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北京生物初赛试题及答案

北京生物初赛试题及答案

北京生物初赛试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 下列哪项不是细胞膜的主要功能?A. 物质的进出B. 细胞的保护C. 细胞的分裂D. 细胞间信息交流答案:C2. 光合作用中,光能被转化为化学能的过程发生在:A. 叶绿体B. 线粒体C. 细胞核D. 细胞质答案:A3. 下列哪种物质不是植物生长必需的无机盐?A. 氮B. 磷C. 钾D. 铁答案:D4. 人体免疫系统中,负责识别和攻击外来病原体的是:A. 红细胞B. 白细胞C. 血小板D. 淋巴细胞答案:B5. 遗传信息的载体是:A. DNAB. RNAC. 蛋白质D. 糖类答案:A6. 下列哪种生物不属于真核生物?A. 酵母菌B. 细菌C. 藻类D. 原生动物答案:B7. 人体中,负责运输氧气的蛋白质是:A. 血红蛋白B. 肌红蛋白C. 球蛋白D. 清蛋白答案:A8. 下列哪种激素是由胰腺分泌的?A. 胰岛素B. 甲状腺素C. 肾上腺素D. 生长激素答案:A9. 细胞周期中,DNA复制发生在:A. G1期B. S期C. G2期D. M期答案:B10. 下列哪种生物属于原核生物?A. 酵母菌B. 细菌C. 藻类D. 原生动物答案:B二、填空题(每空1分,共20分)11. 细胞膜的主要成分是________和________。

答案:磷脂、蛋白质12. 植物通过________作用吸收水分,并通过________作用散失水分。

答案:渗透、蒸腾13. 人体中,________是主要的储能物质,________是主要的供能物质。

答案:脂肪、糖类14. 人体免疫系统中,________细胞负责识别和攻击外来病原体,而________细胞则参与免疫记忆。

答案:B淋巴、T淋巴15. 遗传信息的传递遵循________定律,而遗传信息的表达遵循________定律。

答案:孟德尔、中心法则16. 人体中,________激素可以促进骨骼生长,而________激素则可以调节血糖水平。

心理知识初赛题库

心理知识初赛题库

大学生心理健康知识竞赛题库 一、填空题 1、个人与他人一起完成任务时,不如单干时出力多,这种现象称为什么? 社会懈怠作用_ 2、一个人内心虽不情愿,却不得不按别人的要求去做,这种心理现象称为? 服从_ 3、詹姆斯(1890)把"我"分为两部分,一部分是主体的我,另一部分是? _(客体的我_)______ 4、个体对自身以及自身的特征所持有的一种积极态度称之为? (自我接纳)____ 5、当个体对自己作负向评价即过低的评价自己时,就产生了什么感觉? ____(自卑感)_____ 6、学习过程中信息的加工,贮存和提取,涉及到的心理过程主要是短时记忆和什么记忆? ____(长时记忆)___ 7、有预定目的,需要一定意志努力的注意被称之为什么注意? _____(有意注意)_____ 8、长时记忆存储的信息基本上可分为两类,一类是程序性知识,另一类是什么知识? _(陈述性)___知识 9、在解决问题的方法中,使用手段——目的分析法的关键是怎么做? _(把大目标分成子目标) 10、熟练的打字员在打字时只看稿件,不看计算机屏幕,也不看键盘,而是凭着什么反馈信息调节自己的动作 动觉反馈信息 11、在练习过程中插入一些休息的联系,叫做什么练习? 间时练习 12、在练习期间不间断的反复进行的练习叫做什么练习? 集中练习 13、若学生能力较高,动作技能熟练程度达到一定水平,采用什么方式练习方式较适宜? 整体练习方式较适宜 14、若学生能力较低,动作技能不熟练,采用什么方式练习方式较适宜? 部分练习方式较适宜 15、学会打羽毛球有利于学习打网球,这种现象称为技能的什么? (正迁移) 16、学会骑自行车对于学习骑三轮车会有干扰作用,这种现象称为技能的什么? 负迁移_ 17、创造力主要由创造性思维和什么思维所构成? 想象所构成 18、合作必备的条件一是目标共同,一是条件是什么? ( 相互依存)___ 19、个体自愿向交往对象吐露纯属个人的,真实而重要的信息,这称为什么现象? _ (自我表露)_ 20、学生将课堂纪律内化,进行自我督导与控制,称之为什么? (自律)_____ 21、因目标不能实现而形成一种紧张不安,带有恐惧的情绪状态,称之为什么情绪? _ (焦虑)___ 22、某人在临近考试时,表现出心情极度紧张状态,考试时注意力不集中,担心失败.这属于典型的什么症状? ___(考试焦虑)_____ 23、学校心理辅导的目标可以归纳为学会心理调适和什么两方面? ____ (寻求发展)____ 24、人对生活压力的应对方式通常有两种,即着重于问题的应对和什么应对? _(情绪的应对)_ 25、抑郁症是以什么为特征的精神疾症? _____(持续心境低落)_________ 二、判断题 1、判断一个人的心理健康,不能简单的根据一时一事下结论。一个人偶尔出现的一些不健康的心理和行为,并非意味着这人就一定有心理疾病。(对?) 2、心理不健康与心理健康并非泾渭分明的对立的两极,而是一个连续的状态。(?对) 3、去学校心理咨询中心咨询的人,都是有心理疾病的人。(错?) 4、心理压力总是有害的。(?错) 5、同样的不幸事件会因为个体的不同所引起的挫折感是不一样的。(?对) 6、?酗酒也是一种心理障碍。(对?) 7、?动机水平越高,工作效率就越高(错?) 8、?当刺激事件打破了有机体现有的平衡或超过了个体的能力所及,个体就会感受到压力。(?对) 9、人的人格、智力、心理特质与态度、兴趣一样是随时变化的?(错?) 10、大学生心理问题主要集中在学习、就业、人际交往、情感等问题上?(对?) 11、人格障碍是指某人的人格特征严重偏离在特定文化观念、思想、情感和人际关系中人们普遍的模式。(对?) 12、激情是一种消极的情绪状态。(?错)? 13、情感是情绪的外在表现,情绪是情感的本质内容。(错?) 14、当认知和情感不一致时,一般是认知将决定人的行为。(?错) 15、对情绪的调节与控制不能等同于对情绪的抑制或压抑。(对?) 16、对职业成就的影响,兴趣的作用更大于性格和能力因素,这说法对吗?(?对) 17、心理发展的顺序是不可逆转的,不可超越的。(对?) 18、长期的高焦虑会引起高血压,胃溃疡??。(?对) 19、如果说粗心大意是稳定的个性特征,漫不经心则是暂时的心理状态。(对?) 20、到大学阶段,学生的理解识记已高度发展了,机械识记几乎不存在了。(错?) 21、有良好的道德动机,就会表现出适当的道德行为方式。(错?) 22、动机强度与解决问题的效率有密切关系,动机越强,解决问题的效率越高。(?错) 23、人的面部表情是个体通过后天模仿,学习而获得的,与先天遗传关系不大。(?错) 24、良好的性格能弥补能力的不足。(?对)? 25、能了解自我,不过度自卑或自负,是心理健康的标志之一。?(?对) 26、梦是一种不正常的生理和心理现象,应该引起重视。(错?) 27、上网成瘾全称是“互联网成瘾综合症”,是一种心理障碍。(对?) 28、气质类型不决定一个人成就的高低,但能影响工作的效率。(对?) 29、智力水平越高,心理水平越高。 (错)? 30、求助者对咨询工作的期望越高越好,因为这有助于增强治疗效果。(错) 三、选择题 1、当人的愿望受到挫折后,通过想象自己达到了目的或获得了成就来缓解焦虑,这种方式属于心理防御机制的哪一种表现?(?C) A补偿? B?分离? C?幻想 D?升华? 2、判断一种行为是属于正常还是变态,首先必须考虑以下哪个要素(D?) A家庭? B职业? C?信仰? D?文化 3、妄自尊大并总是需要得到别人注意和赞美,这些特点是哪一种人格障碍类型的表现(?A) A?自恋型 ? B?反社会型? C?偏执型? D?控制型? 4、一个人总是反复检查是否锁了门或不停的洗手,这属于下面哪一种心理障碍(?D) A?恐怖症 ? B?一般性焦虑障碍? C?抑郁症 D?强迫症? 5、当你身边大多数人选择某种东西时,你常不自觉的做出相同的行为,这一心理现象称作(?C) A?刻板印象? B?社会吸引 C?从众? D?服从 6、你认为“大一综合征”(即大一学生产生的空虚,焦虑,失眠等症状)下列不是产生诱因的是(?D?) A.理想与现实的落差? B.?对新环境的适应力弱? C.优势地位的丧失? D.生活过度挥霍而产生罪恶感 7、“富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈”这表明了一个人意志品质的(?D)。 A.自觉性? B.果断性? C.自制性? D.坚定性 8、考试焦虑主要属于(A?)方面的问题。 A.情绪? B.气质? C.性格? D.行为? 9、在下列影响人际关系相似性的因素中,对人际关系影响最大的是(D?) A.兴趣? B.性格? C.知识水准? D.价值观念? 10、下列陈述不能增强挫折承受力的是 (A)? A.避免类似情境? B.总结经验教训? C.调节抱负水平? D.建立和谐的人际关系 11、追求完美、自尊心脆弱、控制欲望强、自视甚高、将不完美等同于不可爱、不值得爱的是(?C?)? A.?自卑者? B.?自负的人? C.?完美主义者? D.偏执者 12、“走极端、以偏概全、消极思维、敏感多疑、自卑心理、自罪自责、自我评价过低”主要描述的是(?A?)? A.?抑郁症? B.?自负? C.?躁狂症? D.强迫症? 13、人的气质可以分为四种基本类型,即粘液质、抑郁质、多血质以及(?D?)? A.?独立质? B.?严谨质? C.?兴奋质? D.胆汁质 14、人格是一个具有丰富内涵的概念,人格具有统合性、功能性、稳定性、(?A?)等特性 A.?独特性? B.?发展性? C.?复化性? D.一致性? 15、易受外界的影响而出现情绪波动,或极度高兴或伤心流泪,这一情绪表现叫:(C?) A?焦虑? B?恐惧? C?情感脆弱? D?情绪低落 16、如果双方在冲突中作出让步,这种调适方式叫(A) A和解? B妥协? C容忍? D调解 17、利他主义的表现(?C?) A.?人不为我,我不为人? B.?人为财死? C.?辛苦我一个,幸福十万家? D.?逃避责任? 18、下列不是情绪健康的主要标志的是(D) A?情绪稳定? B?情绪愉快? C?经常开心? D?喜乐无常 19、不是积极心态的作用的是(?D?) A.内心的平静? B.信心? C.?成功的意识? D.?浮躁 20、?由于缺乏准备,不能驾驭或摆脱某种可怕或危险情景时所表现的情绪体验是(?D?) A.快乐 B.悲哀 C.愤怒 D.恐惧 21、(?A?)是心理活动顺利进行的重要条件,它对心理活动具有选择、维持、调节功能。 A.注意 B.记忆? C.表象? D.想象 22、动机和兴趣产生的基础是(?C?)? A.感知? B.实践? C.需要? D.教育 23、某生学习成绩较差,却经常在同学面前炫耀自己的父亲是某某级干部,以求得心理满足。这是采用了(B?)这种心理防御方式的表现。 A.升华? B.补偿? C.退行? D.转移? 24、智力是以(?B)为核心。? A.观察力? B.思维力? C.注意力 D.记忆力? 25、勤奋、懒惰、谦虚、骄傲,这些反映的是(?C?)特征。 A.能力?B.气质?C.?性格?D.?情感 27、下列特征不属于神经衰弱者的表现(?D?) A?容易疲劳?B?自我压迫?C?睡眠障碍?D?缺乏生活兴趣 28、按照心理学的观点,大部分心理问题来源于?(?D?)?

