The impact of market competition and budgetary participation on performance and job satisfaction
嵌入差异与嵌入绩效
嵌入差异与嵌入绩效——一个关于网络嵌入性的分析郭劲光*（东北财经大学公共管理学院大连116025）THE DIFFERENTIATION AND PERFORMANCE OF EMBEDDEDNESS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EMBEDDEDNESS OF INTER-FIRM NETWORKSGuoJin-guangDongBei University of Finance & Economics,Dalian, 116025,P. R. China.dl_bright@●作者郭劲光（1976-），男，经济学博士，主要研究方向为企业战略、组织理论、企业网络化及其公共政策研究。
●通讯地址：东北财经大学公共管理学院郭劲光收邮政编码：116025电话：Email:嵌入差异与嵌入绩效——一个关于网络嵌入性的分析内容提要：对经济与社会之间关系的关怀一直是经济社会学的主要宗旨，它在对经济学进行批判的基础之上，建构了一种可综合分析经济与社会关系的宏大的经济社会理论。
其主要的贡献之一就是通过对其核心概念——“社会嵌入性”——的一般化而从中获得了一种研究经济行动的新的视角，那就是从社会结构或社会网络的角度来研究经济生活的“合法性”。
然而，目前对嵌入性所进行的系统研究还很少见，究其原因，一方面是由于人们对这一概念还不甚了解，或关注不多；另外就是因为嵌入性本身的分析层次错综复杂、类型繁多，而且各种嵌入类型与经济绩效间的关系更是扑塑迷离。
本文就是以此为着眼点，分析了嵌入性观点的理论发展，并以企业网络中的嵌入性为基点，本着回答“如何最佳嵌入”的问题，对各种嵌入类型与企业绩效之间的关系进行了探讨。
关键词：社会嵌入性绩效企业网络关系嵌入结构嵌入一、社会嵌入性观点社会嵌入性简称嵌入性，是经济社会学中的核心概念之一。
早在19世纪80年代，在经济学的内部就发生过由历史学派与边际主义学派发起的“方法论之争”。
公司业务委托书模板英文(2篇)
第1篇[Date]To Whom It May Concern,Subject: Authorization of Business DelegationDear [Recipient's Name],I, [Your Full Name], am the [Your Position] of [Your Company Name], a company registered and operating under the laws of [Country/Country Code]. Pursuant to the authority vested in me by the Board of Directors and in accordance with the Company's Articles of Association, I amwriting to formally delegate certain business matters to [Delegated Person's Name], who is currently serving as [Delegated Person's Position] of [Delegated Person's Company Name], a company registered and operating under the laws of [Country/Country Code].The following is a detailed outline of the business matters that are hereby delegated:1. Authority to negotiate and conclude contracts on behalf of [Your Company Name]:[Delegated Person's Name] is authorized to enter into contracts, agreements, and other legally binding documents on behalf of [Your Company Name] in relation to the following areas:- Sales and procurement of goods and services- Distribution agreements- Licensing agreements- Technology transfer agreements- Financial agreements2. Decision-making authority regarding business operations:[Delegated Person's Name] is empowered to make decisions on behalf of [Your Company Name] regarding the following aspects of our business operations:- Approval of suppliers and vendors- Selection of agents and distributors- Approval of product pricing and discounts- Approval of marketing strategies and campaigns- Approval of budgetary allocations3. Financial authority:[Delegated Person's Name] is granted the authority to manage and allocate funds on behalf of [Your Company Name], including but not limited to:- Approval of payments to suppliers and vendors- Approval of expenses related to business operations- Approval of investment decisions- Approval of financial reports and statements4. Representation of [Your Company Name]:[Delegated Person's Name] is authorized to represent [Your Company Name] in all official capacities, including but not limited to:- Participation in meetings, conferences, and trade shows- Engagement with government agencies and regulatory bodies- Conducting negotiations and discussions with potential business partners- Signing documents on behalf of [Your Company Name]5. Any other matters as may be reasonably required in the conduct of [Your Company Name]'s business:It is understood that [Delegated Person's Name] will act in the best interests of [Your Company Name] and will comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and the Company's internal policies and procedures. [Delegated Person's Name] is expected to exercise due diligence and prudence in the discharge of their duties and responsibilities.This delegation of authority is effective as of [Effective Date] and shall remain in effect until [Expiry Date] or until such time as this delegation is revoked or amended in writing by the Board of Directors of [Your Company Name].Please be advised that [Delegated Person's Name] has been provided with a copy of this authorization letter and has agreed to be bound by its terms and conditions. Should [Delegated Person's Name] be unable to perform their duties for any reason, they shall promptly notify [Your Company Name] and take all necessary steps to ensure the continuity of [Your Company Name]'s business operations.In the event of any disputes arising out of this delegation, bothparties agree to seek a resolution through amicable negotiation. Should negotiation fail, the matter shall be referred to the competent courts of [Country/Country Code].Should you have any questions or require further clarification regarding this delegation of authority, please do not hesitate to contact me at [Your Contact Information].Sincerely,[Your Full Name][Your Position][Your Company Name][Company Address][Company Phone Number][Company Email Address]cc:[Board of Directors Members' Names and Contact Information][Legal Department Contact Information][Company Secretary or Assistant's Name and Contact Information]第2篇[Date][Recipient's Name][Recipient's Position][Company Name][Company Address][City, State, Zip Code]Subject: Business Delegation Authorization LetterDear [Recipient's Name],I am writing to officially delegate certain business responsibilitiesand authority to [Delegated Person's Name], who will act on behalf of [Your Company Name] in the matters outlined below. This delegation is effective as of [Start Date] and will remain in effect until [End Date], unless otherwise terminated or modified in writing.[Your Company Name] recognizes the importance of effective delegation in the smooth operation of our business and the need to empower our employees to make decisions that are in the best interest of the company. In light of this, we have identified [Delegated Person's Name] as a suitable individual to undertake the following responsibilities:1. Business Operations:[Delegated Person's Name] is authorized to oversee and manage the day-to-day operations of [specific department or project], including but not limited to:- Making decisions regarding the allocation of resources.- Approving vendor contracts and service agreements.- Overseeing the hiring, supervision, and performance evaluation of [specific department or project] staff.- Developing and implementing strategies to improve efficiency and productivity.2. Financial Matters:[Delegated Person's Name] is authorized to handle financial matters within the scope of their delegated responsibilities, such as:- Approving expenditures within the budgetary limits.- Authorizing payments to vendors and service providers.- Preparing and reviewing financial reports.