Agent-Oriented Software Engineering with MASSIVE

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• Wal-Mart flourished, went public in 1970, and by 1991 had become a multibilliondollar business and America’s largest retailer with 1,700 stores. Walton, who stepped aside as CEO of the company in 1988 but remained active in its management, was by 1985 the wealthiest person in the United States.
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The Richest Man In American Down Home
Warm-up Activities Sam Walton Text Organization Language studp Activities:
Li Ka-shing
business centered on the conglomerate Hutchinson Whampoa (telecom, port services, real estate), now spans 41 countries and accounts for 13% of Hong Kong’s stock market value has invested more than $7 billion in Chinese mainland and built 400 miles of roads and bridges
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金蝶EAS产品资料(英文版)

Kingdee EASProduct PositioningThe brand of the Kingdee EAS is positioned as the top brand of large- and medium-size enterprise management software.The Kingdee Enterprise Application Suite (EAS) is a new generation enterprise application suite rolled out by Kingdee International Software Group (H.K.) Co., Ltd. Kingdee boasts of the optimum application practice with over 400,000 users. By using the state-of-the-art ERP II management philosophy and the most advanced platform technical architecture, Kingdee EAS is the important platform upgrade and management upgrade of the K/3 product. It covers group management, financial management, HR management, customer relationship management, supply chain management, vendor relationship management, collaboration platform, and other management fields. It provides large- and medium-size enterprises with a personalized enterprise management and e-Business application solution that best fits in with the features of enterprise management.Product PhilosophyIntegrated ManagementDuring the process of heading for economy of scale of the large- and medium-size groups, the internal units of the groups suffer from asymmetrical access to information and blocked sharing channels of resources. It results in low operation efficiency, sharp increase of management cost, and failure of effectively implementing the unified strategic objectives of the groups. The Kingdee EAS is not just system integration, neither a simple centralization of resources or components. As consolidation of internal resources, mobilization of strategy implementation, and prevention of operation risk is the very original, internal, and inevitable requirements of modern large- and medium-size enterprise management, it is required, therefore, that the management software system of the large- and medium-size enterprises be a system capable of integrating human resources, information, and process.On Demand BusinessThe management model settings based on a single enterprise of the conventional ERP has become a complete embarrassment in supporting the management requirements of human resources, information, and process integration based on a multi-organization structure during the march towards the economy of scale of modern large- and medium-size enterprises. The rigidness and stagnancy of the management mode, management process, and business processing of the conventional ERP lead to the failure of satisfying the personalized requirements of the enterprise. The ways out to integrate various application systems, quickly adapt to change and improve software R&D efficiency become three thorny problems in the current software industry in a global context. Based on the management mode and the differences of industry and enterprise management style of large- and medium-size enterprises, the Kingdee EAS supports the personalized original management characteristics of enterprises, and implements configurable standard functions, customized feature requirements, and integration of heterogeneous systems.Product StructureThe Kingdee EAS is built on the Kingdee Business Operating System (BOS), a proprietary business operating system of Kingdee. It provides over 50 application modules, including group financial management, group HR management, group purchase management, group distribution management, group supply chain management, and collaboration platform. It also offers industry and personalized solutions, mobile Business, commercial collaboration between enterprises, and e-Business application integration.Technical ArchitectureThe Kingdee EAS system based on the Kingdee BOS follows the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA), with four components:Information portalTie related personnel of different roles of the enterprise through the Internet to work collaboratively, and effectively consolidate the third-party system.Business processThe process engine can be flexibly configured. In particular, the business process and the work process are visualized. The enterprise can query the process rules, route, processing status and participants of a business item at anytime. User operation becomes simple and visualized.Business serviceProvide unified interface standards to enable all business to be connected to the business process as functional components. The use and even the replacement of the services depend on user requirements.Basic platformSuppress the technicces the complexity of system integration and application deployment. Deployment ModeFor the cross-regional large- and medium-size enterprises, the deployment mode of enterprise data center establishment, centralized data management, and gross centralized data becomes a development trend.The Kingdee EAS establishes a multi-channel access for the branches, remote users, and partners to connect to the enterprise network, forming an extended enterprise network. In that way, the gross data centralization is easily achieved.Available hardware systemsDue to the openness of Java, a large number of hardware platforms can run the EAS, for example, IBM RS/6000 (OS: AIX), IBM OpenPower (OS: Linux), HP 9000 (OS: HP-UX), HP Integrity (OS: HP-UX), Sun Fire (OS: Solaris), PC Server (OS: Linux, Windows).Available software systemsCurrently, the mainstream databases include Oracle, DB2, SQL SERVER, SYBASE and INFORMIX. DB2 and SQL SERVER Oracle have passed the full test of EAS. Sybase and PostgeSQL have passed the initial test. It is recommended to apply the DB2, SQL Server, and Oracledatabase.Apusic is a proprietary application server of Kingdee. It has gained successfully the J2EE application server test certification of Sun Microsystems. The EAS performs complete andall-round test of the Apusic system, and its maturity can be trusted and guaranteed.In the current stage, the EAS product supports the Apusic and the Websphere application server only. The user can select from them as needed.Network deployment securityConcerning the Kingdee EAS, the EAS Client connects to the application server through Kingdee’s proprietary ORM-RPC protocol. The ORM-RPC can be run over HTTP or TCP/IP. The enterprise installs a firewall and places the application server in the DMZ to ensure the security of other data.For those enterprises that have high requirements on data security, the establishment of a disaster backup center can be a possible option. Based on the requirement on universal security, the enterprises should purchase tape and professional backup software (for example, Veritas and Tivoli) to back up the data.Product FeaturesSupporting multiple management modesThe Kingdee EAS supports in an all-dimensional manner the financial control mode, strategic control mode, and operation control modes of group management.Enabling large-scale centralized applicationThe BOS-based Kingdee EAS uses the advanced model driven architecture (MDA) to implement the full cross-platform operation of the operation environment. Through Kingdee’s proprietary ORM-RPC and the O-RMapping data engine, it implements the outstanding performance of the system in a complex network environment with massive data and a large concurrent user scale.Transparent management informationThrough cross-organization query and report management, the personnel at any level can view the related management information within their authority scope. Through the reports, account books, vouchers, associated query of docs and process tracking, the group management information can be audited and tracked. The management dynamic information can be displayed in real time with reports and charts.Visualized business processThrough the configuration of process drive, process rules, process route, process handling status, and all participants of the process of each business item of the group can be queried at any time. Through monitoring the business processes and removing the process blind points, the process bottleneck can be broken, and the visualized management of the process can be achieved. Through the workload analysis, process restructuring, and personnel optimization of the enterprise can be provided with a scientific basis.Personalized work modesThe update of information and processing of business anywhere can be implemented with the radio application of mobile phone and PDA. The work mode of "Work seeks people" is achieved through the message drive center, and the related business can be processed at the first moment possible. The business management of different roles can be implemented through authority management, responsibility management, and role portal.Platform-oriented application softwareThe Kingdee BOS platform enables all business to connect to the business process as functional components. The use and even replacement of the business units depend on user requirements. The powerful business modeling tool of the BOS and the flexible business process definition can build an industry-based, personalized management system according to the enterprise actual situation and application requirements. When the organization, process, and business of the enterprise develop and change, the flexible business modeling can ensure the adaptive adjustment of the application system by the user.Customer ValueOptimum ownership costLow implementation costCompared with those of foreign equivalent management software, the implementation, maintenance, and operation cost of the Kingdee EAS is low. The once-for-all implementation and the centralized training of the basic information management policy in the headquarters can complete the basic implementation of the entire group. By doing so, the implementation cost is effectively lowered.Low optimization costA senior user (a system administrator or other group-authorized users) can understand and conveniently use the application mode, work flow, interface, and other standard production configuration functions through training. In that way, the application optimization and improvement of the system can be achieved. The standard interface and the integrated platform of the product can implement the integration of heterogeneous systems through configuration and customized development. With the existing investment protected, the information integration is increased at a low cost.Low customization costStandard functions can be customized. The service-oriented BOS platform provides a full product life cycle tool to fast transplant the successful application of the industry and quickly customize the personalized system and functions of the group units, partners, and customers.Optimum investment returnThe application of the EAS helps the enterprise to improve efficiency, cut cost, and standardize management, eventually improving the management quality of the enterprise.Improving efficiency•The unified platform and the real-time information sharing ensure that the management and business personnel related can acquire information in time andprocess related tasks.•The integration capability, that is, the seamless integration of the standard products and customized products, avoids information silo resulted from different businesssystems, and minimizes the repeated input and processing of the same information.•Collaboration, realized through the unified management portal, personalized work platform, mobile application, and personalized collaborative functions, improves theoperation efficiency of the business process.Reducing cost•The potentials and the performance of the employees and the organization are enhanced through performance management. The HR cost of the enterprise iseffectively reduced.•The enterprise capital is consolidated through budgeting and planning. The capital operation efficiency is improved, and the CapEx is cut down significantly.•The application of the SCM system improves the enterprise operation efficiency and reduces the enterprise logistics cost.Standardizing management•Based on the unified EAS platform, the structural information and the standard and manageable process help achieve standard management.