罗森《财政学》中文版课后习题答案
财政学1-3章客观题答案
财政理论习题（1-3章）一、单项选择题1.下述（ D ）研究课题反映了财政学的特点。
A、国民经济中货币与产品之间的关系及其对经济的影响B、国民经济中各产业部门之间的相互关系及其对经济的影响C、国民经济中各地区之间的相互关系及其对经济的影响D、国民经济中公共部门与私人部门之间的相互关系及其对经济的影响2.如果学校是政府办的，但办学的成本全部通过向学生收费来补偿，在这种情况下，教育在提供方式和生产方式上采取了下述哪种组合?( C )A、公共提供，公共生产B、公共提供，私人生产C、市场提供，公共生产D、市场提供，私人生产3.完全竞争市场隐含的特征有：( A )A、消费者和生产者都具有完全信息B、生产和消费中存在外部经济C、进入或退出市场存在障碍D、存在规模经济4.以下说法中错误的是：( B )A、在完全竞争的条件下，市场运行的结果必定符合帕累托效率B、“自由放任”的经济理论认为政府不应当对经济活动进行任何干预B、任何一种符合帕累托效率的配置状态都能通过完全竞争市场来实现。
C、机械论的伦理基础是个人主义5.从效率的角度来看，公共产品最适规模所应满足的条件为：( B )A、社会边际效益等于产品边际成本B、每个人的边际效益等于其边际成本C、社会边际效益等于每个人的边际效益D、社会边际效益等于每个人的边际效益之和6.如果政府与私人公司签定合同，由该公司提供城市的绿化服务，政府支付该公司费用以补偿提供服务的成本。
在这种情况下，城市绿化这项服务在提供和生产上采用的是下述（ B ）种组合？A、公共提供，公共生产B、公共提供，私人生产C、市场提供，公共生产D、市场提供，私人生产7.以下哪一命题功利主义和罗尔斯主义都不能接受。
( C )A、只有在无知的面纱后面才能判断什么是公正的社会福利函数。
B、社会福利是个人效用的简单加总。
C、社会福利是由社会上境况最好的那个人的效用状况决定的。
D、社会福利是由社会上境况最糟的那个人的效用状况决定的。
财政学戴罗仙第三版课后题答案
财政学戴罗仙第三版课后题答案1. 如果政府课税改变了消费者以获取最大效用为目的的消费行为,或改变了生产者以获取最大利润为目的的市场行为,就会改变私人部门原来(税前)的资源配置状况,这种改变就被视为税收的非中性。
[判断题]对(正确答案)错2. 税收的无偿性,指的是国家征税以后,税款即为国家所有,既不需要偿还,也不需要对纳税人付出任何代价。
税收的无偿性与税收的强制性不同,它是绝对的。
[判断题] 对错(正确答案)3. 纳税人与负税人指的是同一人。
[判断题]对错(正确答案)4. 定额税率是对同一课税对象,不论其数额大小,统一按一个比例征税。
[判断题]对错(正确答案)5. 按课税对象的数量、重量、容量或体积等标准对课税对象予以度量的税收称为从量税。
[判断题]对(正确答案)错6. 供给弹性较小、需求弹性较大的商品的课税较易转嫁,供给弹性较大、需求弹性较小的商品的课税不易转嫁。
[判断题]对错(正确答案)7. 目前我国财政统计中的“财政收入”属于()。
[单选题]A.预算内收入(正确答案)B.预算外收人C.体制外收入D.预算内收入和预算外收人8. 目前世界各国取得财政收入的主要形式基本上是()。
[单选题]A.企业收入B.政府收入C.收费D.税收(正确答案)9. 政府部门对其所提供的公共设施的使用者按一定的标准收取的费用称为()。
[单选题]A.税收B.规费C.使用费(正确答案)D.罚没收入10. 计划经济体制下财政收入最主要的来源是()。
[单选题]A.税收B.债务C.企业利润(正确答案)D.收费11. 当价格总水平上升时,()最有利于提高财政在价格再分配中所占的份额。
[单选题]A.人头税B.定额资源税C.比例流转税D.累进所得税(正确答案)12. 制度外罚没属于()。
[单选题]A.预算内非税收入B.预算外非税收入C.制度外非税收入(正确答案)D.预算收入13. 政府推行赤字财政政策,实行国民收入超分配导致物价上涨甚至通货膨胀,政府会取得价格再分配所得,即通常所说的()。
罗森财政学第七版（英文版）配套习题及答案Chap012
罗森财政学第七版（英文版）配套习题及答案Chap012CHAPTER 12 - Taxation and Income DistributionMultiple-Choice Questions1. Statutory incidence of a tax deals witha) the amount of revenue left over after taxes.b) the amount of taxes paid after accounting for inflation.c) the person(s) legally responsible for paying the tax.d) the amount of tax revenue generated after a tax is imposed.e) none of the above.2. Taxesa) are mandatory payments.b) are necessary for financing government expenditures.c) do not directly relate to the benefit of government goods and services received.d) are all of the above.3. General equilibrium refers toa) examining markets without specific information.b) finding equilibrium from general information.c) pricing goods at their shadow price.d) all of the above.e) none of the above.4. A demand curve that is perfectly inelastic isa) horizontal.b) vertical.c) at a 45 degree angle.d) parallel to the X-axis.5. In 2002, the top 1% of all income earners paid _________ percent of federal taxes.a) 1.0b) 4.1c) 20.6d) 24.9e) 33.36. A tax on suppliers will cause the supply curve to shifta) up.b) down.c) right.d) left.e) in none of the above directions.7. A monopoly has ______ seller(s) in the market.a) 0b) 1c) 3d) manye) all of the above8. An ad valorem tax isa) given as a proportion of the price.b) Latin for “buyer beware.”c) identical to a unit tax.d) computed using the “inverse taxation rule.”9. An industry where the capital-labor ratio is relatively high is characterized asa) capital intensive.b) labor intensive.c) income intensive.d) market intensive.e) none of the above.10. Demand for cigarettes isa) relatively elastic.b) relatively inelastic.c) constant over time.d) greater among wealthier people.11. When marginal tax rates are constant,a) the change in taxes paid is the same as the change in income.b) the change in taxes paid is greater than the change in income.c) the change in taxes paid is less than the change in income.d) there are no taxes.e) none of the above.12. The tax-induced difference between the price paid by consumers and the price receivedby producers isa) the tax difference.b) the tax wedge.c) the statutory incidence.d) the supply side effect.e) the substitution effect.13. An oligopoly has ______ sellers in the market.a) 0b) 1c) 3d) manye) all of the above14. A tax on consumers will cause the demand curve to shifta) right.b) left.c) up.d) down.e) in none of the above directions.15. Partial equilibrium isa) exactly like general equilibrium.b) studying only the supply side of the market.c) studying individual markets.d) examining the demand side of the market.Discussion Questions1. Consider a monopolist who has a total cost curve of: TC=7X+(1/2)X2. The marketdemand equation is X d=386-(1/2)P.a) What are the equilibrium quantity, equilibrium price, and profits in this market?b) Suppose that a unit tax of $1 is placed on the monopolist. What happens to theequilibrium quantity, equilibrium price, and profits? How much tax revenue doesthe government generate?c) Suppose that the same unit tax of $1 is placed on consumers. What happens tothe equilibrium quantity, equilibrium price, and profits? How much tax revenuedoes the government generate?d) What can be said about the taxes?2. Refer to Figure 12.2 in your textbook. Suppose the original before-tax demand curve isX d = 49 – P/2. Suppose further that supply is X = P/2 – 1. Now suppose a $3 unit tax is imposed on consumers.a) What is the before-tax equilibrium price and quantity?b) What is the after-tax equilibrium quantity?c) How much tax revenue is raised?3. From Question 2 above, calculate the economic incidence incurred by producers and theeconomic incidence incurred by consumers.4. Suppose that demand is perfectly elastic. Supply is normal and upward sloping. What isthe economic incidence of a unit tax placed on suppliers?5. Suppose there is a market that has market demand characterized as X = 30 –P/3.Suppose further that market supply can be written as X = P/2 – 2.a) Find the equilibrium price and quantity in this market.b) If a unit tax of $16 is imposed on good X, what are the equilibrium price, quantity,and tax revenue in the market?c) Suppose an ad valorem tax of 30 percent is imposed on good X. The after-taxdemand equation would be X = 30 –P/2. Now find the equilibrium price,quantity, and tax revenue in the market.d) What can