- Managing the company's accounts payable and accounts receivable.3. Contractual Agreements:[Delegated Person's Name] is authorized to enter into and negotiate contracts on behalf of [Your Company Name], subject to the following conditions:- All contracts must be reviewed and approved by [Your Company Name]'s legal department.- The authority to enter into contracts does not include the power to make decisions that would result in material financial commitments or significant changes to the company's business strategy.- [Delegated Person's Name] is required to maintain a copy of all contracts entered into during the course of their delegation.4. Customer Relations:[Delegated Person's Name] is authorized to represent [Your Company Name] in all customer-related matters, including:- Handling customer inquiries and complaints.- Providing technical support and assistance.- Negotiating terms of service with new and existing clients.- Attending customer meetings and conferences.5. Compliance and Legal Matters:[Delegated Person's Name] is authorized to ensure compliance with all applicable laws, regulations, and internal policies, including:- Maintaining awareness of changes in laws and regulations that may affect [Your Company Name].- Ensuring that all business activities are conducted in accordance with [Your Company Name]'s legal obligations.- Reporting any legal issues to the appropriate management or legal counsel.6. Travel and Expense Reimbursements:[Delegated Person's Name] is authorized to make travel arrangements and incur expenses on behalf of [Your Company Name], subject to the company's travel and expense policies. All travel and expense reports must be submitted for approval and reimbursement.7. Confidentiality and Non-Disclosure:[Delegated Person's Name] agrees to maintain the confidentiality of all proprietary and sensitive information of [Your Company Name] and to comply with the company's non-disclosure agreements.In executing the duties outlined above, [Delegated Person's Name] is expected to:- Act in the best interest of [Your Company Name] at all times.- Exercise due diligence and sound judgment in making decisions.- Keep [Your Company Name] informed of any significant developments or issues that may arise during the course of their delegation.- Follow all company policies and procedures.This delegation does not relieve [Delegated Person's Name] of their existing duties and responsibilities, nor does it create any new obligations. [Delegated Person's Name] is expected to consult with [Your Company Name]'s management team as necessary and to seek guidance when required.Please acknowledge receipt of this letter by signing below and returning it to me at the address provided. If you have any questions or require further clarification, please do not hesitate to contact me at [Your Contact Information].Sincerely,[Your Full Name][Your Position][Your Company Name][Your Contact Information]Enclosures:- Copy of this Business Delegation Authorization Letter- [Any relevant policies or procedures]。
给校长写一封关于筹钱的信英语作文
给校长写一封关于筹钱的信英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Dear Principal Johnson,I hope this letter finds you well. My name is Jamie Thompson, and I am writing to you today on behalf of the student body regarding an issue that has been weighing heavily on many of our minds – the need for additional funding to support various initiatives and projects within our school community.As students, we are deeply invested in the success and growth of our educational institution. We understand that resources are limited, and that difficult decisions must be made regarding how to allocate funds effectively. However, we also believe that by working together and exploring creative solutions, we can find ways to secure the necessary funding to enhance our learning experiences and enrich our school's offerings.One area where additional funding could make a significant impact is in the realm of extracurricular activities. Many of us have found solace, joy, and personal growth through ourinvolvement in clubs, sports teams, and artistic pursuits. These activities not only provide outlets for our passions and talents but also foster a sense of community, teach valuable life skills, and create lasting memories. Unfortunately, some of these programs have been forced to scale back or even cease operations due to budgetary constraints, depriving current and future students of invaluable opportunities.Furthermore, we recognize the importance of maintaining and upgrading our school's facilities and resources. Aging infrastructure, outdated technology, and worn-out equipment can hinder our ability to learn and grow effectively. By allocating funds towards renovations, repairs, and the acquisition of modern educational tools, we can create an environment that is conducive to academic excellence and prepares us for the challenges of the 21st century.Another area where additional funding could prove invaluable is in the expansion of our school's curriculum and the introduction of new programs. In today's rapidly evolving world, it is crucial that we equip ourselves with a diverse set of skills and knowledge to thrive in a variety of fields. By investing in new coursework, such as coding, entrepreneurship, or environmentalstudies, we can broaden our horizons and better prepare ourselves for the future.While we acknowledge the financial challenges our school faces, we believe that there are several avenues worth exploring to secure additional funding. One potential solution could be to reach out to local businesses and corporations for sponsorships or partnerships. Many companies recognize the value of investing in education and may be willing to contribute resources or funding in exchange for visibility or involvement in specific programs.Another avenue to consider is the organization of fundraising events or campaigns. From bake sales and car washes to more elaborate galas or auctions, there are numerous opportunities for our school community to come together and raise funds for specific initiatives. These events not only generate revenue but also foster a sense of unity and pride among students, parents, and staff.Additionally, we could explore grant opportunities from government agencies, non-profit organizations, or private foundations. By crafting compelling grant proposals that highlight the potential impact of our projects, we may be able tosecure funding from sources dedicated to supporting education and youth development.Lastly, we believe it is crucial to involve and engage the broader community in our efforts. By raising awareness about the needs and ambitions of our