中国汉字听写大赛题目汇总

中国汉字听写大赛题目汇总

中国汉字听写大赛题目汇总为了更好地传承和弘扬中华优秀传统文化,激发广大青少年学习汉字的热情,我们特此整理了中国汉字听写大赛的题目汇总。

本汇总包含了多个赛段的题目,旨在为参赛者提供参考和复习资料。

一、赛段划分中国汉字听写大赛共分为四个赛段:初赛、复赛、半决赛和决赛。

每个赛段均包含不同难度的题目,以下为各赛段的题目汇总:1. 初赛题目汇总初赛题目主要涉及成语、词语、诗词等方面,难度相对较低。

{content}2. 复赛题目汇总复赛题目相较于初赛有所提升,包括更多的汉字书写、词语解释等。

{content}3. 半决赛题目汇总半决赛题目难度进一步加大,涵盖更多生僻字、典故、成语等。

{content}4. 决赛题目汇总决赛题目为最高难度,涉及诗词、典故、成语、汉字书写等各个方面。

{content}二、题目类型及解答技巧中国汉字听写大赛的题目类型主要包括以下几种:1. 汉字书写要求参赛者正确书写出听到的汉字。

此类题目需要参赛者具备扎实的汉字书写基础。

2. 词语解释要求参赛者解释听到的词语含义。

此类题目需要参赛者对词语有充分的了解和掌握。

3. 成语解释要求参赛者解释听到的成语含义。

此类题目需要参赛者对成语的来源、用法等有深入的了解。

4. 诗词背诵与填空要求参赛者背诵听到的诗词,或根据提示填空。

此类题目需要参赛者具备一定的诗词素养和记忆能力。

5. 文化典故要求参赛者解释听到的文化典故。

此类题目需要参赛者对我国传统文化有一定的了解。

三、复习建议为了在比赛中取得好成绩,参赛者可以从以下几个方面进行复习:1. 巩固汉字书写基础,重点练习生僻字和易错字的书写。

2. 扩大词汇量,了解词语的用法和含义。

3. 学习成语,掌握成语的来源、用法和含义。

4. 加强诗词素养,背诵经典诗词,了解诗词背景。

5. 深入了解我国传统文化,掌握相关典故。

希望这份题目汇总能为参赛者提供帮助,祝大家在比赛中取得优异成绩!。

NOIP初赛复习(八)原码、补码、反码

NOIP初赛复习(八)原码、补码、反码

NOIP初赛复习(⼋)原码、补码、反码数在机器中的表⽰有以下⼏种:原码、反码、补码。

原码、反码、补码的基本概念字节:8个位。

字长:若⼲个字节。

到底是⼏个字节?具体看是哪种CPU。

⽐如2010普及组第11题就假设⼀个字长只有⼀个字节8个位。

原码、反码、补码都是建⽴在机器数在⼀个字长上的表⽰。

为了⽅便理解,我们假设字长为⼀个字节。

要注意事实上为32位CPU字长为4个字节,64位CPU字长为8个字节。

原码:⾸位为符号位,其余为真值。

⽐如:特点:简单。

范围:⽐如字长为8位,则范围为 11111111(-255)⾄ 01111111(+255)。

缺点:0有两个表⽰,分别为正零(00000000)和负零(10000000),给计算机计算带来不便。

反码:⾸位为符号位,其它位分正数和负数两种情况。

反码正数:所有位和原码⼀样;反码负数:除了符号位和原码⼀样,其他位相反。

⽐如:77的反码表⽰为01001101;-77的反码表⽰为10110010。

补码:分正数和负数两种情况。

补码正数:所有位和反码⼀样,当然也和原码⼀样。

补码负数:等于反码加1。

简单的⼀句话,其实很⿇烦。

⽐如:77的补码表⽰为01001101(和原码、反码⼀致);-77的补码表⽰为10110011。

加1之后会有进位,因为补码没有符号位,所以负零的补码表⽰也是00000000。

特点:表⽰⽐补码更⿇烦。

但是解决了⼀个问题:0只有⼀种表⽰。

原码反码补码正零000000000000000000000000负零100000001111111100000000补码加法:在计算机中,凡是带符号数⼀律⽤补码表⽰,运算结果⾃然也是补码。

