初中英语语法—限定动词与非限定动词

初中英语语法—限定动词与非限定动词
初中英语语法—限定动词与非限定动词

初中英语语法—限定动词与非限定动词

1. 限定动词

限定动词在句子当中作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制 e.g. He can speak both English and French.

2. 非限定动词

非限定动词在句中不可单独用作谓语,不受主语的人称和数的限制;它在句中可以用作其他句子成分。非限定动词有三种,即不定式、动名词和分词

1) 不定式一般由“to+动词原形”构成,在句中可担任各种成分 e.g. I hope to see you soon.

2) 动名词有些动词的ing形式可起名词的作用,在句中也可但人很多成分e.g. Seeing is believing.

3) 分词分词有两种,现在分词和过去分词,这两种分词可构成谓语外,还可用作句子的很多成分

e.g. She seemed surprised.

3. 动词不定式

动词不定式是一种非限定动词,分为带to的不定式(to+动词原形)和不带to的不定式。动词不定式不能单独用作谓语动词,不受主语的人称和数的限制,但保留动词的性质,可以有自己的宾语和状语,并且有进行时、完成时,被动语态的变化;同时又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。

1) 动词不定式的完成式、进行式和被动语态

动词不定式有一般式、完成式、进行式、主动语态、被动语态。下面以动词do为例,列表如下:

时态语

主动语态被动语态一般式to do to be done

完成式to have

done

to have been done

进行式to be doing

①动词不定式的一般式表示动词不定式的动作与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或之后发生。

e.g. You must help me to do the cooking this afternoon.(help和do两个动作同时发生)

I hope to see you again.(to see这个动作发生在hope之后)

②动词不定式的完成式强调不定式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前。

e.g. I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.(谓语动词之前发生)

③动词不定式的进行式强调在谓语动词所表示的动作发生时,不定式所表示的动作正在进行。

e.g. I was pleased to be talking with them.

④动词不定式的被动语态表示不定式的动作与它逻辑主语或中心词是被动关系(动宾关系)。

e.g. She was the first one to be asked to speak.

⑤动词不定式的否定在不定式to前加not构成 e.g. Try not to be late.

2) 动词不定式的作用

动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,可以在句中作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定于和状语。

①作主语 e.g. To say something is one thing, to do is another thing.

在更多情况下都用it作形式主语,而把不定式这个真正主语放到句子后面,这样可使主语不至显得太长,避免头重脚轻的现象。常见的这类句子有下面几种:

A.It+be+形容词+不定式 e.g. It’s hard to say which is better.

B.It+名词+不定式 e.g. It’s my wish to do something for the public.

C.It+动词+宾语+不定式 e.g. It cost a lot of money to build this museum.

②作表语(说明主语的具体内容) e.g. Her job is to look after the sick.

③作宾语及物动词可跟不定式作宾语,这些动词有want, wish, like, decide, help, try, begin, forget, learn, ask, agree, hope等 e.g. She likes to play with the child.

④作宾语补足语

A. 英语中许多动词可跟一个“名词(代词)+不定式”构成的复合宾语,这里的动词不定式就作宾语补足语。常见的这类动词有:allow, ask, encourage, invite, order, teach, tell, want, advise等。 e.g. I want you to be happy.

B. 英语中有些动词要求不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,这些动词有:make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, notice等。help后不定式的to可以省略,也可以保留。 e.g. She won’t let me do it.

⑤作定语

A. 该成分通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后。它与其他修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上可能是主谓关系。

e.g. We have a lot of things to do today.

B. 有时在不定式后需要跟一个介词 e.g. I need a pen to write with.

C. 在不少名词后可用不定式作定语 e.g. It’s time to go to bed.

D. 不定式有时需要用被动形式 e.g. There are a lot of things to be done.

⑥作状语

A. 表目的 e.g. He went to Paris to learn French.

【注】⒈在强调这种目的状语时,不定式前可加in order或so as

e.g. The American spoke slowly and clearly in order to/so as to make us understand what he was saying.

⒉动词不定式也可放在句首,使其所表示的目的更加明显突出

e.g. To get there before dark, they set out early.

B. 表结果 e.g. He left, never to return.

【注】⒈ too…to…太…以致不能… e.g. It was too cold to go out last night.

⒉… enough+不定式 e.g. Would you be good enough to close the door?

⒊ be+形容词+不定式 e.g. Some of the apples are hard to reach.

⒋ so…as to…如此…以致 e.g. He was so careless as to leave his car ublocked.