school, we may be able to tap into the generosity of alumni, local residents, and other stakeholders who share a vested interest in the success of our educational institution.We understand that addressing these funding challenges will require dedication, creativity, and a collaborative effort from all parties involved. However, we are confident that by working together and exploring innovative solutions, we can secure the resources necessary to enhance our educational experiences and ensure that our school remains a beacon of excellence for generations to come.Thank you for your time and consideration, Principal Johnson. We look forward to engaging in further discussions and collaborating with you to find viable solutions to our funding needs. Together, we can make a lasting impact on the lives of countless students and shape the future of our beloved school community.Sincerely,Jamie ThompsonOn behalf of the Student Body篇2Dear Principal Wilson,I hope this letter finds you well. I'm writing to you today regarding an issue that I believe is of great importance to our school community – the need for additional funding to support various initiatives and programs that can enhance the educational experience for all students.As a student at Oakwood High School, I have witnessed firsthand the challenges that arise due to limited resources. From outdated textbooks and equipment to the lack of extracurricular activities and enrichment programs, these limitations can hinder our ability to reach our full potential and prepare for the future.I understand that financial constraints are a reality that many educational institutions face, but I firmly believe that by working together as a community, we can find creative solutions to address these challenges. That's why I'm proposing aschool-wide fundraising campaign that would involve the participation of students, parents, faculty, and local businesses.The funds raised through this campaign could be allocated to various areas that would directly benefit our student body. For instance, we could invest in upgrading our science laboratories with modern equipment, ensuring that our students have access to hands-on experiences that foster their curiosity and interest in STEM fields. Additionally, we could allocate funds to enhance our library's resources, providing students with a diverse selection of books, digital resources, and multimedia materials that cater to different learning styles and interests.Furthermore, we could use a portion of the funds to support extracurricular activities and clubs, which play a crucial role in personal growth and skill development. From sports teams and arts programs to academic clubs and community service initiatives, these activities not only enrich our educational journey but also foster teamwork, leadership, and a sense of belonging within our school community.To make this fundraising campaign a success, I propose implementing a multi-pronged approach that leverages the strengths and resources of our diverse school community. Here are a few ideas to consider:Student-led initiatives: Encourage student organizations and clubs to organize various fundraising events, such as bake sales,car washes, talent shows, or sports tournaments. These activities not only raise funds but also promote student involvement and leadership skills.Parent involvement: Engage parents in the fundraising efforts by organizing events like silent auctions, benefit dinners, or community fairs. Parents can contribute their time, talents, and connections to make these events successful.Local business partnerships: Reach out to local businesses and corporations to explore sponsorship opportunities orin-kind donations. Many companies are eager to support educational initiatives and may be willing to provide goods, services, or financial contributions in exchange for recognition or advertising opportunities.Online crowdfunding campaigns: Leverage the power of social media and online platforms to create a crowdfunding campaign that allows individuals from around the world to contribute to our cause. This approach not only raises funds but also increases awareness about our school's needs and goals.Matching gift programs: Investigate the possibility of establishing a matching gift program, where donations from individuals or organizations are matched by a corporate sponsoror a philanthropic foundation, effectively doubling the impact of each contribution.To ensure the successful implementation and oversight of this fundraising campaign, I propose forming a dedicated committee comprising representatives from the student body, parent-teacher association, faculty, and administrative staff. This committee would be responsible for coordinating efforts, managing funds, and ensuring transparency and accountability throughout the process.Principal Wilson, I firmly believe that by working together as a united community, we can overcome the financial challenges faced by our school and provide our students with the resources and opportunities they deserve. Education is the foundation upon which our future is built, and investing in it should be a top priority for all of us.I would be honored to be part of this initiative and contribute my time and efforts to make it a success. I am confident that with your leadership and support, along with the collective efforts of our school community, we can achieve remarkable results and create a vibrant learning environment that nurtures the growth and success of every student.Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to discussing this proposal further and exploring ways to bring this vision to life.Sincerely,[Your Name]Student, Oakwood High School篇3Dear Principal Johnson,I hope this letter finds you well. I'm writing to you today about an issue that I feel very passionate about - raising funds for our school. As students, we all want to see our school thrive and have the resources it needs to provide a top-notch education. However, we understand that budgets are tight and that additional funding is often needed to support extracurricular activities, upgrade facilities, and invest in new educational technologies.Over the past few months, I've been discussing this issue with my peers, and we've come up with some ideas for fundraising initiatives that we believe could be highly successful.I wanted to take the time to outline these ideas and explain why we think they could be beneficial for our school community.One idea that has gained a lot of traction among the student body is organizing a school-wide talent show. We have so many talented students in our school, from singers and dancers