其运算特点是:符号位和数值位⼀起参加运算,并且⾃动获得结果(包括符号位与数值位)。

补码加法的运算规则为:即:两数补码的和等于两数和的补码。

【例】已知 [+51]补=0011 0011,[+66]补=0100 0010,[-51]补=1100 1101;求:[+66]补+[+51]补=?,[+66]补+[-51]补=?【解】:(1)由于 [+51]补=0011 0011,[+66]补=0100 0010,故 [+66]补+[+51]补=[(+66)+(+55)]补=01110101结果为正,因此[(+66)+(+55)]原=[(+66)+(+55)]补=01110101其真值为+117,计算结果正确。

5年级初赛专题强化复习(8)

5年级初赛专题强化复习(8)

五年级专题强化复习(8)应用题二1、甲、乙两人共储蓄2000元,甲取出160元,乙又存入240元,这时甲储蓄的钱数比乙的2倍少20元,甲、乙两人原来各有多少元?2、鸡兔同笼,共100个头,340只脚,求笼中鸡、兔各多少只?3、3台收割机5小时可以收割小麦60亩,照这样计算,要7小时收割280亩小麦,至少需要多少台同样的收割机同时收割?4、同学们划船,如果每只船坐4人,则16人没有座位,如果每只船坐6人,则空出3只船,他们一共乘多少只船?共有多少人?5、国庆前,学校让学生做绢花,若每人做5朵则少10朵;若其中10人每人做3朵,其余每人做6朵,则恰好做完。

求学校需要绢花多少朵?6、仓库原有货物若干,第一天运出总数的一半多3吨,第二天运出余下的一半少1吨。

这时把仓库里余下的货物平均分给甲、乙、丙三个厂,每个厂分得7吨,仓库原有货物多少吨?7、福布斯五年级共有20个班,每班人数相同,现从每个班里选拔5名学生参加福布斯培训学校才艺大赛,这时五年级剩下的所有学生恰好等于原来18个班学生的总数,求五年级共有多少学生?8、福布斯五年级1000名同学为灾区捐款,平均每个女同学捐2元,平均每个男同学捐4元,已知全年级男同学比女同学多640元,求这个年级男、女生各有多少人?9、一个梯形广告牌,上底5米,下底9米,高4米,正面涂上红漆。

每平方米用红漆2千克,共需红漆多少千克?10、甲乙两车同时从A、B两城相向开出,甲车每小时行45千米,乙车每小时行52千米,两车在距离中点14千米处相遇。

AB两城相距多少千米。

11、一次会餐提供三种饮料,餐后统计,三种饮料共用65瓶,平均每2人饮用一瓶A饮料,每3人饮用一瓶B饮料,每4人饮用一瓶C饮料。

请问参加会餐的有多少人?。

cspj初赛知识点汇总

cspj初赛知识点汇总

cspj初赛知识点汇总CSP-J是中国计算机学会举办的全国青少年信息学奥林匹克竞赛,是我国中学生信息学科技创新的最高赛事。

初赛是CSP-J比赛的第一关,是选拔出晋级的队伍进入复赛和决赛的重要环节。

在CSP-J初赛中,考生需要掌握一定的信息学知识点,下面就对CSP-J初赛的知识点进行汇总。

1. 基础算法和数据结构CSP-J初赛的考试重点是算法和数据结构,考生应该掌握基本的算法:排序、查找、暴力枚举等;掌握基本的数据结构:数组、链表、队列、栈、树等。

算法和数据结构的掌握是CSP-J竞赛的基础,也是复赛和决赛的必备技能。

2. 动态规划动态规划是算法的一种,是解决一类最优化问题的方法。

在CSP-J初赛中,动态规划是一个非常重要的知识点,考生需要掌握动态规划的基本概念和算法实现。

3. 网络流网络流是一种数学模型,用于解决一类带有容量限制的最大流和最小流问题。

在CSP-J初赛中,网络流也是一个重要的知识点,考生需要熟悉网络流的基本概念和算法实现。

4. 图论图论是一门研究图、网络的结构、特性、性质和算法的学科。

在CSP-J初赛中,图论也是一个非常重要的知识点,涉及到图的遍历、最短路径、最小生成树等算法。

5. 搜索算法搜索算法是解决一类问题的通用算法。

在CSP-J初赛中,搜索算法也是一个重要的知识点,考生需要熟悉深度优先搜索、广度优先搜索等基本搜索算法。

6. 数论数论是数学的一个分支,研究数的性质和关系。

在CSP-J初赛中,数论也是一个重要的知识点。

考生需要熟悉数的基本性质和定理,例如质数、因子分解、欧几里得算法等。

7. 字符串处理字符串处理在计算机程序设计中是一个重要的问题。

在CSP-J 初赛中,字符串处理也是一个重要的知识点,考生需要掌握字符串的基本操作,例如子串查找、字符串匹配等。

8. 动态转移动态转移是算法的一种,动态转移的核心思想是将一个复杂问题分解成更小的子问题来解决。

在CSP-J初赛中,动态转移也是一个重要的知识点,考生需要熟悉基本的动态转移方法。

NOIP初赛复习4二叉树的遍历和性质

二叉树的遍历(图1)(图2)二叉树的遍历运算(递归定义)(1)先序遍历:根,左子树,右子树根在先例如图1:271653894;图2:ABCKDEHFJG(2)中序遍历:左子树,根,右子树根在中例如图1:175632849;图2:BKCAHEDHFG(3)后序遍历:左子树,右子树,根根在后例如图1:153674982;图2:KCBHEJGFDA题型一:已知其中一些遍历结果,求其他遍历结果题型二:统计n个不同的点可以构造多少棵不同的二叉树?Catalan数=C(n,2*n)/(n+1)题型三:中缀表达式向前缀和后缀表达式的转化每日练习注:题1已知先序和中序,二叉树是唯一的。

题2已知后序和中序,二叉树是唯一的。

题3已知先序和后序,二叉树不是唯一的。

1、已知先序:1243576,中序:2417536,请画出整棵二叉树。

2、已知后序:4526731,中序:4257631,请画出整棵二叉树。

3、已知先序:123456,后序:325641,请画所有二叉树的情况。

4、如果只知道先序abc,画出所有可能二叉树形状,并且计算多少种?5、如果只知道中序abc,画出所有可能二叉树形状,并且计算多少种?6、如果只知道后序abc,画出所有可能二叉树形状,并且计算多少种?往年真题1.一颗二叉树的前序遍历序列是ABCDEFG,后序遍历序列是CBFEGDA,则根结点的左子树的结点个数可能是()。

A.0B.2C.4D.62.表达式a*(b+c)-d的后缀表达式是:A)abcd*+-B)abc+*d-C)abc*+d-D)-+*abcd3.二叉树T,已知其先序遍历是1243576(数字为节点编号,以下同),后序遍历是4275631,则该二叉树的中根遍历是()A.4217536B.2417536C.4217563D.24157364.二叉树T,已知其先根遍历是1243576(数字为结点编号,以下同),中根遍历是2415736,则该二叉树的后根遍历是()A.4257631B.4275631C.7425631D.42765315.已知7个节点的二叉树的先根遍历是1245637(数字为结点的编号,以下同),后根遍历是4652731,则该二叉树的可能的中根遍历是()A.4265173B.4256137C.4231567D.42561736.已知7个节点的二叉树的先根遍历是1245637(数字为节点的编号,以下同),中根遍历是4265173,则该二叉树的后根遍历是()A.4652731B.4652137C.4231547D.46531 727.已知6个结点的二叉树的先根遍历是123456(数字为结点的编号,以下同),后根遍历是325641,则该二叉树的可能的中根遍历是()A.321465B.321546C.231546D.231465二叉树的性质性质1:二叉树第i层上的结点数目最多为。

