approvals, permits or licenses may be required, e.g., sanitation certificates, environmental permits, production approvals, export licenses, value-added telecom services operating licenses, etc. Certain other legal and practical considerations relating to the establishment of a Sino-foreign joint venture company are set out in the notes at the end of the template Joint V enture Contract.Documents Required & Registration Procedures of JVDocuments Required for Joint V enture Registration:01Project Proposal and Application Form for Project-Establishment02 2 copies of the IDs of the Chinese and foreign investors03 2 copies of the investors' legal Certificates of Business (Business License)04The Credit Certificate given by the bank where an investor has opened an account05Contract and appendix06Constitution of the company and the appendix07Name list of the directors of the board08List of equipments and accessories need to be imported09Other documents are subject to the requirement of the governmentRegistration Procedures:Foreign companies are not allowed to directly submit the application documents to the relevant authority. They must retain a PRC entity that is authorized or permitted by relevant authorities to act as an agent. The agent will submit all the documents to the examination and approval authority on behalf of the foreign enterprise. Procedures to set up the Joint V enture ("JV") in Shanghai are as following:01Company Name Registration (about 3 days)02Apply for Approval Certificate (about 15 days)03Apply for Business License (about 15 days)04Apply for Enterprise Code Certificate (about 1 day)05Apply for Statistic license (about 1 day)06Register in Tax Bureau (about 1 month)07Open a RMB bank account (about 5 days)08Register Foreign Currency Certificate (about 1 day)09Check the registered capital (about 5 days)。
国际工程承包知识点考点
国际工程承包知识点考点第一章国际工程：是指一个工程项目的咨询、设计、融资、采购、施工以及培训等各个阶段的参与者来自不止一个国家和国际组织，并且按照国际上通用的工程项目的管理理念进行管理的工程。
国际工程包括国内和国外两个市场，分为咨询和承包两大行业。
我国应具有的国际工程专家包括：项目经理、国际工程咨询专家、合同管理专家、财务专家、物资管理专家、投标报价专家、工程施工专家、索赔专家、风险管理和保险专家、融资专家。
国际工程的特点：1、跨多个学科的系统工程2、跨国的经济活动3、严格的合同管理4、风险与利润并存5、发达国家垄断6、国际工程市场总体上是一个持续稳定的市场业主（Client/Owner)。
工程建设项目的投资人或投资人专门为工程建设项目设立的独立法人。
业主可能就是项目最初的发起人，也可能是发起人与其他投资人合资成立的项目法人公司；而在项目的保修阶段，业主还可能被业主委员会（由获得了项目产权的买家或小买家群体组成，在国外也被称为业主法人团）取代。
在中国传统的基本建设投资与建设行政管理体系中，业主也被称为“建设单位”。
业主代表:业主正式授权的代表,代表业主行使和履行在合同中明文规定的或者隐含的权利和职责.无权修改合同,无权解除承包商的责任.承包商:指承担工程项目施工及设备采购,安装的公司或者他们的联合体.建筑师;指不同领域和阶段负责咨询或设计的专业公司和专业人员.分包商：指直接与承包商签订合同，分担一部分承包商与业主签订合中的任务的公司。
供应商：为工程实施提供设备材料建筑机械的公司和个人.工料测量师:英联邦式的工料测量（Quantity Surveying）计价制度，从事这方面工作的专业技术人员被称为工料测量项目融资方：为项目提供所需要的资金的单位。
银行，大的企业，保险公司等金融机构。
国际工程项目管理模式包括8大类，即：传统项目管理模式、CM建筑工程管理模式、EPC 总承包模式、设计—管理模式、施工管理模式、PMC项目管理模式、更替型合同模式、BOT 管理模式。
应用文-国际工程联营体的风险分析与评价
国际工程联营体的风险分析与评价'\r\n 内容提要面对日益激烈的全球化竞争，与国外工程承包企业组建国际工程联营体已成为我国工程承包企业承揽国际工程项目的一种战略选择。
本文在对国际工程联营体面临的风险因素进行识别并分类的基础上，运用层次分析法构建了国际工程联菅体风险因素的层次递阶结构，计算获得了各风险因素的相对重要性排序，为项目者进行决策提供了依据，并相应提出了国际工程联营体实施风险管理的措施与建议。
关键词国际工程联营体风险风险评价层次分析法随着全球一体化趋势的飞速，并在我国“走出去”政策的促进与支持下，越来越多的中国承包企业跨出国门，积极承揽工程项目，广泛参与到国际工程市场的竞争中去。
根据中国对外承包工程商会的最新数据，2008年我国对外承包工程新签额1046亿美元，同比增长34.8％，其中很多项目都是以国际工程联营体的方式实施的。
面对规模日渐庞大、技术渐趋复杂的国际工程项目和日益激烈的全球化竞争，单纯依靠自己的资源、技术与能力，工程承包企业较难获取国际项目，有时即使承揽了项目也会在实施过程中遇到很多问题。
此时，与国外工程承包企业共同组建国际工程联营体不失为一种明智且有效的战略选择。
国际工程联营体(Interna-tional Construction Joint Ven-ture，ICJV)是指在国际工程承包市场中，两家或两家以上来自不同国家的工程承包企业为了承揽某一特定工程项目，分别投入各自的优势资源，共同组成利益共享、风险共担的战略型承包联合体。
组建成国际工程联营体ICJV后，不仅有利于增强工程承包企业的融资能力，提高其专业技术水平，增加整体竞争实力从而有利于获取项目、实施项目、分担风险和盈利，而且能够学习国际大承包商的先进技术及管理，有时还能充分利用当地承包商的优势(如熟悉当地市场机制等)，为项目实施创造有利和条件，甚至在某些情况下组建国际工程联营体更是获取市场准入的必要条件或优先条件。
工程总承包项目联合体管理