be said about the amount of tax revenue generated under each taxingscheme, and why?True/False/Uncertain Questions1. A unit tax is a fixed amount per unit of a commodity sold.2. Regressive tax systems are bad.3. In a general equilibrium model, a tax on a single factor in its use only in a particularsector can affect returns to all factors in all sectors.4. Due to capitalization, the burden of future taxes may be borne by current owners of aninelastically-supplied, durable commodity such as land.5. Even with a tax, the price that consumers pay will be higher than what producers receive.6. Ad valorem taxes create tax wedges just like unit taxes.7. After a price change, the substitution effect will be the same as the income effect.8. Marginal tax rates supply reliable measures of tax progressiveness.9. Unit taxes cause shifts, while ad valorem taxes cause pivots.10. A lump sum tax is one for which the individual’s liability does not depend on behavior. Essay Questions1. In the press, there has been a considerable amount of attention given to the notion ofcorporations being taxed. Explain how it is that a tax on a business could be borne entirely by consumers.2. Why is it the case that a commodity tax on goods like food and shelter is sometimes seenas being regressive?3. What types of goods might have demand curves that are vertical, and why?Answers to CHAPTER 12 - Taxation and Income Distribution Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. c2. a3. e4. b5. d6. d7. b8. a9. a10. b11. e12. b13. c14. b15. cAnswers to Discussion Questions1. a) X* = 153, P* = $466, π = $58522.5b) X* = 152.8, P* = $466.4, π = $58,369.6, Tax Rev. = $152.8c) X* = 152.8, P* = $465.4, π = $58,369.6, Tax Rev. = $152.8d) The tax revenue generated is the same, whether it is levied on the buyers or sellers.2. a) Setting before-tax demand equal to supply gives X* = 24, with P* = $50.b) The after-tax demand curve is now P = 95 –2X. Setting the after-tax demandcurve equal to supply gives X* = 23 ?.c) Tax revenue is the after-tax equilibrium quantity multiplied by the tax rate.Therefore, 3(23 ?) = 69 ?.3. The after-tax consumer price is now $51.5. The after-tax producer price is now $48.5.The before-tax price was $50. The economic incidence for consumers is 1.5(23.25) = $34.875. For producers, it is 1.5(23.25) = $34.875.4. The economic incidence of the tax is paid entirely by thesuppliers.5. a) Setting supply equal to demand and solving yields P* = $38.4 and X* = 17.2.b) The after-tax demand curve is now P = 74 –3X. Setting after-tax demand equal tosupply yields X* = 14, P* = $32 for suppliers, and P* = $48 for consumers. Tax revenue is $224.c) Setting the given after-tax demand equal to supply yields P* = $32 for suppliersand P* = $48 for consumers. Tax revenue is $224.d) The tax revenue and prices are the same using either taxing scheme.Answers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. T2. U3. T4. T5. F6. T7. U8. F9. T10. TAnswers to Essay Questions1. Elasticities play a key role in determining exactly how much of a tax is borne byconsumers and producers.2. Items like food and shelter require a larger percentage of discretionary income for thosein the lower income brackets than for those in higherbrackets.3. A demand curve that is vertical is one that is perfectly inelastic. This means that changesin the price do not affect the quantity demanded. Examples of this are certain medical supplies and, to a lesser extent, cigarettes, which have demand curves that are nearly inelastic.。
罗森财政学第七版(英文版)配套习题及答案Chap002
Test Bank to accompany Rosen’s PublicFinance, Seventh Edition Chapter 2CHAPTER 2 - Tools of Positive AnalysisMultiple-Choice Questions1. Positive economicsa) does not depend on market interactions.b) only looks at the best parts of the economy.c) examines how the economy actually works (as opposed to how it should work).d) is very subjective.2. The Law of Demand statesa) that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.b) that the judicial branch of government sets demand schedules.c) that laws can have no effect on market economies.d) none of the above.3. The function Y = f(X,Z) meansa) X multiplied by Y equals f.b) X + Y = Z.c) Y is a function of both X and Z.d) none of the above.4. If there is a function and one component is Y3, then there is a ____ in the function.a) square rootb) cubicc) cosined) circlee) all of the above5. Refer to Question 4 above. The equation containing Y3 would bea) linear.b) quadratic.c) a Nash equilibrium.d) inefficient.e) nonlinear.6. Marginal and average taxes area) calculated using the same methodology.b) not used in modern tax analysis.c) not calculated using the same methodology.d) all of the above.77. The slope of a regression line is calculated by dividinga) the intercept by the change in horizontal distance.b) the change in horizontal distance by the change in vertical distance.c) the change in horizontal distance by the intercept term.d) the change in vertical distance by the change in horizontal distance.e) none of the above.8. Unobserved influences on a regression are captured in thea) error term.b) parameters.c) regression line.d) significance term.e) regression coefficient.9. The following can be analyzed using econometrics:a) labor supply.b) market demand.c) tax-setting behavior.d) poverty.e) all of the above.10. Normative economicsa) does not depend on market interactions.b) only looks at the best parts of the economy.c) examines how the economy actually works (as opposed to how it should work).d) embodies value judgments.11. The Latin phrase ceteris paribus meansa) let the buyer beware.b) other things being the same.c) swim at your own risk.d) whatever will be will be.12. The substitution effecta) is when individuals consume more of one good and less of another.b) is associated with changes in relative prices.c) will have no effect if goods are unrelated.d) is all of the above.13. Self-selection bias affects empirical estimation bya) leading to samples that are not representative of the entire population.b) making estimators improved.c) increasing the accuracy of test