(最新)西南大学硕士研究生学一学期公共课课表(英语政治公选课)
西南大学硕士研究生2011／2012学年度第一学期公共课课程表
（2011年9月13日——2011年12月26日）
培养单位（研究生部）年级：2011级人数：2624本表自2011年9月13日起实行课程类别：公共学位课课程名称：政治理论周学时：3学分：3
2011年7月12日修订
西南大学硕士研究生2011／2012学年度第二学期公共课课程表
（2012年2月20日——2012年6月26日）
培养单位（研究生部）年级：2011级人数：2624人本表自2012年2月20日起实行
课程类别：公共学位课课程名称：政治理论周学时：3学分：3
研究生部培养办公室2011-7-12修订
西南大学硕士研究生2011／2012学年度第一学期公共课课程表（2011年9月13日——2011年12月26日）
培养单位（研究生部）年级：2011级人数：本表自2011年9月13日起实行课程类别：学位课课程名称：第一外国语（综合英语）周学时：3学分：分
研究生部培养办公室2011-7-4修订
西南大学硕士研究生2011／2012学年度第一学期公共课课程表（2011年9月13日——2011年12月26日）
培养单位（研究生部）年级：2011级人数：本表自2011年9月13日起实行
课程类别：学位课课程名称：第一外国语（英语听说、写作）周学时：2
研究生部培养办公室
2011-9-1修订
西南大学硕士研究生2011／2012学年度第一学期公共课课程表（2011年9月13日——2011年12月26日）
培养单位（研究生部）年级：2011级人数：本表自2011年9月13日起实行课程类别：学位课课程名称：一外日语周学时：5 学分：5
研究生部培养办公室
2011年7月4日制表
培养单位（研究生部）年级：2011级（一外英语免修免考生）本表自2011年9月13日起实行课程类别：指定选修课课程名称：高级口语、高级翻译
研究生部培养办公室
2011年9月1日制表
培养单位（研究生部）年级：2011级理工类研究生本表自2011年9月13日起实行课程类别：公共选修课课程名称：1、实验设计与统计分析（60学时）2学分
2、Matlab语言与应用（45学时）2学分
3、矩阵论（60学时）2学分
研究生部培养办公室
2011年8月26日修订
研究生英语期末考试作文,
long-distance education long-distance education, It is called network education in the file that released by department of education has introduced some , or called contemporary and long-range education network education. It refers to the use of TV and the Internet and other media teaching mode, the remote education is a very popular teaching model, because it broke through the time and space boundaries, accommodation in the school is different from the traditional teaching mode. Using this kind of teaching model of students, do not need to a specific location, anywhere. Students can also through television and radio, Internet, coaching line, a variety of different methods, such as mutual learning. Online learning has superior side, there are also some disadvantages. Learners can not adapt to the network teaching mode. Network education lack of interactivity and authenticity. On the BBS of the remote education, many netizens agree that network education's biggest drawback is the lack of interactivity and authenticity. In network education, between students and students, between students and the teacher only through BBS, E-mail or other network communication tools to communicate, people had built up a relationship is a kind of virtual environment of interpersonal relationships, interpersonal communication gradually from direct to indirect, from the diversification to the simplification, lost the traditional relationship between university students directly group consciousness gradually indifference. Education of students by this way, the collective idea and the spirit of solidarity and collaboration as generally traditional college students, is not conducive to the development of individuals and society.
