国际贸易实务教程(第二章)

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国际贸易实务第二章培训课件

国际贸易实务第二章培训课件
2020/5/31
分析要点:
(1)根据国际贸易有关法律规定:“凡是既凭样品又凭规格达成的交易, 卖方所交货物必须既与样品一致,又要符合规格的要求。否则,买方有权 拒收货物,并可提出索赔要求”。
(2)本案例中,合同规定水分最高15%,杂质不超过3%,从合同规定看, 在这笔进出口交易中,双方以商品的规格作为表示商品品质的方法,并以 此作为交检商品的依据,属凭规格买卖,只要交货符合合同规定的规格, 我方即为履约。但是,成交前我方向对方寄送样品时未声明是参考样品, 签约后又电告对方成交货物与样品相似,这个电报可以理解为:交货与样 品相似是合同中品质规格条款的补充。因此,从整个交易过程来判断。这 笔交易不是仅仅凭规格买卖,而是既凭规格又凭样品的买卖。
一、合理选用表示商品品质的方法
布匹 大豆 医药 茶叶 日用化妆品 电器 家具 榨菜
样品 规格 标准 等级 品牌 说明书 货号
产地
二、品质机动幅度与品质公差 (一)品质机动幅度
规定一定的范围
棉坯布 “幅宽41/42”
规定一定的极限 规定上下差异
大 碎粒15% (MAX) 米 水份10% (MAX)
杂质2% (MAX)
2020/5/31



易 实 务
基本内容
对商品质量、规格、等级、标 准、牌号等作具体规定
品质公差(quality tolerance)
品质公差是指国际上公认的产品品质的 误差。
第 二
用于工业制成品

1、品质机动幅度条款,一般适用于某些( )。 A.制成品交易 B.初级产品交易 C.机电产品交易 D.仪表产品交易
内在质量:自然属性 外观形态:外形、色泽、款式等
重要性
2020/5/31

国际贸易实务第二章 贸易术语

国际贸易实务第二章  贸易术语

CFR术语案例
案例概述
某出口商与南美进口商签订了CFR合 同,出口商负责装运和支付运费,但 不承担保险责任。在运输途中,货物 遭遇了海上风险导致损失。
分析
根据CFR术语,出口商负责装运和支 付运费,但不承担保险责任。因此, 出口商无需为货物的损失承担责任。
DAP术语案例
案例概述
某出口商与澳大利亚进口商签订了DAP合同,出口商负责将货物运至目的地并卸货,但不承担在目的 地卸货后的风险。在卸货过程中,货物发生损坏。
风险在装运地转移的术语、风险在目的地转移的术语 等。
根据运输方式分类
适用于海运的贸易术语、适用于陆运的贸易术语、适 用于空运的贸易术语等。
02 主要贸易术语解释
FOB术语
定义
FOB(Free On Board)术语指当货物在装运港被装上船时, 卖方即完成交货义务,买方需自该交货点起承担一切费用和 货物灭失或损坏的风险。
风险转移
装运港船舷为界。
交货地点
装运港船上。
费用划分
卖方需办理出口手续并支付相关费用,同时负责 支付到达目的地的运费和保险费。
CFR术语
CFR(Cost and Freight)术语指当货物在装运港被 装上船时,卖方负责支付货物到目的地的运费,并承
担货物在运输途中灭失或损坏的风险。
输入 交标货地题点
围内广泛使用。
贸易术语用简短的字母表示,如FOB、CIF等。
03
贸易术语的作用
01
明确买卖双方在交货过程中的责任、风险和费用,避免事后 纠纷。
02
简化交易过程,减少交易成本。
03
促进国际贸易的发展。
贸易术语的分类
根据交货地点分类
装运港交货术语、目的港交货术语、装运地交货术语 等。

国际贸易实务课第五版(第二章 )