•The attachment and OA related functions help implement the standardized management of non-structural information related to management and businessprocess. The unified authority management, alert platform, and other related functions lead to more orderly and more standard management and business process.Kingdee EAS Group HROverviewThe information-based solution of group strategic HR management of Kingdee focuses on the construction in two directions: first of all, support and mobilize the implementation of enterprise strategic HR management through advanced information applications; secondly, relieve the conflict between power distribution and power centralization in HR management of the group through advanced information applications.The theory of strategic HR management is aimed to create the competence-based qualification system, the recruitment and training system, and the assessment and incentive system that centers on performance management, in order to help the enterprise construct the core organization capability, and fuse employment improvement and enterprise development strategy. The expected result is that the capability, thinking, and business implementation of the employees are concordant with the strategic implementation of the enterprise. The thorough implementation of the enterprise strategy is then guaranteed and mobilized.In the ongoing HR management, the transaction-oriented business accounts for an excessive amount of time and energy of the HR personnel, which lead to the difficulty in fully implementing strategic HR management. Concerning this issue, the non-HR personnel are more often than not standers-by, weakening the already insufficient strategic HR implementation. The information flow between different HR business blocks is clogged, rendering uncertainty of the HR management.The corporate management of the group is even more complex. The distribution of subsidiary organizations is discrete, and consequently leads to difficulty in instant management. It causes the conflict between distribution and centralization of power in group management. In a word, it becomes a paradox – a tight hand in management turns the group into a stagnant pond, while a loose hand causes disorder of the group. The internal communication cost of the group is relatively high, and the implementation of group strategy cannot be guaranteed.Information-Based Total Solution of Group Strategic HR Management of KingdeeThe information-based total solution of group strategic HR management of Kingdee takes strategic HR management as design theory and is grounded on competence, with such functions as position management, employee management, salary management, time management, performance management, training, benefits, and recruitment. It supports the HR management business of the enterprise in a systematic and complete manner.The information-based solution of group strategic HR management of Kingdee supports the interaction of competence, position system, training course system, and staff information. It uplifts the very basics of managing the number of employees in the past to manage the talents database currently. The training of talents becomes more professional and more specific. At the meantime, the fusion between budget management and position system, salary, and performance management effectively supports the implementation of 3P management. In addition, it changes the simple salary calculating function to an in-depth analysis and control & management of salary.It has a far-reaching significance for the group. The fusion between performance management and position system can atomize the assessment objective level by level till the atomized objectives are linked with the specific responsibility owners. By so doing, it guarantees the implementation of the strategy. Performance management also interacts with training, tightly integrated with work implementation ad capability improvement. Meanwhile, it is coalesced with the external business systems to import business data as objective assessment references. The assessment can be performed by organization or individual. In that case, the tight bond between personal performance and organization performance strengthens the turnover of the team. In all, the problem that the conventional functional blocks are independent and lack interaction is properly addressed. It helps the enterprise to achieve systematic HR management.The information-based solution of the group strategic HR management of Kingdee is designed with an orientation to the full membership of the enterprise, and is applied to three different groups of people at three layers, strategy, management, and basic business. The solutions supports from the HR affairs self-service and the intelligent alarm of HR affairs for the common employees at the ground level, then to the business planning for the HR management staff at the medium level, and eventually to the report query, commercial intelligent analysis and strategic management assistance for the senior management.The group-oriented solution can be set in a singular or plural way, and supports the personalized settings of both group power distribution and centralization. It can enable personalized settings of functions, management scope, data operation authority, and the authority of upload, download, and query of the reports for different business organizations. It maximally protects the business flexibility, and at the meantime, guarantees data security and the management & control capability of the senior management of the group.The system can be applied to perform cross-regional management over the Internet, easily achieving remote control of the affairs far away. It can also be connected with the external mailboxsystem and personal mobile phones to implement mobile commercial applications, working anytime anywhere. The internal communication of the group becomes smooth, and the business process speeds up.The information-based solution of group strategic HR management of Kingdee can implement seamless connection with the budget management, G/L, production, cash management, and capital management systems, assisting the group to achieve an overall integrated management of the group HR directions and an easy collaborative operation.The information-based solution of group strategic HR management of Kingdee can powerfully support data interaction with the external systems. For example, the solution provides interfaces and the offer function of the upload/download of the related reports of the state HR affairs, organization & social benefits, bank, and taxation departments. As a result, the thorny problems of the upload of the reports of HR affairs, organization, CCP member, and early retirement/normal retirement are removed. The system supports interfaces with the external business systems such as the recruitment websites. It has a good openness.Kingdee EAS Group SCMSolution OverviewBy starting from group centralized purchase, centralized sales, group internal stock transfer, joint warehouse, and other core business sectors, the Kingdee EAS group supply chain management solution helps you to implement centralized management of purchase and reduce the purchase cost. It formulates the sales policies and prices in a centralized way, and standardizes the commodity sales behaviors. The management of the group internal stock transfer and the joint warehouse enables the further lowering of the internal overall inventory of the group, and improves the utility of cash flow. The solution helps the enterprise to slash production and operation cost, uplift the customer satisfaction of the enterprise, and continuously improve the benefits and profits of the enterprise.Key Business Requirements1) The supply chain management, purchase policy management, customer management, and sales policy management, customer management, and sales policy management platform controlled by the group in a centralized manner.2) The ideal planning, POorder, receipt, delivery, centralized control of stock transfer, and logistics allocation platform.3) The ideal external settlement, internal settlement platform to reasonably use and allocate capital.4) The multi-dimensional group business analysis platform to provide support to the operation decision making of the group.Solution StructureThe Kingdee EAS group supply chain management solution performs unified consolidation of the basic management, centralized purchase, centralized warehouse, centralized sales, cost control, and other core contents of the group supply, and implements the unified purchase management, unified inventory management and allocation, unified sales policies, reduced OpEx, and instant update of inventory status of the group supply chain. As a result, it helps to achieve group resource consolidation, make full use of the overall benefits, and maximize the enterprise benefits.Architecture of the total solution of the Kingdee EAS group supply chain managementSolutionCentralized purchaseMode of centralized pricing and distributed purchaseThis mode is a semi-loose centralized purchase mode. The group headquarters or the purchase company is responsible for managing the suppliers and formulating purchase price and other purchase policies. When the branches perform purchase business, they follow the purchase policies afore-mentioned. They handle a series of purchase business operations, including the purchase application, PO, purchase receipt, and purchase settlement and payment.The advantages of the mode are flexible, fast, and easy to control, with supplier resource sharing and price advantage. As the branches perform purchase independently, and know better about their own requirements and urgency, they can usually achieve a fast and flexible effect. In addition, they can control the purchase volume and date of delivery more easily. As the group controls the supplier resources, the resources can be shared to achieve a price edge.Mode of centralized order, distributed receipt, and distributed paymentThis mode is a semi tightly-knit centralized purchase mode and one of the common centralized purchase modes. The group headquarters or the purchase company is responsible for managingthe suppliers, formulating purchase price and other purchase policies, and purchase ordering. The branches propose the purchase application, and the headquarters or the purchase company summarizes the applications and makes adjustments, places the POs according to the adjustment result, and issues the receipt notice to the branches. The branches receive and store the goods according to the receive notice or the PO, and perform external sales amount settlement according to the receipt notice.The advantages of the mode are group planning, volume advantage, and reduced cost. The control of the purchase plan and POs at the level of the group benefits the overall group planning and accordingly reduces the transport and storage cost. The price advantage is obvious, and the purchase cost is lowered.Mode of centralized order, distributed receipt, and centralized paymentThis mode is a tightly-knit centralized purchase mode and a common mode. Most of the tightly-knit groups adopt this group purchase mode. The group headquarters or the purchase company is responsible for managing the suppliers, formulating the purchase prices and other purchase policies, and purchase ordering. The branches propose the purchase applications, and the headquarters or the purchase company summarizes the applications and makes adjustments, places the POs according to the adjustment result, and issues the receipt notices to the branches. The branches receive and store the goods according to the receive notices or the POs. The branches summarize the receipt notices issued by the headquarters or the purchase company, and perform external sales amount settlement according to the receipt notices. The headquarters or the purchase company performs internal settlement with the branches separately according to the receipt notes.The model has advantages in group logistics, capital flow, volume advantage, and reduced cost. The control of the purchase plan and POs at the level of the group benefits the overall group planning and accordingly reduces the transport and storage cost. The price advantage is obvious, and the purchase cost is lowered. Group settlement aids the effective control of the purchase capital.Mode of stock transfer after centralized purchaseThis mode is a tightly-knit centralized purchase mode. It is applicable to the purchase of a large volume of materials of the group. The group headquarters or the purchase company is responsible for managing the suppliers, formulating the purchase prices and other purchase policies, and purchase ordering. The branches propose the purchase applications, and the headquarters or the purchase company summarizes the applications and makes adjustments, places the POs according to the adjustment result. The branches complete the subsequent receipt, inventory storage, and settlement of external sales amount. After that, according to the purchase applications of the branches, the headquarters or the purchase company initiates the internal stock transfer process, formulates the stock transfer order and performs delivery of stock transfer. The branches perform receipt handling according to the stock transfer order. Both sides perform internal settlement in the end.The model has advantages in group logistics, capital flow, volume advantage, and reduced cost. The control of the purchase plan and POs at the level of the group benefits the overall group planning and accordingly reduces the transport and storage cost. The price advantage is obvious, and the purchase cost is lowered. Group settlement aids the effective control of the purchase capital.Centralized salesMode of centralized pricing and distributed salesThis mode is a semi-loose centralized sales mode. The group headquarters is responsible for managing the customers, channel resources, appraisal, and credit control. It is also responsible for formulating sales price policies, price subsidiary and profit refund policies, and sales internal incentive policies. The branches follow the policies of the headquarters or the purchase company when they implement the sales business. They perform the sales orders, delivery notice, sales delivery, sales settlement, collection, and other business process. This mode has advantages in group unified policies, flexible business, and fast response.Mode of stock transfer by regional distribution centerThis mode is a typical tightly-knit centralized sales mode. The headquarters is responsible for customer resource management, appraisal, and credit control. It is also responsible for formulating sales price policies, price subsidiary and profit refund policies, and sales internal incentive policies. According to the requirement forecast and regional center applications, the group allocates the salable commodities and properly transfers them to the regional center as planned. The regional center is responsible for warehouse management. At this moment, the ownership of the commodities is usually not transferred. When a branch has a sales requirement, the regional center or the headquarters performs unified goods source distribution, determines the delivery plan, and perform the sales delivery. After that, the branch completes the sales settlement and the internal settlement for internal transaction of the goods. In addition, the group is also responsible for sales performance summary, statistics collection, and analysis, and on that basis, formulates the sales plan. This mode has advantages in group control, internal collaboration, resource sharing, unified distribution, and economy of scale.Mode of stock transfer by sales companyThis mode is a typical tightly-knit centralized sales mode. The group is responsible for customer resource management, appraisal, and credit control. It is also responsible for formulating the sales price policies, the price subsidiary policies, and the sales internal incentive policies. The sales company is responsible for completing the sales business of the goods and responding quickly to the market. The sales company usually proposes the application in advance, and transfers the goods to its own warehouse. When a customer has a requirement, the sales company can deliver the goods immediately from its warehouse. It will then complete the sales settlement, and perform internal settlement with the goods owner. This mode has advantages in group control, internal collaboration, resource sharing, unified distribution, and economy of scale.Mode of Orders of sales company and direct delivery by factoryThis mode is a typical tightly-knit centralized sales mode. Generally, it is a supplement to mode 3。