results.d) doing none of the above.14. When different bundles of commodities give the same level of satisfaction, you area) said to be indifferent between the bundles.b) said to be confused.c) not able to make a decision.d) unhappy with any combination.e) none of the above.15. The marginal rate of substitution isa) the slope of the utility curve.b) the slope of the contract curve.c) the slope of the utility possibilities curve.d) none of the above.Discussion Questions1. Suppose tha t a competitive firm’s marginal cost of producing output q is given byMC=2+2q. Assume that the market price of the firm’s product is $13.a) What level of output will the firm produce?b) What is the firm’s producer surplus?2. Use the following function for elasticity: = -(1/s)(P/X), wheres is the slope of thedemand curve, P is the price, and X is the quantity demanded, tofind elasticity when demand is X d= 22-(1/4)P when the price of good Xis 20.3. Imagine that the demand for concert tickets can be characterized by the equation X d = 7 –P/5. The supply of tickets can be written as X d = -2 + P/5. Find the equilibrium price and quantity of concert tickets.True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Empirical analysis generally deals with theory and little data.2. Economists attempt, with moderate success, to perform controlled experiments makingpolicy analysis helpful.3. Regression coefficients are indicators of the impact of independent variables ondependent variables.4. Primary data sources include information gathered from interviews and experiments.5. Multiple regression analysis typically requires several computers.6. Econometrics is the statistical analysis of economic data.7. Theory is always necessary for empirical research.8. The demand for a good is not affected by the demand for arelated good.9. Equilibrium in the market is where supply is equal to demand.10. A model is a simplified description of some aspect of the economy.Essay Questions1. “S ince the social sciences are not like the natural sciences, experiments are a waste oftime.” Comment on the above statement.2. Discuss the concept in econometrics that states, “garbagein . . . garbage out.”3. It is possible that two different economists can examine the same situation, such asschool funding, and reach entirely different conclusions. Why is this so?。
财政学 哈维罗森 第七版 课后习题答案(英文)(2)
Chapter 7 – Income Redistribution: Conceptual Issues1. Utilitarianism suggests that social welfare is a function of individuals’ utilities. Whetherthe rich are vulgar is irrelevant, so this part of the statement is inconsistent with utilitarianism. O n the other hand, Stein’s assertion that inequality per se is unimportant is inconsistent with utilitarianism.2. a. To maximize W, set marginal utilities equal; the constraint is I s + I c = 100.So,400 - 2I s = 400 - 6I c.substituting I c = 100 - I s gives us 2I s = 6 (100 - I s ).Therefore, I s = 75, I c = 25.b.If only Charity matters, then give money to Charity until MU c = 0 (unless all themoney in the economy is exhausted first).So,400-6 I c = 0; hence, I c = 66.67.Giving any more money to Charity causes her marginal utility to become negative,which is not optimal. Note that we don’t care if the remaining money ($33.33) isgiven to Simon or not.If only Simon matters, then, proceeding as above, MU s. 0 if I s = 100; hence, givingall the money to Simon is optimal. (In fact, we would like to give him up to $200.)c.MU s = MU c for all levels of income. Hence, society is indifferent among alldistributions of income.3. The main conceptual problem with the poverty gap is that it doesn’t account fo r theincome effect on labor force participation rates. The poverty gap is calculated assuming there are no behavioral responses; e.g., that labor income would remain unchanged even after the income was transferred to the poor population, but economic theory predicts that this will not be so. In fact, if the poor household were given enough income to bring it out of poverty, we would believe that the household would work less as a result of receiving this transfer. This complicates the analysis, of course, because once the household works less, then it will generate less labor income, thus lowering its overall income. This means that the poverty gap actually understates the amount of money necessary to alleviate poverty in the United States. In addition, the poverty gap is based on the official poverty line, which is thought to be an ad-hoc measure of the true “needs”of a family.4. A day care center is an example of an in-kind compensation. The figure below is similarto Figure 8.2 in the text. The original budget line is G1 H1 If the employee received $5,000 cash, the budget line moves to G2 H2 . An employee who uses the day care center may not be $5,000 better off. The employee consumes at point A, but would be better off at point B, which represents consumption after a cash transfer of $5,000.5. a. This would increase the incomes of the providers of computer equipment and theindividuals who maintain the equipment. In the long run, this might also increasethe incomes of the students who use the equipment. Moreover, giving a laptop toall seventh graders (rather than poor seventh graders) may simply “crowd-out”computer transfers from parents to children. One could imagine that nowadaysmany children do have a computer at home, paid for by the parents. Thisgovernment transfer may simply result in less parental transfer to the child.b.Providing free after-school programs for children in impoverished families largelyacts as an in-kind transfer for poor, working households. The program is of littlevalue for unemployed households, as the alternative would be childcare at home.For those who are employed, and paying for childcare, this program provides analternative and effectively changes the after-tax, after-working-cost wage. Thisalso may affect work behavior on the extensive margin. The likely “losers” fromsuch a program are childcare providers, who see a reduction in demand for theirservices. In principle, this reduction in demand could lower the