C. 表原因 e.g. We jumped with joy to hear it.

3) 疑问词+动词不定式

疑问代词who,what,which和疑问副词when,where,how等词后可加动词不定式,构成一种特殊的动词不定式短语,可在句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。

①作主语 e.g. What to du is an important problem.

②作宾语 e.g. None of the artists knew what to do.

③作表语 e.g. The question is where to go.

4) 动词不定式复合结构

For+名词(或代词宾格)+动词不定式在这个结构中for本身无意,名词(或代词宾格)形式上是for的宾格,但在意义上可以说是动词不定式的主语,这种不定式复合结构在句子里可以作下列成分:

①作主语 e.g. For us to learn a foreign language is very important.

②作表语 e.g. It’s for you to decide what we should do next.

③作宾语 e.g. Modern medicine has made it possible for people to live longer.

④作定语 e.g. It’s time for us to go.

⑤作状语 e.g. He opened the door for the children to come in.

4. 动名词

1) 动名词的结构由“动词原形+ing”构成,与现在分词的形式相同

2) 动名词的作用具有名词的特征,也有动词的特征,它可以有宾语,也可用状语来修饰,可在句子中担任以下成分:

①作主语 e.g. Smoking is harmful to health.

【注】⒈动名词作主语,常采用形式主语it

e.g. Swimming in the river is dangerous.=It’s dangerous swimming in the river.

⒉在“There is no…”和“It’s no…”这两个结构中,可以用动名词作主语,表示“设法…”,“…没用”等

e.g. It’s no use crying.

②作表语 e.g. Her hobby is collecting stamps.

③作宾语 e.g. I finished reading the book last night.

④作定语 e.g. This is a sleeping bag.

【注】有些动名词和它所修饰的名词常在一起使用,构成那个合成词e.g. reading room, swimming pool

3) 动名词和动词不定式的用法和比较

①动名词表示习惯性或抽象性的一般动作,而动词不定式则表示一个具体的动作。

e.g. I like swimming.(习惯或爱好) I don’t want do swim today.(一次具体动作)

②有些动词后接不定式作宾语,如:afford,agree,choose,decide,hope,offer,plan,refuse,want,wish,mean,learn等

③有些动词后接动名词作宾语,如:consider,enjoy,finish,imagine,mind,keep,miss,practise,suggest等;短语动词有give up,keep on,put off,can’t help(忍不住,不禁)

④有些动词,如begin,start,continue,love等后即可加动名词也可加动词不定式作宾语,但两者意思往往没有有区别。

⑤在forget和remember后,用动名词表示一个已发生过的动作,用动词不定式表示一个将要发生的动作。

⑥在stop后可接动名词,也可接动词不定式,但两者的意义和句子功用不同。在stop doing sth.中,stop是及物动词,表示停止正在做的事情;在stop to do sth.中,stop是不及物动词,表示停止什么,然后再去做另一件事情。

⑦短语动词go on后可接动名词,也可接动词不定式,但两者的意义和句子功用不同。具体意义和用法和stop相似。

5. 分词

1) 分词的构成

分词有两种:现在分词和过去分词。现在分词由“动词原形+ing”构成,过去分词由“动词原形+ed”构成。两者在句中担任的成分大致相同,主要在意思上有主动和被动之分。现在分词一般为主动意义,过去分词一般为被动意义。在时间上,现在分词一般表示正在进行

的动作,而过去分词表示已经完成了的动作,分词没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。

2) 分词的作用

分词在句中主要起形容词和副词的作用,作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语

①作表语 e.g. This story is very interesting.

②作定语 A.单个分词作定语时常放在被修饰词的前面 e.g. I’ve had a tiring day.

B.分词短语作定语时要放在被修饰词的后面,相当于定语从句

e.g. Who is the woman talking(=who is talking) to Jim?

③作宾语补足语分词常用在see,hear,notice,watch,find,feel,get,keep 等动词的宾语之后做宾语补足语

e.g. Don’t you see a girl running towards us?

【注】现在分词和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别

现在分词作宾语补足语强调动作的连续性,表明正在进行中;动词不定式作宾语补足语只是说明有过这个动作。

④作状语 A.分词作状语时可以表示时间(相当于一个时间状语从句)、原因(相当于一个原因状语从

句)或表示动作发生的方式及作为陪衬的另一动作。 e.g. Being sick, I stayed at home.

B.分词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。

e.g. Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.

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