中国和西方人的文化差异英语作文

中国和西方人的文化差异英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Observations on Cultural Differences Between China and the WestHi there! My name is Xiaoming and I'm a 10-year-old student from Beijing. Over the past few years, I've had the chance to interact with some kids and families from Western countries like the United States and United Kingdom. It's been really fascinating to learn about their cultures and see how they're different from ours in China. Let me share some of my observations with you!One of the biggest differences I've noticed is in our family structures and practices. In China, we place a huge emphasis on the extended family unit. I live with my parents, grandparents, and even some aunts and uncles under one roof. We have family dinner together almost every night, and major holidays like Chinese New Year are massive family affairs with lots of relatives gathering.But many of my Western friends live in smaller nuclear families with just their parents and siblings. They don't seem to have as much involvement from grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins in their daily lives. Their family gatherings also tend to be smaller. While I love having a big, close-knit extended family around, I can see how a smaller family setup allows kids in the West to be more independent from a younger age.Speaking of independence, that's another major contrastI've picked up on. We Chinese tend to be quite protective of our children and closely supervise them until they're teenagers. But Western parents often encourage more personal freedom and autonomy for their kids from a younger age. My American friend Jack has been making his own way to school since he was just 7 years old! I couldn't imagine doing that back then.The differences even extend to the classroom. While we Chinese students are taught to be deferential to our teachers and avoid questioning them directly, Western students seem to be encouraged to speak up, ask questions, and even debate with their teachers if they disagree. The classroom environment in the West feels a lot more interactive and focused on developing critical thinking skills.Food is where the East-West divide is really delicious though! Our Chinese cuisine uses so many different spices, sauces, cooking techniques and ingredients like noodles, dumplings, and stir-fries. In contrast, Western food to me often seems quite plain, with simple seasoning and a bigger emphasis on things like breads, cheeses, steaks and potatoes. Not that it's bad...just very different flavors that my palette had to get used to at first!One major area of overlap, however, is our love for celebrations and festivals. In China, we have iconic festivals like Chinese New Year, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Dragon Boat Festival that bring families together for feasting and fun traditions. Similarly, my Western friends go all-out for festivals like Christmas, Easter, Halloween and Thanksgiving. The specifics are different, but the spirit of celebrating together as a community is the same.I could go on, but those are some of the biggest cultural gaps I've noticed so far between China and the West. From family dynamics to food to classroom norms, it's been aneye-opening experience being exposed to another way of life. I feel really fortunate to have had this exposure at a young age - it's making me appreciate my own Chinese roots and traditions, while also building my understanding of other cultures.Who knows, maybe someday I'll move to a Western country for college or work? If I do, I'll be much better prepared for bridging any cultural divides. For now, I'm just really excited to keep learning about the world beyond China's borders. It's a big, fascinating world out there!篇2My Cultural Journey: Bridging China and the WestHi there! My name is Xiaoming, and I'm a 10-year-old student from Beijing, China. Today, I want to share with you my experience and observations about the fascinating cultural differences between my home country and the Western world.As a young learner, I've always been curious about different cultures and traditions. Last year, my family had the opportunity to visit my aunt and uncle in New York City, USA. It was aneye-opening experience that allowed me to explore and appreciate the rich diversity of the Western culture firsthand.One of the first things that caught my attention was the way people greeted each other. In China, we often bow slightly as a sign of respect, especially when meeting elders or people in authority. However, in the West, I noticed that people would shake hands, hug, or even kiss on the cheek when greeting eachother. It felt a bit strange at first, but I soon understood that it was a way of showing warmth and friendliness.Another significant difference I observed was in family dynamics. In Chinese culture, we place a strong emphasis on filial piety and respecting our elders. Children are expected to obey their parents and grandparents without question. In contrast, Western families seemed to have a more equal and open relationship between parents and children. Kids were encouraged to express their opinions and make their own choices, which was quite different from what I was used to.Food was another area where I noticed some fascinating contrasts. Chinese cuisine is known for its diverse flavors, with a focus on balance and harmony. We use a lot of fresh vegetables, rice, and noodles, and our meals are often shared family-style. On the other hand, Western meals seemed to be more individualized, with larger portions and a greater emphasis on meats and dairy products. I remember trying a cheeseburger for the first time and being amazed by the combination of flavors!In terms of education, I found the Western approach to be quite different from what I was used to in China. In my school, we have a more structured and exam-oriented curriculum, with a strong focus on memorization and repetition. However, in theWest, I noticed that students were encouraged to think critically, ask questions, and participate actively in class discussions. Group projects and hands-on activities seemed to be more common, allowing students to develop teamwork and problem-solving skills.Another aspect that fascinated me was the concept of personal space. In China, we tend to stand closer to each other and physical contact is more common, especially in crowded areas like public transportation. However, in the West, people seemed to value their personal space more, and there was a greater emphasis on maintaining a certain distance between individuals.Despite these differences, I also noticed some similarities between our cultures. For instance, both Chinese and Western societies place a high value on education and hard work. Parents in both cultures want their children to excel academically and have successful careers. Additionally, family bonds and celebrations like birthdays and holidays are cherished in both cultures, although the specific traditions and practices may differ.One thing that struck me during my visit was the diversity within the Western culture itself. New York City is a melting potof different ethnicities, religions, and backgrounds. I met people from various parts of the world, each with their own unique traditions and perspectives. It made me realize that just as China has its regional variations, the Western world is also incredibly diverse and rich in cultural tapestry.Overall, my experience in the West has broadened my horizons and deepened my appreciation for cultural diversity. While there are undoubtedly differences in customs, values, and ways of life, I've learned that at the core, we all share a common humanity. We all seek happiness, love, and fulfillment, regardless of our cultural backgrounds.As I continue to learn and grow, I hope to embrace the best of both Chinese and Western cultures. I want to maintain the values of respect, hard work, and family bonds that are deeply rooted in my Chinese heritage, while also embracing the spirit of open-mindedness, critical thinking, and individuality that I admire in Western societies.In the end, true understanding and harmony between cultures come from recognizing and celebrating our differences, while also acknowledging our shared human experiences. By building bridges of mutual respect and open communication, wecan create a world where diverse cultures coexist and enrich one another.So, my dear friends, let's embark on this incredible journey of cultural exploration together. Let's embrace the beauty of our differences and find common ground in our shared hopes, dreams, and aspirations. After all, the world is a vibrant tapestry woven with the threads of countless cultures, and it's up to us to appreciate and cherish each colorful strand.篇3Cultural Differences Between China and the WestHi everyone! My name is Xiaoming and I'm going to tell you about some of the interesting cultural differences I've noticed between China and Western countries. Culture is all the beliefs, customs, arts, foods, and ways of life that get passed down from one generation to the next. Even though we're all human beings, different cultures can have some pretty big differences!One major difference is language. In China, we speak Chinese which has lots of different dialects like Mandarin, Cantonese, and more. The writing system uses beautiful, complex characters. In Western countries though, they speak languages like English, Spanish, French, and German which usean alphabet with 26 letters. Their words look and sound really different from Chinese.Another big difference is food! Chinese food is so yummy with dishes like dumplings, noodles, rice, and stir-fries. We use chopsticks to eat. But in the West, their food is really different like bread, pasta, sandwiches, hamburgers, pizza, and more. They eat mainly with forks, knives, and spoons. Some of their food looks and tastes totally strange to me!Family is very important in Chinese culture. We often live with our grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins all under one roof. Children are taught to respect their elders. In the West though, the families are typically smaller with just parents and children. Kids sometimes move out at age 18!Holidays are celebrated differently too. Of course, in China our biggest holiday is Chinese New Year. We decorate with red, watch dragon dances, light firecrackers, and get red envelopes with money inside! Western holidays like Christmas are centered around gift-giving, decorating trees, eating big meals, and leaving out cookies for Santa Claus.School is another area with big differences. Chinese students study really hard and our academic competition is intense. We often go to school for longer hours and on Saturdays too.Testing and getting good scores is very important. Schools in the West seem more relaxed with shorter days, longer vacations, and less testing.These are just a few examples of the differences I've noticed between Eastern and Western cultures. Of course, there are many other differences with arts, celebrations, values, customs, and more. Every culture is unique and special in its own way. Appreciating and respecting these differences helps bring harmony to our diverse world. That's what I think anyway!What do you all think? Do you notice any other cultural differences between China and the West? I'd love to hear your thoughts!