全国高校网络教育部分公共基础课统一考试大学英语(B)模拟试卷1(附参考答案及解析)
全国高校网络教育部分公共基础课统一考试用书 大学英语（B）模拟试卷 (2010年修订版) （根据教育部网考委2011年1月最新考试大纲和题型进行了调整） Test 1 第一部分: 交际用语（共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分） 此部分共有5个未完成的对话，针对每个对话中未完成的部分有4个选项，请从A.B.C.D 四个选项中选出正确选项。 1．—How are you，Bob? — __________Ted. A．How are you? B．I?m fine．Thank you. C．How do you do? D．Nice to meet you. 2．—Thanks for your help. — A．My pleasure．B．Never mind. C．Quite right．D．Don?t thank me. 3．—Hello．I?m Harry Potter. —Hello，my name is Charles Green, but ____________. A．call my Charles B．call me at Charles C．call me Charles D．call Charles me 4．—Paul，______? —Oh，that?s my father! And beside him，my mother. A．what is the person over there B．who?s talking over there C．what are they doing D．which is that 5．—Hi, Tom, how?s everything with you? —, and how are you? A．Don?t mention it B．Hmm, not too bad C．Thanks D．Pretty fast
新世纪研一英语期末考试总结
Unit 2 Text A 1.Why won’t oil prices rise at all over the long time? Firstly, because producers need the cash from oil too much to let their supply be interrupted for long. Secondly，and more important, because demand growth can't push prices upward as long as it is balanced by supply growth. 2.Why can’t the members of the OPEC raise oil prices? Because if they do，non-OPEC sources will grab market share by developing fields where technology has made production affordable. 3.Why have most majors cut their costs on oil? Because technology lets the companies maintain healthy earnings at steadily lower oil prices. 4.Who takes a lead in the oil companies? Those that master technology and efficiency, such as Shell, Exxon, and British Petroleum. 1. In the first year of peace, Lebanon’s GDP soared by almost 40%. A. flew B. hovereed C increased D. decreased 2. SAIC’s previous skirmishes with investigators had attracted little attention. A. conflicts B. struggles C. skates D. arguments 3. The boy grabbed hold of my bag and disappeared quickly into the crowd. A. seized B. snapped C. snatched D. sneaked 4. Although Chicago has fared better than some cities, unemployment remains a problem. A. got on B. charged C. offered jobs D. provided welfare 5. The dwarfs were devastated, because they could not figure out how to save Snow White this time. A. calculate B. rate C. consider D. decide 6. His distrust of the power of critics made him ready to gibe at Divid Sylvester. A. laugh B. ridicule C. susceptible D. harmful 7. Children are most vulnerable to abuse within their own home. B. sensible C. susceptible D. harmful more persuasively. A. Rather than B. Other than C. Less than D. Short for Text B 1. It snakes in and out of ports, along our busiest highways and through our most crowded cities. A. sneaks B. jerks C. crawls D. travels 2. She adjusted her glasses and peered at the man. A. gaped B. gazed C. glared D. ogle 3. Southeast winds nudged the oil slick onto the shore.