【全国大学生英语竞赛复习资料(自己精心整理)】

【XX年全国大学生英语竞赛复习资料(自己精心整理)】以下是本人自己精心的往年全国大学生英语竞赛复习资料,其中内容包括:一、xx National English Contest for College Students;二、xx年全国大学生英语竞赛决赛参考答案及作文评分标准;三、xx年全国大学生英语竞赛(A级决赛赛卷)听力理解录音文字稿;四、xx年全国大学生英语竞赛(A级初赛笔试试题)听力理解录音材料文字稿复习材料;五、xx年全国大学生英语竞赛(A级初赛笔试试题)参考答案及作文评分标准。

xx National English Contest for College Students (Level A - Preliminary) Part I Listening Comprehension ( 25 minutes, 30 points ) Section A Short Conversations ( 6 points )Directions: In this section, you will hear 6 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be read only on . After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choi s rked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then rk the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the ntre. 1. A. Keys and a purse. B. Glasses and keys.C. Glasses and a bag.D. Glasses, keys and a purse. 2. A. A plate.B. A table.C. A lamp.D. A phone. 3. A. They are under the chairby the television. B. They are under the chair with the rubbish.C. They are beside the television.D. They are by the door with the rubbish. 4. A. Grapes and oranges. B. Grapes and apples.C. Bananas and grapes.D. Bananas and oranges. 5. A. Five to three. B. Five past three. C. Twenty five to three. D. Twenty five past three. 6. A. The restaurant. B. The rket. C. The cine .D. The sports nter. Section B Long Conversation (4 points )Directions: In this section, you will hear one long conversation. At the end of the conversation, 4 questions will be asked about what was said. You will hear both the conversation and the questions only on . After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choi s rked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then rk the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the ntre. 7. A. £6. B. £16. C. £60. D. £66. 8. A. One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Four. 9. A. In a photographer"s stuido. B. In the library. C. In the post offi .D. In the shopping nter. 10. A. A letter from her college. B. Her passport. C. Her student card. D. Her driving li n . Section C News Items (10 points) Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short pie s of news from BBC or VOA.After each news item and question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you mustread the three choi s rked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then rk the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the ntre. 11. A. 6. B. 16. C.60. 12. A. To bring more foreign language speakers into gover ent servi . B. To promote trade with foreign countries. C. To ke people learn foreign languages at an early age. 13. A. An hour. B. More than an hour. C. Less than an hour. 14. A. To get publicity for their cause. B. To get some money for their group.C. To get more rights for their group. 15. A. Ticket pri s have been falling and their ines rising. B. Aviation fuel is being less expensive. C. British people prefer to travel by plane.16. A. More than eighty thousand. B. More than sixty-two thousand. C. More than fifty-three thousand. 17. A. 30. B. 27.C. 57. 18. A. Baton Rouge. B. Louisiana. C. Atlanta. 19. A. Redu violations of in ectual property rights. B. Controll the growing population. C. Working together to fight terrori . 20.A. Workers and poli men.B. Farmers and the unemployed.C. Workers and farmers. Section D Passages (10 points) Directions:In this section, you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear 4 or 6 questions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choi s rked A, B, C andD. Then rk the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the ntre. Passage One Questions 21 to 24 are based on the passage you have just heard.21. A. He is very thin. B. He is very tall. C. He is very short.D. He is very fat. 22. A. He met a cook from a restaurant. B. He met a n who had a farm. C. He met two fat farmers. D. He met a farmer and his wife. 23. A. He wanted to have something to eat for lunch. B. He wanted to go to a restaurant for dinner.C. He wanted to ke a cup of coffee.D. He wanted to do some farm work. 24. A. He wanted some green beans. B. He wanted a big steak.C. He wanted some cake and coffee.D. He wanted lots of potatoes. Passage Two Questions 25 to 30 are based on the passage you have just heard. 25. A. Last week. B. Three weeks ago. C. Two months ago. D. Three years ago. 26. A. By coach. B. By bus. C. By car.D. By train. 27. A. 9 am to 9 pm. B. 10 am to 8 pm. C. 10 am to 9 pm. D. 10 am to 10 pm. 28. A. Get infor tion. B. Watch a film. C. Find a bank. D. Buy some shoes. 29. A. Feed the ducks.B. Take a bus ride round the lake.C. Go swimming.D. Go sailing.30. A. There was nowhere to put the rubbish. B. There were not enough cleaners. C. The food in the café was disappointing. D. The servi in the shops was slow. Part II Vocabulary and Structure (5 minutes, 10 points) Directions: There are 10 inplete senten s in this part. For each blank there are fourchoi s rked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best pletes the senten . Then rk the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the ntre. 31. I can"t agree with my Mum. I think that such an old-fashioned dress can"t cost a . She says 100 pounds is a real . A. lot of money; luck B. bargain; luck C. fortune; bargain D. big sum; fortune 32. is on the rise, with over 20% of serious crimes being mitted by children under the age of seventeen. A. Junior crime B. Juvenile delinquency C. Minor crime D. Senior delinquency 33. The Smiths were leaving that town. Everybody wanted to escape its noise and pollution and was looking forward to a country life. A. crowded; pea ful B. deserted; pea ful C. desert; thrilling D. empty; sour 34. When I first began writing poetry, I think the poets that I had stu d at school my approach and the things I wrote about. A. municated B. impressed C. influen d D. discussed 35. She is an ex llent teacher who has taught in four schools. she taught, her principals had a high opinion of her. A. Wherever B. Everywhere C. Ina uch as D. In such schools that 36. My friend Tanya Japanese for six years before she Japan. I"ve just re ived a letter from her. It says she has been studying Chinese for three months and for China in a month. A. had been studying; visited; is leaving B. stu d; had visited; will live in C. hasstu d; visited; would leave D. was studying; has visited; leaves 37. At the last pla Gary worked, they an annual pany piic. All the employees bring their families along and spend the day at a nearby park. It was great. A. had to have; had to B. used to have; couldn"t C. would have; didn"t have to D. used to have; would 38. They such a big van the pri of gas would skyrocket.A. would have bought; if they knewB. wouldn"t have bought; had they knownC. wouldn"t have bought; if had they knownD. wouldn"t have bought; did they know 39. We"re going to paint the town to lebrate our win. A. blue B. purple C. gold D. red 40. Written in ntral Canada in the early part of the twentieth ntury, , depicts life in Manitoda. A. The Midnight Sun was Victor Frank"s last novel B. Victor Frank"s last novel was The Midnight Sun C. The Midnight Sun, which was Victor Frank"s last novel D. Which was Victor Frank"s last novel, The Midnight Sun Part III Situational Dialogues (5 minutes, 5 points) Directions: There are 5 inplete dialogues in this part. For each blank there are four choi s rked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best pletes the dialogue. Then rk the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the ntre. 41. Dan: Have you ever participated in a risky sport? Kay: Yes, I like hang gliding. It"s fantastic to be able to fly like a bird. Thoughlanding is sometimes difficult, I"ve always felt hang gliding is quite safe. Dan: Kay: I"ve never been seriously injured. Maybe I"ve just been lucky. On , my glider turned upside down, and I lost control. I almost crashed, but I parachuted away just in time. A. What sports are risky? B. Do you ever get into some difficult situations? C. Have you ever hurt yourself in an aident? D. Have you ever been to a sports ntre? 42. Lucy: What de you leave such a large pany? Ken: My work there was so boring.I couldn"t do anything myself. I always had to have my boss" approval. So I decided to get a new job at Cori, a s ll venture pany. Lucy: Ken: The work here is very challenging, which suits me. We always have to cope with dynamic working conditions. And, sin there are not ny people in this pany, we understand each other very well and feel like we are all in the same family.A. What"s the hardest part of your new job?B. How do you like your new job?C. Tell me about what you liked at the large pany.D. Tell me about what you liked in your university. 