篇4Cultural Differences Between China and the WestHi everyone! Today, I want to share with you some interesting facts about the cultural differences between China and the West. It's amazing how people from different parts of the world have unique traditions and customs. So, let's explore together!One big difference is the way we greet each other. In China, we often greet others by bowing or nodding our heads. We also address older people with respect, like saying "Nǐ hǎo" or "Hello" to show politeness. However, in the West, people usually shake hands when they meet someone new, and they greet each other by saying "Hi" or "How are you?" It's fascinating how a simple greeting can be different in various cultures!Food is another area where we can find cultural differences. In China, we enjoy a wide variety of dishes, such as rice, noodles, and dumplings. We often use chopsticks to eat our meals. On the other hand, in the West, people have different kinds of food like hamburgers, pizza, and sandwiches. They usually use forks, spoons, and knives to eat. It's interesting to see how our tastes and eating habits can be so diverse!Education is also a significant difference between China and the West. In China, education is highly valued, and students work hard to achieve good grades. We have long school hours and lots of homework. Respect for teachers is very important, and we listen carefully to what they say. In the West, education is also important, but there is more emphasis on creativity and critical thinking. Students often participate in group discussions andexpress their opinions freely. It's amazing how education can be approached differently in different parts of the world!Let's talk about festivals now! In China, we celebrate many colorful and exciting festivals. For example, during the Spring Festival, we have dragon dances, set off fireworks, and give red envelopes with money inside to bring good luck. In the West, there are also many festivals, like Christmas and Halloween. During Christmas, people exchange gifts and decorate Christmas trees. On Halloween, children dress up in costumes and go trick-or-treating. It's fascinating to see how festivals can be so unique and special in different cultures!Family values are important in both China and the West, but there are some differences. In China, family is considered the most important thing, and we often live with our parents and grandparents. We show respect for our elders and take care of them as they get older. In the West, children usually move out of their parents' house when they become adults and start their own families. Family bonds are still strong, but there is more emphasis on independence and individuality. It's heartwarming to see how families are valued differently across cultures!These are just a few examples of the cultural differences between China and the West. It's fascinating to learn aboutdifferent traditions, customs, and ways of life. By understanding and appreciating these differences, we can build bridges between cultures and make the world a better place. So, let's celebrate our diversity and embrace the beautiful tapestry of cultures that exists in our world!I hope you enjoyed learning about the cultural differences between China and the West. Remember, no matter where we come from, we are all unique and special in our own ways. Let's celebrate our differences and learn from one another.篇5My Culture is Different From the WestHi there! My name is Li Ming and I'm a 10-year-old student in China. Today, I want to talk about the differences between Chinese culture and Western culture. It's really interesting to see how people live in other parts of the world!One big difference is our food. In China, we love rice! It's a staple at pretty much every meal. My favorite is when my mom makes fried rice with eggs, vegetables, and a bit of soy sauce. Western food seems to be more focused on bread, pasta, and meat dishes. My friend Jack, who is from America, was reallysurprised the first time he tried dumplings and noodles at my house.Family is also very important in Chinese culture. We have a saying "家和万事兴" which means "When the family is united, every affair will prosper." From a young age, we are taught to respect our elders, especially our grandparents. It's common for multiple generations to live together under one roof. In the West, kids often move out and live independently after finishing school. Jack told me it would be really weird for him to live with his grandparents!Speaking of families, one interesting difference is how we refer to relatives. In English, you might call your aunt "Aunt Sally" using her first name. But in Chinese, we use specific terms like "gūmā" for paternal aunt or "yímā" for maternal aunt. There are also different titles for older and younger aunts, uncles, cousins, and so on. It can get quite complicated!School life is fairly similar in terms of the core subjects we study like math, science, and languages. But Chinese students often have a much heavier workload and face tremendous pressure to excel academically. We start school earlier in the day, around 7am, and have much less vacation time compared to theWest. Many kids, including me, attend extra tutoring sessions after school to keep up. My foreign friends think that's crazy!Holidays are another area of contrast. Of course, China has its own traditional festivals like Chinese New Year, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Dragon Boat Festival. These are celebrated with unique customs, foods, and activities that you don't really see in the West. Meanwhile, holidays like Christmas are widely observed by Western countries but not as much in China unless you belong to certain religions.One thing I find really fascinating is the differences in cultural values and philosophies. A lot of Chinese thought is influenced by the teachings of ancient figures like Confucius, who emphasised concepts like filial piety, harmony, and moral cultivation. Western philosophy seems to put more emphasis on topics like individual rights, freedom, and democracy. Though there is overlap too, of course!Another interesting point is how we approach interpersonal relationships and social etiquette. In Chinese culture, there's a lot of importance placed on hierarchy, propriety, and "saving face" - basically, not causing embarrassment or disrespect through your words and actions. This affects how we interact with elders,teachers, and even peers. From my understanding, Western culture tends to be more casual and direct in relationships.So those are some of the key cultural differences that strike me as a student in China. Of course, within each of these broad cultures, there's a ton of diversity too based on specific regions, ethnicities, and personal backgrounds. Every individual is unique! But I hope this gives you a glimpse into how life in China can be quite different from life in Western nations.It's really amazing to learn about the world beyond my own experience. While our cultures may differ in many ways, I think deep down, people all over the globe share some core hopes and values - we want health, happiness, and a good life for our families. I'm excited to keep learning about the fascinating cultures that make up our world.That's all from me for now! Thanks for giving me the chance to share my perspective. Let me know if you have any other questions!篇6The Differences Between Chinese and Western CulturesMy name is Li Ming and I am 10 years old. I was born in Beijing, but my family moved to Los Angeles when I was 6 years old because of my dad's job. Living in America has been really interesting and exciting, but also a bit confusing at times because of all the cultural differences between China and the West.One of the biggest differences I've noticed is in how families act. In China, the family unit is super important and there is a lot of emphasis on respecting your elders, especially grandparents. Kids are expected to obey their parents without questioning them. But many American families seem to act more casual and informal with each other. The parents let their kids talk back, disobey, and do whatever they want sometimes. It's so weird to me!Another major difference is in the food. Obviously, the cuisines are totally different, but it's about more than just the types of dishes. In China, we eat lots of shared dishes from a rotating table in the middle. In America, everyone gets their own separate plate. And Americans often eat really quickly, likethey're in a race or something. In China, meals are meant to be slow and relaxing affairs where the family can talk and bond overfood. My parents are always scolding me for wolfing down my lunch too fast here!School culture is quite different too. In China, the academic standards are much higher and kids have way more homework and test prep. The parents put a ton of pressure on their children to perform well on the annual exams that determine what good schools you can get into later. Here in America, school seems much more relaxed and focused on letting kids be creative and have fun. Don't get me wrong, I like having more free time and less stress, but I sometimes worry I'm not being challenged enough academically.Social values are another area where I've seen contrasts. Chinese culture emphasizes collectivism - promoting the interests of the group or society over the individual. Kids are taught not to stand out too much or bring excessive attention to themselves. Modesty and humility are big deals. Western cultures seem to value individualism much more, encouraging people to seek personal achievement and to confidently express themselves however they wish.Maybe the most fascinating difference of all is in people's general attitudes and approaches to life. From what I can tell, Chinese tend to have a more serious, reserved, and traditionalmindset. Things like hard work, sacrifice, and "saving face" are drilled into us from a young age. Americans often come across as more laid-back, informal, and focused on personal enjoyment and self-expression in the present moment. Not better or worse per se, just very different ways of seeing the world.It has definitely been an eye-opening experience getting to know both the Chinese and American cultures over my 10 years on this planet so far. Sometimes I feel pulled between the two mindsets and value systems. But I'm so grateful to have been exposed to such diverse perspectives at a young age. My hope is that I can take the best from both worlds as I continue growing up to become a open-minded global citizen.There are so many other differences I could discuss, like personal space expectations, approaches to conflict, understandings of courtesy and respect, and more. Cultures are endlessly fascinating to explore and compare. I may be just a kid, but I feel very lucky to have a foot in both the Chinese and Western worlds. It has already taught me that there are many lenses for viewing life, and that being open and respectful of other perspectives is the key to connecting with all people.。