什么是联合体？联合体如何组成？如何签署联合体补充协议？123目录为什么“牵头人”是个伪命题？4如何进行“融合式外部监管”？如何解决联合体内部争议？561中华人民共和国《建筑法》第27条第1款“大型建筑工程或者结构复杂的建筑工程，可以由两个以上的承包单位联合共同承包。
共同承包的各方对承包合同的履行承担连带责任。
”中华人民共和国《招标投标法》第三十一条两个以上法人或者其他组织可以组成一个联合体，以一个投标人的身份共同投标。
联合体各方均应当具备承担招标项目的相应能力；国家有关规定或者招标文件对投标人资格条件有规定的，联合体各方均应当具备规定的相应资格条件。
由同一专业的单位组成的联合体，按照资质等级较低的单位确定资质等级。
（立法本意是不得借用联合体名义超越资质）联合体各方应当签订共同投标协议，明确约定各方拟承担的工作和责任，并将共同投标协议连同投标文件一并提交招标人。
联合体中标的，联合体各方应当共同与招标人签订合同，就中标项目向招标人承担连带责任。
住房和城乡建设部市场监管总局《建设项目工程总承包合同（示范文本）》（GF-2020-0216）1.1.2.4联合体：是指经发包人同意由两个或两个以上法人或者其他组织组成的，作为承包人的临时机构。
住房和城乡建设部国家发展改革《房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法》第十条工程总承包单位应当同时具有与工程规模相适应的工程设计资质和施工资质，或者由具有相应资质的设计单位和施工单位组成联合体。
工程总承包单位应当具有相应的项目管理体系和项目管理能力、财务和风险承担能力，以及与发包工程相类似的设计、施工或者工程总承包业绩。
设计单位和施工单位组成联合体的，应当根据项目的特点和复杂程度，合理确定牵头单位，并在联合体协议中明确联合体成员单位的责任和权利。
联合体各方应当共同与建设单位签订工程总承包合同，就工程总承包项目承担连带责任。
FIDIC2017版《设计采购施工（EPC）/交钥匙工程合同条件》1.1.40“联营体”或“JV”系指两名或两名以上人员组成的联营体、联盟、财团或其他非法人团体，不论其形式为合伙企业或其他形式。
国际工程承包试卷
国际工程承包试卷卷一一、单项选择题1.FIDIC是指国际咨询工程师联合会,它是由该联合会的()名称字头组成的缩写词.A.英文B.法文C.德文D.意大利文2.对于邀请招标来说,投标单位的资格审查在()时进行.A.签订合同B.递交投标文件C.资格预审D.评标3.投标文件不包括()内容.A.施工组织设计B.投标报价C.工程量清单D.投标函4.在评标过程中,如碰到以多种货币报价的,应当按照中国银行在()公布的汇报率中间价换算成人民币.A.发布招标公告之日B.投标文件的递交之日C.开标之日D.定标之日5.采用固定合同单价的工程,在每月(或每阶段)办理工程结算时,应根据()来结算.A.承包人报送的工程量B.合同中规定的工程量C.实际完成的工程量D.招标文件中的工程量6.()合同的适用范围比较宽,其风险可以得到合理的分摊,并且能鼓励承包单位通过提高工效等手段从成本节约中提高利润.A.总价合同B.单价合同C.成本加酬金合同D.固定单价合同7.承包商选择合同类型时,对一些风险很大的项目,应当采用().A.可调总价合同B.不可调总价合同C.单价合同D.成本加酬金合同8.建设项目可行性研究的核心内容是().A.项目方案设计B.投资估算与资金筹措C.项目环境评价D.项目的经济效益分析和评价9.在采用成本加酬金的合同价时,()合同形式,有利于控制工程造价,并能鼓励承包方最大限度地降低工程成本.A.成本加固定百分比酬金B.成本加固定金额C.成本加奖罚D.最高限额成本加固定最大酬金10.()仅适用于工程量不太大且能精确计算,工期较短,技术不太复杂,风险不大的项目.A.总价合同B.固定单价合同C.可调单价合同D.成本加酬金合同11.下列不属于招标文件的内容有().A.投标须知B.工程量清单C.施工组织设计D.拟签定合同的主要条款12.招标文件中的建设工期应参照国家或地方颁发的工期定额来确定,如果要求的工期比工期定额缩短()以上,应计算赶工措施费.A.10%B.20%C.25%D.30%13.在进行投标计算时,必须首先完成的工作是().A.编制施工方案B.研究招标文件C.根据招标文件复核工程量D.现场勘察14.最低投标价法的适用范围有().A.具有通用技术,性能标准或者招标人对其技术,性能没有特殊要求的招标项目B.利用扶贫资金实行以工代赈,需要使用农民工的项目C.涉及抢险救灾的项目D.涉及国家安全项目15.选择合同类型时,对新型的工程项目,应当采用().A.可调总价合同B.不可调总价合同C.单价合同D.成本加酬金合同15.招标人和中标人应当自中标通知书发出之日起()内,按照招标文件和中标人的投标文件订立书面合同.A.7天B.15天C.30天D.45天16.在投标报价,采用不平衡报价法,不正确的有().A.能够早日结帐收款的项目可适当提高报价B.预计工程量今后会增加的,单价适当提高C.工作内容解说不清楚的,单价适当降低D.工作简单,工作量大的工程,报价可适当提高17.按照FIDIC合同条件,()有权将工程部分项目交由指定分包商实施.A.业主B.承包商C.工程师D.业主和承包商18.承包方收到竣工结算价款后()内,将竣工工程交付发包方.A.7天B.14天C.15天D.28天19.工程师不按约定时间通知承包方,使承包方不能参加计量,则().A.单独计量有效B.单独计量无效C.应推迟计量时间D.单独计量后请承包人确认20.承包方在工程变更确认后(B)内,提出变更工程价款的报告,经工程师确认后调整合同价款.A.7天B.14天C.15天D.28天21.按照FIDIC合同条件,工程师应在缺陷通知期满后28天内,向()颁发履约证书.A.承包商B.业主C.工程师代表D.分包商22.发包人供应的材料设备进入施工现场后,需要重新检验或者试验的,由()负责.A.发包人B.承包人C.工程师D.工程师和承包人共同23.分包单位履行合同时的协调管理工作应由()负责.A.发包方B.总承包方C.工程师D.分包单位自行24.在FIDIC合同条件中,不允许索赔窝工费用的是(B).A.施工中遇到文物和古迹B.变更导致竣工时间的延长C.延误发放图纸D.对竣工检验的干扰25.因工程师指令错误发生的费用和给承包人造成的损失由()承担,延误的工期(B).A.发包人,不予顺延B.发包人,顺延C.承包人,顺延D.工程师,不予顺延26.具备联机无负荷试车条件的设备安装工程,由(B)组织试车.A.承包人B.发包人C.工程师D.设备供应商27.按照《建筑工程施工合同示范文本》,因(C)情况造成延误,应当顺延工期.A.雨季到来B.承包方发生重大的伤亡事故C.工程量变化或工程设计变更D.承包方采购工程材料不合格28.发包人收到竣工验收报告28天内组织有关部门验收,并在验收后(B)内给予认可或提出修改意见.A.7天B.14天31.索赔事件发生后的28天内,承包商必须向工程师提出书面的(C),否则,就丧失了索赔的权利.A.索赔事实B.索赔依据C.索赔意向通知D.索赔报告32.承包方在施工中提出的合理化建议涉及设计图纸或施工组织设计的更改及对原材料,设备的换用,因工期紧迫,未经工程师同意,()承担由此发生的费用,延误的工期(A)顺延.A.承包商,不予B.发包方,不予C.工程师,相应D.发包方,相应二、多项选择题1.单价合同包括：（）A.估计工程量单价合同B.纯单价合同C.单价与包干混合式合同D.固定工程量单价合同E.管理费单价合同2.哪些情况报价可以高些（）A.专业要求高的技术密集型工程，而本公司这方面有专长B.特殊的工程，如港口码头工程C.投标竞争对手多，竞争力强D.总价低的小工程，以及自己不愿意做而被邀请投标时E.支付条件部理想时3.货物运输保险包括哪些（）A.海运保险B.空运保险C.平安险D.水渍险E.陆运险4.选择分包商的主要条件()A.技术力量B.信誉C.资金D.报价的合理性E.施工方案5.承包商的哪里行为会引起业主对承包商的索赔（）A.承包商对业主指定的分包商拖欠工程款，长期拒绝支付，指定分包商提出索赔要求；B.承包商运送自己的材料时，损坏了沿途的公路或桥梁，公路交通部门要求修复；C.由于工商事故，给业主人员或第三方人员造成的人身或财产损失；D.工程进度太慢，要求承包商赶工时，索赔工程师的加班费；E.签订分包合同时，未按要求写入保护业主权益的条款，致使业主权益收到损害；三、名词解释1.履约保证2.资格后审3.最大成本加费用合同（MCPF）4.联营体（JV）5.索赔四、简答题 1.资格预审程序。