43. Julio: Offi r: Well, first, you write and get an application form. Then, you send it in with a copy of your school records. And after that, you ask your teachers for some letters of remendation. Julio: Are foreign students allowed to work in the States? Offi r: They"ll only let you work in the summer. And you"ll need toget permission from the U.S. Offi r of Immigration to do that. During the school year you"re not allowed to work unless the work experien is part of your school program. A. Is it all right to apply to several universities at the same time? B. I"d like to get some infor tion on how to get into an American university. C. When can I apply for that? D. I"d like to get some infor tion on how to get a travel card. 44. Bob: Jane: My first book was Trapped in a Cave, a true story about two boys who got trapped in an underground cave for five days without food, water or light. Next I wrote the current twelve volumes of Real Kids, Real Adventures. Right now I"m working on the next two Real Kids, Real Adventures books. Bob: Jane: If I"m looking for a specific kind of story - for instan a child who survived being struck by lightning - I"ll go to the library and use New ank, keying in on words like “lightning” and “child”. Mostly, though, I get tips from kids who read the Real Kids, Real Adventures books and send notes or newspaper clippings.A. Can you me about the books you"ve written so far? ; Where do you get your stories?B. What are your favorite books that you"ve read? ; Where do you get your stories?C. Can you me about the books you"ve written so far? ; What"s the hardest part about being a writer?D. Where do you get your stories? ; What"sthe hardest part about being a writer? 45. Lisa: Andy: I think people love to laugh. They want to laugh even in serious business presentations, in the classroom, seminar, and so on. When people laugh, they relax. And they can remember you and your message better. Lisa: Andy: Most people give a sum ry at the end of their speech. But, in my opinion, a sum ry at the end only distracts from a good presentation. I want to give people a chan to think about the topic, so I finish my speech with some questions. A. Could you me how to introdu speakers? ; How do you end your speech? B. Could you me how to introdu speakers? ; Do you think the title of a speech is important? C. How do you end your speech? ; Do you think the title of a speech is important? D. Why do you use so ny jokes in your speech? ; How do you end your speech? Part IV IQ Test (5 minutes, 5 points) Directions: There are 5 IQ Test questions in this part. For each question there are 4 choi s rked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the ntre. 46. What is the minimum number of tches you can remove from this diagram to leave just 2 squares? A. 2. B.4. C. 6. D. 8. 47. Which of the bottom watches pletes the sequen ?48. Which of these cubes cannot be formed from this web? 49. How ny circles contain a dot? A. 12. B. 11. C. 10. D. 13. 50.Each symbol in this table has a value. The total of these values in each row and column is written at the end of the corresponding row or column. Can you find the value of each symbol? A. Triangle = 6.5, Square = 4.2, Diamond = 5.8, Circle = 11.4 B. Triangle = 7.5, Square = 5.2, Diamond = 6.8, Circle = 12.4 C. Triangle = 8.5, Square = 5.2, Diamond = 6.8, Circle = 13.4 D. Triangle = 5.5, Square = 3.2, Diamond = 4.8, Circle = 10.4 Part V Reading Comprehension (25 minutes, 40 points) Section A Multiple Choi (5 points) Directions: There is one passage in this section with 5 questions. For each question, there are four choi s rked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choi . Then rk the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the ntre. Questions 51-55 are based on the following passage. I was dirty, elly, hungry and somewhere beneath all that, suntanned. It was the end of an Inter-Rail holiday. My body couldn"t take any more punishment. My mind couldn"t deal with any more foreign timetables, currencies or languages. “Never again,” I said, as I stepped onto home ground. I said exactly the same thing the following year. And the next. All I had to do was buy one train ticket and, because I was under twenty-five years old, I could spend a whole month going anywhere I wanted in Europe. Ordinary beds are never the sameon you"ve learnt to sleep in the corridor of a train, the rhythm rocking you into a deep sleep. Carrying all your possessions on your back in a rucksack kes you have a very basic approach to travel, and encourages incredible wastefulness that can lead to burning socks that have bee too anti-social, and getting rid of books when finished. On the other hand, this way of looking at life is entirely in the spirit of Inter-Rail, for mon sense and reasoning can be thrown out of the window along with the paperback book and the socks. All it takes to achieve this carefree attitude is one of those tickets in your hand. Any system that enables young people to travel through countries at a rate of more than one a day must be pretty special. On that first trip, my friends and I were at first unaware of the possibilities of this type of train ticket, thinking it was just an inexpensive way of getting to and from our chosen camp-site in southern Fran . But the idea of non-stop travel proved too tempting, for there was always just one more country over the border, always that little bit further to go. And what did the extra miles cost us? Nothing. We were not pletely uninterested in culture. But this was a first holiday without parents, as it was for most other Inter-Railers, and in organizing our own timetable we left out everything ex pt themost immediately available sights. This was the chan to escape the guided tour, an opportunity to do something different. I took great pride in the fact that, in ny pla s, all I could be bothered to see was the view from the station. We were just there to get by, and to have a good time doing so. In this we were no different from most of the other Inter-Railers with whom we shared corridor floors, food and water, money and music. The excitement of travel es from the sudden reality of somewhere that was previously just a name. It is as if the city in which you arrive never actually existed until the train pulls in at the station and you are able to see it with your own tired eyes for the first time. Questions: 51. At the end of his first trip, the writer said “Never again” because . A. he felt ill B. he disliked trains C. he was tired from the journey D. he had lost money 52. What does the writer mean by “this way of looking at life” in Paragraph 3? A. Worrying about your clothes. B. Throwing unwanted things away. C. Behaving in an anti-social way. D. Looking after your possessions. 53. Why did the writer originally buy an Inter-Rail ticket? A. To get to one pla cheaply. B. To meet other young people. C. To see a lot of famous pla s. D. To go on a tour of Europe. 54. What the writer liked about traveling without his parents was that . A. he could seemore interesting pla s B. he could spend more time sightseeing C. he could stay away from home longer D. he could ke his own decisions 55. What does “it” in Line 3, Paragraph 6, refer to? A. A name. B. The city. C. The train. D. The station. Section B Yes / No / Not given (5 points) Directions: In this part, you will have 5 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet. For questions 56 - 60, rk Y (for Yes) if the statement agrees with the infor tion given in the passage; N (for No) if the statement contradicts the infor tion given in the passage; NG (for Not Given) if the infor tion is not given in the passage. Questions 56-60 are based on the following passage. The Outdoor Centre Opening times Water sports: 10 am - 6 pm Play Park: 10 am - 5.30 pm Entran / Car park fees Low season: Weekdays £2.00 per car Weekends £3.00 per car High season: 23 July - 11 September Weekdays and weekends £3.00 per car Fees are for cars with four people. Each extra person is 50p. Fees to be paid at the in offi . The nter is not a private club; it is an organization whose aim is to provide outdoor sports and recreation facilities for the public. Group visitors are requested to inform the nter in advan of their intended visit. Windsurfing - One-day course Beginner windsurfing course is offered on Saturdays and Sundays when theweather is good enough. Learning to windsurf is a lot of fun. The excitement when you sail across the water for the first time is not easily forgotten. Boards with s ll sails are available for beginners. Course fee: £32.50 (this includes all equipment) One-day adventure course This is an opportunity you have been waiting for. Come and try sailing, climbing, surfing and archery. This course is intended to introdu outdoor activities to s in a fun, leisurely nner. You do not need to be extremely fit or to have had previous experien of the activities. All you need is to be interested. Course fee: £22.50 Play Park The Play Park is suitable for children from two to ten years of age. It is one of the best of its type in the country. It has sand and water play, slides, large ball pool, play castle and much, much more. Next year the nter will opena new Play Pala and Play Ship. Summer adventure holidays (for14 - 18 years of age) Sailing Climbing Windsurfing Fun Games Statement: Safety is of pri ry importan at the Outdoor Center. All staff members are fully trained in First Aid, and qualified to teach the activities on offer. We also ke rtain that all children only take part in activities that are suitable for their age and physical abilities. For this programme children must be able to swim 25 metres and be in good physical health.Statements: 56. In August, four people visiting the ntre together by car have to pay more than two people. 57. The ntre has special equipment for people who learn to sail. 58. The adventure course is suitable for beginners. 