41_新加坡地铁规划,未来城市的流动性

Dr. Moshe E. Ben-AkivaEdmund K. Turner Professor of Civil & Env Engineering, Director, ITS Programme, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, USASMART –Future Urban MobilityWUTLS Plenary Forum 401 July 2010SMART –Future Urban MobilityMoshe Ben-AkivaIntelligent Transportation Systems LaboratoryMassachusetts Institu te of TechnologyWUTLS, Singapore1 July, 2010Overview1.Overviewworked Computing and Control3.Future Scenarios4.Conclusion3Acronyms•SMART: Singapore –MIT Alliance for Research and Technology•FM-IRG: Future Urban Mobility Interdisciplinary Research Group4FM-IRG: Overall Goal•Develop in and beyond Singapore new paradigms for the planning, design, andoperation of future urban transportation systems –Sustainability and societal well-being in ahigh-density, livable urban environment–Improve system performance throughinnovations in infrastructure, technology,operations, and policy5FM-IRG: Overall Goal (cont.)•Multi-disciplinary elements:–Sensing, communications, computing–Advanced models, optimization and simulation Human behaviorLand use, mobility, energy and resource useFrom real-time management to long-termplanning–Physical and simulation experiments •INTEGRATION is at the core of our approach6FM-IRG Scope•Large research team led by 10 MIT Principal Investigators working on 18 projects•Aspects covered in this presentation:–Networked Computing and Control (NCC)technologies and (real-time) systemmanagement–Future scenarios and comprehensive simulation(for planning applications)7 Networked Computing and Control(NCC)8Networked Computing and Control (NCC)9Internet Serversin the“cloud”Devicesonpedestrians/cars/roadsObjective:Exploit real-time data through the increasingly powerful Internet “cloud”and mobiledevicesNCC Data Exploitation•The NCC data can be leveraged for:–Traffic and transit management–Transportation planning–Emergency management•Challenge:–Massive, heterogeneous data fusion10Traffic and Transit Management System 11Real time input HistoricalDatabaseReal-Time Management 11Traveller InformationSurveillance System Consistent Anticipatory Information 12DecisionsNetwork performanceInformationReal-Time System: DynaMIT •DYnamic NetworkAssignment for theManagement ofInformation toTravelers13Future Scenarios14Research Challenges•New evaluation framework for sustainable mobility (e.g., subjective well-being)•Scenario planning techniques to account for future uncertainties•Exporting / adapting beyond Singapore•Portfolios of future mobility options enabled by NCCs15Development and Evaluation of Mobility PortfoliosInfrastructure Investments •New highw ays •New fixed guidew ay transit •New land development schemes (logistics, transit oriented development (TOD))•Etc.Technological Innovations •Automated Vehicles •Mobility-on-Demand •Virtual travel •Mobility brokers •Etc. Policy/Management Innovations •Carbon trading •Recycling/w aste managementservices •“Last mile”delivery •Dynamic externality pricing •Etc. What bundle of tactical and strategic options be st performs under an inherently uncertain future?+?+?16Integrated Simulation Platform –SimMobility•SimMobility is the simulation laboratory for Future Mobility•Integrate and link various mobility-sensitive simulation models to evaluate future urban transportation scenarios17SimMobility•Comprehensive–Include land use, travel, energy, multi-modal network, driving behavior, information, etc. •Modular–Simulator is segmented by time-frame, coverage, and level-of-detail•Open-source software•Agent-based–Microsimulation of behavior of a population of agents and their interactions18Agent behavior•Behavior models predict human decision making in response to:–New infrastructure–New technology–Policy changesPricing, regulation etc.19Decisions•Household–Residential locations–Job locations–Social network–Day-to-day activities–Travel etc.•Firm–Locations–Equipment–Operations schedule–Supply-chain–Production activities etc.20Activity-based approach fortravel demand modeling •Travel demands are derived from demand for activities–Work, eat, shopping, leisure etc.•The chain of activities and travel constitute an activity schedule 21SimMobility Framework22Long TermMedium TermShort Term•Agent characteristics•Demand for goods•Locations of HH/fir ms•Equipment ownership •Activity schedules •Accessibility•Perfor mance parameters, e.g.capacitiesLong Term Model Example •UrbanSim: Lisbon, Portugal–Land use micro-simulatorof residential and joblocation and real estatedevelopment•Input–Zoning–Transportation systemperfor mance–Economic and populationchange•Supply: buildings•Demand: housing /employment location•Interaction: real estate price•Output: land use23Medium Term Model Example•DynaMIT-P: Beijing, China–Mesoscopic trafficmodel to study impactsof congestionmitigation•Input–Demand and supplyparameters•Output–E valuation ofmitigation strategies–E xpected netw orkperformance24Short Term Model Example•MITSIMLab: London, UK–Micr oscopic traffic simulator to assess the impacts ofintervention on the network capacity•Input–Road netw ork and signaltimings–Sensor data/OD matrix–Bus service data•Output:–Network capacity, trav eltimes, queues25Conclusion•Summary–Real-Time: NCC Technologies & DynaMIT–Planning: Innovation Scenarios & SimMobility •Next Steps–Collaborating partners (Universities &Authorities)–Smart phone data collection, experiments, andcase study development–Real-time system and simulation platforms26。

俄罗斯与中国比对【英文】

7
China – location of domestic oriented industries
8
High investment rates coupled with spatial agglomeration effects increased labor productivity
10 8
Labor Productivity Growth (%), 1980-2005
• Differing productive structures limits growth prospects for Russia but provides flexibility for China. • China will continue to shape global market for manufactures – more in terms of variety than in just lower costs. • Russia will continue to be largely an energy/mineral supplier and vulnerable to price fluctuations. • This has political implications for how they will relate to the international community. • China needs good relationships given its dependency on the broader global market for its goods. Russia sees itself as an energy exporter to captive markets and thus less dependent on favorable relationships.

数据库系统概念原书第5版(英文)第一章ppt

Database designers: design database ―schema‖ to model aspects of the real world Database application developers: build applications that interface with databases Database administrators (a.k.a. DBA‘s): load, back up, and restore data, fine-tune databases for performance DBMS implementors: develop the DBMS or specialized data management software, implement new techniques for query processing and optimization inside DBMS
August 15, 2013
Dept. of Comp. Sci. & Tech., Tongji Uni.
4
What is a database?

A very large, integrated collection of data

The amount of data is very large The data is structured and interrelated The data is integrated Entities (e.g., students, courses) Relationships (e.g., Li is taking Database and Knowledge) More recently, also includes active components (e.g. “business logic”)

中级市场与销售高频词

Marketing and sales 市场与销售1、branding品牌Logo标志商务用语sponsor logo 赞助商标志Brand awareness品牌意识；品牌认知度商务用语cultivate brand awareness 树立品牌意识High brand awareness 高品牌认知度Brand engagement品牌参与度商务用语promote brand engagement 提升品牌参与度Brand image品牌形象商务用语brand-new brand image 全新的品牌形象Brand implementation品牌打造商务用语perform the brand implementation 进行品牌打造Brand linkage 品牌连锁商务用语establish a brand linkage 建立品牌连锁Brand loyalty 品牌忠诚度商务用语promote brand loyalty 品提升牌忠诚度Brand manager品牌经理商务用语hire a brand manager 雇用一名品牌经理Brand orientation品牌定位商务用语Brand orientation strategy 品牌定位策略CBO (Chief Brand Officer)首席品牌官商务用语fire a CBO 解雇首席品牌官Classical brand经典品牌商务用语make a classical brand 打造一个经典品牌Luxury brand奢侈品牌商务用语make a luxury brand 打造一个奢侈品牌Predictive analytics预测分析商务用语have a predictive analytics 进行预测分析Product screening产品筛选商务用语perform product screening 进行产品筛选2、Business Environment商业环境Deflation通货紧缩商务用语massive deflation 大规模通货紧缩Demography人口统计学商务用语analysis on demography 基于人口学的分析Emulous好胜的，竞争心强的商务用语be emulous of 渴求，渴望得到Monopoly雄心勃勃的商务用语monopoly capitalist 垄断资本家Inflation通货膨胀商务用语repressed inflation 抑制性通货膨胀Oligopoly 寡头垄断，求过于供的市场情况商务用语monopoly-oligopoly structure 垄断—寡头结构Recession衰变，衰退期商务用语economic recession 经济衰退Competitive environment 竞争环境Monopolistic competition垄断竞争商务用语theory of monopolistic competition 垄断竞争论Perfect competition完全竞争Planned economy计划经济3 market segmentation 市场细分Positioning 定位商务用语product positioning 产品定位Behavioral segmentation 行为细分（基于消费者真实行为的市场行为）Benefit segmentation 利益细分（按照购买者购买某种产品所追求利益的不同进行的市场细分）Psychographic segmentation消费心态细分（按照消费者的心理和生活方式习惯进行的市场细分）4 product 产品by-product副产品副作用商务用语by-product inventory 库存副产品Cargo货物商务用语cargo airplane 货机Commodity商品货物Deliverable可交付的可交付使用的商务用语in a deliverable state 处于交付状态Diversification变化多样化商务用语market diversification 市场多元化Freight运费货运运输商务用语freight rate 运费率Recall回忆起回想商务用语beyond recall 回忆不起来了不能取消的Recall an order 撤销订货单Maturity成熟（金融）到期商务用语payment at maturity 到期付款Product mix一个企业出售的各种产品产品组合商务用语product mix development plan 品种发展计划Saturation浸湿饱和商务用语Saturation market 饱和市场Semi-manufactured半制成的商务用语semi-manufactured material 半成品5 pricing定价Kickback佣金回扣同义词brokerage 佣金Markdown减价近义词rabato 减价Optimum最适宜的最有利的商务用语optimum condition 最佳条件Demand-based pricing 需求导向定价法商务用语Demand-based pricing strategy 需求导向定价战略Employee discount员工折扣或优待关联记忆employee turnover 员工离职率Manufacturing cost制造成本生产成本关联词汇operating cost 经营成本Parallel pricing平行定价法Premium pricing滥价标价Price discrimination价格歧视差别定价商务用语perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视Pricing objectives定价目标定价目标通常分为三种：profit oriented 利润导向型Sales oriented 销售导向性Status quo 维持现状型Pricing penetration价格渗透Price skimming撇脂定价法最高利益获取价关联词汇skim milk 脱脂牛奶Quantity discount数量折扣大批量折扣商务用语offer a quantity discount 提供数量折扣6 place 分销Distribution分发分配散步分布商务用语modern methods of distribution 现代流通方式Distributor分销商批发商商务用语exclusive distributor 独家经销商Empower授权许可商务用语empower sb. 授予某人权力Hypermarket超大型自助市场Intermediary中介人调解人商务用语intermediary agent 中介Vendor 小贩推销员自动售货机商务用语street vendor 货郎Retail 零售Wholesale批发Exclusive distribution总经销独家经销包销Intensive distribution密集型分销（制造商在同一渠道层级上选用尽可能多得渠道中间商来分销自己的产品）商务用语intensive management 集约式管理Selective distribution选择性分销7、promotion 促销Concentrated全神贯注的，全力以赴的商务用语concentrated attention 注意力集中Coupon优惠卷，配给票，订单商务用语double coupon 双重折价卷Hard-sell 硬性推销的Launch投产商务用语launch a career 开创一项事业Line-expansion产品线扩展Lobby游说，游说团体商务用语the banking lobby 银行游说团Stimulus刺激，刺激品商务用语response to a stimulus 对刺激的反应Telemarketing电话销售，电话推销商务用语telemarketing fraud 电话销售诈骗Testimonial 证明书，推荐书，表扬信商务用语testimonial dinner 获奖晚宴Above-the-line promotion 线上推广关联记忆below-the-line promotion 线下推广Direct marketing 直销Illustrated song画报歌曲商务用语to illustrated 举个例子relationship marketing关系营销商务用语cooperative relationship 合作关系8、public relations公共关系Celebrity名人，名流，名声，名誉商务用语celebrity effect 明星效应Celebrity charm 名人魅力Charity仁慈，救济金，慈善团体商务用语charity begins at home 仁爱始于家Contingency意外事故商务用语contingency plan 应急预案Contingency theory 权变理论Maintenance维护，维修商务用语routine maintenance 例行维护Capital maintenance 资本保值Patronage 赞助，资助商务用语patronage reward 酬宾回馈Sponsor 赞助人，赞助商务用语title sponsor 冠名赞助商Crisis management危机处理Media kit 媒体资料包Press release新闻稿商务用语issue a press release 发布新闻稿Public interest公共利益商务用语public interest advertisement 公益广告Public sphere公共领域商务用语plebeian public sphere 平民公共领域。