国际贸易实务课第五版(第二章 )
《1990年 美国对外 贸易定义 修订本》 将FOB术 语分成六 种解释, 只有其中 的第五种 “指定装 运港船上 交货”
FOB VESSEL (┉ named port of shipment )与《 2010通则 》的解释 基本相近 。 《2010通 则》与《 1990年美 国对外贸 易定义修 订本》差 异: ①交货 地点:比 如在纽约 船上交 货,应表 示为FOB VESSEL NEWYORK 。如规定 为FOB NEWYORK ,则卖方 有权在纽 约市的内 陆运输工 具上交 货,不负 责交到纽 约港口的 船上 ②风险 划分界限 ③出口 手续的办 理
E.FOB Vessel(n amed port of shipment )-船上交 货(指定 装运港) F.FOB(na med inland point country of importat ion)-进 口国指定 内陆地点 交货
③ FAS (Free Along Side) 在运输工 具旁交货
(3)FOB 的变形 (租船运 输时,装 船费用的 划分)
FOB liner terms FOB 班轮 条件 买方承担 装船费用
FOB under tackle FOB吊钩 下交货 买方承担 装船费用
FOB stowed FOB理舱 卖方承担 装船费用
FOB trimmed FOB平舱 卖方承担 装船费用 (4)个 别国家对 FOB 的不 同解释: 案例:某进口公司于1991年从美国进口特种异型钢材200公吨,每公吨按900美圆FOB Vessel New York成交 国银行向对方开出了一张金额为18万美圆的信用证,对方接到信用证后称“信用证已收到,但金额不足, 签证费,由你方另行电汇”。我方接电后认为这是美方无理要求,回电指出“按FOB Vessel条件成交,卖 》中有规定”。美方又回电“成交时并未明确规定按《通则》办,根据我们的商业习惯及《1990年美国对

国际贸易理论和实务第二章 国际贸易基本理论-PPT课件

国际贸易理论和实务第二章 国际贸易基本理论-PPT课件

第二节 亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论
Adam Smith简介 1723-1790, 经济学之父,古典学派自由贸 易理论的创始人 之一 1776年出版《An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations》(国民财富的性质和原因的研究) 简称《国富论》 。 在其代表作《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》 一书中提出了绝对优势理论。
第二章
国际贸易基本理论
第一节 重商主义对外贸易学说
• 重商主义是15-17世纪欧洲资本原始积累 时期,代表商业资本利益的经济思想和政 策体系,该思想揭示了贸易保护的必要性, 是最早的贸易保护理论。
• 重商主义认为货币是财富的唯一形态,可 分为早期和晚期。
早期的重商主义 重商主义( Mercantilism ) 晚期的重商主 的观点是货币差 义的观点是贸 额论 盛行于15世纪-18世纪, 易差额论 早期(15世纪-----16世纪中期) 晚期(16世纪中期-----17世纪中期) 观点:货币是财富的唯一形态
三、比较优势论的论证
分工前:
毛呢
劳动量 产量 劳动量

产量
英国 葡萄牙
100 90
1 1
120 80
1 1
分工后,(两国劳动投入量不变)
毛呢 英国 葡萄牙
(100+120) ÷100=2.2
酒 (进口)
(90+80) ÷80=2.125
(进口)
• 按照1:1进行国际交换后, 毛呢 英国 葡萄 牙
毛呢 英国
葡萄牙
1.5(比分工前多1 单位)
酒 1(进口)
2(比分工前多2 单位)
1(进口)