2013年9月公共基础课全国统一考试 大学英语B (一 交际英语)
一、交际英语 1、--Will you please give the note to him? -- ______________. A：Certainly, I'll give it to him B：No, please not C：Sorry, I don't D：Yes, please do 2、- How do I get to the cinema?- _________ A：It's very far. B：Yes, there is a cinema near here. C：It's well known. D：Go down this street and turn left. 3、― Excuse me, I'm afraid you've overcharged me. ― ________________ A：Oh, really?B：That's all right. C：That's fine. D：You're welcome. 4、- Excuse me, how much is the jacket? - It's 499 Yuan. A：Oh, no. That's OK! B：How do you like it? C：Which do you prefer? D：Would you like to try it on? 5、- Haven't seen you for ages! What are you busy with now? - _____________ A：I hate the weather here. B：My hair is getting a bit longer. C：Yeah, thanks for coming. D：I am working part time in a bookshop, you know. 1、- _______- You too! A：Merry Christmas!B：What a beautiful day! C：Help yourself! D：It's very kind of you! 2、--_____, could you please tell me where the school library is? --Sure. It's at the back of the campus, about five minutes' walk from here. A：Excuse me B：Pardon me C：That's right D：Thank you 3、How much is that meat, please? - _____________________ A：Ten o'clock. B：Ten yuan a kilo. C：I like it very much. D：I don't like. 4、-- Would you mind changing seats with me? -- ________ A：Yes, you can. B：Of course, I like to. C：No, I don't mind.D：Certainly, please do. 5、-- We are going to have a singing party tonight. Would you like to join us?-- ________ A：I'm afraid not, because I have to go to an important meeting. B：Of course not. I have no idea. C：No, I can't. D：That's all set.2、- Happy birthday to you! - ______! A：Happy birthday to you B：I'm very glad C：That's all right D：Thank you 3、- Do you mind if I switch off the radio? - ___________. Go ahead. A：Never mind B：No way C：No, not at all D：No, you'd better not 4、-__________ - He teaches physics in a school. A：What does your father want to do? B：Who is your father? C：What is your father? D：Where is your father now? 1、--Excuse me, but can you tell me the way to the post office？ --_____ A：Don't ask that. B：Sorry, I'm a stranger here. C：No, I can't say that. D：No, you're driving too fast. 2、-- I'm sorry to trouble you. Can I borrow a pen, please? -- ___________. A：Yes, you can B：Certainly! It is here C：She's welcome D：Thank you 3、- I've heard that you are going to Thailand? - Yes, I'll leave on Sunday. - That's great! _______- Thank you! A：Have a nice journey!B：Watch out! C：How are you! D：You are so smart! 