武器英文及缩写

局部武器装备英文简称(红色为常用)A:Attacker = 攻击机AA: Anti-Air = 防空AAA: Anti-Air Artillery = 高射炮AAAV: Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle = 先进两栖突击车AAM: Air-to-Air Missile = 空对空导弹AAR: Air-to-Air Refueling = 空中加油AAW: Anti-Air Warfare = 防空作战ABL: AirBorne Laser = 机载激光器ABM: Anti-Ballistic Missile = 反弹道导弹ACMS: Air bat Maneuvering System = 空战机动系统ACV: Armored bat Vehicle = 装甲战车AFV: Armored Fighting Vehicle = 装甲战车AEM&C: Airborne Early Warning and Control = 空中预警与指挥AEW: Airborne Early Warning = 空中早期预警AFB: Air Force Base = 空军基地AGM: Air-to-Ground Missile = 空对地导弹AGS: Armored Gun System = 装甲火炮系统AGS: Advance Gun System = 先进火炮系统AIM: Air Intercept Missile = 拦射空空导弹ALBM: Air-Launched Ballistic Missile = 空射弹道导弹ALCM: Air-Launched Cruise Missile = 空射巡航导弹AMRAAM: Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile = 先进中程空空APAR: Active Phase-Array Radar = 主动相控阵雷达APC: Armored Personnel Carrier = 装甲人员输送车APFSDS-T:AP Fin-Stab. Discarding Sabot-Tracer = 尾翼稳定脱壳穿甲曳光弹APS: Artillery Pointing System = 火炮指示系统ARM: Anti Radiation Missile = 反辐射导弹ASM: Air-to-Surface Missile = 空对舰导弹ASRAAM: Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missile = 先进短程空空导弹ASROC: Anti-Submarine Rocket = 反潜火箭ASuW: Anti-Surface Warfare = 反面作战ASW: Anti-Submarine War = 反潜ASW: Anti-Submarine Warfare = 反潜作战ATC: Air Traffic Control = 空中交通管制ATGM: Anti-Tank Guided Missile = 反坦克导弹ATM: Advanced Turret Module = 先进炮塔模块AUV: Autonomous Underwater Vehicle = 自主式水下航行器AWAC: Airborne Warning And Control = 空中预警和控制AWACS: Airborne Warning and Control System = 空中预警与指挥系统AWOL: Absent WithOut Leave = 擅离职守；无故离队；开小差B:Bomber = 轰炸机BB: Battle Ship = 战列舰BC: Battle Cruiser = 战列BDA: Battle Damage Assessment = 战斗损害评估BPI: Boost Phase Intercept = 加速阶段拦截BRAA: Bearing, Range, Altitude and Aspect = 目标飞行情况BVR: Beyond Visual Range = 超视距BVRAAM: Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile = 超视距空空导弹C:Carrier = 运输机C3:mand, Control and munication = 指挥控制通信系统CAP: bat Air Patrol = 战斗空中巡逻CAS: Close Air Support = 近距空中支援CASE: puter Aided Software Engineering = 电脑辅助软件工程CBU: Clustered Bomb Unit = 集束炸弹CENT: Central mand = 中央司令部CFC: Carbon Fiber posite = 碳纤维复合材料CC: Cruiser = 巡洋舰CG: Cruiser (Guided-missile) = 导弹巡洋舰CIC: bat Information Center = 战斗信息中心CIC: mander in Chief = 最高指挥官CIWS: Close-In Weapon System = 近战武器系统CIWS: Close Intercept Weapon System = 近程防御系统Chief of Naval Operation = 海军作战部长INT: munication Intelligence = 通信情报DAC INS: mand Display and Control Integrated Navigation System = 集成控制导航系统CR: Close Range = 近程C/S:Course and Speed = 航向与速度CV: Carrier Vessel = 常规动力航空母舰CVN: Carrier Vessel (Nuclear-powered) = 核动力航母CVBG: Carrier Battle Group = 航母战斗群DASS: Defensive Aids Sub-System = 防御性辅助子系统DD: Destroyer = 驱逐舰DDG: Destroyer (Guided-missile) = 导弹驱逐舰DU: Depleted Uranium = 贫铀DVI: Direct Voice Input = 直接语音输入技术E:Electronic = 电子战机ECCM: Electronic Counter-Counter Measures = 电子反对抗，反电子战ECM: Electronic Counter Measures = 电子对抗，电子战ELINT: Electronic Intelligence = 电子情报EMCON: Emissions Control = 发射控制EML: Electric Magnet Launcher = 电磁炮EMP: Electric Magnet Palse = 电磁脉冲ERAAM: Extended Range Air-to-Air Missile = 延程空空导弹ESM: Electronic Signal Measures = 电子信号警告ESM: Electronic Support Measures = 电子支援ETG: Electro Thermal Gun = 电热炮ETCG: Electro Thermal Chemical Gun = 电热化学炮EW: Early Warning = 预警EW: Electronic Warfare = 电子战EWAC: Early Warning And Control= 预警及控制F:Fighter = 战斗机FAE: Fuel Air Explosive = 油气炸弹FEL: Free Elctron Laser = 自由电子激光器FF: Frigate = 护卫舰FFG: Frigate(Guided-missile) = 导弹护卫舰FLIR: Forward Looking Infra-Red = 前视红外FLOT: Forward Line Of Troops = 前线FMRAAM: Future Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile = 未来中程空空导弹FMTV: Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles = 中型战术车族GEM:Guidance-Enhanced Missile = 制导增强导弹GEGeo-Stationary Orbit = 地球同步轨道GPS:Global Positioning System = 全球定位系统GZ:Ground Zero = 核爆炸中心地面投影H:Helicopter = 直升机HE: High Explosive = 高爆炸药HEAT: High-Explosive Anti-Tank = 高爆反坦克炸药(成形炸药)HMD: Helmet Mounted Display = 头盔显示器HPM: High Power Microwave = 高功率微波HQ: Headquarters = 总部HUD: Head-Up Display = 抬头显示器HVU: High Value Unit = 高价值单位IADS: Integrated Air Defense System = 综合防空系统ICBM: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile = 洲际弹道导弹IFF: Identification of Friend or Foe = 敌我识别IFV: nfantry Fighting Vehicle = 步兵战车IPE: Individual Protection Ensemble = 单兵防护装备IRBM: Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile = 中程弹道导弹IRST: Infra-Red Search and Track = 红外搜索跟踪JDAM: Joint Direct Attack Munitions = 联合直接攻击弹药JHMCS: Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System = 联合头盔指引系统JSF: Joint Strike Fighter = 联合打击战斗机J-STAR: Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar system = 联合侦察和目标打击系统JTIDS: Joint Tactical Info Distribution System = 联合战术信息分发系统K:Kerosene = 加油机KIA: Kill in Action = 阵亡LANTIRN: Low-Alt. Nav.& Targeting Infra-Red for Night = 低空导航与目标指示红外夜视仪LAV: Light Armored Vehicle = 轻型装甲车辆LCA: Light bat Aircraft = 轻型战斗机LELow Earth Orbit = 近地轨道LD: Laser Designator = 激光导引LGB: Laser Guided Bomb = 激光制导炸弹LORCAP: Long-Range bat Air Patrol = 长距离战斗空中巡逻LPT: Low Profile Turret = 低矮炮塔LRBM: Long-Range Ballistic Missile = 远程弹道导弹LRIP: Low Rate Initial Production = 低速试产MBT: Main Battle Tank = 主战坦克MC: Marine Corps = 海军陆战队MCA: Medium bat Aircraft = 中型战斗机MCM: Mine Counter-Measures = 扫雷MFD: Multi-Function Display = 多功能显示器MFR: Multifunction Radar = 多用途雷达MIL-STD: Milliraty Standard = 军事标准MLU: Mid-Life Update = 中期延寿〔战机〕MOPP: Mission-Oriented Protective Posture = 攻击中的防X状态MOAB: Massive Ordnance Air Blast = 巨型空中炸弹MOAB: Mother Of All Bombs = 炸弹之母MPRF: Medium Pulse Repetition Frequency = 中脉冲重复频率MRLS: Multiple Rocket Launching System = 多管火箭发射系统NAVSSI :Navigation Sensor System Interface = 导航传感器系统界面NCTR: NonCooperative Target Recognition = 非己方目标识别NBC: Nuclear Biological and Chemical = 核、生物、化学OICW: Objective Individual bat Weapon = 目标单兵战斗武器OOB: Order Of Battle = 战斗序列OPCW: Org. for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons = 制止化学武器组织OTH: Over the Horizon = 超视距OWS: Overhead Weapon System = 遥控炮塔P:Patrol = 巡逻机PA: Phase Array = 相控阵PAC: Patriot Advanced Capability = 改良型爱国者导弹PGM: Precision-Guided Munitions = 准确制导炸弹PIM: Path of Intended Motion = 预定机动路线PK: Probability of Kill = 杀伤率PLGR: Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver = 准确轻型GPS接收器R:Reconnaissance = 侦察机RATRocket Assisted Take-Off = 火箭辅助起飞RCS: Radar Cross Section = 雷达截面RLG: Retractable Landing Gear = 回收式起落架ROE: Rules of Engagement = 交战规那么ROV: Remote Operated Vehicle = 遥控车辆、飞机RPG: Rocket Propelled Grenade = 火箭助推榴弹RTB: Return To Base = 返回基地RTReady to Take-Off = 起飞准备就绪RWR: Radar Warning Receiver = 雷达告警器SAM: Surface to Air Missile = 防空导弹SAR: Search and Rescue = 搜索救援SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar = 合成孔径雷达SAT: Satellite munication = 卫星通信SDV: Swimmer Delivery Vehicle = 潜水员输送载具SEAD: Suppression of Enemy Air Defense = 压制敌方防空任务SLBM: Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile = 潜射弹道导弹SLGR: Small Lightweight GPS Receiver = 小型轻便GPS接收器SOP: Standard Operation Procedure = 标准操作程序SRBM: Short-Range Ballistic Missile = 近程弹道导弹SSBN:Ballistic-missile Nuclear-powered Strategic Sub. = 战略导弹核潜艇SSL: Solid State Lasers = 固态激光器SSM: Surface-to-Surface Missile = 面对面导弹SSN: Strike Submarine (Nuclear-powered) = 攻击型核潜艇SSNDS:SSN Direct Support = 直接支援核潜艇SSPK: Single-Shot Probability of Kill = 单发杀伤率START: Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty = 战略武器削减条约STK: Strike = 袭击STN: Satellite Tracking Network = 卫星跟踪网STOL: Short Take Off and Landing = 短距起降STOP: Simultaneous Time on Top = 同时到达SURTASS: SURface Towed Array Sonar System = 水面拖曳阵列声纳系统TASM: Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile = 战斧反舰导弹TEL: Transporter/Erector/Launcher = 运输/起竖/发射车THAAD: Theater High Altitude Area Defense = 战区高空区域防空TLAM: Tomahawk Land Attack Missile = 战斧对地攻击导弹..TMA: Target Motion Analysis = 目标运动分析TOW: Tube-launched Optic-tracked Wire-guided = 光学有线制导管内发射反坦克导弹(陶式导弹)TVC: Thrust Vector Converter = 矢量推力UAV: Unmanned Air Vehicle = 无人驾驶飞行器UCAV: Unmanned bat Air Vehicle = 无人驾驶战斗机UFCP: Up Front Control Panel =(战机座舱)前部控制屏UUV: Unmanned Underwater Vehicle = 无人水下航行器VL: Verticle Landing = 垂直起降VLS: Vertical Launch System = 垂直发射系统VTOL: Vertical Take Off and Landing = 垂直起降WECDIS: Warship Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems = 海图显示和信息系统WRM: War Reserve Materials = 战争物资储藏W/S: Weapon System = 武器系统WYPT: Waypoint = 路径点jz*。