to comedians and magicians. A talent show would not only be a fun and entertaining event, but it could also serve as a fantastic fundraising opportunity. We could sell tickets, have concessions, and even auction off prize baskets or experiences donated by local businesses.Another idea that has been discussed is hosting a community yard sale or flea market on school grounds. This would allow students, faculty, and community members to declutter their homes and sell unwanted items, with a portion of the proceeds going to the school. Not only would this raise funds, but it would also promote sustainability and reduce waste.Additionally, we could explore the possibility of partnering with local restaurants or businesses for fundraising nights. Many establishments offer opportunities for schools or organizations to receive a percentage of sales on a designated night when supporters dine or shop there. This could be a great way toinvolve the wider community in our fundraising efforts while also promoting local businesses.Of course, traditional fundraising methods like bake sales, car washes, and product sales (e.g., candy, candles, etc.) are always popular options as well. However, we believe that by thinking outside the box and offering unique and engaging events, we can generate more excitement and participation from the school community.Regardless of the specific initiatives we pursue, we believe it's essential to involve students in the planning and execution process. Not only will this ensure that the events and activities are tailored to our interests and preferences, but it will also provide valuable leadership and organizational experience for those involved.Furthermore, we think it's crucial to clearly communicate the goals and intended use of the funds raised. Transparency and accountability are essential in building trust and support within the school community. By sharing updates on our progress and explaining how the funds will be utilized to enhance our educational experience, we can foster a sense of ownership and pride among students, faculty, and families.Lastly, we understand that successful fundraising efforts require a significant amount of time, effort, and coordination. We are committed to working closely with faculty advisors, parent organizations, and school administrators to ensure that our initiatives are well-planned, organized, and executed effectively.Principal Johnson, we truly believe that by working together and tapping into the creativity and enthusiasm of our student body, we can make a meaningful impact on our school's resources and educational offerings. We are passionate about making our school the best it can be, and we are ready to roll up our sleeves and put in the work to make these fundraising initiatives a success.Thank you for your time and consideration. We look forward to discussing these ideas further and collaborating with you and the rest of the school community to bring them to life.Sincerely,[Your Name]Student Council President。
给学生会写邮件的正确格式范文英语
给学生会写邮件的正确格式范文英语全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Subject: Suggestions for Upcoming Student Council InitiativesDear Student Council Members,I hope this email finds you well and motivated to make positive changes on our campus. As a fellow student, I wanted to share some ideas and suggestions that I believe could greatly benefit our school community. Please take a moment to consider the following proposals.Enhancing Campus Safety and SecuritySafety should be a top priority for all of us, and I think there's room for improvement in this area. One idea would be to install additional security cameras in strategic locations around the campus, particularly in areas with high foot traffic or known as potential trouble spots. These cameras could act as a deterrent against misbehavior and provide valuable evidence in case of any incidents.Additionally, we could explore the possibility of implementing a more robust campus-wide emergency alert system. This system could send out text messages, emails, and push notifications to all students, faculty, and staff in the event of an emergency situation, ensuring everyone is informed and able to take appropriate action promptly.Promoting Sustainability and Environmental InitiativesAs responsible global citizens, it's crucial that we take steps to reduce our environmental impact and promote sustainable practices. One suggestion would be to establish a campus-wide recycling program, with clearly marked bins for different types of recyclable materials. This could be accompanied by educational campaigns to raise awareness about the importance of recycling and proper disposal methods.Furthermore, we could consider implementing a "green initiative" that encourages the use of reusable water bottles and food containers, as well as the reduction of single-use plastics on campus. This could involve installing more water refill stations and offering incentives or discounts for those who bring their own reusable containers.Enhancing Student Life and Community EngagementA vibrant and engaged student community is essential for a well-rounded educational experience. One way to foster this could be through the organization of regular campus-wide events and activities. These could include cultural festivals, talent shows, open mic nights, or even friendly competitions between different student organizations or departments.Additionally, we could explore the possibility of establishing a mentorship program that pairs upperclassmen with incoming freshmen. This would not only help new students navigate the challenges of college life but also foster a sense of community and support among the student body.Improving Academic Resources and SupportAcademic success should be a top priority for all students, and having access to the right resources and support can make a significant difference. One suggestion would be to expand the existing tutoring services offered on campus, ensuring that there are adequate resources available for a wide range of subjects and courses.Furthermore, we could explore the possibility of creating an online platform or forum where students can share study materials, notes, and resources. This could be particularly helpfulfor those enrolled in larger classes or for students who prefer digital learning materials.Mental Health and Wellness InitiativesThe college years can be incredibly demanding and stressful, and it's essential that we prioritize the mental health andwell-being of our student body. One idea would be to organize regular wellness workshops or seminars that cover topics such as stress management, time