英文写作指导——练写段落主题句topic sentences practice

Topic S entences: P ractice

Read t he p aragraphs b elow. T hey a re m issing a t opic s entence. W rite a t opic s entence t hat introduces t he m ain i dea o f e ach p aragraph.

*Note: Y ou d o n ot h ave t o u se a s imile o r m etaphor, b ut s ometimes t hese a re g ood w ays t o write i nteresting t opic s entences.

____________________________________________________________________. Who takes care of you? Who supports you? Who sees you grow up? Family is very important. My family has six people: my grandma, my parents, myself, and my two brothers. My grandma loves me very much. When the weather is cold, she always tells me to wear more clothes. Although I often argue with my brothers, they will give me support when I need it. My parents have taken care of me since I was born. My definition of family is an organization which is full of love.

____________________________________________________________________. When you travel to Europe, you can visit many different countries, such as England, Spain, Germany, and Greece. Many different languages are spoken in Europe, and the cultures of the countries are all unique. Also, the weather in Europe varies a lot. Countries in the north are very cold, and you can go skiing. In the south, there are beautiful beaches, and these are popular places for vacations. As you can see, Europe is a very interesting place with different kinds of people and many possibilities.

____________________________________________________________________. Her name is Mrs. Graham, and she not only teaches music in my school, but she is also a friend to all of her students. In class, she teaches us to love music, and she introduces us to different songs and styles of music. She taught me to play the piano and violin, and I am sure that I will enjoy playing these instruments for the rest of my life. Mrs. Graham often tells interesting stories in class, and she always helps us or gives us advice when we have problems. Mrs. Graham is more than just a music teacher, she is like a star in the sky.

用于文章主题句英语作文

用于文章主题句 1. 不用说?… It goes without saying that子句 = (It is) needless to say (that)子句 = It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S. + V. 例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2. …是不可能的; 无法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving. = There is no possibility of Ving. = It is impossible to V. = It is out of the question to V. = No one can V. = We cannot V. 例︰不可否认的?成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 3. 我深信… I am greatly convinced (that)子句 = I am greatly assured (that)子句例︰我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种…之中?… Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, … 例︰在各种运动中?我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 5. …是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved (that)子句

主题句

1．主题句主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例： My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don't argue with parents; they will think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Don't argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Don't argue. 主题句中提出的"certain rules" 指的是什么？展开句中通过四个"Don't argue --" 逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个比较典型的段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句（即本段中的末句）。 1．1 主题句的位置主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。，例1: Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods -- everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.，这段文字所讲的主要是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出“我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。而随后出现的三句都是具体事

写作主题句

主题句的写作要求 1.完整的结构 Fragment: Teaching a child good manners. Complete: Teaching a child good manners is fun. / Teaching a child good manners is no easy task. (分别以这两句为主题句的段落，其发展方向肯定会不同。) Fragment: The importance of blood. Complete: Blood serves our body in three important ways. 2.明确的观点 Unclear: I know Smith. Clear: Smith has a good sense of humor. Smith is the meanest man I ever know. Unclear: People care about sports. /Sports influence our life. Clear: Sports can keep people healthy and strong. Sports benefit us in many ways. Sports have their negative aspects. Sports sometimes can do some harm to people. 3.具体的内容 General: Electricity is important. Specific: Electricity has become an essential part of modern life. /If there were no electric power, our modern world would be in trouble. 练习： I 选出与下列主题句不符的扩展句： 1.. The sense of humor is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics. A Frenchman, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke. In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears. A. There are always different jokes. B. My brother often makes jokes. C. Jokes, despite their differences, have the same humor. D. Whether we find a joke funny or not depends on where we have been brought up. 2.. Retirement gives one a feeling of uselessness. Such a psychological problem often brings physical problems. It is the feeling of emptiness that gradually kills the retired. With retirement there will be a decrease in income. Unless they plan carefully, the retired will get into economic problems. A. The retired are a problem of our society. B. People should not retire until unable to work. C. Retirement can bring many problems for the retired.

