加强英语阅读中语篇模式的应用

加强英语阅读中语篇模式的应用
加强英语阅读中语篇模式的应用

加强英语阅读中语篇模式的应用湖北省宜昌市机电工程学校付永龙443111

湖北秭归二中张义

[摘要] 本文探讨了语篇模式在高中英语阅读中的应用价值。笔者通过介绍几种常见的语篇模式,并结合高中新课标英语教材和高考阅读理解中的文章进行分析,旨在培养学生运用语篇模式理论指导阅读实践,优化阅读教学的高效模式,从而有效地提高阅读理解能力。[关键词] 语篇模式英语阅读高效模式

长期以来,我国的英语阅读教学一直按照从部分到整体的步骤进行,即按字、词、句、篇章的顺序,先讲生词,语法,然后通过句子分析来解释翻译课文,而忽视对文章整体篇章的综合理解。传统阅读课教学以词汇为核心,注意语法讲解。随着新课程标准的颁布实施,要求注重学生实际能力的培养,怎样提高学生的阅读能力变的更加重要。学习一门语言主要的目的就是阅读。长期以来,英语的阅读研究一直是研究的热门之一。过去的研究者注重传统阅读过程、图标理论和互动理论的研究。但是研究者忽视了:为什么阅读者的阅读成绩高与低的原因的研究。

随着语篇语言学的理论在西方的兴起,语篇模式教学法已进入高中英语教学课堂。语篇模式(textual pattern)是语篇组织的宏观结构。Hoey (1983: 31) 将组织模式定义为“构成语篇(部分语篇)的关系的组合”。语篇的组织模式作为语篇组织的宏观结构,指语篇中各个主要成分的组合结果,是人们语言交际中互相遵守和期待的“语言组织”(Linguistic consensus)(Winter, 1944:55),在语篇的生成与理解中起着重要的作用。

一.英语中可能存在许多语篇模式,但常见的模式如下:

1问题—解决模式(Problem—Solution Pattern)

该模式结构一般由情景(situation)、问题(problem)、反应(response)或解决(solution)、评价(evaluation)或结果(result)组成。

一般来说,问题—解决模式结束的标志是对“问题”提出肯定的解决办法,而否定的评价则标志着另一轮“问题”的开始。这种模式较常见,它不仅常用于科学论文、实验报告和新闻报道中,而且在文学作品中也是屡见不鲜的。

2 概括—具体模式(General—Specific Pattern)

这一模式的特点是将整个语篇分为三部分,即概括、具体陈述和总结陈述。其中,概括陈述和具体陈述比较固定。一般来讲,一个段落只能有一个概括陈述,它阐明通篇的主题,统领整个语篇。具体陈述在语篇中处于从属地位,往往有多个。总结陈述是对通篇内容的总结,但不一定每个语篇都有。

3 主张—反主结模式(Claim—Counter claim Pattern)

在这一模式中,作者首先提出一种普遍认可或某些人认可的主张或观点,然后进行澄清、反驳,说明自己的主张或观点,或者提出反主张或真实情况,议论文常常采用该模式。

4 提问—回答模式(Question—Answer Pattern)

该模式是在语篇的开头设置一个问题,语篇的展开主要是寻求对这一问题满意的答案。这个模式有时或问题—解决模式颇为相似,即有情景、有反应、有评价,区别只是在语篇的开关设置一个明显的问句,这一模式应用范围很广,如演说、政论、辩论、广告等都经常采用这一形式。

然而,在实际的语言应用中,一种模式可能独立出现,也可能与其他模式结合在一起使用,构成更大篇章,又可能互相交错和嵌入,因此,熟练掌握这些模式对外语教学很有必要的。

二、语篇模式在高中英语阅读中的应用

现代心理学语言和认知语言学理论认为:阅读是一种复杂的主动思维的心理活动,是读者根据自己的已知信息、已有知识和经验对信息进行体验、预测、验语和确认的思维过程;也是读者通过语篇这一媒介与作者相互作用的语言交际行为。所以,在高中英语阅读教学中,有必要指导学生对不同篇章类型进行有针对性的阅读技巧指导,把语篇模式引入课文教学中,培养学生从宏观上驾驭全文,提高其阅读理解的能力。