management, and healthy coping mechanisms.Additionally, we could work towards destigmatizing mental health issues and promoting open conversations about these topics. This could involve hosting panel discussions, guest speakers, or even creating a dedicated mental health awareness campaign on campus.These are just a few ideas and suggestions that I believe could greatly benefit our school community. I understand that implementing these initiatives may require careful planning, resources, and collaboration among various stakeholders. However, I firmly believe that by working together, we can create a more inclusive, sustainable, and supportive environment for all students.I would be more than happy to discuss these proposals further or provide additional input and assistance as needed. Thank you for your time and consideration, and I look forward to hearing your thoughts on these matters.Best regards,[Your Name][Student ID]篇2Subject: Request for Funding - Annual Talent ShowDear Student Council Members,My name is Jamie Patterson, and I am a junior representing the Drama Club. I am writing to request funding for our upcoming Annual Talent Show, one of the most highly anticipated events of the school year.As you know, the Talent Show is a beloved tradition that showcases the diverse talents of our student body, from singing and dancing to comedy skits and magic acts. It's a night of pure entertainment that brings our community together, fostering school spirit and camaraderie.This year, we have ambitious plans to make the Talent Show even more spectacular than ever before. Our vision is to create a professional-grade production that will leave a lasting impression on all who attend. However, to achieve this level of excellence, we require additional funding beyond our club's modest budget.Firstly, we would like to invest in better sound and lighting equipment. In previous years, we've had to make do with outdated and unreliable gear, which has sometimes led to technical issues during performances. With upgraded equipment, we can ensure that every act is presented in the best possible light (literally and figuratively), allowing our talented students to truly shine.Secondly, we hope to enhance the overall aesthetics of the event by renting a higher-quality stage backdrop and decorations. A visually stunning environment will not only elevate the performances but also create a more immersive and memorable experience for the audience.Thirdly, we plan to offer prizes for the top acts as an added incentive for participation and to recognize the hard work and dedication of our talented students. These prizes could rangefrom gift cards to trophies or even a small cash prize for the grand winner.Finally, we would like to allocate a portion of the funding to promote the event more extensively. By investing in advertising materials such as posters, flyers, and social media promotions, we can increase awareness and generate excitement throughout the school and community, potentially leading to higher attendance and ticket sales.To give you an idea of our budgetary needs, we estimate requiring approximately 2,500 for sound and lighting equipment rental, 1,000 for stage decorations and backdrops, 500 for prizes, and 300 for promotional materials. That brings the total funding request to 4,300.We understand that this is a significant sum, but we firmly believe that the Talent Show is a worthwhile investment that benefits the entire school community. Not only does it showcase our students' exceptional talents, but it also fosters a sense of pride and unity among our peers, staff, and families.If you have any questions or require further information, please do not hesitate to reach out. We would be more than happy to provide additional details or justifications for our funding request.Thank you for your time and consideration. We look forward to your response and to working together to make this year's Talent Show a resounding success.Sincerely,Jamie PattersonDrama Club Representative篇3Subject Line: The Proper Format for Student EmailsDear Student Council Members,As students, we all rely heavily on email communication these days – whether it's corresponding with professors, classmates for group projects, or the administration for various matters. However, I've noticed that many of us struggle with maintaining a professional tone and structure in our emails. This can lead to confusion, delayed responses, or even come across as disrespectful.That's why I wanted to provide some guidelines on the proper format we should follow when sending emails, especially in an academic or professional context. By adhering to thesestandards, we can ensure that our emails are clear, concise, and leave a positive impression on the recipient.Opening SalutationThe opening salutation is the first thing the recipient sees, so it's essential to get it right. If you're emailing a professor or staff member, it's best to use a formal greeting like "Dear Dr. [LastName]" or "Dear Mr./Ms. [LastName]." For classmates or peers, "Hello [FirstName]" or "Hi [FirstName]" is generally acceptable.Avoid overly casual greetings like "Hey" or "What's up?" as they can come across as too informal or disrespectful in an academic setting.Subject LineThe subject line is your opportunity to grab the recipient's attention and give them a clear idea of what your email is about. Keep it concise, specific, and relevant to the content of your email. For example, "Question about Assignment Due Date" or "Request for Recommendation Letter."Avoid vague subject lines like "Important" or leaving the subject line blank, as these are more likely to be overlooked or flagged as spam.Body of the EmailThe body of the email is where you'll convey your message, so it's crucial to structure it in a way that's easy to read and understand. Here's a general format to follow:Introduction: Start with a brief introduction or context for your email. This could be a sentence or two explaining the purpose of your email or providing any necessary background information.Main Content: This is the bulk of your email, where you'll convey your main message or request. Break it down into separate paragraphs or bullet points for better readability. Be clear, concise, and provide all the relevant details.Call to Action (if applicable): If you're requesting something from the recipient, clearly state what you need from them and any deadlines or specific instructions.Closing: Wrap up your email with a polite closing statement like "Thank you for your time" or "I appreciate your assistance with this matter."Throughout the body of the email, maintain a