59. The ntre is planning to add extra facilities to the Play Park. 60. Summer adventure holidays are open to any child between eight and fourteen years who can swim. Section C Short Answer Questions (20 points) Directions: In this section, there are 2 passages followed by 10 questions or unfinished statements. Read the passages carefully, then answer the questions in a ximum of 10 words. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. Passage One Questions 61-65 are based on the following passage. Going to the beach is ny Americans" favorite activity. In the area near New York City, nine million people used to go to the beach every summer. They went swimming in the o an without giving a thought to what was underwater. But those days are long gone. In the summer of 1988,the gover ent was for d to shut down beaches all over America. Many of the beaches had to be closed because garbage from hospitals was found in the water. The garbage included glass bottles with samples of blood,and people were afraid they might get AIDS from the blood. Where the medical garbage came from is anybody"sguess. At some beaches, sewage (生活污水) was found in the water. Americans were shocked by this state of affairs. They had long taken for granted that o ans were big enough to stay clean,even if garbage and sewage were dumped into them. People didn"t think of the underwater garbage because it was out of sight. Some of the most polluted waters still look beautiful at first glan . San Francisco Bay is a good example of a beautiful bay that"s full of chemicals. Scientists discovered pollution in some lakes and rivers when they found fish with rotting skin. In ny parts of America,people are told not to eat too much fish because of pollution. Most American cities put their garbage in the ground. But New York and a few other cities put their garbage in the o an. Boston Harbor is so polluted that scientists say it won"t recover until the next ntury at best . The city of Boston puts its sewage in the water. The gover ent has ordered the city to build a sewage treatment plant. Cleaning up o ans won"t be easy,but people can no longer ignore this challenge. Questions: 61. Most Americans used to go to the beach because of . 62. O an waters around America have bee polluted by . 63. Some polluted waters are still beautiful because pollutants such as chemicals are hard to . 64. If fish live in polluted waters people should not .65. The author of this passage seems to suggest that people should pay more attention to. Passage Two Questions 66-70 are based on the following passage. There are cockroaches (蟑螂) everywhere on Earth ex pt the pla s that are covered with i . Scientists have discovered about 3,500 different species of cockroach. There is just one hu n species! Cockroaches can be anything in size from about five mm to nine cm. Although five mm is very s ll, nine cm is as long as a large rat. It is very difficult to catch most cockroaches. They “see” with the hairs on their bo s. These hairs can feel the s llest movement in the air, so the cockroaches know immediately something moves, and run to safety. Of all the species of cockroach, fortunately only three live among hu ns and are a serious problem. They are the Ger n, the Oriental, and the American. One egg case of the Ger n cockroach can produ as ny as seven million cockroaches in 12 months! Our in problem with cockroaches is that not only do they look ugly to us, but they also carry diseases. They are particularly dangerous in hospitals as they eat all kinds of hospital waste or get it on their bo s. They can then carry this waste, which y contain dangerous bacteria, on to food which is then eaten by people in the hospital. Most of the bacteria that cause food poisoning have been found in the sto chs ofcockroaches, so it is important that cockroaches should be kept out of restaurants and other pla s where food is prepared. Many people work and try to destroy cockroaches, but as soon as they find one way of doing it, the cockroaches “learn” how to deal with it. Electricity does not always kill them and they can avoid most poisons or “learn” how to deal with others. At one time, scientists thought that radiation would kill them, but they have been on Earth for about 300 million years, and it does not harm them as much as it does us. It seems probable that when there are no longer hu n beings living on the Earth, cockroaches will still be here. Questions: 66. Cockroaches do not live in pla s where it is . 67. Cockroaches know that someone or something is near because . 68. Cockroaches can because they carry bacteria. 69. Paragraph 6 says that it is very difficult to . 70. The passage is inly about . Section D Sum ry (10 points) Directions: In this part, there is one passage followed by a sum ry. Read the passage carefully and plete the sum ry with the appropriate words from the passage. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. Questions 71-75 are based on the following passage. Co etics have been used throughout history. The ancient Greeks, the Egyptians, and the Ro ns all used various kinds of keup. Some of these co etics were used toimprove their appearan . Others were used to protect their skin. But in some cases, things used for keup were dangerous, or even deadly! Some of the first skin care treatments started in Egypt. In fact, Cleopatra was known to use them. She thought a bath in milk and honey left her skin silky ooth. Egyptians also developed some of the earliest sunscreens. They used oils and creams for protection against the sun and dry winds. Egyptian and other ancient cultures also used various powders on their skin for beauty. Egyptians used black kohl around their eyes. Ro ns put white chalk on their fa s. And Indians painted red henna on their bo s. Most of the ancient co etic powders, oils, and creams were harmless. But in the name of beauty, some people applied dangerous chemicals and poisons to their skin. During the Italian Renaissan , women wore white powder de of lead on their fa s. Of course, doctors now know lead is like a poison for our bo s. Also around the time of the Renaissan , women in Italy put drops of belladonna in their eyes. Belladonna is a very poisonous plant. The poison in the plant affects the nerves in the body. By putting belladonna drops in her eyes, a wo n"s pupils would bee very large. People thought this de her more beautiful. Actually, this is why the plant is called belladonna. In Italian, belladonna means “beautiful wo n.” When ElizabethI was queen of England in the late 1500s, some rather dangerous co etics were also used by women there. Women were using rouge de with mercury. They were also using special hair dye de with lead and sulphur. The dye was designed to give people red hair, the same color as the queen"s hair. Over time, the dye de people"s hair fall out. Finally, women using this dye ended up bald, like the queen, and had to wear wigs. Sum ry: Although people have used co etics throughout history, not all of them have been safe. In fact, some of them have been quite (71) to people. For example, long ago in Italian (72), people thought women with big pupils were beautiful. Therefore, in the (73) of beauty, women began to put (74) of belladonna in their eyes to ke their pupils larger. Today we know belladonna is poisonous, and it can affect the (75) in the body. Part VI Cloze (10 minutes, 15 points) Directions: There are 15 blanks in the passage. For each blank, some letters of the word have been given (not ex eding 3 letters). Read the passage below and think of the word which best fits each blank. Use only one word in each blank. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. I"m really in two minds about what to do when I leave school. Should I go straight to university or should I spend a year travelling (76) a the world? First of all, there are so ny (77) ben of goingstraight to university. The most important point is that the (78) s I get my qualifications, the quicker I"ll get a job and start earning. In my opinion, starting work and (79)m is one of the most important things in life. And I"m not (80) al in this opinion. Many consider a sound (81)ca and a good salary to be an important goal. Secondly, if I go straight to university, I"ll learn so ny things that will help me in my future life.It is often said that knowledge is the key to power, and I cannot (82) dis with this. (83)M , I"ll be able to take part in the social activities that the university offers, and meet lots of new friends who share the same interests. However, it could also be (84)ar that I would meet lots of interesting people while I was traveling. (85) Fur , if I spent a year travelling, I would learn more about the world. On the one hand, I would experien lots of different (86) c . On the other hand, I could end up suffering from culture shock, homesickness and some (87) str tropical diseases. Nevertheless, these inconvenien s would be an inevitable part of travelling and would be greatly (88) out by the advantages. ( ) Unf , another point is that if I spent a year traveling I would need a lot of money. But I (90)b it would be easy to ke a bit while I was travelling, giving English lessons or working in hotels and。

