步进电机及其驱动系统简介中英文翻译

步进电机及其驱动系统简介中英文翻译Step characteristics for machine for angular displacement for

entering the electrical engineering is first kind will give or get

an electric shocking the pulse signal conversion cowgirl or line potential moving battery carry outing a piece, having the fast stopping, accurate step entering and directly accepting the arithmetic figure measuring, because of but got the extensive application.Such as in the drafting machine, print the machine and optical instrument inside, and all adopt the inside of a place control system for entering the

electrical engineering to positioning to paint the pen print head or optical prinipal, especially indrstry process the type control, and move to spread to feel the to can immediately attain the precision fixed position because of its precision and need not potential, and control the technique along with the calculator of continuously deveolp, applied to would be more and more extensive.

Control and can is divided into the simple control sum the complicacy

to control to motor two kind.The simple control points to proceeds

to start to motor, the system move, positive and negative revolution and sequential https://www.360docs.net/doc/0315928799.html,plicacy the control point to the motor's revolving speed, screw angle, turning moment, tension, electric current etc. physics quantisty progress control.Control technique that the

development that motor get force is in latest development achievement that

micro-electronics technique, electric power electronics, spread to feel the the technique, automatic control the technique, tiny machine the application technique to wait.Exactly the advance of these techniques make the motor control the technique at near two 10-year insides change for turn overing the ground of day is take placed.Among them the motor's control division have already been controled by emulation gradually let locate to regard single flake machine as principle of microprocessor control, formation the mix control system of the arithmetic figure and emulation and the application of the pure arithmetic figure control system, combine control the direction to total amount word to quickly deveolp.The motor's drive part of power for using the piece experienced a few renewals

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to change the on behalf, current switch speed sooner, more simple whole

type power piece of control the MOSFET become the main current with IGBT.

Stepper motors have the following benefits:

? Low cost

? Ruggedness

? Simplicity in construction

? High reliability

? No maintenance

? Wide acceptance

? No tweaking to stabilize

? No feedback components are needed

? They work in just about any environment

? Inherently more failsafe than servo motors.

There is virtually no conceivable failure within the stepper drive module that could cause the motor to run away. Stepper motors are simple to drive and control in an open-loop configuration. They only

require four

leads. They provide excellent torque at low speeds, up to 5 times

the

continuous torque of a brush motor of the same frame size or double the

torque of the equivalent brushless motor. This often eliminates the need

for a gearbox. A stepper-driven-system is inherently stiff, with known

limits to the dynamic position error.

Stepper Motor Disadvantages

Stepper motors have the following disadvantages:

? Res onance effects and relatively long settling

times

? Rough performance at low speed unless a

microstep drive is used

? Liability to undetected position loss as a result of

operating open-loop

? They consume current regardless of load

conditions and therefore tend to run hot

? Losses at speed are relatively high and can cause

excessive heating, and they are frequently noisy

(especially at high speeds).

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? They can exhibit lag-lead oscillation, which is

difficult to damp. There is a limit to their available

size, and positioning accuracy relies on the

mechanics (e.g., ballscrew accuracy). Many of

these drawbacks can be overcome by the use of

a closed-loop control scheme.

Note: The Compumotor Zeta Series minimizes or

reduces many of these different stepper motor disadvantages.

There are three main stepper motor types:

? Permanent Magnet (P.M.) Motors

? Variable Reluctance (V.R.) Motors

? Hybrid Motors

When the motor is driven in its full-step mode, energizing two windings or “phases” at a time (see Fig. 1.8), the torque available on

each step will be the same (subject to very small variations in the motor

and drive characteristics). In the half-step mode, we are

alternately

energizing two phases and then only one as shown in Fig. 1.9. Assuming

the drive delivers the same winding current in each case, this will cause

greater torque to be produced when there are two windings energized. In

other words, alternate steps will be strong and weak. This does not represent a major deterrent to motor performance—the available torque

is obviously limited by the weaker step, but there will be a significant

improvement in low-speed smoothness over the full-step mode.

Applications in hazardous environments

or in a vacuum may not be able to use a brushed motor. Either a stepper or a brushless motor is called for, depending on the demands of the load.