4、-- Would you mind changing seats with me?-- ________ A：Yes, you can. B：Of course, I like to. C：No, I don't mind. D：Certainly, please do. 5、-- Congratulations! You won the first prize in today's speech contest. -- ________ A：Yes, I beat the others. B：No, no, I didn't do it well. C：Thank you. D：It's a pleasure. 1、--This week, I will travel to Japan. --_____________. A：Have a good time! B：Let me go with you C：Do you have money? D：Don't joke 3、- How many students went to the hockey game? - ______ A：None of them go to the hockey game. B：They seldom go to the hockey game. C：They usually went to the hockey game. D：All of them went to the hockey game.
西南政法大学法理学部分
西南政法大学1995年考研专业课试卷法理学 学科专业：法理学研究方向：法理学 一、选择题(包括单项和多项，每小题3分，共30分) 1．加强社会主义立法是( ) ①健全社会主义法制的中心环节 ②社会主义民主制度化、法律化的必经途径 ③共产党的一切政策具体化、条文化的重要保证 ④市场经济体制建立的必要条件 2．“法令，这是号召人们去做大量事情的指令”，这一科学论断的提出者是( )。 ①马克思②恩格斯③列宁‘④毛泽东 3，“法律的责任只是惩罚外部的行为”出自法学名著( )。 ①《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》②《论住宅问题》 ③《论法的精神》④《德意志意识形态》 4．作为法的渊源的规范性法律文件包括( )。 ①全国人大制定的法律 ②民族自治地方权力机关制定的自治条例 ③省会市、较大市权力机关制定的地方性法规 ④县级权力机关制定的有约束力的文件 5．根据法律对社会关系调整方式的不同，可将法律规范分为( )。 ①确定性规范②允许性规范 ③准用性规范④命令性规范 6．社会主义法律关系是一种(：)。 ①一般的社会关系②特殊的社会关系 ③人们之间的互助合作关系④特定的权利义务关系 7．适用法律类推的必要条件是( )。 ①需要提倡和鼓励的行为②法无明文规定的行为 ③处理案件时应选择较相类似的条文④一律须报最高人民法院核准 8．按照法律解释方式的不同，可将法律解释分为( )。 ①司法解释②系统解释③逻辑解释④历史解释 9．我国执法机关中有( ) ①中央人民政府②最高人民法院 ③地方人民政府④各级人民检察院 10．社会主义国家法的主要渊源是( ) ①宪法②法律③法令④法规 二、简答题(每小题7分，共35) 1．社会主义法的公共职能。2、法产生的经济根源 3．肯定性法律后果的内容。4．公民在法律面前一律平等的科学含义。 三、论述题(共35分) 1．略论社会主义法治原则(15分) 2．试述社会主义市场经济条件下法的效益价值。 西南政法大学1995年"《法理学（2）》"试题研究生入学考试 学科专业：法学 研究方向：法学各专业 考试科目：法学基础理论（含中国宪法） 一、名词解释（每题2分，共10分） 1.立法（广义） 2.法律事实 3.法律制裁 4.成文宪法 5.民族区域自治 二、双项选择（每题2分，共20分。将所选答案番号写在答题纸上） 1.中国和西方封建制法相比较，它们的不同特点有： ①西方封建制法以成文法为主要渊源，中国封建制法以习惯法为主。 ②西方一般设立有相对独立的司法机关，中国却没有。 ③西方封建制法受宗教影响很大，中国宗教对法律影响甚微。 ④西方法律维护皇权（或王权）至上，中国法律有利于诸埃割据 ⑤西方封建制法确认的刑罚文明，中国则残酷野蛮。 2.“法制”这个概念， ①可以理解为“国家的法律和制度”； ②其含义是发展变化的，多角度的。 ③在西方，其含义是统一的。 ④必然同民主联系在一起。 ⑤是近代才从西方引入中国的。 3.否定性的法律后果在我国是指： ①对是否属于违法行为的认定。 ②对是否属于违法行为的否定。 ③对一切属于法律末予规定的行为的否定。 ④对构成违法行为的否定。 ⑤对违法行为的撤销与制裁。。 4.认为法是“社会连带关系”的产物，法学是一门“社会工程学”的， ①是西方19世纪末兴起的两个法学流派的观点。 ②是狄骥和庞德的观点。 ③是奥斯丁、凯尔森、哈特的观点； ④是洛克、孟德斯鸠的观点。 ⑤是同一学派的两个分支的观点， 5.纵观古今中外的法律，我们发现， ①社会是以法律为基础的。 ②法律是以国家政权为前提的。 ③法律任何时候都拥有极大权威的。 ④法律的权威性是国家政权赋予与维护的。 ⑤包含在法律之中的理性、正义是永恒不变的。 6、现行宪法规定，我国有修改宪法提议权的是： ①国家主席。②全国人大常委会。 ③全国人大常委会委员长。 ④五分之一以上的全国人大代表。 ⑤全国人大法律委员会。 7、国家的实质是阶级专政，阶级专政的本质表现在： ①对剥削阶级实行专政。 ②对人民实行民主。 ③对统治阶级内部实行民主。 ④对被统治阶级实行专政。 ⑤对劳动人民实行民主。 8.根据宪法解释的主体、效力的不同进行分类，宪法解释可以分为： ①立法机关解释制。②正式解释。 ③学理解释。④非正式解释。 ⑤专门机关解释制。 9.现行宪法规定，民族自治地方的人大，有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点，制定： ①自治法规；②自治条例。