下面笔者就现行人教版高中英语教科书(必修)和近两年高考阅读理解中的一些文章例证语篇模式理论在高中英语阅读中的运用。

1 问题—解决模式(Problem—Solution Pattern)

高一英语(上)Unit 10中的阅读文章 Are We Endangered?就是这一模式,图示如下:Situation —— We are not alone in the world.

We human beings couldn’t survive without all the

plants and animals around us.

↓ ↓

Problem ——Many of the earth’s plants and animals have already died

out, and several other species are endangered.

↓ ↓

Response —— The good news is that there is a lot we can do to help.

1. First of all, we need to learn more about animals,

plants and environment.

2. We can help by creating more space for animals and

plants. You can plant a tree or build a bird house.

3. Please don’t pollute the environment.

If we find out more about what we should do, we can help

Steve and others like him keep animals and plants and

ourselves from becoming endangered.

↓ ↓

Evaluation ——It’s simple but useful. We want to live a better life

and have a bright future.

其中在Response部分,作者又嵌入了一个小的概括—具体模式(General—Specific Pattern),即概括陈述→具体陈述1→具体陈述2→具体陈述3→总结陈述。其中具体陈述2中又有一句更具体的陈述,You can plant a tree or build a bird houses.(G→S1→S2→MS2→S3→G)

在有些情况下,该模式的中的两个元素“情景”(Situation)或“评价”(Evaluation)可省略,但“问题”(Problem)和“解决”(Solution)这两个元素必不可少。例如SEFC 第一册上(上)Unit 7“Integrating Skills”中的一封写给编辑的信:

(1)Thousands of tourists visit the caves every year.(2)The Carbon dioxide from their breath is damaging the paintings. (3)I think one way to solve the problem is to put glass walls in front of the paintings.(4)Second, the number of visitors should be limited.(5)And we should build a website where people can look at the pictures and paintings.

此例中句(1)是“情景”(Situation),句(2)是“问题”(Problem),句(3)、(4)和(5)“解决”(Solution)。没有“评价”(Evolution)部分。

2 概括—具体模式(General—Specific Pattern)

高中英语第一册(上)中的Unit 2 English Around the World和Unit 11 The Sounds of the World都是这一类型的文章。

如Unit 11图示如下:

Here is a brief look at some of the exciting

musical styles form around the world. ——概括陈述

Blue music has a long history. ——具体陈述1

Today’s American culture contains

many different musical styles. ——具体陈述2

Another important s tyle in today’s world

of music is Latin music. ——具体陈述3

There is a wide variety of new music to be

discovered in every corner of the world. ——总结陈述

以上的宏观结构属于McCarthy所说的A类模式。即概括陈述—具体陈述1—具体陈述2—具体陈述3—总结陈述。以上图示清楚地显示了作者的行文脉络,内容明晰有序,学生一看图示就一目了然。对文章的整体构思了解更透彻,能清楚明白作者写作意图。

3 提问—回答模式(Question—Answer Pattern)

高中英语第一册(上)Unit 3 Going Places 课文第一段和Unit 9“Life On the Go”第四段都属于这一模式。例如:

(1)Why are cellphones so popular, especially among teenagers? (2) The answer seems to be that we have a need to stay in touch with friends and family no matter where we are or what we are doing. (3) Having a celphone also makes us feel safer, since we can call for help in case of an emergency. (4) Of course, to many teenagers the cellphone is not only a useful tool but also a way to have fun and be cool.