第2章 国际贸易术语

第2章  国际贸易术语
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《国际贸易实务》 第二章 贸易术语及惯例
第二节 主要的国际贸易(ɡuó jì mào yì)术语
一、FOB:Free On Board (Named Port of Shipment) 装运(zhuāngyùn)港船上交货(…指定装 运(zhuāngyùn)港) 指卖方必须在合同规定的装运(zhuāngyùn)期 内在指定装运(zhuāngyùn)港将货物交至买方指定 的船上,并负担货物越过船舷(Vessel’s Rail) 为止的一切费用和货物灭失、损坏的风险。
第一节 国际贸易术语的含义及有关(yǒuguān)的惯例
二、有关贸易术语的国际贸易(ɡuó jì mào yì)惯例
惯例名称
《1932年华沙— 牛津规则》
制订者 国际法协会
《1941年美国对外 美国商业团 贸易定义修正本》 体
《国际贸易术语解 释通则》2000年、 2010年
国际商会
时间 1928年 1919年
一、贸易术语的含义及作用 贸易术语(Trade Terms):又称贸易条件、价格术
语(price terms)或价格-交货条件,是国际贸易中 定型化的买卖条件。 规定价格构成 说明交易地点 确定买卖双方有关费用承担 手续(shǒuxù)承办 风险责任的划分
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《国际贸易实务》 第二章 贸易术语及惯例 第一节 国际贸易术语的含义及有关(yǒuguān)的
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《国际贸易实务》 第二章 贸易术语及惯例
案例2-2 在台湾高雄地方法院讨论案中,债务人乙欠债
权人甲100万美元,获悉乙与美商丙签订 (qiāndìng)CIF出口合同,这批货正在装运港装船 中,于是甲申请对这批货查封以偿还乙所欠债务。 当执行人员赶至码头时,货物已装上船。 问:执行人员是否可以查封?

国际贸易实务第2章

国际贸易实务第2章

2.1 贸易术语的含义及其作用
国 际 贸 易 实 务
2.1.1
贸易术语的含义
第2章:
贸易术语与国 际贸易惯例 1.1节 2.1 1.2节 2.2 1.3节 2.3 1.4节 2.4 2.5 节 1.5 节
贸易术语(trade terms),又称贸易条件,价格术语。 所谓贸易术语是指在长期贸易实践中形成的,以英文缩写 表示商品价格构成,说明交货地点,确定买卖双方的责任、 费用、风险划分等问题的专门用语。 由于贸易术语一旦确定下来,双方在贸易合同当中的权 利和义务也相应的确定下来了,所以在磋商和订立合同时, 采用了某种贸易术语,例如FOB或CIF,就使该合同具有了 一定的特征,这些特征决定了贸易合同的性质,所以我们 分别称之为“FOB合同”或者“CIF合同”。
2.5节
2.2 与贸易术语相关的国际贸易惯例
国 际 贸 易 实 务
2.2.2 《2010通则》与《2000通则的》比较 1、贸易术语的变化
《2010通则》增加了DAT 和DAP 两个全新的术语。此次增加是通过 DAP 取代了先前的DAF 、D E S 和D D U 三个术语,而DAT 取代了先前 的DEQ,且扩展至适用于一切运输方式。 另外, 《2010通则》将这11种术语分成了两类。包括那些适用于任何 运输方式 的7种术语和只适用于海运或内河运输的4 种术语 。
启示:
国 际 贸 易 实 务
第2章:
贸易术语与国 际贸易惯例 1.1节 2.1 1.2节 2.2 1.3节 2.3 1.4节 2.4 2.5 节 1.5 节
在国际货物买卖中,交易双方通过磋商,确定各自应承担的义 务。卖方的主要义务是提交合格的货物和单据;买方的对等义务 则是收取货物和支付货款。在货物交接过程中,有关风险、责任 和费用的划分问题,是交易双方在谈判和签约时需要明确的重要 内容,因为它们直接关系到商品的价格,关系到合同履行中,一 旦发生争议,如何确定违约情事和责任的归属问题。因此,学习 和掌握国际贸易中现行的各种贸易术语及其有关的国际惯例,对 于正确运用这些术语来明确当事人的基本义务和合理规定价格, 以及避免或减少不必要的贸易争端,无疑都具有十分重要的意义。