2019诗词大会初赛(无答案)-四川省雅安天立学校初中语文复习资料

2019雅安天立学校(初中部)诗词大会初赛复习资料一、诗词常识诗歌是用高度凝练的语言,形象表达作者丰富情感,集中反映社会生活并具有一定节奏和韵律的文学体裁。

诗歌是一种抒情言志的文学体裁。

《毛诗-大序》记载:“诗者,志之所之也。

在心为志,发言为诗”。

南宋严羽《沧浪诗话》云:“诗者,吟咏性情也”。

只有一种用言语表达的艺术就是诗歌。

中国古代不合乐的称为诗,合乐的称为歌,现代一般统称为诗歌。

它按照一定的音节、韵律的要求,表现社会生活和人的精神世界。

诗的起源可以追溯到上古。

虞舜时期就有相关文献记载。

《诗经》是我国第一部诗歌总集,相传为孔子所整理,关于这个问题学术界尚有争论。

中国古代诗歌历经汉魏六朝乐府、唐诗、宋词、元曲之发展。

《汉书·礼乐志》:“和亲之说难形,则发之於诗歌咏言,钟石筦弦。

”汉荀悦《汉纪·惠帝纪》作“诗謌”。

唐朝韩愈《郓州溪堂诗》序:“虽然,斯堂之作,意其有谓,而喑无诗歌,是不考引公德而接邦人於道也。

”明王鏊《震泽长语·官制》:“唐宋翰林,极为深严之地,见於诗歌者多矣。

”鲁迅《书信集·致窦隐夫》:“诗歌虽有眼看的和嘴唱的两种,也究以后一种为好。

”孔羽《睢县文史资料·袁氏陆园》:“袁氏(袁可立)陆园在鸣凤门内,……每逢佳日节期,州内文人名士在此聚会。

所吟诵的诗歌,后来荟为专集,名《蓬莱纪胜》。

”古时候,古代信息技术不发达,所以人们从这一个地区到那一个地区传递信息都非常不方便,于是他们将写好的诗编成歌,而诗歌就从人们的口中传递。

诗歌起源于上古的社会生活,因劳动生产、两性相恋、原始宗教等而产生的一种有韵律、富有感情色彩的语言形式。

《尚书·虞书》记载:“诗言志,歌咏言,声依永,律和声。

”《礼记·乐记》记载:“诗,言其志也;歌,咏其声也;舞,动其容也;三者本于心,然后乐器从之。

”早期,诗、歌与乐、舞是合为一体的。

诗即歌词,在实际表演中总是配合音乐、舞蹈而歌唱,后来诗、歌、乐、舞各自发展,独立成体。

noip复习提纲

NOIP初赛复习提纲综述:初赛考的知识点就是计算机基本常识、基本操作和程序设计基础知识。

其中选择题考查的是知识,而问题解决类型的题目更加重视能力的考查。

一般说来,选择题只要多用心积累就可以了。

问题解决题目的模式比较固定,大家应当做做以前的题目。

写运行结果和程序填空也需要多做题目,并且培养良好的程序阅读和分析能力,就像语文的阅读理解一样。

近几年来,初赛的考查范围有了很大的变化,越来越紧跟潮流了。

这就需要大家有比较广泛的知识,包括计算机硬件、软件、网络、简单的数据结构(例如栈、队列、树和图等)和简单的算法(例如排序、查找和搜索等),程序设计语言以及一些基本的数学知识和技巧。

第一部分计算机基础知识1.计算机的发展知识点: 1>.计算机的发展阶段(4代,标志及主要特点)2>.ENIAC,图灵,冯.诺依曼, Ada Lovelace (第一个程序员)2.计算机系统知识点:1>.计算机硬件a.组成:运算器,控制器,存储器,IO设备;b.CPU: 字长,主频(时钟频率),总线;c.存储器: 内(ROM,RAM),外存储器,种类,单位,存取速度;d.输入输出设备:扫描仪,数字化仪,绘图仪,打印机(种类)2>.计算机软件:a. BIOS (功能);b.系统软件(包括操作系统:DOS,LINUX,UNIX,WINDOWS,OS/2,MAC/OS和语言的解释或编译程序);解释程序: 高级语言翻译的一种,它将源语言(如basic)书写的源程序作为输入,解释一句后就提交计算机执行一句,并不形成目标程序.翻译程序: (编译程序)一类很重要的语言处理程序,它把高级语言(如FORTRAN,COBOL,pascal,c等)源程序作为输入,进行翻译转换,产生出机器语言的目标程序,然后再让计算机去执行这个目标程序,得到计算结果.语言: 机器语言汇编语言高级语言(面向对象,面向过程)c. 应用软件数据库管理软件:Foxpro,Access,Orale,Sybase,DB2和Informix等。

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大学生心理咨询中心 - 1 - 心理健康知识竞赛初赛复习资料 一、心理学综述 心理学是一门研究个体外在行为表现及内在心理过程的科学。研究对象既包括人,也包括动物。个人所具有的心理现象称为个体心理,分为心理过程和个性差异两个方面,具体包括感觉、知觉、记忆、想象、思维、语言,动机、情绪、意志、能力、人格等。简要介绍其中的五个方面: 1、知觉 知觉是客观事物直接作用于感官而在头脑中产生的对事物整体的认识。它是大脑

受到刺激后对其进行的分类、解释、分析和整合。通过知觉,我们不仅知道刺激的存在及其属性,而且知道刺激代表的意义。因此,知觉是我们超越所呈现的刺激并试图构造一种有意义的情境的一个建构过程。不符合客观事物本身特征的、失真的或扭曲事实的知觉,称为错觉。 2、想象 想象是对头脑中已有的表象进行加工改造,形成新形象的过程。这是一种高级认

知活动,但它并不是对已有事物在表象中的简单再现。想象可分为再造想象和创造想象,后者是创造力的一个重要标志。 3、记忆 记忆是我们对信息进行编码、存储和提取的过程。记忆的分类:(1)依据信息保

持时间的长短,记忆可以分为感觉记忆、短时记忆、长时记忆。(2)陈述性记忆和程序性记忆,它们都属于长时记忆。陈述性记忆是指对有关事实和事件的记忆,它是一种事实记忆,是可以言传的知识,包括情景记忆和语义记忆;程序性记忆是指如何做事情的记忆,包括对知觉技能、认知技能和运动技能的记忆,它是一种技能记忆,往往不能言传。过度学习,是记忆研究的一个重要应用。所谓过度学习,是指超过刚能背诵的程度之后的重复学习。研究结果表明,进行适当限度的过度学习能提高记忆效果,但如果超过这个限度,记忆效果并不会增加。一般而言,过度学习程度为50%时,记忆效果最好。 4、情绪情感 情绪是人对客观事物的态度的体验,反映了人的主观需要与客观事物之间

的关系,具有较大的情境性、冲动性和暂时性,与人的生物性需要相联系。科学研究发现,人的情绪与下丘脑有关。情感则经常用来描述那些具有稳定的、深刻的社会意义的感情。作为一种体验和感受,情感具有较大的稳定性、深刻性和持久性。 5、意志品质 意志被看作人类特有的高层次动机,是人类有意识的支配和调节行为,通

过克服困难,以实现预定目的的心理过程。人的意志基本品质包括独立性、果断性、坚持性和自制性四个方面。

二、心理学的研究领域 近百年来,随着生活实际需求的增长,以及近邻学科(如生物学、生理学、社会学、教育学等)的发展及其与心理学的相互影响,心理学获得了迅速的发展,研究领域日渐扩大,正在成长为一棵枝繁叶茂的大树。下面简单介绍七个心理学研究领域。 (一)社会心理学 社会心理学是研究个体和群体的社会心理现象的心理学分支。个体社

会心理现象指受他人和群体制约的个人的思想、感情和行为,如人际知觉、人际吸引、社会促进和社会抑制、顺从等。群体社会心理现象,是指群体本身特有的心理特征,如群体凝聚力、社会心理气氛、群体决策等。以下简要介绍社会心理学中比较有趣的三方面内容。 从众 从众是指人们采纳群体其他成员的行为和意见的倾向。与盲从不同,从众者不一定认为别人的意见或行为正确。影响个体产生从众行为的因素包括:对事物本身认识模糊、群体大小、群体凝聚力、个体在群体中的地位、情境因素(公开或私下)等。 大学生心理咨询中心 - 2 - 人际交往中的常见心理效应 (1)首因效应是指最初接触到的信息所形成的印象对我们以后的行为活动和评价的影响,实际上指的就是“第一印象”的影响,常发生于陌生人之间。(2)近因效应,也称最后印象,指的是在交往过程中最近一次接触给人留下的印象对社会知觉的影响作用,常发生于熟人之间。(3)晕轮效应,也称光环效应,是一种因他人突出特征的晕轮或光环般的影响而产生的“以点代面、以偏概全”的社会心理效应。(4)定型效应也,称社会刻版印象,是人们在认识他人的过程中不自觉地根据自己对某一类人的比较固定、概括而笼统的看法来评价他人。由于刻板印象往往不是以直接经验为依据,也不是以事实材料为基础,只凭一时偏见或道听途说而形成的。因此,绝大多数刻板印象是错误的,甚至是有害的。(5)投射效应,是指人们在人际交往中对他人形成印象时总是假设他人与自己具有相同的某些特点,即把自己的特点投射到他人身上,比如“以小人之心,度君子之腹”。 归因 归因是指个体根据有关信息和线索对行为原因进行推测与判断的过程。归因是人类的一种普遍需要,每个人都有一套独特的归因风格。在社会生活中,个体为了保护自我价值,倾向于使自己处于有利位置,这种倾向被称为“动机性归因偏差”。比如:(1)将自己的成功作内归因,将自己的失败作外归因;(2)将他人的成功作外归因,将他人的失败作内归因,从而减少他人的成功给自己带来的压力。 (二)发展心理学 发展心理学旨在鉴别和解释个体跨时间的连续性和变化。广义的发