professional and respectful tone. Avoid using slang, abbreviations (unless they're widely understood), or overly casual language.SignatureEvery email should include a signature block at the end with your full name, student ID number (if applicable), and any other relevant contact information like your email address or phone number. This makes it easy for the recipient to identify who the email is from and how to reach you if needed.Proofread and ReviewBefore hitting "send," always take a moment to proofread your email for any spelling or grammar errors. These small mistakes can undermine the professionalism of your message. Additionally, review the tone and content to ensure that your email is clear, concise, and appropriate for the intended recipient.By following these guidelines, we can elevate the standard of our email communication and present ourselves as responsible, professional students. Clear and well-structured emails not only make it easier for the recipient to understand and respond promptly, but they also reflect positively on us as individuals.Remember, email is often the first point of contact in many academic and professional situations, so it's crucial to make a great impression from the very start.If anyone has any specific questions or needs further guidance on email etiquette, feel free to reach out to the Student Council. We're here to support our fellow students and ensure that we all put our best foot forward in our written communication.Thank you for taking the time to read through these guidelines. Let's all commit to raising the bar for student emails and representing ourselves in the most professional manner possible.Best regards,[Your Name][Student ID][Email Address][Phone Number]。
标准普尔、穆迪主权评级标准
Table 3a: S&P’s sovereign rating methodology profile, 2002Stability and legitimacy of political institutions Popular participation in political processesOrderliness of leadership successionTransparency in economic policy decisions and objectivesPublic SecurityPolitical risk Geopolitical RiskProsperity, diversity and degree to which economy is market-oriented Income disparitiesEffectiveness of financial sector in intermediating fundsCompetitiveness and profitability of non financial private sector Efficiency of public sectorProtectionism and other non market influencesIncome and economic structure Labor flexibilitySize and composition of savings and investmentEconomic growth prospects Rate and pattern of economic growthGeneral government revenue, expenditure and surplus/deficit trends Revenue-raising flexibility and efficiencyExpenditure effectiveness and pressuresTimeliness, coverage and transparency in reportingFiscal flexibility Pension obligationsGeneral government gross and net debt as a percentage of GDP Share of revenue devoted to interestCurrency composition and maturity profileGeneral government debt burdenDepth and breadth of local capital markets Size and health of non financial public-sector enterprisesOffshore & contingent liabilitiesRobustness of financial sector Price behavior in economic cyclesMoney and credit expansionCompatibility of exchange-rate regime and monetary goalsInstitutional factors such as central bank independenceMonetary stability Range and efficiency of monetary policy toolsImpact of fiscal and monetary policies on external accountsStructure of the current accountComposition of capital flowsExternal liquidity Reserve adequacyGross and net public-sector external debtMaturity profile, currency composition and sensitivity to interest rates Access to concessional fundingPublic-sector external debt burden Debt service burdenGross and net financial sector external debtGross and net non financial private-sector external debtMaturity profile, currency composition and sensitivity to interest rates Access to concessional fundingPrivate-sector external debt burdenDebt service burden Source: S&P’s (2002b).Table 3b: Moody’s sovereign rating methodology profile, 2004Nominal GDP (US$ Bil.)Population (Mil.)GDP per capita (US$)GDP per capita (PPP basis, US$)Nominal GDP (% change, local currency)Real GDP (% change)Inflation (CPI, % change Dec/Dec)Gross Investment/GDPGross Domestic Saving/GDPNominal Exports of G & S (% change, US$ basis)Nominal Imports of G & S (% change, US$ basis)Economic structure and performance Openness of the EconomyGen. Gov. Revenue/GDPGen. Gov. Expenditures/GDPGen. Gov. Financial Balance/GDPGen. Gov. Primary Balance/GDPGen. Gov. Debt (US$ Bil.)Gen. Gov. Debt/GDPGen. Gov. Debt/Gen. Gov. RevenueGen. Gov. Int. Pymt/Gen. Gov. RevenueGovernment finance Gen. Gov. FC & FC-indexed Debt/GG DebtNominal Exchange Rate (local currency per US$, Dec)Real Eff. Exchange Rate (% change)Current Account Balance (US$ Bil.)Current Account Balance/GDPExternal Debt (US$ Bil.)Short-term External Debt/Total External DebtExternal Debt/GDPExternal Debt/CA ReceiptsInterest Paid on External Debt (US$ Bil.)Amortization Paid on External Debt (US$ Bil.)Net Foreign Direct Investment/GDPOfficial Forex Reserves (US$ Bil.)External payments and debt Net Foreign Assets of Domestic Banks (US$ Bil.)M2 (% change Dec/Dec)Short-term Nominal Interest Rate (% per annum, Dec 31)Domestic Credit (% change Dec/Dec)Domestic Credit/GDPM2/Official Forex Reserves (X)Total External Debt/Official Forex ReservesDebt Service RatioExternal Vulnerability IndicatorLiquidity RatioTotal Liab. due BIS Banks/Total Assets Held in BIS Banks"Dollarization" RatioMonetary, external vulnerability and liquidity indicators"Dollarization" Vulnerability Indicator Source: Moody’s (2004b).Table 4a: S&P’s subsovereign rating methodology, 2005Sovereign factors Demographics Economic structure EconomyGrowth prospects Intergovernmental system stability and predictability System structureand managementManagement capacity and institutional legitimacy Revenue sources and flexibility Expenditure trends and flexibility Fiscal flexibilityand performanceBudgetary performance and financing requirements Liquidity and debt management Debt burdenFinancial position Off-balance-sheet liabilitiesSource: S&P’s (2005a).Table 4b: Moody’s subsovereign rating methodology, 2005Population Gross Domestic ProductGDP per capita GDP per capita as a % of National Average Real GDP (% change)Unemployment Rate (%)Economic structure and performance National Unemployment RateGross Direct and Guaranteed DebtNet Direct and Guaranteed DebtNet Direct and Guaranteed Debt per capitaNet Direct and Guaranteed Debt/GDPNet Direct and Guaranteed Debt/Operating Revenue (%)Net Direct and Guaranteed Debt/Total Revenue (%)Foreign Currency Gross Direct Debt (after swaps)/Gross Direct Debt (%)Short-term Gross Direct Debt/Gross Direct Debt (%)Short-term and Variable Rate Long-term Gross Direct Debt/Gross Direct Debt (%)Debt profile Weighted Average Maturity of Gross Direct Debt (years)Discretionary Own Source Revenue/Operating Revenue (%)Intergovernmental Transfers/Operating Revenue (%)Earmarked Revenue/Operating Revenue (%)Interest Payments/Operating Revenue (%)Debt Service/Total Revenue (%)Accrual Financing Surplus (Requirement)/Total Revenue (%)Cash Financing Surplus (Requirement)/Total Revenue (%)Gross Borrowing Need/Total Revenue (%)Total Expenditures per capita (US$)Total Expenditures/GDP (%)Primary Operating Balance/Operating Revenue (%)Gross Operating Balance/Operating Revenue (%)Net Operating Balance/Operating Revenue (%)Self-financing RatioCapital Spending/Total Expenditures (%)5-year Total Revenue CAGR less 5-year Total Expenditure CAGR (%)Financial performance Net Working Capital/Total Expenditures (%)Source: Moody’s (2005b).。