网上商城系统的设计与实现

网上商城系统的设计与实现摘要：随着互联网的高速发展，互联网技术已经存在于我们生活的各个角落，成为现在生活不可或缺的一部分。

如何能够方便、快捷的买到自己想要的商品，成为了大家关心的问题。

目前，常见的解决问题的方案是，通过互联网技术，将传统的商店搬到网络上，使人们能够在家里点击鼠标就可以买到自己满意的商品。

我们设计的系统是基于Struts2+Spring+Hibernate三大框架搭建的，三大框架的整合使系统耦合性降低，具有较强的兼容性。

系统使用jQuery实现事件处理、制作动态效果。

采用MVC的设计模式，分模块实现了用户的订单管理、地址管理，管理员的商品管理、订单管理、用户管理等。

本论文在第一章讲解了网上商城的现状，在第二章介绍本系统开发所用到的Struts2+Spring+Hibernate三大框架以及开发工具。

在第三章对本系统进行需求分析，并制定系统的总体设计方案，包括系统的总体设计、功能设计以及数据库的设计。

最后在第四章具体描述了本系统主要模块的实现。

关键字：电子商务；网上商城；SSHDesign and Implementation Online Shopping SystemAbstract: With the rapid development of the Internet, Internet technologies already exist in every corner of our lives, and become an indispensable part of life now. It has become a concern for everyone that how to buy desired commodities conveniently and fast. The solution of solving the problem is to apply Internet technology to move the traditional store to the network. People can buy their goods at home via computer. The online store system is based on three frameworks-Struts2, Spring, Hibernate, which enhance the system compatibility and allow the system to reduce coupling. The system uses jQuery for event handling and creating dynamic effects, and uses MVC design pattern. The system includes some sub-modules, such as user's order management, address management, administrator commodity management, order management, and user management.The paper is organized as follows. The first chapter explains the current situation of the online store. The second chapter describes three frameworks- Struts2 + Spring + Hibernate and development tools. In the third chapter, the system requirement is analyzed, and the overall scheme is designed, including the design of the overall system, functional design, and database design. The fourth chapter describes the detailed implementation of main modules of the system.Key words: E-commerce; Online store; SSH面向事件的垂直搜索引擎设计与实现摘要：随着互联网的发展，数据呈现海量增长的趋势。

企业管理企业文化中英文范本

企业简介COMPANY PROFILE天津渤海天航试剂有限公司是原渤海化工集团天津化学试剂三厂销售二部改制后的新兴科技型化工企业，公司拥有原试剂三厂的技术力量，化验分析，和先进的生产设备及完善的管理体系。

公司继续使用原天津市化学试剂三厂风船牌的商标，并且在产品品质上得到了更大的提升。

风船牌的产品在国际工业，航天工业，电子行业以及全国各省市企事业都有着广泛的客户群体，风船牌产品深受用户的好评。

改制后公司得到了上级有关部门的大力支持，先后取得了《危险品经营许可证》，《易制毒经营许可证》，这些都为本公司的发展提供了坚实的后盾。

公司始终坚持“视质量为生命，以科技求发展”的经营理念，为广大新老客户提供高品质的产品。

诚信经营是我们对每一位客户的庄严宣誓。

我们始终坚守：“质量=生存”这个宗旨，并以此作为对社会的永恒承诺；以义取利，利义共生，不欺不诈，不骄不横，风船牌试剂承载了50年的荣耀，赢得社会承认、客户信赖、消费者爱戴；以诚待人，以德立业，实现企业长治久安和可持续发展。

我们将以高度的责任感，满腔的工作热情与各界同仁携手共创美好的未来。

TIANJIN BHTH CHEMICAL-REAGENT CO.LTD is an innovative chemical technology company originating from Tianjin Chemical Reagent Plant. More than inheriting the cutting-edge technology, analysis capacity, advanced production equipments and management system from the previous plant, BHTH CHEMICAL has also adopted the Fengchuan brand and brought the product quality up to another level. Fengchuan products have been widely applied into engineer, aerospace and electronic industries and winning a massive amount of loyal customers ranging from municipal firm to international corporate.Credibility and integrity as our foundation and “quality brings survival”as our belief, “Quality is vital, technology brings enhancement” became our slogan and we keep offering our customers high quality products. Carrying Fengchuan’s 50 years of fame and honor, we have won the trust from clients, recognition from the society and fondness from customers with our modesty, integrity and morality. We will establish a stable and sustainable development and furthermore create a prosperous industry future with our responsibility, enthusiasm and cooperation.主营：安替福民、钾钠试剂、贵金属试剂、无水乙醇、冰醋酸、色谱试剂、高纯试剂、进口试剂等Main Conducts : Sodium Hypochlorite, Potassium Sodium reagent, Noble metal electroplating agent, Absolute ethyl alcohol, Glacial acetic acid, Chromatographic Reagents , Reagent of high purity, Imports Reagent.企业文化Corporate Culture关爱人生 Concern of life天津渤海天航试剂有限公司（以下简称“天航”）强调员工“关爱社会，关爱人生”。