国际贸易实务双语教程(第版)答案

第一章练习答案Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To see out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens,copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏;恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价,涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出;岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人(商);经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV. Case Study.Batteries called “white elephant” exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, but in United States no one was interested in the goods. Why?Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. Please try to find out some cases about cultural differences in doing international business. (Open)VI. Please determine whether the following statements are TRUE or FALES. Then put T for TRUE or F for FALES in the bracket at the end of each statement.1. ( T )2. ( F )3. ( F )4. ( T )5. ( F )6. ( T )7. ( T )8. ( F )9.(T )10.(T)11.(F)12.(F)13.(T)14.(T)15.(F)Ⅶ.Translate the following into English1.Trade is often said to be the "engine" of development. Although this analogy is too simple, itdoes illustrate the importance of foreign trade in economic development. Although the healthy growth of exports is not always sufficient for rapid and sustained economic growth, it is undeniable that there is a positive and close link between the two. The role of trade development in economic growth is manifested in many ways. Among them are: the benefits of professional division of labor, the role of international competition in promoting domestic economic efficiency and the ability to pay for the import of goods needed for development, as well as more generally , the encouragement of investment and entrepreneurship.2.International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced by one country withgoods and services produced by another country. In addition to the visible trade, that is, the import and export of goods and cargos, there are also invisible trade, which refers to the exchange of labor between countries. Countries such as Greece and Norway, which have vast maritime fleets and provide transport services, reflect a form of invisible trade. For some countries, invisible trade is just as important as raw materials and commodity exports for some other countries. In both cases, these countries can make money to buy the goods they need.3.International trade is varied in a variety of ways. Underwriting refers to the seller , in aparticular area and within a certain period of time , to give foreign customers the exclusive right to sell the designated commodity trade. In this deal, the goods are taken over by the underwriter, sold on their own and are self-financing. This is different from a commission-only agent, and because the underwriter enjoys a franchise in a particular area, making it distinct from the general sale and purchase agreement.4.No country in the world can produce all the products it needs, so all countries participate inthe international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes , a country can buy goods and services abroad from a barter, which refers to the exchange of onegood for another and not for money. Barter trade by itself is not enough to meet the needs ofa country's imports. However, as a mode of trade, it is attractive to developing countries thathave a shortage of foreign exchange or shortage of inflow of foreign capital to meet the demand for foreign trade.Ⅷ. Multiple Choices1-5 D D A D B 6-10 A A A B A第二章练习答案Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions1.Please tell us the procedures of international trade.The procedures of an export or import business are so complicated that it may take quite a long time to conclude a transaction. Varied and complicated procedures have to be gone through in the course of export or import transaction. From the very beginning to the end of the transaction, the whole operation generally undergoes four stages: preparing for exporting or importing, business negotiation, implementation of the contract, and settlement of disputes(if any). Each stage covers some specific steps. Since the expo rt and import trades are two sides of the same coin, and one country’s export is another country’s import.2.What are the parties involved in export and import transaction?The parties who are involved in export and import transactions are numerous and can be described as variously. The basic parties are the buyer who purchases the goods and the seller who provides the goods.3.What are the specialists involved in export and import transaction?Many specialists may be involved in export and import transaction, including:(1) A shipping agent and /or foreign forwarder (forwarding agent) will take responsibility for the documentation and arrange for the goods to be shipped by air, sea, rail or road. These services may be carried out by the supplier’s own export department, if they have the expertise.(2) Airlines, shipping lines, railway companies or haulage contractors will actual transport the goods.(3) Both the importer’s and exporter’s banks will be involved in arranging payments if a letter of credit or bill of exchange is used.(4) Customs and Excise officers may need to examine the goods, check import or export licensing and charge duty and /or V AT.(5) A chamber of Commerce may need to issue a Certificate of Origin, if this is required by the importer’s country.(6) An insurance company insures goods in transit.(7) A lawyer if a special contract has to be drawn up.4. What are the documents needed in export and import transaction?An import/export transaction usually requires a lot of complicated documents because it is difficult to make many different arrangements when one firm is dealing with another on the other side of the world. The number and type of documents needed depend on the specific requirements of the exporter and importer. Generally, the documents needed include:(1) Bill of Lading.(2) Commercial Invoice.(3) Proforma Invoice.(4) Consular Invoice.(5) Packing List.(6) Weight Memo.(7) Certificate of Inspection.(8) Certificate of Origin.(9) Insurance Policy (Certificate).(10) Sales Contract.(11) Sales Confirmation.II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. T 11. T 12.F 13. T 14. F 15.TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代)is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:Messrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:Dear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight,but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely,VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Case StudyQuestions:(1) What is your opinion? Give the reasons to support your opinion.(2) How to prevent such dispute?(1) The first letter of Company A and Company B can be considered as an offer, during which Company A made a request for packaging. While Company B modified the terms of the offer, which can be considered as a counter offer or a new offer. After the counter offer was issued by Company B, Company A did not reply. Although it indicated that it was bound by the offer of the company B, yet Company A did not expressly accept to Company B,(2)At this time , the contract is not established. Therefore, Company B refused to honor the contract on this ground. Company A would fall into the passive status. In order to avoid this situation, Company A, in receipt of the B Company's offer, should promptly accept it.Ⅸ.Multiple Choices1. BCE2. AB3. BCD4. ABE5. ADE6. BCDE7. CD8. ABC9. ABC 10. ABC第三章练习答案Unit 3 Contracts for the International Sale of GoodsI. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance,commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的,而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。