jv_精品文档
jvJV stands for Joint Venture, which is a business arrangement where two or more companies come together to form a new entity or partnership. The purpose of a JV is to pool resources, expertise, and capital to achieve a common goal or undertake a specific project. JVs are common in various industries and can provide many benefits for the participating companies. In this document, we will explore the concept of JV, its advantages and disadvantages, and some examples of successful JVs.1. Introduction to Joint Venture (JV):A JV is a collaboration between two or more companies with shared objectives. It can be a short-term or long-term partnership, and the participating companies typically contribute resources such as money, technology, or expertise. In a JV, the companies remain legally separate entities, but they work closely together to achieve mutual benefits. JVs can be formed domestically or internationally and can be established in various industries, including manufacturing, technology, agriculture, and more.2. Advantages of Joint Ventures:2.1 Resource pooling: One of the primary advantages of a JV is the ability to pool resources. Companies can leverage each other's strengths, such as technology, distribution, marketing, or manufacturing capabilities, to achieve economies of scale and increase efficiency.2.2 Risk sharing: By entering into a JV, companies share the risks associated with a particular project or venture. This can be especially beneficial for large-scale projects that require substantial investments or have high levels of uncertainty. By sharing the risks, companies can mitigate their individual exposure and increase the chances of success.2.3 Access to new markets: JVs can provide companies with access to new markets or regions where they may not have a presence. By partnering with a local company, a foreign firm can gain invaluable market knowledge, distribution networks, and established relationships, reducing the barriers to entry and facilitating market expansion.2.4 Strategic alliances: JVs can serve as strategic alliances between companies with complementary strengths and synergies. By combining expertise and capabilities, companies can develop innovative products, technologies, or solutions that would be challenging to achieve individually.Strategic alliances also provide the opportunity to learn from each other and foster cross-cultural exchange.2.5 Cost-sharing: In certain industries with high entry barriers, such as research and development or infrastructure projects, a JV can help distribute the substantial costs among the participating companies. This sharing of costs can make projects more feasible and financially viable for all parties involved.3. Disadvantages of Joint Ventures:3.1 Limited control: In a JV, all participating companies must make joint decisions, which can result in limited control over certain aspects of the business. Differences in management styles, objectives, or decision-making processes can lead to conflicts and challenges in running the JV effectively.3.2 Shared profits and losses: While sharing risks can be an advantage, it also means sharing profits and losses. If the venture is not successful, all parties bear the financial consequences. Disparities in investment or effort exerted by individual parties can also cause conflicts when it comes to distributing profits.3.3 Cultural and operational differences: When two or more companies from different cultures or operational backgrounds come together, differences in management styles, communication, and work processes