展心理学包括动物心理学(比较心理学)、民族心理学、个体发展心理学。狭义的发展心理学仅指个体发展心理学,研究一个人从出生到衰老各个时期的心理现象,按年龄阶段又可分为儿童心理学、青年心理学、成年心理学、老年心理学等分支。发展心理学的基本问题包括:发展的本质,发展的影响因素,发展的过程,具体涉及到遗传与教养、主动与被动、连续性和阶段性等问题。 (三)人格心理学 人格(personality)是个人内在的动力组织及其相应的行为模式的统

一体,包含了外在的行为模式和内在动力组织,由一些特质构成,是一种蕴蓄于中、形诸于外的统一体。“大五”人格理论是当代人格心理学的新型特质理论。近年来相关研究表明,不论是用英语词汇还是用中文词汇,不论是让被试描述自己还是描述他人,不论采用何种因素分析方法,结果都能得到人格的五个主要因素:E(Extraversion):外向、有活力、热情;A(Agreeableness):愉快、利他、有感染力;C(Conscientiousness):公正、拘谨、克制、尽责;N(Neuroticism):神经质、消极情绪、神经过敏;O(Openness):直率、创造性、思路开阔。这五个因素的第一个英文字母可组成“OCEAN”一词,表示“人格的海洋”。 人格心理学的研究在身心疾病方面也有较大的突破,具有代表性的是有关ABCD四种性格类型的研究。A型性格的人,由于对自己期望过高,以致在心理和生理上,负担都十分沉重。他们被自己顽强的意志力所驱使,抱着“只能成功,不能失败”的坚定信念。A型性格的人由于一系列的紧张积累,极易导致心血管疾病,甚至可随时发生心肌梗塞而猝死。研究证实,A型性格与冠心病的发生密切相关。B型性格则与A型性格相反,属于一种舒缓的、善于自我调节的人格特点。C型性格是大多数癌症病人的一种普遍人格特征,表现为:好忍声吞气,过度压抑自己的情绪,过分合作,负性情绪体验过多等。D型性格则被称为“忧伤症人格”,这类人常常比较忧伤而且孤独,同时对自己忧伤与孤独的心情一味地进行压抑,比较沉默寡言。这种忧伤与压抑会导致心血管系统承受巨大的压力,时间一长也极易出现心血管类疾病。需要指出的是,ABCD型性格特点对相应的疾病来说只是一个促进因素而非决定因素,后天的环境因素的影响也很重要。 (四)犯罪心理学(Criminal Psychology) 笼统地说,犯罪心理学以犯罪心理为研

究对象,但当前对于“犯罪心理学”并没有明确的定义。狭义的犯罪心理学,是指运用心理学的基本原理研究犯罪主体的心理和行为的一门学科;广义的犯罪心理学,则是指运用心理学的基本原理,研究犯罪主体的心理和行为以及犯罪对策中的心理学问题的一门学科。大体而言,犯罪心理学的研究内容包括:(1)犯罪心理的生理基础;(2)犯罪者人格和人格变化;(3)犯罪行为的社会学习机制;(4)产生犯罪心理的社会性缺陷。 大学生心理咨询中心 - 3 - (五)生理心理学 生理心理学研究心理现象的生理机制,主要研究各种人体器官的机

制、神经系统特别是脑的机制、内分泌腺对行为的调节机制、遗传在行为中的作用等。例如,损伤海马(人脑边缘系统的一部分)会造成遗忘。 (六)工程心理学 工程心理学是心理学与现代科学技术相结合的产物,它研究人与机

器之间的配置和机能协调,实现人、机器、环境系统的最好匹配,使人能在安全有效的条件下工作。工程心理学的研究有利于改善工人的劳动条件,保障生产的安全,发挥人在生产过程中的积极作用,提高产品的数量和质量。 (七)恋爱心理学 恋爱心理学探讨男女在恋爱、婚姻中,爱情的获得及稳固的心理规

律,包括恋爱心理和婚姻心理两部分,具体研究稳固爱情的心理规律、男女相爱的心理奥秘、求爱及择偶心理、初恋心理、爱情挫折心理、婚后各阶段的爱情发展之心理特点等。斯腾伯格(R. Sternberg)提出的“爱情三角理论”是目前令人熟知的一个最重要的理论,该理论认为爱情包括三种成分:亲密、激情、和承诺。同时具有亲密、激情和承诺的爱情被称为“完美爱情”(或成熟的爱情)。

三、心理学中的流派 自1879年科学心理学诞生至今,在一百多年的发展历史当中,西方出现过许多有影响的心理学流派,比如构造主义、机能主义、格式塔心理学、认知心理学等。以下简要介绍心理学中影响力最大的三个流派。 (一)精神分析学派 奥地利精神病医生西格蒙德·弗洛伊德(Sigmund Freud)是精神

分析学派的鼻祖,他的观点对于社会学、人类学、文学、影视等人类生活的众多领域都有影响。正如许多西方心理学家认为:很难找到心理学或精神学的一个领域未曾受到弗洛伊德思想的影响。弗洛伊德的知名度甚至可以与达尔文相提并论。 弗洛伊德对人的看法是悲观的,他认为人的本性是“避苦求乐”,人类行为受到两种本能的驱使:(1)生的本能,指向爱和建设,指向获得快乐;(2)死的本能,指向攻击和破坏。死的本能很少表现为自毁行为,大多数情况下转向外部,表现为对他人的攻击。 弗洛伊德将人的精神世界分为三个部分:意识、前意识和无意识。意识是指人们正意识到的想法,仅仅是“冰山之一角”;前意识是大量的可再现的信息,通过某种刺激能够进入人的意识层面;无意识则是人们无法直接接触的东西,无法被带入意识层面(除非是在某种极端的情境中)。 弗洛伊德将人格划分为本我、自我、超我这三个心理结构。本我(id)是由一切与身俱来的本能冲动组成。例如:性欲的冲动、贪生怕死的冲动、贪图享受的冲动等。本我的活动遵循“快乐原则”。自我(ego)是从本我中分化出来的一部分,它是关注现实的一部分,受现实的陶冶变得“识时务”,不盲目去追求快乐,使人能在现实生活中理性地、正常地生活,遵循“现实原则”。超我(superego)包括自我理想与良心,遵循“完美原则”,对人类心理生活起道德审察的作用。 精神分析学派注重异常行为的分析,并且强调心理学应该研究无意识现象。弗洛伊德认为,人类的一切个体的和社会的行为,都根源于心灵深处的某种欲望或动机,特别是性欲的冲动。欲望以无意识的形式支配人,并且表现在正常和异常的行为中。欲望或动机受到压抑,是导致神经症的重要原因。所谓精神分析是一种临床技术,它通过释梦和自由联想等手段,发现病人潜在的动机,使精神宣泄,从而达到治疗疾病的目的。 自我防御机制是精神分析的另一重要概念。弗洛伊德认为,自我防御机制是自我的技能,是个体在应付焦虑、心理冲突或挫折时无意识或半意识采用的非理性的、歪曲现实的方式。弗洛伊德的小女儿安娜·弗洛伊德整理总结出了以下几种主要的自我防御机制:(1)压抑。它是最主要的一种自我防御机制,自我通过这种努力把威胁排除在意识之外。(2)升华。是指将本能冲动转移到受社会赞许的方面。弗洛伊德认为,个体只有在自我是健康的、成熟的,且性本能得到部分满足时,才会采用这种防御机制。这是真正成功的防御机制。例如,有人将攻击性的冲动升华为

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