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Agent-OrientedSoftwareEngineeringwithMASSIVE

J¨urgenLindAckerstraße181541M¨unchen,Germanyjli@agentlab.de

Betreuer:Prof.Dr.J¨orgSiekmannArtderArbeit:DissertationFachbereichGI:1

1IntroductionAlthoughagentsandagent-basedcomputinghavebeenaroundforsometimeitisonlyuntilnowthatthesetopicsbegintogainattendancebeyondtheresearchcommunity;itisbeingdiscoveredbynon-researchesthatagenttechnologyisapowerfultoolforthedevelopmentoflargeandcomplexsystems.Thesedays,typicalsoftwarearchitecturescontainmanydynamicallyinteractingcomponents,eachwiththeirownthreadofcontrolandengagingincomplexcoordinationprotocols[4].Therefore,anewprogrammingmetaphorthatcapturesthesesystemsisneeded.Althoughthebasicstructuralelementsoftheagent-basedapproachaswellastheirconnectionsarenotyetfullyunderstood,itnonethelessseemstobeapromisingmeansfordealingwiththesehighlycomplexsystems.However,althoughtheagent-orientedviewislikelytobecomeamajormeanstodescribecomplexsoftwaresystems,developmentmethods,i.e.methodsthatprovideguidelineshowtobuildactualagent-basedapplicationsormultiagentsystems,arestillintheirinfancyandmustbefurtheradvancedtoestablishthetechnologyinanindustrialcontext.Asstatedin[11]:“Relativelylessattentionhasbeenpaidtotheimportantquestionoftheprocessthatdesignersgothrough.Industrialuserswilluseagentsmorereadilyifbasicprinciplesandguidelinesareavailable...”.ThestrongneedforagentandagentsystemsdevelopmentmethodsinindustryisexempliﬁedbythemajorEuropeantelecommuni-cationcompaniesthathavelaunchedajointresearchprojecttofosterthedeﬁnitionofadevelopmentmethodforagentapplications[5].Furthermore,theengineeringofagentsandmultiagentsystemsisnotonlyatechnicalmatterthathasbeenpickedupbyindustry,itisalsoaninterestingresearchﬁeldthatcanprovidenewmethodsandtechniquesforabetterunderstandingandmodelingofhighlycomplexsystems[7].

2PragmaticSoftwareDevelopmentMostofthedevelopmentmethodsformultiagentsystemsarenormativemodels.Theydeﬁne–fromthe(subjective)pointofviewoftherespectiveauthor–whichactivitiesmakeupthesoftwareengineeringtask,thetemporalorderingoftheseactivities,theinvolvedproductsandoftenalsothenotationthatmustbeused.However,theproblemwiththisapproachisclearlypointedoutinthefollowingquotefrom[14]:“Onecannotstandardizethinkingandoneshouldnotevenattempttodoso.”Furthermore,thisfactusuallylimitstheapplicabilityofaparticularmethodwheneverthereisadeviationofthepre-requisitesofanactualprojectandtheprerequisitesofthemethodtobeused.Inshort,thesemethodsfocusonsoftwareengineeringprocessesastheyshouldbe,notastheyarereallylike[3].Therefore,itseemstobeamorepromisingideatofollowthesuggestionfrom[6]to“...concentrateonwhatitseemsthatpeoplereallydo,notonwhattheymightdoiftheywereperfect.”.Thisapproachcanleadtomorepragmaticsoftwareengineeringmodelsthatarebasedonanexplicitcognitivemodelthatsupportsindividualizedstrategiesandnotations.TheMultiAgentSystemSIterativeViewEngineering(MASSIVE,[9],[1])developmentmethodisapragmaticframe-workforthedevelopmentofmultiagentsystemsthataccountsforthespecialrequirementsmentionedabove.Itcom-binesnovelideasinsoftwaredevelopmentwithstandardsoftwareengineeringtechniquesthathavebeenadaptedtothespecialcontextofmultiagentsystems.Furthermore,MASSIVEfeaturesanorganizationalframeworkthatsupportslearningoverprojectboundaries.

3MASSIVEViewsTheterminologicalframeworkthatisusedintheMASSIVEmethodisbasedonso-calledviews.Aviewrepresentsasetofconceptuallylinkedfeatures,ie.aviewisaprojectionofthecompletedesignontoaparticularsubject.Duringthedevelopmentofthesystemdesign,thedesignerwillsoondiscoverthatsomedesignaspectsaremorecloselyrelatedtooneanotherthentootheraspects.These“natural”collectionsofaspectsseemtobecharacteristicforaparticularclassofapplicationsanditthereforesuggestsitselfthattheseempiricaldecompositionscapturethenatureofanapplicationclassquitewell.Forthesereasons,mypersonalideaofaviewisthereforetoseeaviewasancollectionoffeaturesthatcross-cutfunctionalboundariesaswellasdifferentrepresentations.ViewSocietyViewInteractionViewEnvironmentTaskViewArchitectureSystemRoleViewViewViewFigure1:MASSIVEViewsIdeally,thetargetsystemcanbedecomposedinseveralindependentviewswithwelldeﬁnedinterfaces.InMASSIVE,eachviewrepresentsasetofconceptuallylinkedfeatures,aviewisthusaprojectionofthedesignontoaparticularsubject.Thisinterpretationissupportedbyresultsfromprogrammingexperimentsincognitivepsychologywereitwasfoundthatdifferentabstractions(views)areusedfordifferentsub-tasksofthesoftwaredevelopmentprocess[12].Acollectionofviewsthatachievesalogicaldecompositionofthetargetsystemiscalledaviewsystem,theinterfacesbetweentheviewsaremodeledasexplicitconnectionsbetweenviewsbysharingfeaturesbetweentheconnectedviews.Thesesharedfeaturesbelongtotwoormoreviewsatthesametimeandrepresenttheinterfacebetweentheirparentviews.Viewsaregeneralconcepttoarrangefeatureswithrespecttoalogicaldecompositionoftheapplicationclasseg.multiagentsystems.TheviewsystemthatIshallpresentnowhasmaturedoverseveralyearsduringtheworkonthedesignandimplementationofmultiagentsystems.ThesystemasshowninFigure1consistsofsevenviewsthatIwilldescribebrieﬂyinthefollowingparagraphs.EnvironmentviewInthisview,theenvironmentofthetargetsystemisanalyzedformthedevelopersperspectiveandfromthesystemsperspective.Thesetwopoints-of-viewusuallydiffergreatlyasthedeveloperusuallyhasglobalknowledgewhereasthesystemhasonlylocalknowledge.IntheRobocupdomain,forexample,thedeveloperhasaccesstothecompletestateofsystemanditsenvironmentandthisstateiscompletelydeterministicfromthispoint-of-view.Fortheperspectiveoftheindividualagent,ontheotherhand,onlypartsoftheenvironmentareaccessibleandthestatetransitionsappeartobenondeterministicbecauseoftheongoingactivitiesthatcannotbeperceivedbytheagent.TaskviewIntheTaskview,thefunctionalaspectsofthetargetsystemareanalyzedandataskhierarchyisgeneratedthatisusedtodeterminethebasicproblemsolvingcapabilitiesoftheentitiesintheﬁnalsystem.Furthermore,thenonfunctionalrequirementsaredeﬁnedandquantiﬁedasfaraspossible.Notethatthisviewdoesnotassumethatamultiagentapproachisusedfortheﬁnalsystemandthereforeprovidesaratherhigh-levelanalysisoftheprobleminquestion.Inthecaseofacompilerapplication,forexample,thebasicfunctionalrequirementisthatthesystemtranslatesaprogramspeciﬁedinahigh-levellanguagetoaparticularassemblylanguage.Thequalityoftheresultingimplemen-tationorthemaximaltolerabletimeforthecompilationarenonfunctionalrequirementsandthebasicproblemsolvingcapabilitiesareforexamplelexicalanalysisorcodegeneration.RoleviewThisviewdeterminesthethefunctionalaggregationofthebasicproblemsolvingcapabilitiesaccordingtothephysicalconstraintsofthetargetsystem.Aroleisanabstractionthatlinksthedomaindependentpartoftheapplicationwiththeagenttechnologythatisusedtosolvetheproblemunderconsideration.Inmyview,anagentconsistsofoneormoreroledescriptionsandanarchitecturethatiscapableofexecutingtheserolemodelswhichmakesitimportanttoaggregatethebasiccapabilitiesaccordingtophysicalconstraints.Inaroboticsapplicationforastoragearea,forexample,onemayﬁndrobotsthatarecapableofcarryingcontainersfromoneareatoanotherandothersthatarecapableofstackingcontainersontoeachother.Therefore,therolesof“carrier”and“stacker”cannotbeassignedtoasingleagentbecauseofthephysicalconstraintsoftherobotsunlessathirdsortofrobotsexiststhatcanexecutebothbasicproblemsolvingcapabilities.InteractionviewInteractionisthefundamentalconceptwithinasystemthatiscomprisedofmultipleindependententitiesthatmustcoordinatethemselvesinordertoachievetheirindividualaswellastheirjointgoals.Inthisview,interactionwithinthetargetsystemisseenasageneralizedformofconﬂictresolutionthatisnotlimitedtoaparticularformsuchascommunication.Instead,severalgenericformsofinteractionthatcanbeinstantiatedinawidevarietyof