hourly childcarecost for all workers with children, though this effect is likely to be modest becausemost impoverished families do not have a very large labor force attachment and,thus, their effect on the childcare market as a whole is likely to be small.6. a. False. Society is indifferent between a util to each individual, not a dollar to eachindividual. Imagine that U L=I and U J=2I. Then each dollar given to Jonathanraises welfare more than the same dollar given to Lynne.b. True. The social welfare function assumes a cardinal interpretation of utility sothat comparisons across people are valid.c. False. Departures from complete equality raise social welfare to the extent thatthey raise the welfare of the person with the minimum level of utility. Forexample, with the utility functions U L=I and U J=2I, the social welfare functionW=min[U L,U J] would allocate twice as much income to Lynne than Jonathan.7. Initially the price of food was $2 and the price of other goods was $1. The black marketfor food stamps changes the price of food sold to $1. In Figure 7.2 of the textbook, as one moves to the “northwest” from point F, the segment will now have a slope (in absolute value) of 1 rather than 2. The black market may make the individual better off if the best point on her budget constraint AFD was initially at the corner solution of point F, and the black market certainly does not make her worse off. It is important to note that the black market does not always make the recipient better off. If the (absolute value) of the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) were between 1 and 2, the indifference curve would not “cut” into the new part of the budget constraint with the black market.If the MRS were less than (or equal to) 1 in absolute value, the person would be made better off and would reduce food consumption by selling the food stamps on the black market.Food StampGuarantee Food8. Pareto efficient redistribution is a reallocation of income that increases (or does notdecrease) the utility of all consumers. With these two consumers, Marsha’s utility increases as Sherry’s utility increases. Thus, it may be possible to reallocate income from Marsha to Sherry and raise both of their utility. With Sherry’s initial utility function of U S=100Y S1/2, her utility with $100 of income is U S=100($100)1/2, or U S=1,000. With Marsha’s initial utility function of U M=100Y M1/2+0.8U S, her utility with $100 of income is U M=100($100)1/2+0.8(1,000), or U M=1,800. If the social welfare function is additive, then initial welfare is W=U S+U M=1,000+1,800=2,800. If $36 is reallocated from Marsha to Sherry, then Sherry’s income is now $136 and Marsha’s is now $64. With Sherry’s utility function, her utility with $136 of income is U S=100($136)1/2, or U S=1,166.190.With Marsha’s utility function, her utility with $64 of income is U M=100($64)1/2+0.8(1,166.190), or U M=800+932.952=1,732.952. In this case, Sherry’s utility increases from 1,000 to 1,166.190, while Marsha’s utility falls from 1,800 to 1,732.952. Social welfare increases with this redistribution, going from 2,800 to 2,899.142. Thus, this redistribution increases social welfare, but is not Pareto efficient redistribution.Chapter 8 – Expenditure Programs for the Poor1. a. Note that the figure below shows the correct shape of the budget constraint, butthe numbers themselves are outdated. With a wage rate of $10 per hour,Elizabeth earns $100. Because the deduction in California is $225, none of herearnings are counted against the $645 welfare benefit. Thus, her total income is$745 (=$100+$645).b.The actual welfare benefits collected by a person equals B=G-t(Earnings-D),where B=actual benefits, G=welfare grant, t=tax rate on earned income, andD=standard deduction. Thus, (Earnings-D) is the net earnings that are taxed awayin the form of reduced benefits. When benefits equal zero (B=0), the expressionbecomes 0=G-t(Earnings-D), which collapses to: Earnings=G/t+D. This is knownas the “breakeven formula.” In the California context here, the expressionbecomes Earnings=$645/0.5 + 225, or Earnings=$1,515. With a wage rate of $10per hour, this corresponds to 151.5 hours of work per month.c.The diagram shows the correct shape of the budget constraint, but the “577” figureshould be r eplaced with “645” and the “9” hours should be replaced with “22.5”.d.The diagram above shows one possibility – in this case, Elizabeth is both workingand on welfare – but she collects a reduced welfare benefit in this case.2. One could gather data on the earnings of those in the program, as well as earnings datafrom nonparticipants. Regress the earnings variable on demographic variables and other factors that determine earnings (such as education and experience), and a variable that indicates whether the individual participated in the training program. Factors that affect local employment conditions, such as unemployment levels, may help explain earnings, but they may also explain participation in the program. The econometric strategy should be chosen carefully to account for this.3. If the quantity of leisure consumed by X appears as an argument in the utility function ofY, then X’s consumption of leisure creates an externality. If the externality is negative(i.e., Y likes X to work), then a wage subsidy of X might induce him to work the efficientnumber of hours. Alternatively, a workfare program might achieve the same goal by simply forcing X to work. However, to the extent that the feasible quantity of labor supply is determined less through market incentives now, workfare would be less efficient.4. He participates in the public housing program as long as P1P2ca cef.5. As illustrated below, the budget constraint with food stamps has a “notch” in it, similar tothe analysis of Medicaid in Figure 8.9 of the textbook. At the notch, the marginal tax rate is greater than 100%. One key difference from the figure in the textbook is that the marginal tax rate on earned income for Medicaid is 0% until the “Medicaid notch,” while the marginal tax rate on earned income for food stamps is 24% until