may arise. These differences can pose challenges in effectively collaborating and executing the JV's goals.3.4 Potential for knowledge leakage: Sharing proprietary technology or know-how in a JV can lead to the potential risk of knowledge leakage. Without proper safeguards, there is a possibility that valuable intellectual property may be compromised or transferred to competitors.4. Successful Examples of Joint Ventures:4.1 Sony Ericsson (Sony and Ericsson): In 2001, Sony and Ericsson formed a JV to design and manufacture mobile phones. This collaboration allowed both companies to leverage their expertise in consumer electronics and telecommunications, resulting in successful mobile phone models and market presence.4.2 Beijing Hyundai (BAIC Group and Hyundai Motor Group): Beijing Hyundai is a successful JV between BAIC Motor and Hyundai, established in 2002. This JV enabled Hyundai to tapinto the growing Chinese automobile market while leveraging BAIC's local knowledge and production facilities.4.3 Dow Corning (Dow Chemical Company and Corning Incorporated): Dow Corning is a globally recognized leader in silicon-based technology and innovation. The JV between Dow Chemical Company and Corning Incorporated, formedin 1943, pioneered the development of silicone products and technologies, serving industries such as electronics, healthcare, and construction.4.4 Starbucks (Starbucks Corporation and Tata Global Beverages): In 2012, Starbucks formed a JV with Tata Global Beverages to enter the Indian market. This collaboration allowed Starbucks to navigate the local market through Tata's understanding of Indian consumers and distribution networks, leading to successful expansion and brand recognition.5. Conclusion:Joint Ventures are a strategic tool for companies looking to pool resources, share risks, and access new markets. While there are advantages and disadvantages to consider, successful examples demonstrate how JVs can lead to significant business growth, innovation, and market expansion. Careful planning, effective communication, and ahealthy balance of shared objectives and individual interests are essential for the success of a JV. Overall, JVs present an opportunity for companies to leverage each other's strengths and achieve synergistic outcomes.。
工程项目联营体(JV)协议基础
JV在中东市场比较常见，很多阿拉伯世界国家由于自己国内施工企业能力较弱，为了保护和提升自己的相关产业能力，都要求在当地设置公司的要和当地公司合资的，如果要是投标的话，必须找一个当地单位组成联营体来共同投标，那么下面就这个问题，和大家分享下相关方面的总结。
这个备忘录模板还不错，大家可以看看，参与这个JV的单位名称内容我都和谐掉了，主要关于付款的条款并未写明，应该是要在中标后需要进一步进行明确的。
,BASIS OF JOINT VENTURE AGREEMENTThis Basis of Joint Venture Agreement (“Agreement”)enteredon this 27th day of March2011.By and BetweenChina Geological Co. Ltd, whose registered office is Jinsong, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100024 (hereinafter referred as “KKK”).ANDCOMBINED GROUP CONTRACTING COMPANY (K.S.C.C), a Company incorporated under the Laws of UAE, having its Registered Office at P.O. Box___________, ,Dubai(hereinafter referred to as "CGCC")\ANDThe expressions “KKK” and "CGCC" shall, wherever the context admits, mean and include their respective legal representative(s), successor(s)-in-interest and assigns and shall collectively be referred to as "the Parties" and individually as "the Party".PREAMBLEWHEREAS the Dubai Housing Authority(hereinafter referred to as the "Employer") has invited contractors to prequalify and if successful to tender for the execution of “Engineering and Construction for Infrastructure Works Group –1 & Group - 2”, which will be tendered in separate packages (hereinafter referred to as the "Project(s)");AND WHEREAS the