BU_5004_Lecture_8_Budgetary_Control
BU5004 Managerial Accounting
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1,200 £ 2,200
3,300 5,000 10,500 300 0_ 500
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Significant variances identified for investigation Reasons for variances given
BU5004 Managerial Accounting
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Variances are the differences between actual costs and planned costs
Labour
Overheads Total cost
A = Adverse F = Favourable
3,000
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_0_ 10,500 500(A)
BU5004 Managerial Accounting
植树节倡议书英语作文100字
植树节倡议书英语作文100字Tree planting is a simple yet impactful action that can contribute greatly to environmental preservation and restoration. As we celebrate Tree Planting Day, it is crucial that we reflect on the significance of this occasion and take meaningful steps to expand tree cover across our communities.Trees play a vital role in maintaining the delicate balance of our ecosystems. They absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change, and release oxygen, which is essential for sustaining life. Trees also help regulate local temperatures, provide habitats for diverse wildlife, and prevent soil erosion. By planting more trees, we can actively mitigate the effects of climate change and promote a healthier, more sustainable future for generations to come.Furthermore, trees have immense aesthetic and recreational value. They enhance the beauty of our surroundings, offering shade and tranquility in urban areas and providing opportunities for outdoor activities and community gatherings. The presence of trees in ourneighborhoods has been shown to have a positive impact on mental health, reducing stress and promoting a sense of well-being.Despite the numerous benefits of trees, deforestation and urbanization continue to threaten the world's tree cover. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the global forest area has decreased by 3.1 percent since 1990, with the majority of this loss occurring in tropical regions. This alarming trend highlights the urgent need for concerted efforts to protect and replenish our forests.In light of these considerations, I propose that we use Tree Planting Day as a catalyst to launch a comprehensive tree-planting initiative in our community. This initiative would involve the active participation of individuals, organizations, and local authorities, working together to establish new tree-planting projects and maintain existing ones.One key aspect of this proposal is the establishment of community-based tree-planting events. These events would provide opportunities for residents to come together, learn about the importance of trees, and actively engage in planting and caring for new trees. These events could be organized in partnership with local environmental organizations, schools, and community groups, fostering a sense of collective responsibility and promotingenvironmental stewardship.Another crucial component of this initiative would be the development of a comprehensive tree inventory and management plan. By conducting a thorough assessment of the existing tree cover in our community, we can identify areas in need of additional planting and develop targeted strategies to ensure the long-term health and sustainability of our urban forests. This could include the implementation of tree-maintenance programs, the selection of appropriate tree species for local conditions, and the creation of educational resources to help residents care for the trees in their neighborhoods.To further support this initiative, I propose the creation of a dedicated tree-planting fund. This fund would be financed through a combination of public and private sources, including donations from local businesses, grants from environmental organizations, and municipal budgetary allocations. The funds would be used to cover the costs of purchasing and planting new trees, as well as the maintenance and care of existing ones.In addition to the community-based efforts, I believe it is crucial to engage with local authorities and policymakers to ensure that tree planting and conservation are prioritized in urban planning and development processes. This could involve advocating for theimplementation of tree-protection policies, the incorporation of tree-planting requirements in new construction projects, and the integration of urban forestry strategies into municipal land-use plans.By working collaboratively with various stakeholders, including government officials, community organizations, and individual residents, we can create a comprehensive and sustainable tree-planting initiative that will have a lasting impact on our local environment.The benefits of this initiative extend far beyond the immediate environmental impacts. By engaging the community in tree-planting activities, we can foster a greater appreciation for nature, encourage environmental stewardship, and inspire a sense of civic pride. Additionally, the increased tree cover can provide social and economic benefits, such as improved air quality, reduced energy costs, and enhanced property values.In conclusion, the celebration of Tree Planting Day presents a valuable opportunity to take meaningful action in support of environmental conservation and restoration. By implementing a comprehensive tree-planting initiative, we can contribute to the global effort to combat climate change, promote biodiversity, and enhance the overall quality of life in our community. I urge allstakeholders to join us in this important endeavor and help create a greener, more sustainable future for our community and the planet.。
实验经济学精品课件 (4)