③地方性法规 ④单行条例。⑤行政法规。 10.社会主义精神文明建设的主要内容是： ①教育科学文化建设。②发展教育事业 ③思想道德建设。④发展科学事业 ⑤提高人民的思想觉悟。 三、判断分析（每题4分，共20分） 1.全国人民代表大会制定的《香港特别行政区基文法》，从法的渊源的分类上，应属于“特别行政区的法”。 2、西方大际法系国家的法官办案的逻辑思维方式遵循归纳法。 3、新中国的法经历了由旧中国的法向社会主义法的转变。 4、全国人大各专门委员会是一级独立的国家权力机关。 5、我国公民必须依法享受权利和自觉履行义务。 四、简述题（每题10分，共30分） 1、我国社会主义司法的基本要求是什么？ 2、法和统治阶级道德的一致性与区别何在？ 3、为什么说人民代表大会是我国的根本政治制度？ 五、论述题（20分） 试论法与科学技术的关系。 西南政法大学1996年考研专业课试卷法理学考研试题 一、名词解释（每组名词4分，共20分） 1.法律权利和法律义务 2.法的形式和法的内容 3.审判解释和检察解释 4.法律部门和法律体系 5.普通法与衡平法 二、简答题（共30分） 1.简述法律编纂的概念、特征及意义（8分） 2.简述法理学研究的对象、范围和目的（10分） 3.简述社会主义法的适用的基本要求及各项要求的具体内容。（12分） 三、论述题（共50分） 试论我国的民主立法。 西南政法大学1997 年硕士研究生入学考试法理学考研试题 西南政法大学1997 年法理学考研试题 一、名词解释（每个名词2 分，共20 分） 1.法制
西南政法大学考研笔记《法理学》最新笔记
西政考研之家论坛提供 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0515134846.html, 西政考研不得不来 西南政法大学《法理学》笔记 第一章法的基本概念 =================== 第一节法 ......... 法的特征 1.法是调整人们的行为或社会关系的规范，具有规范性，即法是一种社会规范（1）可为模式 （2）勿为模式 （3）应为模式 2.法是由国家制定或认可的，体现了国家对人们行为的评价，具有国家意志性（1）明示认可 （2）默示认可 3.法是由国家强制力为最后保证手段的规范体系，具有国家强制性 4.法在国家权力管辖范围内普遍有效，因而具有普遍性（1）法的效力对象的广泛性 （2）法的效力的重复性 5.法是有严格的程序规定的规范，具有程序性 历史上法的本质学说派别代表人物 神意说托马斯.阿奎 理性说西塞罗（古罗马思想家） 主权命令说托马斯.霍布斯（英国思想家） 意志说让.卢梭（法国思想家） 自由说康德（德国哲学家） 事物性质说孟德斯鸠（法国学者） 民族精神说卡尔.冯.萨维尼（德国历史法学派创立人） 利益说鲁道夫.冯.耶林（德国法学家） 法的作用 1.法的规范作用（1）指引作用 （2）评价作用 （3）预测作用①对如何行为的预测 ②对行为后果的预测 （4）强制作用 （5）教育作用 2.法的社会作用（1）法在维护统治阶级方面的作用①调整统治阶级与被统治阶级之间的关系 ②调整统治阶级内部的关系 ③调整统治阶级与其同盟者之间的关系 （2）法在执行社会公共事务方面的作用①维护人类社会的基本生活条件 ②维护生产和交换条件 ③促进公共设施建设，组织社会化大生产 ④确认和执行技术规范 ⑤促进教育、科学和文化事业 如何正确认识法的作用 1.法的作用的重要性（1）是最主要的社会调整手段 （2）是社会运动和发展的最重要的稳定和平衡的工具 （3）具有其他社会规范所不具有的优点 2.法的作用的有限性（1）只是众多社会调整手段中的一种 （2）法作用范围不是无限的，而是有限的 （3）法自身特点而产生的有限性 第二节法律规范 ................ 法律规则的构成（三要素说） 1.假定条件（1）法律规则的适用条件 （2）行为主体的行为条件 2.行为模式（1）可为模式 （2）应为模式 （3）勿为模式 3.法律后果（1）合法后果 （2）违法后果 法律规则的分类 1.按照规则内容规定的不同（1）授权性规则（2）义务性规则 2.按照规则内容的确定性程度不同（1）确定性规则 （2）委任性规则 （3）准用性规则 3.按照规则对人们行为规定和限定的范围或程度不同（1）强行性规则 （2）任意性规则 法律原则和法律规则的区别 1.在内容上法律规则的规定是明确具体的，它着眼于主体行为及各种条件（情况）的共性 法律原则的着眼点不仅限于行为及条件的共性，而且关注它们的个别性 2.在适用范围上法律规则由于内容具体明确，它们只适用于某一类型的行为 法律原则对人的行为及其条件有更大的覆盖面和抽象性 3.在作用方式上法律规则是以“全有或全无的方式”应用于个案当中的 而法律原则的适用则不同 4.在作用上法律规则具有比法律原则强度大的显示性特征 法律原则是法律规则的本源和基础，甚至直接作为法官裁判的法律依据 法律原则的种类 1.按照法律原则产生的基础不同（1）公理性原则（2）政策性原则 2.按照法律原则对人的行为及其条件之覆盖面的宽窄和适用范围大小（1）基本原则 （2）具体原则 3.按照法律原则涉及的内容和问题不同（1）实体性原则 （2）程序性原则 关于权利的学说 1.自由说 2.范围说 3.意思说 4.利益说 5.折衷说 6.法力说 7.资格说 8.主张说 9.可能说 10.选择说 法律权利的特点 1.权利的本质是由法律规范所决定，得到国家的认可和保障 2.权利是权利主体按照自己的愿望来决定是否实施的行为，因而权利具有一定程度的自主性 3.权利是为了保护一定的利益所采取的法律手段 组成完整的法律权利结构的三要素 1.自由权 2.请求权 3.诉权 义务的概念 1.指义务人必要行为的尺度 2.指人们必须履行一定作为或不作为之法律约束 3.指人们实施某种行为的必要性 权利和义务的分类 1.根据根本法与普通法律规定不同（1）基本权利义务 （2）普通权利义务
研究生英语期末考试试卷
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A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.