该例句(1)提出“问题”(Question)引起读者的注意,句(2)、句(3)和(4)对它的回答(Answer)。作者在语篇开头提出有显性的带有问号的疑问句,然后主动给读者满意的回答。

4 主张—反主张模式(Claim-Counter claim Pattern)

高中英语第一册(下)Unit 16 Integrating skills 中的文章: Animal Experiments: Does Animal Testing Work ? 属于这一模式:

Medical scientists say that animal testing works, but animal rights activists say that it doesn’t work and that there are better ways of finding out what we want to know. They also believe that it’s possible to use much fewer a nimals. Here are some arguments.

该语篇就“动物实验是否有效”和“人类是否有权使用动物进行实验”展开讨论,并详细地陈述了主张(Claim)和反主张(Counter claim)两方面的观点及理由。在教学中,教师应帮助学生梳理阅读材料中的各种观点,训练他们用科学的思维方式确定自己的观点,从中寻找自己的论据,反驳反方的观点。

三.语篇模式在高考阅读理解的出现

纵观近几年的阅读理解我们可以发现,阅读命题的语篇处理,加大了对篇章结构的考查力度。《考试大纲》要求考生既能理解某段、某句的含义,也能理解全篇的逻辑关系,并能据此进行推理判断。所以,增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量,是高考获得高分的关键。现笔者就2005、2009年高考试卷中的两篇有关语篇模式的文章列举并分析如下:

1 例如:2005湖北卷A篇

56. How does the writer explain birds’ singing?

A. By comparing birds with human beings.

B. By reporting experiment results.

C. By describing birds daily life.

D. By telling a bird’s story.

分析:文章第一、二两段:(1)Have you ever wondered why birds sing? (2)Maybe you thought that were just happy. (3)After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy.

(4)Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy? (5)However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. (6)Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory.

作者在该文章第一句提出“问题”(Question),以下几句都是它的“回答”(Answer)。在“回答”(Answer)中,又出现主张—反主张模式(Claim—Counter claim Patter)或匹配—比较模式(Matching Pattern)。句(2)提出一种观点,句(3)作进一步说明,属于主张;句(4)肯定主张部分提出的观点,句(5)用“However”笔锋一转,引出反主张,句(6)陈述其原因,描述真实的情况。所以,本题答案为A,作者把鸟儿和人类进行对比。

2 再如:2011浙江卷C篇:

52. How is the text organized?

A. Topic — Argument — Explanation

B. Opinion — Discussion — Description

C. Main idea — Comparision— Supporting examples

D. Introduction — Supporting examples — Conclusion

分析:本题正确答案为D。本文叙述了作者上学时在一个苹果厂打工的经历。通过掠读,

可知作者在第一段提出在苹果加工厂工作的辛苦,工资低和工作条件差(The work was hard; the pay was poor; and most of all, the working condition were terrible.)中间三段举例具体描述,最后一段得出“再也不愿做”的结论(By I left, I was determined never to go back there again.)。整个语篇模式显而易见属于概括—具体模式(General—Specific Pattern)。

四、结束语

语篇模式理论为我们分析篇章结构,把握文章脉络提供了理论依据和有效方法。在中学英语阅读教学实践中,教师要充分利用和挖掘教材,指导学生超越句子层面来把握语篇,运用语篇语言学的理论知识和方法,积极引导学生有目的地认识语篇模式,让学生了解掌握英语语篇建构的内在规律,增强语篇意识,从而提高阅读效果,形成高效的复习备考模式。