Parties have indicated their willingness to Jointly, preparing and submitting prequalification to the employer and bid for the project (Joint Bid) and in the event of award of contract(s) (hereinafter referred to as the “Contract(s)”) being awarded to the Parties by the Employer, the Parties agree jointly and severally to carry out the execution of the Project(s) in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Contract(s);NOW, therefore, KKK and CGCC hereby agree to the following terms of the Agreement:Clause 1 - PURPOSE OF THE AGREEMENT1.1The purpose of this Agreement is to establish the principles governing therelationship of the Parties with each other, the Employer, and third Parties with respect to the Project(s) during Joint Bid preparation and submission, Contract negotiation and Contract implementation.1.2KKK and CGCC hereby form an unincorporated ‘Joint Venture’ to jointly bidfor the Project(s) and in the event of the bid(s) being accepted by the Employer, to enter into the Contract(s) and to execute the same to the satisfaction of the Employer, under joint and several liability regardless of their respective shares in the Joint Venture. The Parties shall co-operate with each other to the maximum extent in order to secure the Project(s) and thereafter to invest its full resources to execute and maintain it successfully in accordance with the terms of the Contract.Clause 2 – BID REPRESENTATIVE2.1 The Parties will jointly co-ordinate, prepare and submit the Joint Bid(s) thatshall be submitted to the Employer.2.2 For the purpose of submitting the Joint Bid(s) to the Employer, the Partieshereby authorize KKK to lead and represent the Unincorporated Joint Venture as the ‘Bid Representative’.Clause 3 – PARTICIPATING INTEREST / SHARING RATIO3.1 The Parties agree that in the event that the Project(s) is awarded to the Joint Venture, the Respective participation resources and interests of each Party in the Joint Venture shall, at all times, be in the following shares:Participation Percentage(%)KKK 50%CGCC 50%3.2The Parties shall mutually discuss and agree upon the price(s) of the JointBid(s), Working Capital, Project Cost, Management of the Joint Venture, assumptions, responsibilities to be furnished by each Party and any special conditions during preparation of pre-qualification and Joint Bid.3.3 A detailed and comprehensive Joint Venture Agreement shall be drafted andagreed between the Parties following the award of the Contract(s). The terms and Conditions of the detailed Joint Venture Agreement shall contain at the minimum the applicable terms contained in this agreement.Clause 4 - TENDER, NEGOTIATIONS, CONTRACT:4.1 All negotiations with the Employer/Project Manager by the BidRepresentative in connection with the Joint Bid(s) prior to the award of Contract(s) shall be after prior unanimous consent of the Parties. Each Party shall have the right to be represented at any meetings before the Employer.4.2 No changes, additions or modifications to the Joint Bid(s) after its submissionand no agreement, whether verbal or written, with the Employer/Project Manager containing such changes, additions or modifications shall be made except with the prior unanimous consent of the Parties. Withdrawal of the Joint Bid as well as any extension of the time of validity of Joint Bid requires likewise the prior unanimous consent of the Parties.4.3 During negotiation with the Employer/Project Manager, if the BidRepresentative has to give concession/discount on the price, the same shall be made only after obtaining prior written consent of both