Search Dynamics in Consumer Choice under Time Pressure: An Eye-Tracking Study (pp. 900-926) Coordination in the Presence of Asset Markets (pp. 927-47)
John A. List
The Persistence of Treatment Effects with Norm-Based Policy Instruments: Evidence from a Randomized Environmental Policy Experiment (pp. 318-22)
作为一门成熟学科的标志2：实验经济学的学术共同体
o 学术团体:ESA——using controlled experiments to learn about economic behavior （1986 Vernon Smith） o 实验经济学期刊：Experimental Economics （1998） o 学术会议：
o 经济学实验室
作为一门成熟学科的标志3：实验研究在顶级期刊的发表数 （以AER2011年5期期刊为例）
o o Vol. 101, No. 1, February 2011 Is Tiger Woods Loss Averse? Persistent Bias in the Face of Experience, Competition, and High Stakes (pp. 129-57)
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Governance a rarelyusedtermin was development circlesuntilemployed in the WorldBan's 1989report,'SubSaharanAfrica: From Crisis to SustainableGrowth."Later, Governance andDevelopment provideda specific definition relevant to the Bank's purposes:"themanner whichpower in is exercised the management a in of country's economic and social resources development." World -for The Bankhas'identified three distinctaspects of govemance: the form of. (i) political regime; (ii) the process by which authority is exercised in,the management a country's of economic andsocialresources fordevelopment; ' and (iii) the ernments to design,formulate, and implernent policiesanddischarge functions. The first aspect is deemed outside the Bank'smandate; thus the Bank-sfocus hasbeenon the second third and aspects. The temnusuallydescnbes conditions in a countryas a whole. However, it may be'applied in a more specific sense, such as corporate govemance-the framework laws, of regulatory institutions, and reporting requirements conditionthe way that the corporate sector is governed. ' The African DevelopmentBank has introduced notionsof macro-, the meso-, and microgovemance conto ditions atvarious levelsof govemrnment, World a. Bal*1992b.5p. 52. suggesting authoritarian that regimes b. AfdcanDevelopment 1993. Bank
行政英语
一名词全称1 NPM : new public management2 ALJ : administrative law judges第一单元1. public administration(administrator)：公共行政2. accountant ：会计3.budgeter：预算 3.policy analyst ：政策分析4.purposes and goals of government ：政府的宗旨和目标5.political values ：政治价值观6.legislative body：立法体系7.authoritative agent ：权威代理机构8.executive legislative and judicial 行政立法和司法：9.court：法院ernor and president：11.congress ：国会12.constitution ：宪法第一单元21.free, competitive market：自由竞争市场ernmental operation ：政府运作3.revenue and taxation：财政税收ernmental agency：政府机构5.fiscal constrain：财政约束6.Non-for-profit organization：非营利组织7. utility ：公共事业8.public goods or quasi-public goods：公共物品或准公共物品9.power and authority：权利和权威10.the formulation and implementation of policy ：政策的制定和实施11.the coercive power ：强制力12.public policy making and implementation：公共政策制定和实施13.dichotomy between politics and administration ：政治行政二分法14.formulation, analysis, evaluation and revision of policy：政策的制定，分析，评估和调整18.race, ethnicity, gender, and other social factor ：种族，民族，性别和其他社会因素15.partisan patronage ：政党庇护16.the spoils system：政党分肥制第二单元1.the political approach ：政治途径2.the legal approach：法律途径3.the managerial approach：管理途径4.reinventing government：重塑政府5.NPM ：新公共行政6.all levels of government ：各级政府7.a class of politicians：政治类别8.hiring and firing：雇佣和解雇9.bureaucratic：官僚制10.hierarchy ：层级制11.position orientation ：职位导向12cost-effectiveness ：成本效益第二单元Text B1.NPM ：新公共行政2.r eform-oriented：改革导向3.public sector：公共部门4. negative press coverage：负面报道5. public opinion polls：民意调查6.drastic reform：大刀阔斧的改革7.market-like competition ：类似市场竞争8.the provision of goods and services：商品和服务的供给9. one-shop shopping ：一体化10.NPR：国家绩效评估11.market mechanism ：市场机制12.social harmony：社会和谐13.per capita income：人均收入14.customoer satisfaction：客户满意度第三单元1. responsibility and responsiveness ：责任性和回应性2.descretianary power：第三单元Text B1. hearing examiners ：听证者2. administrative law judges 行政法法官ALJ ：3. adversary procedure：抗辩程序3.表格：特征传统公共行政NPM 政治途径法律途径价值观效能、效率、经济成本效能顾客的回应性代表性、政治回应性、责任性1.正当的法律程序2.公民的实质权利，平等保护3.公平4.诚实，公正组织结构官僚制、层级制竞争性的企业化模型组织多元主义行政裁决制抗辩模式对人的认识非人格化顾客Client 将个人看成是群体成员完整的个体理性的个体认知模式科学方法及通则化理论推理，经验观察，指标测量，实验协议，民意，政治，争辩归纳性案例分析，演绎式的法律分析，反复辩论程序预算理性预算体系，成本——效率以绩效为基础，市场驱动渐进主义（福利分配和负担）以权利保护为基础决策观最具成本——效益的决策分散化，降低成本渐进模型，胡乱决策程序性渐进主义二汉译英1有效管理不仅更需要那些愿意并有能力采取切实方法的管理者，而且需要授权管理者能采用其认为最有效的方式来管理，这也是公共管理者独特的问题。
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The impact of market competition and budgetary participation on performance and job satisfaction: Evidence from the Australian banking and financial services sectorsVincent K. Chong*The University of Western AustraliaIan R. C. EggletonThe University of Western AustraliaMichele LeongThe University of Western AustraliaJanuary 2001DRAFT ONLY(Comments welcome)AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank Alan Dunk, Chong Lau and participants of the 2000 Asian-Pacific Conference on International Accounting Issues, Beijing, China. We would also like to thank I Bee Gan for her excellence research assistance. This project was funded by a research grant from the Faculty of Business & Public Management at Edith Cowan University.*Corresponding author: Department of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6907.Email: vchong@.au1The impact of market competition and budgetary participation on performance and job satisfaction: Evidence from the Australian banking and financial services sectorsAbstractThis paper examines the impact of the intensity of market competition and budgetaryparticipation on performance and job satisfaction. The responses of 77 seniormanagers, drawn from a cross-section of Australian banking and financial servicessectors, to a questionnaire survey were analyzed by using a multiple regressiontechnique. The results showed that the higher the intensity of market competition,the more positive is the relationship between budgetary participation andperformance and job satisfaction.Key words: Budgetary participation, Intensity of market competition, banking and financial services sectors, performance and job satisfaction2ReferencesAbernethy, M. A. and Stoelwinder, J. U. (1995). ‘The role of professional control in the management of complex organizations’. Accounting, Organizations and Society: 1-17. Allison, P. D. (1977). ‘Testing for interaction in multiple regression’. American Journal of Sociology: 144-153. Argyris, C. (1952). The Impact of People on Budgets. New York: Controllership Foundation. Bass, B. M. and Leavitt, H. J. (1963). ‘Some experiments in planning and operating’.Management Science: 574-585. Becker, S. and Green, D. (1962). Budgeting and employee behavior. Journal of Business: 392-402. Brownell, P. 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