Bear in mind that heat dissipation may be a problem in a vacuum when the

loads are excessive.

continuous duty applications suit the servo motor, and in fact a

step motor should be avoided in such applications because the high-speed losses

can cause excessive motor heating.

are the natural domain of the stepper due to its high torque at low speeds, good torque-to-inertia ratio and lack of commutation problems.

The brushes of the DC motor can limit its potential for frequent starts,

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stops and direction changes.

continuous duty applications are appropriate to the step motor. At low speeds it is very efficient in terms of torque output relative

to both

size and input power. Microstepping can be used to improve smoothness in

lowspeed applications such as a metering pump drive for very

accurate flow

control.

Stepper motor is a stepper motor for precise electrical and mechanical

actuators, which are widely used in industrial machinery, digital control,

for the system reliability, interoperability, maintainability, and

cost-optimal, according to the control system functional requirements and

Control system through the microcontroller memory, I/O interface, interrupt, keyboard, LED display of the expansion of the annular distributor stepping motor, drive and protection circuit, man-machine

interface circuit, interrupt system and reset circuit, a single voltage

drive circuit, etc.designed to achieve a four-phase stepper motor rotating, and emergency stop functions. To achieve the stepping

motor

system in NC Machine Tools, system design, two external interrupts,

in

order to achieve within a certain period of time stepper motor repeated

Reversible function, ie, the turret CNC automatic feed movement.

With the

continuous development of single chip microcomputer, microcontroller in

household electronic products widely applied, since the since the early

sixties, the stepper motor applications are greatly enhanced. People use

it to drive the clock and other instruments with pointers, printers,

plotters, disk CD-ROM drive, a variety of automatic control valves, various tools, as well as robots and other mechanical devices. In addition,as the acIn addition, as the actuator, stepper motor is one of

mechanical and electrical integration of the key products are widely used

in a variety of automatic control systems, microelectronics and computer

technology with the development of its requirements with the Japanese fear

of growing in all the field of application of the national economy has. Stepper motor digital control system of electromechanical

actuators commonly used, due to its high precision, small size, flexible

to control, so the smart meter and position control has been widely used

in large-scale integrated circuits technology development, and SCM The

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increasing popularity of design features, the lowest price of the stepper

motor control driver provides advanced technology and adequate resources.

步进电机是一种将电脉冲信号转换成相应的角位移或线位移的机电执行元

件，具有快速启停、精确步进以及直接接受数字量的特点，因而得到了广泛的应

用。如在绘图机、打印机及光学仪器中，都采用步进电机来定位绘图笔印字头或

光学镜头，特别是工业过程式控制的位置控制系统中，由于它的精确以及不用位

移传感器即可达到精确定位，随着计算机控制技术的不断发展,应用会越来越广

泛。

对电动机控制可分为简单控制和复杂控制两种。简单控制是指对电动机进行启动、制动、正反转和顺序控制。复杂控制是指对电动机的转速、转角、转矩、

电压、电流等物理量进行控制。电动机的控制技术的发展得力于微电子技术、电

力电子技术、传感器技术、自动控制技术、微机应用技术等的最新发展成就。正

是这些技术的进步使电动机控制技术在近二十年内发生了天翻地覆的变化。其中

电动机的控制部分已由模拟控制逐渐让位于以单片机为主的微处理器控制，形成

数字与模拟的混合控制系统和纯数字控制系统的应用，并正向全数字控制方向快

速发展。电动机的驱动部分所用的功率器件经历了几次更新换代，目前开关速度

更快、控制更容易的全控型功率器件MOSFET和IGBT成为主流。

步进电机有以下好处：

（1）成本低廉（2）坚固耐用（3）结构简单（4）高可靠性（5）无维修（6）适用广泛（7）稳定性很高（8）无需反馈元件（8）适应多种工作环境（9）相对

伺服电机更具有保险性。

因此，几乎没有任何可以想象的失败使步进驱动模块出错。步进电机驱动简单，并且驱动和控制在一个开放的闭环系统内。他们只需要4个驱动器。低速时，驱动器提供良好的扭矩，是有刷电机同一帧大小5倍连续力距，或相当于无刷电机一倍扭矩。这往往不再需要变速箱。步进驱动系统迟缓，在限定的范围内，可以更好的减少动态位置误差。