国际贸易实务第二章贸易术语


边境交货 目的港船上交货 目的港码头交货 未完税交货
DDP Delivered Duty Paid
完税后交货
EXW
FCA
*FOB
CPT
*CFR
DDU
CIP
*FAS *CIF *DES *DEQ DDP
工厂 仓库 敞车
机场
火车站
汽车站
集装箱 码头 堆场 CY
出口国 DAF
关境
关境
出口国
进口国
码头
进口国
第 (2)与法律相比较,国际贸易惯例的约束性 二 具有一定的灵活性。

3、三种主要与贸易术语相关的国际贸易惯例






惯例名称 制定者 时间
贸易术语
《1941年美国对 外贸易定义修正 本》
《1932年华沙— 牛津规则》
美国商业 1919年 团体
国际法协 1928年 会
Ex Point of Origin FOB, FAS, C&F, CIF,Ex Dock
4.保险及费用
第 二 章
5.风险划分
承担货物越过 装运港船舷之 前的一切风险 和费用
承担货物越过装运 港船舷之后的一切 风险和费用

际 贸
4、注意问题


务 (1)风险划分:以船舷为界;
(2)船货衔接问题;
备货通知
派船通知



装船通知

际 贸
4、注意问题


务 (1)风险划分:以船舷为界;
(2)船货衔接问题;
⑴安排运输,支付至 ⑴承担货物越过船舷
目的港运费,及时通 后一切风险

国际贸易单证实务教材PPT 第二章 国际货物贸易合同


第二节 国际货物贸易合同的内容
书面合同包括三部分:约首、本文和约尾。
二、本文
本文(Body)是合同的主体,规定了买卖双方的权利和义务。 主要包括基本条款和一般交易条款两部分。 基本条款
1.名称和质量(Name and Quality)
2.数量(Quantity)
一般大宗商品可以采用溢短装条款,规定数量机动幅度。
一般条款
1.检验(Inspection) 2.索赔(Claim) 3.不可抗力(Force Majeure) 4.仲裁(Arbitration)
第二节 国际货物贸易合同的内容
书面合同包括三部分:约首、本文和约尾。
三、约尾
约尾(Witness Clause)是合同的结尾部分, 通常包括: 合同使用的文字及效力、附件及其效力、合同正本的份数、 双方当事人签字和签字地点等。
第一节 国际货物贸易合同概述
二、国际货物贸易合同的形式
国际货物贸易合同的形式:书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。
(一)书面形式 1.销售合同(Sales Contract)或购买合同(Purchase Contract) 2.销售确认书(Sales Confirmation)或购买确认书(Purchase Confirmation) 3.协议(Agreement) 4.备忘录(Memo) 5.订单(Order)和委托订购单(Indent)