the “food stamp notch.” The reason the food stamp notch exists at all is that there is a “gross income test,” where a recipient is ineligible if income is higher than the limit. The characterization in the Rosen textbook on page 189 that “at some point near the poverty line, food stamps worth about $1,250 are suddenly lost” implicitly assumes that childcare costs are quite high. This is likely to be true for many households. In the year 2004, this monthly (annual) gross income limit was $1,994 per month ($23,928 per year) for a family of four, while the monthly guarantee was $471 ($5,652 per year). Assuming the family had earnings at the limit of $1,994 of earnings during the month, and after applying a 20% earnings deduction and a $134 monthly standard deduction, the household would receive a monthly (annual) benefit of $32 ($384). We arrive at this number using the equation B=G-t(E-.2E-D)=471-.3(.8*1994-134)=$471-$438.36=$32.64, which is then rounded down to $32. In this case, B=actual benefits received, G=food stamp guarantee, t=tax rate, E=earnings, and D=standard deduction. Increasing annualearnings by $1 from $23,928 to $23,929 would reduce food stamp benefits from $384 to $0; hence the “food stamp notch.” This notch would be even higher if the household qualified for a childcare deduction, child support deduction, or shelter deduction. The childcare deduction ranges between $175 and $200 per child per month. Assuming this family of four consisted of a mother and three children, each with $175 of monthly childcare costs, then B=G-t(E-.2E-D-C)=471-.3(.8*1994-134-525)=$471-$280.86=$190.14, which is then rounded down to $190. The modification here is that C=childcare costs. This amount corresponds to an annual food stamp benefit of $2,280. Figure 8.5 below draws the budget constraint using annual levels for the food stamp program, using 2004 rules and assumes no childcare expenses.6. For an individual who is not working while on welfare, in this case the highestindifference curve touches the budget constraint on the right vertical axis. Note that the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) does not necessarily equal the after-tax wage rate at the time endowment – rather, it is possible that the person would want to consume more leisure than the time endowment but is obviously constrained from doing so.Leisure$23,928Leisure7.In all cases, the demand curve for housing slopes downward. a. If the price of low income housing gets bid up but there is no increase in the stock of housing, then the supply curve is perfectly inelastic, e.g., vertical.Q 0Q HOUSINGFIGURE 8.7a – Demand curve shiftsb.If there is no increase in the price of housing, but there is an increase in the stockof housing, then the supply curve is perfectly elastic, e.g., horizontal.Q 0Q HOUSINGFIGURE 8.7b – Demand curve shifts Q 1c.If there is an increase in both the price and quantity of housing, then the supplycurve slopes upward.According to Sinai and Waldfogel, there is partial crowding out, consistent with case cabove. Although the underlying housing stock itself is probably quite inelastic in the short-run, the number of rental homes can be more elastic as (potential) landlords convert vacation homes or vacant homes into rental units.8. a.When Eleanor’s hours (earnings) go from 0 to 1,000 ($0 to $8,000), she qualifiesfor an additional earned income tax credit (EITC) worth $3,200 (=0.4*8,000).Thus, her income goes up from $0 to $11,200. Note to instructors – thedistinction between earnings and income may cause confusion in the students’answers. b.When Eleanor’s hours (earnings) go from 1,000 to 1,500 ($8,000 to $12,000), shequalifies for the maximum EITC (according to Figure 8.8 in the textbook). Shereceives the full EITC when her earnings exceed $10,510, at which time the creditequals $4,204 (=0.4*$10,510). The earnings between $10,510 and $12,000 face neither a subsidy nor phase-out from the EITC. Thus, her income goes up from $11,200 to $16,204.c. When Eleanor’s hours (earnings) go from 1,500 to 2,000 ($12,000 to $16,000),she moves into the range where the EITC is phased out. According to Figure 8.8 Q 0Q HOUSINGFIGURE 8.7c – Demand curve shifts outward,Q 1in the textbook, she receives the maximum subsidy of $4,204 until her earningsexceed $14,730. For the marginal earnings between $14,730 and $16,000, theEITC is reduced at a 21.06% tax rate. Thus, her EITC falls by $267.46 from$4,204 to $3,936.54 (=4,204-0.2106*(16,000-14,730)). Her income rises from$16,204 to $19,936.54.Chapter 9 – Social Insurance I: Social Security and Unemployment Insurance1. With adverse selection, insurance contracts with more comprehensive coverage arechosen by people with higher unobserved accident probabilities. To make up for the fact that a benefit is more likely to be paid to such individuals, the insurer charges a higher premium per unit of insurance coverage.2. There are many possible implications of a voluntary Social Security system. Onepossibility is that people would save less for retirement, betting that society would not put up with having great numbers of elderly poor. Part of the effect of the Friedman program, then, would depend on the government's credibility when it promises not to bail out people who do not save enough to survive during retirement.3. Use the basic formula for balance in a pay-as-you-go social security system:t =(N b/N w)*(B/w).Call 1990 year 1 and 2050 year 2. Thent1 = .267*(B/w)1t2 = .458*(B/w)2It follows that to keep (B/w)1=(B/w)2 we require t2/t1=.458/.267=1.71. That is, tax rates would have to increase by 71 percent. Similarly, to keep the initial tax rate constant, we would require (B/w)2/(B/w)1=.267/.458=0.58. Benefits would have to fall almost by half.4. If Social Security benefits are partially taxed for those who have other income over acertain level, then there is an implicit means test in receiving full, untaxed benefits.However, there is no explicit means test for eligibility for the program. Everyone receives benefits, though some recipients must pay some tax on them. Thus, the two statements are