步进电机弊端。

步进电机有下列缺点：

（1）共振效应和相对长的适应性（2）在低速，表现粗糙，除非微驱动器来驱动（3）开环系统可能导致未被查觉的损失（4）由于过载，他们消耗过多电流。因此倾向于过热运行。（5）亏损速度比较高，并可产生过多热量因此，他们噪音

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很大（尤其是在高速下）。（6）他们的滞后现象导致振荡，这是很难抑制的。对

他们的可行性，这儿有一个限度，而他们的大小，定位精度主要依靠的是机器（例

如，滚珠丝杠的精确度）。许多这些缺点是可以克服的，通过使用一个闭环控

制方案。

注： compumotor系列能很多的减小或降低了这些不同的步进电机不利之

处。

主要有3类步进电机：（1）永磁式步进电机，（2）可变磁阻式步进电动机，（3）混合式步进电机汽车。

当电动机驱动，在其全步模式，给两个绕组通电时或"2相"通电的时候（见图1.8 ），扭矩可于每一个步将是相同（除极少数的变异和传动特性）。在半

步模式下，我们交替改变两相电流，如图1.9所示。假设该驱动器在每种情况下提供了相同的绕组电流，再通电时，这将导致更大的转矩。换句话说，交替的步进距将时强时若。对电动机表现来说，这并不代表着一个重大的威慑。扭矩明显

受制于较弱的一步，但在全步模式时，低速平滑有一个显着的改善。

适用于危险环境或在真空中可能不能够使用电刷电机。步进或无刷电机是无所谓的，靠的是对负荷的需求。牢记当负载过高时，热耗散可能是个问题。

连续脉冲适应于伺服电机时，其实步进电机应避免使用在这种情况下。这是因为高速可导致负荷。

仅是自然域的步进电机由于其在低速时高转矩，因而存在惯性比例大，及缺乏折算的问题。直流电动机的电刷可限制其潜在的频繁开始，停止和方向的改变。

连续脉冲适宜于步进电机时，在低速时，就相对于扭矩输出规模和输入功率而言，它是非常高效率。微步，在低速应用，可以用来提高平滑度。如可作为

计量泵驱动非常精确的流量控制。

步进电机是一种进行精确步进运动的机电执行元件，它广泛应用于工业机械

的数字控制，为使系统的可靠性、通用性、可维护性以及性价比最优，根据控制

系统功能要求及步进电机应用环境，确定了设计系统硬件和软件的功能划分，从

而实现了基于8051单片机的四相步进电机的开环控制系统。控制系统通过单片

机存储器、Ｉ/O接口、中断、键盘、LED显示器的扩展、步进电机的环形分配器、

驱动及保护电路、人机接口电路、中断系统及复位电路、单电压驱动电路等的设

计，实现了四相步进电机的正反转，急停等功能。为实现单片机控制步进电机系

统在数控机床上的应用，系统设计了两个外部中断，以实现步进电机在某段时间

内的反复正反转功能，也即数控机床的刀架自动进给运动。随着单片机技术的不断发展，单片机在日用电子产品中的应用越来越广泛，自六十年代初期以来, 步进电机的应用得到大大提高。人们用它来驱动时钟和其他采用指针的仪器，打印

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机、绘图仪、磁盘光盘驱动器、各种自动控制阀、各种工具，还有机器人等机械

装置。此外作为执行元件，步进电机是机电一体化的关键产品之一，被广泛应用

在各种自动化控制系统中，随着微电子和计算机技术的发展，它的需要量与日惧

增，在各个国民经济领域都有应用。步进电机是机电数字控制系统中常用的执行

元件，由于其精度高、体积小、控制方便灵活，因此在智能仪表和位置控制中得

到了广泛的应用，大规模集成电路的发展以及单片机技术的迅速普及，为设计功

能强、价格低的步进电机控制驱动器提供了先进的技术和充足的资源。

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