第一节 国际货物贸易合同概述
二、国际货物贸易合同的形式
国际货物贸易合同的形式:书面形式、口头形式和其他形式。 (二)口头形式 有利于节省时间、简便行事。 但是,因无文字依据,空口无凭,一旦发生争议,往往造成举证困难, 不易分清责任。 (三)其他形式
电子合同,根据当事人之间长期交往中形成的习惯做法,或发价 人在发价中已经表明被发价人无须发出接受通知,可直接以行为 做出接受而订立的合同。

国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)Unit 02


Parties involved in export and import transaction
* the exporters * the importers * the port authority * the shipping company (for sea freight) * the airline (for air freight) * the insurance company or brokers * the exporter’s bank * the importer’s bank * the railways (in some cases) in the importer’ country * the road hauler ( in some case) in the importer’ country * the shipping agent at the port or airport of discharge * the shipping agents at the port or airport of loading * the railway (in some cases)in the exporters’ country * the road hauler (in some cases) in the exporter’s country
Export Procedures under CIR on the side of Seller
Acceptance
Signing Contract
Applying Import License
Procedures of Import Transaction
Opening L/C
Chartering Space Ship
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国际贸易实务教程(第二章) 品牌,以扩大本店知名度和显示该商品的身价。许多国家的出口厂商,为了利用买主的经营能力及其商业信誉和品牌声誉,以提高商品售价和扩大销路,也愿意接受定牌主产。 包装条款的规定 包装条款一般包括包装材料、包装方式、包装规格、包装标志和包装费用的负担等内容。 在商订包装条款时,需要注意下列事项: 1. 要考虑商品特点和不同运输方式的要求。 2. 对包装的规定要明确具体。一般不宜采用“海运包装”(SeaworthPacking)和“习惯包装”(Customary Packing)之类的术语。 3. 明确包装由谁供应和包装费由谁负担。包装由谁供应,通常有下列三种做法: (1)由卖方供应包装,包装连同商品一块交付买方, (2)由卖方供应包装,但交货后,卖方将原包装收回。关于原包装返回给卖方的运费由何方负担,应作具体规定。 (3)由买方供应包装或包装物料。采用此种做法时,应明确规定买方提供包装或包装物料的时间,以及由于包装或包装物料未能及时提供而影响发运时买卖双方所负的责任。 关于包装费用,一般包括在货价之中,不另计收。但也有不计在货价之内,而规定由买方另行支付的。 条形码 1. 条形码概述 条形码(Product Code)是一种产品代码,由一组宽窄且间隔不等的平行线条及相应的数字组成。它可以表示商品许多信息,通过光电扫描输入电脑,从而判断出某件商品的生产国、制造厂、品名规格、价格等一系列产品信息,大大提高商品管理效率。 2. 商品包装的两种条形码 条形码自问世以来,为适应多种需要,产生了众多的编码系统。