Parties.Clause 5 – EXCLUSIVITY5.1 During the validity of this Agreement, the Parties shall not enter into anysimilar agreement / Memorandum of Understanding of any nature in respect of the Project(s) and/or discuss matters concerned under this Agreement and/or tender or execute the Project(s), either directly or indirectly or through its subsidiary/associate or otherwise, with any other party without first referring the matter to either applicable Party for their prior consent which will not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.Clause 6 – LIABILITY6.1The internal liabilities / responsibilities of the Parties will be mutually agreedin line with the terms & conditions as set out in the Joint Bid(s) and this Agreement.Clause 7 - ASSIGNMENT7.1 Neither Party shall assign or transfer any interest under this Agreement,without the prior written consent of the other Party.Clause 8: NO AGENCY8.1 This Agreement relates only to the single purpose Joint Venture contemplatedin it.8.2 Nothing contained in herein is intended to create a partnership, agency,fiduciary relationship or any other separate legal or corporate entity among the Parties.8.3 No Party has the right to represent or bind the other Party without the otherParty's prior written consent.Clause 9 - DURATION OF THE AGREEMENT9.1 This Agreement shall become null and void if any of the following eventsoccur whichever earlier:a) the Parties do not agree on the Joint Bid price;b) the Employer abandons the Project(s);c) the Employer awards the Project(s) to some other party(s);d) if the Parties are disqualified;e) if either Party is declared as insolvent by a Court of competent jurisdiction;f) By mutual consent;g) If the prequalification unsuccessful.Clause 10 – CONFIDENTIALITY10.1 Each of the Parties hereby warrants and undertakes with the other Party, thatduring the continuance and after determination of this Agreement they will not, except with the consent of the other Party, use or disclose any information obtained by either Party under this Agreement unless and until such information becomes generally available to the public.Clause 11 - NOTICES11.1 All notices and communications shall be sent to the following addresses ofthe Parties:-KKK China Geological Co. LtdAttn:P.O.Tel:Fax:CGCC COMBINED GROUP CONTRACTING COMPANY(K.S.C.C)Attn:P.O.Tel:Fax:Clause 12 - PRE-AWARD EXPENSES:12.1Each Party shall separately bear all costs and expenses it may expend or incurin connection with the preparation, submission and negotiation of the Joint Bid unless otherwise agreed in writing by both Parties. Costs payable to third parties shall be paid by each Party according to its share (as detailed in Clause3.1) against reasonable documentary evidence of the cost and expense.Clause 13 - AMENDMENTS:13.1 Any amendments to this Agreement shall be in writing and signed by theauthorized representatives of the Parties.Clause 14 – LANGUAGE14.1 All notices, communication and statements shall be made in English language.Clause 15- ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS15.1 The Parties hereby authorise Mr. _______for KKK adn Mr. Abdul Rahman AlMarourf for CGCC to open a Joint Venture Bank Account under the name of "KKK/CGCC JV" with a mutually agreed Bank in the State of UAE to serve this Joint Venturte and issue any requested Advance Payment Guarantee or Performance Bonds by the Employer. Furthermore, the Parties agree and acknowledge that Mr.