语篇分析在英语阅读教学中运用

[作者简介]张延晏,江苏盐城人,江苏盐城工学院大外部教师,研究方向:大学英语教学。 语篇分析在英语阅读教学中运用 ○ 张延晏 (盐城工学院大外部,江苏 盐城224051) [摘 要]文章就目前大学英语阅读教学的形势,借鉴语篇分析理论,提出运用语篇分析进行阅读教学的 方法,以提高学生阅读理解的准确性,增强学生的语篇分析意识,培养学生的语篇分析能力,有效提高学生的阅读速度和理解能力。 [关键词]大学英语;阅读教学;语篇分析 中图分类号:H319.4文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-8610(2010)09-0123-02 一、问题的提出 大学英语教学过程中我们发现,学生阅读,习惯于脱离篇章,独立理解单词、短语、句子,导致的结果就是,词句全部都懂,可是不能深层次地理解文章,也不能准确地抓住中心思想,实际运用语言的能力得不到提高。 阅读历来是语言学习的重要技能,通过阅读获取信息仍然是学生学习英语的主要输入形式,是培养学生综合语言能力、言语交际能力、扩大知识面必不可少的主要渠道。然而,就大多数高校而言,大学英语阅读教学以精读课为主,大体仍以传统教学法为主,强调语法和翻译的课堂教学。教师首先要求学生课前预习课文,课堂上教师讲解语言点或逐句逐段串译,突出语言点,用问答方式让学生进一步熟悉课文,并做阅读练习。这种把阅读看成是单纯学习语言的活动,而不是培养交际性阅读能力的方法,只能使学生认识语言而不是真正掌握和运用语言,其结果是学生对文章的理解只停留在只见树木、不见森林的阶段,阅读涉猎的材料数量有限,阅读速度得不到有效提高,理解能力停滞不前。近年来,不少学者在英语教学领域的研究表明,运用语篇分析理论指导英语阅读教学是更为理想的方法。 二、理论基础 语篇分析(Discourse analysis )理论的提出是在20世纪60年代,它是国外众多语言学家针对语篇提出的种种理论设想的总和。Zelling Harris 在1952年首次提出了 “语篇分析”这个术语。在系统功能语法的创始人Halliday 那里,语篇被明确为一个语言单位,他认为人们进行交际的基本语言单位不是词或句子,而是成段的谈话或整篇文章。这样,语篇分析理论的应用也即以语篇为基本单位,分析句子之间、段落之间的衔接和逻辑连贯,从而把握篇章的主题思想。就大学英语教学目的而言, 语篇分析能够有效培养学生从语篇整体出发理解作者的观点、意图,对文章进行综合的分析、评价。 三、语篇分析在教学中的应用 (一)阅读前背景知识的导入 背景知识是学生理解特定语篇所必须具备的知识。教师在教学一开始就应该对课文相关的背景知识作适当的介绍,并鼓励学生在课后做更多的扩展阅读,有意识地去建构和激活已有的背景知识来帮助自己理解文章。研究表明,背景知识对理解的影响大于语言知识。 (二)语篇结构的分析 从语篇结构来看,尽管多种多样,但是属于同一题材的语篇仍然遵循一个普通模式,这种语篇模式使读者对各信息之间相互关系以及具体细节在文章中出现的顺序产生一定的预期。常见的语篇结构有:议论(argumentation )、描述(de-scription )、说明(exposition )和叙事(narration )等。不同的语篇结构有不同的写作特点,在教学时教师可以根据其特点进行语篇分析。如叙事结构以叙事为主,主要特点是拥有情节、背景和人物,常按照事情发生、发展、结局的过程安排结构。这类文章往往线索清楚。首尾呼应,常可以根据人物活动或事情发展顺序划分层次和段落。议论结构, 开头一般是提出问题,中间是对问题进行分析、论证,结尾是提出解决的方法。 除了让学生熟悉不同题材的写作特点以外,篇章结构仍然是语篇教学的重要内容。英语的语篇结构通常由引言段(指出一篇文章中心思想)、主体段(文章的主要部分,作者阐明和发挥在引言中所提出的观点,或用事实论证或举例说明)和结尾段(对全文进行概括,作出结论或收尾,使读者感到已言尽意足)三部分组成。段落则由主题句、发展句和结论句组成,主题句表达了段落的主题思想,多位于段首,间或位于段中或段尾,它限定了段落的内容,主导段落的铺陈和展开, 是段落的核心。发展句是对主题思想作进一步阐述,— 321—语文学刊·外语教育教学2010年第9期

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