但目前得到国际公认用于商品包装的中要有两种,即UPC和EAN。这两种编码系统属同一类型,每个字符均由数条黑白相间的条纹组成, 中间有两条窄条纹向下伸出少许,将条形码分成左右两部分。这两种条形码虽然只能表示0到,十个数字,但具有高度的查核能力,扫描操作简单可靠。 (1)UPC条形码。UPC条形码是由美国和加拿大共同组织的“统一编码委员会”(Universal Code Council, UCC )选定以IBM公司提出的 Dalta-Distance 为基础而通过的。UPC码(Uniform Product Code)作为美、加产品统一的标识符号。 (2)EAN条形码。EAN条形码是欧共体的“欧洲物品编码协会”(European Article Numbering Association , EAN)吸取了UPC的经验而确立的物品标识符号。该协会于1977年改名为“国际物品编码协会”(International Article Numbering Association)。迄今为止,使用EAN条形码的该协会成员国已有数十个,除欧洲外,亚洲许多国家也使用此码,我国于1991年7月参加该协会。 由于国际上存在这两种编码系统,因此,我国产品销往美国,加拿大应使用UPC码,而出口到其他国家和地区则需使用EAN码。 3. 两种条形码的构成。 UPC和EAN两种条形码虽同属一个类型,但由于EAN码是在UPC码基础上形成的,而且有所发展和创新,所以,在技术上EAN系统的光电阅读器可以阅读UPC系统的条码,而UPC系统的光电阅读器却不能阅读EAN码。该两种条形码的构成如下: (1)UPC的构成。由11位数字的通用产品代码和1位校验码组成。产品代码的第1位数字为编码系统字符;中间5位数字表示制造商号,后5位数字为产品代码。 (2)EAN码的构成。由代表12位数字的产品代码和1位校验码组成。产品代码的前3位为国别码;中间4位数字为制造商号;后5位数字为产品代码。 EAN码的国别码由EAN总部分配管理。我国的国别代码为690。制造商号代码由EAN在各国的分支机构分配管理。我国由“中国物品编码中心”统一分配企业代码。产品代码由制造商根据规定自己编制。 4. 条形码的应用。 目前,国际市场上,特别是发达国家和新兴工业化地区已经普遍在商品包装上使用条形码标签。在这些国家在地区的超级市场中,几乎所有的商品都使用条形码识别系统,顾客选定商品后,售货员只要把商品包装上的条形码对着扫描阅读器,电子计算机就能自动查询售价并作收款累计。当把顾客选定商品的所有条形码都经过扫描后,计算机也就立即报出总价并把购物清单打印出来。这样,商店只需配备少量的售货员便能迅速、准确地完成结帐、收款等工作,既方便消费者,也为商店本身改善管理、提高销售效率、降低销售成本创造了条件。就批发、仓储运输部门而言,通过使用条形码技术,商品分类、输送、查找、核对、情况汇总迅速、准确,能缩短商品流通和库内停留时间,减少商品损耗。在商品包装上使用符合国际规范的条形码,能在世界各国的商场内销售,出口厂商就有可能及时掌握自己产品在国际市场的需求情况、价格动态和其他有关信息,有利于不断改进商品的生产和销售,因而可进一步促进国际贸易的发展。不少国家和地区,为了适应商品流通的需求,限定在商品包装上必须印刷条形码标志,否则不准进口。因此,条形码在国际包装上的应用已成为包装现代化的一个重要内容。 5. 国条形码应用的申请与管理。 1988年12月28日成立的“中国物品编码中心”(以下简称“中心”)是我国条形码技术的归口管理单位,该中心已代表我国正式加入“国际物品编码协会”,从1991年7月1日起正式履行该会会员的权利和义务。“中心”的宗旨是研究、开发我国的物品标识系统,使其规范化、标准化,并实现与国际物品标识系统兼容,促进外贸出口。其任务是负责对口联系EAN和国际上其他物品编码机构,推广、应用和发展EAN物品标志系统,统一组织、协调、管理我国条形码工作。“中心”还在广州、湖北、江苏、上海设立“分中心”,并规定在未设“分中心”的地区,由“中心”指定和委托省级和计划单列市的标准化机构,负责单地区的条形码工作。 