somewhat inconsistent with each other.5. Austen’s quote seems like it could relate adverse selection, but perhaps more likely, tomoral hazard. The q uote “If you observe, people always live forever when there is any annuity to be paid them” in a sense sounds like they act differently (e.g., better diet, more exercise, etc.) when an annuity is to be paid –the idea of moral hazard. In contrast, adverse selection suggests that people who expect to live a long time to be the ones who purchase annuities. A recent paper by Finkelstein and Poterba (NBER working paper, December 2000) found that “mortality patterns are consistent with models of asymmetric inf ormation” and that annuity “insurance markets may be characterized by adverse selection.”6. Equation (9.1) relates taxes paid into the Social Security system to the dependency ratioand the replacement ratio, that is, t=(N b/ N w)*(B/w). If the goal of public policy is to maintain a constant level of benefits, B, rather than a constant replacement ratio, (B/w), then taxes may not need to be raised. If there is wage growth (through productivity), then it is possible to maintain B at a constant level, even if the dependency ratio is growing.By rearranging the equation, we can see that B=t*w*(N b/ N w)-1. That is, increases in wage rates (the second term) offset increases in the dependency ratio (the third term).Thus, constant benefits do not necessarily imply higher tax rates.7. The statement about how the different rates of return in the stock market and governmentbond market affect the solvency of the trust fund is false. If the trust fund buys stocks, someone else has to buy the government bonds that it was holding. So, there is no new saving and no new capacity to take care of future retirees.8. Diamond and Gruber’s calculations suggest that the additional year of work (and delayedretirement) lowers the present discounted value of expected Social Security wealth by $4,833. If the adjustment were actuarially fair, Social Security wealth would neither rise nor fall. Since wealth falls, the adjustment is actuarially unfair.9. For those who argue that the scheme for financing Social Security is unfair becausepeople with low earnings are taxed at a higher rate than those with high earnings, the key issue is that the cumulative payroll tax of 12.4 percent is capped for each person, after which the payroll tax is zero (this ignores the 2.9 percent uncapped Medicare tax, however). The earnings ceiling in 2004 is $87,900. Hence, Social Security payroll taxes as a share of earnings fall after the ceiling is passed – thus, the Social Security payroll tax may be thought of as regressive. The opponents to this view note that the above analysis only focuses on taxes paid, not benefits received. As shown in Table 9.3, Social Security redistributes from high earners to low earners, and the formula for the primary insurance amount offers extremely high replacement rates to very low earners, and much lower replacement rates to high earners. Thus, the net tax payment(taxes minus benefits) is likely to be progressive, not regressive. One critical assumption in this kind of analysis is how one computes lifetime benefits –e.g., do we assume that low earners and high earners live the same number of years?10. Let G stand for the individual’s gross earnings. The question assumes that the personfaces a marginal tax rate of 15% and a payroll tax of 7.45%. Thus, the person’s after-tax earnings (denoted by N) are N=(1-t earn-t payroll)G, or N=(1-0.15-0.0745)G, or N=0.7755G.It is assumed that the gross unemployment benefits, U, are equal to 50 percent of before-tax earnings, or U=0.5G. Net unemployment benefits, B, take out income taxes, so B=(1-t earn)U=(1-t earn)0.5G=(1-0.15)0.5G=0.425G. The percentage of the individual’s after-tax income that is replaced by UI is therefore equal to B/N, or 0.425G/0.7755G, which is approximately 54.8%.Unemployment benefits are about 55% of the individual’s previous after-tax income. The effects of unemployment insurance on unemployment area matter of considerable debate. While the high replacement rates from UI may increasethe duration of unemployment, the longer search time may reduce recurrence of unemployment by allowing time for a worker to find a better job match. Empiricalstudies seem to show that the hazard rate into employment spikes up around the time that benefits run out – perhaps suggesting that job matches are not really improving.Chapter 10 – Social Insurance II: Health Care1. The quotation contains several serious errors. First, concern with health care costs doesnot mean that health care is not a “good.” Economists do not care about the cost of health care per se. Rather, the issue is whether there are distortions in the market that lead to more than an efficient amount being consumed. Second, it makes a lot of difference how money is spent. One can create employment by hiring people to dig ditches and then fill them up, but this produces nothing useful in the way of goods and services. Thus, employment in the health care sector is not desirable in itself. It is desirable to the extent that it is associated with the production of an efficient quantity of health care services.2. a. Those who have a relatively high probability of needing the insurance are the oneswho are most likely to buy it. This raises the premium, which in turn, leads toselection by people who have an even higher probability of using it. The cyclecontinues until the price is so high that virtually no one purchases the policy.b.Employer-provided health insurance is deductible to the employer and not taxed tothe employee.c.Because of the tax subsidy, individuals may purchase more than the efficientamount of health insurance. That is, they “over-insure.” An interesting exampleof how the tax system leads to overinsurance is given in a recent Wall StreetJournal (January 19, 2004) article by Martin Feldstein. He gives an example oftwo different California Blue Cross health plans – identical in all respects exceptfor the deductible and annual premiums. The low-deductible plan (the “generous”plan) has a deductible of $500 per family member, up to a maximum of two andan annual premium of $8,460. Thus, the maximum out-of-pocket expense is$1,000. The high-deductible plan (the “less generous” plan) has a deductible of$2,500 per family member, up to a maximum of two, and an annual premium of$3,936. Thus, the maximum out-of-pocket expense is $5,000. Note that thepremium savings of $4,524 actually exceeds the maximum incremental deductiblepayment of $4,000 (which would only occur if the family had very high healthexpenses). In principle, the high deductible plan is unambiguously better. But thetraditional tax rules could lead an employer to choose the low deductible policy.If the employee faced a marginal tax rate of 45% (the sum of federal, state, andpayroll tax rates), then if the $4,524 premium saving was turned into taxablesalary, the individual’s net income would only rise by $2,488. Thus, families withhigh expected medical expenses do better with the “generous” plan, even though itis more costly in terms of premiums.3. a. D d=4.22–(0.044)(50)=2 visits per year.Total expenditure =(2)(50)=$100b.Now the individual pays only $5 per visit.D d = 4.22 – (0.044)(5) = 4 visits, with out-of-pocket costs of $20.Insurance company pays ($45)(4) = $180Total expenditure = $200, double its previous level.4. Examining Figure 10.1, we can see why health care costs increased for the state ofTennessee. As insurance coverage increases, this lowers the cost of medical expenses for those who were previously did not have insurance, which increases the overall amount of medical services they consume. Before receiving insurance, these people demand M o units of medical services, and the amount they pay is represented by the area OP o aM o.But after receiving insurance coverage, they demand M1amounts of medical services, paying only OjhM1, while their insurance pays jP o bh. The increase in insurance payments is sizable for two reasons – first, by providing coverage, it pays for the majority of the already sizable medical expenses incurred by this group, and second, the introduction of insurance makes the group consume even more medical services. In short, if the people who designed the Tennessee program had realized that the demand curve for medical services is downward sloping, they would not have been surprised at the consequences of their program.To explain why HMOs have been unable to contain long-run health care costs, it is necessary to consider the effect of technology on health care costs in the long-term. The inherent problem is that the market for medical care places a large premium on using the latest and most-developed medicines and machinery for treating patients. These technologies tend to be expensive. Hence, while introducing HMOs can lead to a once and for all decrease in the rate of change in health care costs, there is nothing that an HMO can do to lower the cost of continually providing the latest in medical treatments. 5. The goal of making the Medicare prescription drug benefit a one-time, permanentdecision is to reduce the adverse selection problem (no te: the current “Medigap”program operates in this manner to some extent – a senior citizen has choice over all 10 of the Medigap plans for only a short period of time after they turn 65, after which they may be denied based on their health). Imagine a cohort of people turning age 65 and becoming eligible for the Medicare drug benefit. If the decision to enter (or exit) could be made every year, then healthy senior citizens would have a strong incentive to wait until they became unhealthy and needed drugs, and then enter the prescription drug program (presumably resulting in economic losses for the program). Similarly, when people who were collecting the prescription drug benefit became healthy, they would have a strong incentive to “opt-out” of the prog ram. By making the decision opt-in at the beginning or not at all, the healthy younger seniors are likely initially cross-subsidizing the older seniors. Note that this “opt-in at the beginning” works because bad health and older age are positively correlated with each other. If, for example, younger seniors used more drugs (and perhaps older seniors used more inpatient care, etc.), then older seniors could simply stop paying annual premiums and give up their option of being in the program. If this scenario held empirically, this would exacerbate the adverse selection problem and the opt-in scenario would not completely solve the adverse selection problem.6. The budget constraint initially has units of Medigap on the x-axis, and other goods on they-axis. Given initial prices of $1 per unit for each good, and $30,000 of income, the budget constraint has a slope of -1, and the intercepts on both axes are at 30,000 units. It is assumed that the initial utility maximizing bundle consumes 5,000 units of Medigap, hence the indifference curve is tangent at (5000,25000). All of this is illustrated in the figure below.Medigapefficiency units30,000 5,000After the “minimum Medigap” mandate, the consumer can either choose 0 units of Medigap or 8,000 or more units of Medigap. Thus, part of the budget constraint is eliminated (though the overall shape remains the same as before). After the mandate, the point (0,30000) is available, as well as all of the points to the southeast of the point (8000,22000). Clearly, the person’s utility must fall since the preferred choice, (5000,25000) is no longer available. If the person attains a higher level of utility as (0,30000) compared with (8000,22000), the person chooses to not purchase Medigap. In this case, the marginal rate of substitution is no longer equal to the price ratio. This is illustrated below.Medigapefficiency units30,000 5,000 8,000。
罗森 财政学 第七版(英文版) 配套习题及答案Chap004