________ and Mr. Abdul Rahman Al Marouf may nominate any member of their respective staff to jointly operate the Joint Venture Bank Account thereafter by way of letter addressed to the elected Bank and duly signed by both of them.Clause 16 - DISPUTE RESOLUTION16.1 Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement any dispute or differencearising between the Parties in respect of or in connection with or touching the meaning, construction, interpretation and the rights and obligations of the Parties under this Agreement shall be first amicably resolved by the respective Chief Executive Officers of the Parties failing which such disputes/differences shall be exclusively and finally settled by Arbitration and in accordance with the Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration of the London Court of International Arbitration Centre(“LCIA Rules”) for the time being in force which rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference to this Clause.16.2 The Arbitral Tribunal shall consist of three arbitrators, one selected by each ofthe contesting Parties and a third selected by the Executive Committee of LCIA appointed with the said Rules.16.3 The language of the arbitration proceedings shall be English and the venueshall be UAE or wherever the parties jointly agree to hold.Clause 17 - GOVERNING LAW17.1 This Agreement shall be governed and construed in accordance with theJurisdiction and Laws of England and Wales.Clause 18 -SEVERABILITY18.1 If a provision of this Agreement or a procedure to be carried out in itsimplementation is or becomes illegal or unenforceable, the remianing provisions and procedures shall not be affected.IN WITNESS WHEREOF the Parties have signed this Agreement the day and date first above written:For and on Behalf of For and on Behalf ofKKK CGCCBy the duly authorised Representative By the duly authorised RepresentativeWitness:__________________________。
国际工程承包合同管理
国际工程承包合同管理一、国际工程合同管理内容（一)合同管理的概念1.合同合同是一个契约。
国际工程合同是指不同国家的有关法人之间为了实现在某个工程项目中的特定目的而签订的确定相互权利和义务关系的协议。
合同文件包括在合同协议书中指明的全部文件，一般包括合同协议书及其附件、合同条件、投标书、中标函、技术规范、图纸、工程量表以及其他列入的文件。
即，工程合同包括工程项目的全部合同文件以及这些文件包含的内容.2。
合同管理合同管理指参与项目各方均应在合同实施过程中自觉地、认真严格地遵守所签订的合同的各项规定和要求，按照各自的职责,行使各自的权力、履行各自的义务、维护各方的权利,发扬协作精神，处理好“伙伴关系”，做好各项管理工作，使项目目标得到完整的体现。
（二）国际工程合同管理的主要内容由于合同双方的职责，权利和义务是不同的，因此可以分为业主的合同管理和承包商的合同管理。
根据项目所处于阶段的不同，又可分为项目前期和项目实施期的管理。
其中包括合同变更管理、合同双方的风险管理和索赔管理.1.业主项目前期的合同管理(1）选择高水平的咨询公司在国外，业主对一个工程项目的研究、决策与管理主要依靠咨询公司。
国外的咨询业是个十分兴旺发达的产业.咨询服务是以信息为基础,依靠专家的知识、经验和技能对客户委托的问题进行分析和研究,提出建议、方案和措施，并在需要时协助实施的一种高层次、智力密集型的服务。
由于项目管理的重要性，特别是投资前期阶段各项工作的重要性，国外业主在选择咨询公司同时首先考虑的是咨询公司的能力、经验和信誉,而不是报价。
（2）选定项目的实施方式业主在确定项目立项时，应请咨询公司提出方案，经分析比较后确定项目实施模式。
（3）办理批准手续在项目通过评估立项，已确定项目地点之后,应办理与工程建设项目有关的法律和地方法规规定的各项批准手续。
（4）选择CM经理的原则CM经理是采用CM方式进行工程项目管理时的核心角色，选定CM经理的原则也是重资质而轻报价。
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JV （联营体Joint Venture）JV （联营体Joint Venture）：两个或多个组织为了实现一个特定的商业目的而达成的有约束力的协议。
所有成员同意分享或承担联营体的最终利润或亏损。
（A contractual agreement joining together two or more parties for the purpose of executing a particular business undertaking. All parties agree to share in the profits and losses of the enterprise.）联营体包括法人型联营体（EJV）和合同型联营体（CJV）。
合同型联营体包括投资入股型联营体和协作型联营体（不产生新的经济实体，但与投资入股型相比，它是一个较为松散的联合体，其组织性较弱）。
投资入股型联营体是指企业之间或者企业、事业单位之间联营，共同经营、不具备法人条件的，由联营各方按照出资比例或者协议的约定，以各自所有的或者经营管理的财产承担民事责任，依照法律的规定或者协议的约定负连带责任的联营体，是一个关系较为紧密的联营体。
联营体的概念最早是出现在工程建筑领域的一种组织形式，后来发展到了其它各个领域都应用这种组织形式，在法律上来讲联营体已经是一个十分规范化的概念了。
一、联营体模式具备以下优势：1、在专业特长方面互补，增强专业技术水平，增强市场竞争力，提升中标能力；2、提高资产利用率和工作效率；3、可以共同分担施工风险；4、工程项目所在国承包商参加联营体，有利于外国承包商了解该国业务，享受优惠待遇，便于利用当地的廉价劳动力以降低工程造价；5、有助于提高发展中国家工程公司的管理水平和技术水平。
二、联营体模式一般会出现的问题：1、资源投入的问题。
合作双方涉及到资源投入方面比较容易出现问题，特别是在追加投入的时候，其中一方不愿意投入，往往容易产生矛盾。
2、利益分配的问题。
双方作为利益的共同体，在分配利益中难免会出现一些矛盾。
3、权力分配的问题。
合作双方都想争取更多的话语权，希望手头拥有更多的支配市场的能力。