凡需要申请使用商品条形码的企业,一律要通过设在各地的“分中心”(未设“分中心”的,要通过“中心”指定和委托的标准化机构)向中国物品编码中心提出申请,由“中心”统一分配企业代码。生产和经营出口商品的企业需要使用条形码,可到上述条形码机构申请,由“中心”统一向国际条形码组织申请注册手续,如果企业有部分产品出口去美国、加拿大,另有部分产品出口到其他国家和地区,则应该同时申请UPC和EAN条形码,并按照规定支付有关费用。 国家技术监督局规定,我国商品经向“中心”申请获准的条形码可在世界范围内通用;获得条形码使用权的企业不得将其权力转让或与其他企业共享,任何企业或个人都不得擅自使用别国(地区)的条形码或伪造、盗用他人的条形码,已使用别国或其他地区条形码的企业,要到当地的“分中心,或指定的标准化机构登记,并协商如何转为使用我国商品条形码。 五. 卖方交货品质和数量的确定 买卖双方订立合同后,按照合同规定的品质、数量和包装等条件交货是卖方的基本义务。但如何确定卖方交货品质、数量是否符合合同规定则涉及合同中的商品检验条款。在国际贸易中,关于商品检验的时间和地点通常有以下3种规定方法: 1. 以装船的品质数量为准(Shipped Quality and Quantity as Final) 这就是通常所谓的离岸品质、离岸数量。按此规定,货物在装运前由装运港的检验机构检验并出具品质数量检验证书(Ceritficate of Quality and Quantity),该证书将作为决定该批交货品质和数量的最后依据,买方一般无权对交货的品质和数量提出异议。 2. 以到岸品质和数量为准(Landed Quality and Quantity as Final) 即在货物到达目的港卸货后由目的地检验机构进行检验,以该检验机构出具的品质和数量检验证书作为交货的品质和数量的最后依据。在这样规定的情况下,如证明品质和数量不符合同规定确属卖方责任,则卖方应负赔偿之责。 3. 以装运港的检验证书作为收付货款的依据,货到目的港后买方有复验权。按照这样的规定,货物必须在装运前由装运港的检验机构进行检验,其检验证书作为卖方向银行收取货款时提交的单据之一。而在货物运抵目的港卸货后,买方有复验权,如经复验发现货物不符合同规定,并证明这种不符是在卖方交货时(即货物风险由卖方转移到买方时)就已存在,买方可以凭复验证书向卖方提出异议和索赔。 以上各种规定中,以此第三种最为常用,这种规定方法同时承认买卖双方所提供的检验证书。 4.另外几种规定方法。 (1)以出厂品质为准(Manufacture's Quality as Final),即以货物经过厂商自行检验通过的品质为基准。这种规定方法对制造厂有最为有利,所以除少数特殊货物外,买方一般不愿采用这一规定。 (2)以货物到达目的地后的检验为准。当买方的营业所所在地点和货物的发售地点在进口国家的内陆时,按照习惯的作法,在事先通知卖方的情况下,买方可以要求将检验的时间和地点延伸到货物的最后目的地。 (3)买方指派代表到生产厂和发货地监督生产和装货,以买方代表认可的质量和数量为准。

第十八节 国际贸易货物的交付

一. 交货时间 国际贸易中常用的FOB、CIF、CFR三种贸易术语都属于装运港交货,所以习惯上常把“交货”与“装运”等同。但要注意发生的例外情况。 1. 确定交货时间的方法 (1)规定在某月内装运 (2)规定在某月月底前装运 (3)规定在某月某日前装运 (4)规定在某几个连续月内装运 (5)规定在收到信用证或货款后若干时间内装运 (6)规定在合同签约后立即装运(“即期装运”或“尽快装运”) 2. 规定合同的交货时间应考虑的因素 (1)货源因素:即货源是否可满足交货时间。 (2)运输因素:货物是否能按期运到合同规定的装运地点按时装运。 (3)市场情况:有些货物的市场情况是随季节(或时间)变化的,应予注意。 (4)商品情况:商品的防潮防热等特点应考虑季节、航线地理等因素。 二. 港口条款 装运港:明确无误地规定“装运港”是制定合同的重要环节。 目的港:“目的港”通常由买方提出经买卖双方同意而确定。

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