CHAPTER 4 - Public GoodsMultiple-Choice Questions1. Public goods are characterized bya) nonrivalness.b) excludability.c) the sum of the MRSs equaling MRT.d) all of the above.2. Market mechanisms are unlikely to providea) prices.b) nonrival goods efficiently.c) supply and demand.d) none of the above.3. A pure private good isa) nonrival in consumption and subject to exclusion.b) rival in consumption and subject to exclusion.c) rival in consumption and not subject to exclusion.d) all of the above.4. Commodity egalitarianism refers to commodities thata) are important for most consumers.b) are too dangerous for most consumers.c) should be made available to all consumers.d) are good ideas but never produced.e) are produced in bulk.5. Charging individual prices that are based on consumers’ willingness to pay isa) government price supports.b) will pricing.c) second tier pricing.d) price discrimination.6. Equilibrium for public goods is characterized bya) MSB = MSB.b) MRS = MRT.c) MRS = MRS = MRS=…=MRS = MRT.d) MC = MB.e) MRS – MRT = MSB.7. Summing demand curves horizontally sends market ______________ to individuals,while summing vertically sends market ______________ to individuals.a) price; priceb) quantity; quantityc) quantity; priced) price; quantity8. Public goods can bea) provided privately.b) provided publicly.c) subject to free rider problems.d) all of the above.9. A ________ is a person who wants to enjoy the benefits of a public good withoutcontributing his or her marginal benefit to the cost of financing the amount made.a) free riderb) politicianc) price makerd) price optimizer10. Congestible public goodsa) are nonrival in consumption.b) can not be priced in the market.c) are rival in consumption.d) are never provided by the private sector.11. A private good isa) nonrival in consumption.b) subject to free rider problems.c) subject to exclusion.d) not subject to exclusion.e) none of the above.12. When those that do not contribute to the costs of a public good are denied use, this is acase ofa) exclusion.b) being nonrival.c) price discrimination.d) infeasibility.e) all of the above.13. Which of the following is a public good?a) public defenseb) public televisionc) a libraryd) schoolse) all of the above14. Pure private goods are supplied througha) the market.b) government taxes.c) merit pricing.d) none of the above.15. School vouchers area) provided by the government.b) provided by private organizations.c) public funds to be used for private tuition.d) all of the above.Discussion Questions1. Suppose there are two individuals with identical demand curves characterized by theequation Q = (33/2) – (P/2). What is market demand if these demand curves are added horizontally? Vertically?2. Redo problem 10 of Chapter 4 in your textbook. Assume now that the marginal cost ofgetting snow plowed is now $24.3. Use the answer you found when adding market demand curves vertically in Question 1above to find the market equilibrium quantity if the market supply is constant at 10.4. Suppose you are given the following demand curves: Q = 32 – P and Q = 16 – (P/2).Add these two demand curves vertically and find the market demand curve.5. Suppose there is a public good that has market supply characterized by the equation X =(P/3) – (32/3). Suppose further that market demand for this good can be characterized by the equation X = 25 –P. Find the equilibrium quantity of the public good that will be supplied.True/False/Uncertain Questions1. The free rider problem causes less than optimal production of a public good.2. Pure private goods are nonrival in consumption.3. Most goods that are nonexcludable are pure public goods.4. Vertical summation of demand curves yield results equivalent to those of horizontalsummation.5. Increasing the quantity of a pure public good can be done at zero cost.6. Demand curves for pure public goods satisfy the law of demand.7. Pure public goods involve positive externalities.8. Increases in spending on education will lead to an increase in student performance.9. Privatization means taking services that are supplied by the government and turning themover to the private sector for provision.10. Private goods are always provided by the private sector.Essay Questions1. You have read that the free rider problem affects equilibrium in a public good context.Explain how this situation can be modeled as a prisoner’s dilemma game.2. Discuss and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of public highways versus tollroads.3. Some economists believe that public schools would improve if they were subjected tocompetition. Discuss the pros and cons of this idea.。
税收学 罗森课后讨论题和答案
一、税收与收入分配1、根据Goolsbee的估计，网上购物对税率的敏感度很高，如果对这类购物按现行销售税征税，就会大大降低在线购物者人数和在线支出数额。
如何认识网上销售征税的税收归宿？These reports about demand sensitivity suggest that there is a very elastic demand curve for goods sold over the Internet. Because of this high elasticity, the incidence of a tax levied on Internet sales is primarily borne by producers, not consumers.2、在任一产量水平上，物品X的平均成本都等于其边际成本，假定X的市场是竞争的，且需求曲线是线性的。
试分析对X课征单位税u美元的影响。
假定X的市场是垄断的，征同样的税会有何影响。
讨论两种情况的差异。
3、用一般均衡框架，讨论对香烟征税的可能归宿。
One expects that those factors that are used intensively in tobacco production will bear the burden of the tax.Assuming, for example, that tobacco production is capital-intensive, one expects owners of all capital (not just those with investments in tobacco) to bear some of the burden.4、假定在某一理想的国家里，香烟的需求为：Q D=2000-200P，式中Q D是需求的数量（包），p是每包烟的价格。
香烟的供给是Q S=200P。
罗森《财政学》期中考试卷(附答案)
注意：答案按题号顺序写在答题纸上，写在本试卷或草稿纸上一律不给分，考试时间120分钟，满分100分。
一、名词解释（15*1=15分）1．正常品 2．帕累托效率 3．契约曲线 4．边际转换率5．外部性 6．公共物品 7．免费搭车者 8．科斯定理9．庇古税 10．多数票规则 11．投票悖论 12．单峰偏好13．影子价格 14．消费者剩余 15．成本——收益分析二、单选题（20*1=20分）1．下列哪项不属于准实验研究的缺陷？（ ）A ．不能真实模仿处理组的随机分派B ．不是估计政府计划影响的可靠方法C ．能够应用的研究问题有限D ．面临如何将结果推广到其他背景和讨论的问题2．在财政学中，实证研究的一个重要目的是，估计政府政策与某种行为之间的（ ）。
A ．因果关系B ．相关关系C ．统计关系D ．回归关系3．在埃奇沃斯框图中的契约曲线上，所有消费者的（ ）都相等。
A ．帕累托效率B ．边际效用C ．边际替代率D ．边际转换率4．在生产可变的情况下，af af MRT =MRS 是帕累托效率的（ ）。
A ．充分条件B ．必要条件C ．充分必要条件D ．扩展条件5．（ ）告诉我们，竞争的经济会“自动地”实现有效的资源配置，无须任何集权性指导。
A ．政府机械论B ．科斯定理C ．第一福利定理D ．第二福利定理6．政府对产生外部正效应的经济主体进行补贴，带来了各种影响，下面说法错误的是（ ）A ．促进了社会整体福利水平的提高B ．降低了该企业的生产成本C ．降低了该企业的均衡产量D ．有效地纠正了外部性7．（ ）意味着一个人对某物品的消费并不妨碍其他任何人对它的消费。
A ．非干扰性B ．非拒绝性C ．非排他性D ．非竞争性8．在消费理论中，追求效用最大化的个人，使消费品A 对消费品B 的边际替代率等于二者的（）。
厦门大学本科课程《财政学》期中试卷＿＿学院＿＿系 年级 ＿＿专业主考教师： 冯俊诚 试卷类型：（A 卷）A．边际效用之比B．边际转换率C．相对效用D．相对价格9．第二福利定理指出，社会通过适当地安排（），然后让人们彼此自由地交易，就可以实现帕累托效率资源配置。