因为缺乏权力的一方总担心对方在事成以后会过河拆桥。
4、责任分担的问题。
双方的某些责任没有事先明确，在事情发生时候互相推诿，因而出现问题。
特别是亏损或效益不佳的时候双方爆发矛盾5、管理监控的问题。
无论总经理是由谁委派，存在一个监督与控制的问题，其实联营体成败的一个关键的因素是取决于总经理选择得好与坏。
6、人员的管理问题。
因为所处的位置不一样，代表的利益方又不同，双方之间员工的关系有时候也很微妙，人的矛盾会导致更多的工作矛盾。
7、违约的问题。
联营中的一方，擅自违反双方约定，或者采取一些不正当的方式掠夺另一方的财富。
必然使得另一方不满。
三、联营体成功的关键因素联营体商业模式要取得成功，诚信是联营体成功的基石。
1、建立有效的利益分配机制有效的利益分配机制是联营体是否成功的首要关键因素，在联营体商业模式的建构过程中起着不可替代的重要作用，它能够激发联营体中所有人的主动性、积极性与创造性。
所谓有效的利益分配机制，就是能够公平、合理、科学地分配利益，衡量联营体利益分配机制是否有效，应当考察以下几个方面的因素。
一是该种机制是否有利于激发联营体所有成员的积极性、主动性与创造性？二是该种利益分配机制是否能够体现“以人为本”的社会价值理念，是否能够相对公平与公正？三是该种利益分配机制是否倡导和鼓励合法的竞争？2、建立严格的治理结构，规范联营体代表委员会和经营管理者的权责，完善领导人员的聘任制度。
一是要确保所有权到位。
离开了所有者的激励和约束，很难避免联营体其他参与者的非正常行为，所有者自身的权益也就无法保证。
二是规范联营体代表委员会和经营管理者的权责。
代表委员会受投资者委托，主要职责是确保联营体的长远利益，最重要的职能是任命和更换联营体最高管理层、做出战略决策、监督管理层的工作、评估经理的绩效并决定其薪酬和去留。
代表委员会还必须确保企业的经营符合各项法律法规，包括要对财务报告的真实性、合法性等负责。
代表委员会在联营体中处于核心地位。
三是联营体的目标必须集中于投资回报。
只有这样，才能建立财务预算硬约束，才能准确评价联营体的经营业绩。
四是建立具有纠错功能的选人用人机制。
联营体的分责、分权、制衡关系，主要是各层级通过对人的控制来实现的。
实行有责任的强约束，会及时发现选任用人中的问题并及时纠正。
五是提高联营体透明度，强化信息及时发布与传递。
3、建立一套有效的经理人的选拔、考核与监督机制4、统一的价值观与行为规范联营体是一种战略联盟，变过去的利益交易关系为战略竞合的伙伴关系，变过去的交易营销为现在的伙伴营销。
联营体的价值观原则包括：一是确保价值观正确反映联营体的长远目标。
价值观既然是联营体的核心文化，对企业的长期发展发挥着巨大的作用，联营体的价值观的确定应真实反映联营体的长远目标，具有内在一致性，从而指引和激励每一个人。
二是确保价值观正确表达联营体的行业特点。
联营体的行业特征、产品特点、品牌属性、员工特性等，都是影响价值观特征的重要因素。
要将上述因素有机地融合到联营体的价值观中。
三是坚持不懈地灌输联营体的价值观。
通过各种方式向联营体所有成员不断地灌输联营体卓越的价值观。
四是确保联营体价值观的各要素能明白无误地转换成行动。
联营体的价值观如果不能变成联营体每一个成员的实际行动，就只不过是空洞的口号。
如果无人执行，便无人信服。
五是必须坚持不懈的检查与监督。
管理层必须以身作则，带头执行才能使一般员工信服，并应引导他们按照核心价值观的要求行事，长久则能使联营体的核心价值观内化为每个员工个人的价值观，并进一步“习俗化”。
经常检查与监督，此时，联营体的价值观对管理的作用就能够最大限度地发挥了。
四、联营体组建的几个阶段1、联营协议谈判施工企业在联营前，一般都要从多个层面考察合作方。
考察内容包括合作方的资质条件、市场竞争力、财务状况、技术装备、社会信誉、联营经历等。
在对联营方做充分了解后，确定潜在联营对象，进行联营协议谈判，签订联营协议书。
联营协议书是联营各方的基础性文件。
2、代表委员会预备会议联营协议签订后，联营各方根据股份比例派代表组织召开代表委员会预备会议。
代表委员会为联营体的最高权力机构和决策机构。
代表委员会主席由联营体责任方法人代表担任。
代表委员会预备会议的议题包括：明确代表委员会的组成，审议联营体责任方起草的联营体章程和其他文件，决定联营体经理部领导层及负责人职位配置方案，拟投标项目的投标决策或中标项目的初期工作预安排。
代表委员会预备会议以会议纪要的形式确认会议决定事项。
3、联营章程的确定联营体章程是指联营体开展工作的宪法性文件。
4、联营体运行规则的确定代表委员会预备会议要讨论联营体责任方起草的联营体运行规则等其他重要文件，各方充分表达意见并统一后，对文件进行修改并由联营体各方确认。
5、联营体工作启动在完成以上各阶段工作后，联营各方按股份比例投入资金、设备和人员，联营体开始进入正常运行。
五、联营体协议的主要内容包括：1.联营体名称和地址2.联营体各成员的名称、办公地址及其经济性质3.联营体的经营宗旨、范围和规模4.投资总额5.采购设备、物资和服务的原则6.代表委员会代表委员会的成立，代表委员会的组成和任期。
代表委员会的职责和权利，代表委员会成员的任命方法，各代表委员会成员的姓名、职务和地址，代表委员会的职责，召集代表委员会成员会议和形成代表委员会成员会议决议的有关规定。
7.联营体各成员的职责和义务8.经营管理机构经营管理机构的产生，人员组成和管理机构的职责，决策程序，主要负责人的姓名、任期、职责，现场经理部的组成和人员任命，现场经理部的职责和权限。
9.盈余及亏损分派的比例和标准联营体成员按其所缴纳的出资比例，分享联营体的利润，分担风险和损失。
10.联营体协议书的修改规定了协议书条款内容的修改程序。
11.联营体成员以现金以外的财产出资的方法和审批程序12.工程投标，包括国际市场的调查，工程项目投标价格的确定及投标的原则。
13.劳动管理职工的劳动管理一般包括职工的招聘，雇用，辞退和辞职，工资，劳动保险，生活福利，奖金，劳动纪律，退休保险，医疗保险等以及其他涉及联营体职工的事项。
14.联营体的联营期限及期满后的资产处理15.违约责任、争议的解决16.权益的转让联营体任何一方未经他方当事人的书面同意，不得以任何方式转让其在联营体中的全部或任何部分权益；当联营体的一方进行权益转让时，非转让的当事人有权按照不低于任何非联营方提出的价格和条件，优先购买所转让的权益。
17.保险联营体投保的范围、险种，保险的金额，保险公司的选择。
18.其他如：需要具体列明的不可抗力，有关税收、财务和审计的规定，相关技术保密和商务保密的规定，协议书的排他性等。
六、联营体章程的一般由八个部分组成：1、总则，明确联营体的原则、名称、经营性质、结算方式、地址、隶属关系、启动资金来源和联营体组成单位；2、经营范围和方式；3、组织机构设置及职责职权，明确代表委员会的组成、代表委员会的职权、代表委员会会议规则、项目经理部组成、项目经理部的职责和义务、监督委员会的组成及职责职权等；4、财务管理；5、违约责任；6、联营体解散条件；7、章程生效及修改；8、其他。
联合体协议甲方：乙方：根据招标公告的要求，现组成联合体投标，为明确甲、乙双方企业的权利和义务，特签订联合体协议如下：1、甲乙双方确定由甲方企业为投标主办人，组成联合体参与工程的招投标。
2、投标人的投标文件及中标后签署的合同协议书，对甲乙双方均有法律约束。
3、联合体中标后，甲乙双方应共同与招标人签署合同协议书，为履行合同承担连带责任。
4、乙方在工程合同履行过程中，应在甲方组织工程实施范围内施工，并对甲方和工程招标方负责；乙方应主动配合甲方展开工作，及时上报各种工程量清单签证和结算；甲方应及时将工程招标方下拨的工程款，相应拨付乙方。
5、甲乙双方组成联合体后，不得再以自己的名义单独投标，不得同时参加两个或两个以上的联和体投标，如有违反，将取消联合体投标资格。
6、本协议签订后，对甲、乙方均构成法律约束，为实施合同共同和分别承担责任，任何一方如有违约，违约方应承担相应的责任，并且双方约定接受工程招标方的制约和处理。
7、本协议自订立之日起生效，本协议一式五份，甲乙双方各执一份，市建设工程交易中心招标报名登记一份，施工投标文件中正副本各执一份。
联合体施工企业联合体施工企业（甲方印章）（乙方印章）法定代表人（签章）法定代表人（签章）年月日授权书致：本授权委托书声明：我（姓名）系（投标人名称）的法定代表人，现授权委托（单位名称）为联合体的主办人，参加工程的招投标活动。