高中英语作文套句

高中英语作文套句1.用于文章主题句 (1)不用说… Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…(从句) =Itisneedlesstosay(that)(从句) =Itisobviousthat…(从句) 例如：不用说，早睡早起是值得的。 Itgoeswithoutsayingthatitpaystokeepearlyhours. (2)…是不可能的，无法… ThereisnoV.-ing. =ThereisnowayofV.-ing. =ThereisnopossibilityofV.-ing. =ItisimpossibletoV. =ItisoutofthequestiontoV. =NoonecanV. =WecannotV. 例如：不可否认，成功的关键在于健康的身心。 Thereisnodenyingthatsuccessfulbusinessliesinahealthybodyandmind. (3)我深信… Iamgreatlyconvinced(that)…(从句) =Iamgreatlyassured(th at)…(从句) 例如：我深信预防胜于治疗。 Iamgreatlyconvincedthatpreventionisbetterthancure. (4)在各种…之中,… Amongvariouskinds…

=Ofallthe… 例如：在各种运动中，我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Amongvariouskindsofsports,Ilikejogginginparticular. (5)…是很容易证明的。 Itcanbeeasilyproved(that)…(从句) 例如：时间最宝贵是很容易证明的。Itcanbeeasilyprovedthatnothingismorepreciousthantime. (6)…无论怎样强调都不为过。 …cannotbeoveremphasized 例如：交通安全的重要性无论怎样强调都不为过。Theimportanceoftrafficsafetycannotbeoveremphasized. (7)就我的看法;…我认为… Inmyopinion… =AsfarasIamconcerned,… 例如：就我的看法，打电游既花费也有害健康。 Inmyopinion,playingvideogamesnotonlytakesupmuchtimebutalsoisharmfultoourhealth. (8)(A)每个人都知道… Everyoneknows(that)…(从句) (B)就我所知，… Asfarasmyknowledgeisconcerned… 例如：就我所知，下列方法对我帮助很大。Asfarasmyknowledgeisconcerned,thefollowingwaysareofgreathelptome. (9)根据我个人经验，… Accordingtomypersonalexperience,… =Basedonmypersonalexperience,… 例如：根据我个人经验，…

英语写作技巧学习：主题句

英语写作技巧学习：主题句 I. 用于文章主题句 1. ……是不可能的，无法…… There is no Ving =There is no way of Ving. =There is no possibility of Ving. =It is impossible to V. =It is out of the question to V. =No one can V. =We cannot V. 例：不可否认，成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 2. 不用说... It goes without saying that 子句 =(It is) needless to say (that)子句 =It is obvious that 子句 =Obviously, S. + V. 例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 3. 我深信…… I am greatly convinced (that)子句 =I am greatly assured (that)子句

例：我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种……之中 Among various kinds of ..., ... =Of all the ..., ... 例：在各种运动中?我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 5. ……是很容易证明的 It can be easily proved (that)子句例：时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time. 6. ……无论如何强调都不为过 ... cannot be overemphasized 例：交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。 The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 7. ……就我的看法……;我认为…… In my opinion, ... =To my mind, .... = As far as I am concerned, .

英语作文多功能句

英语作文多功能句 I. 用于文章主题句 1. 不用说?… It goes without saying that子句 = (It is) needless to say (that)子句 = It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S. + V. 例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2. …是不可能的; 无法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving. = There is no possibility of Ving. = It is impossible to V. = It is out of the question to V. = No one can V. = We cannot V. 例︰不可否认的?成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 3. 我深信… I am greatly convinced (that)子句 = I am greatly assured (that)子句例︰我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种…之中?… Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, … 例︰在各种运动中?我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 5. …是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved (that)子句例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time. 6. …无论如何强调都不为过 … cannot be overemphasized 例︰交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。 The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 7. 就我的看法?…；我认为… In my opinion, … = To my mind, …. = As far as I am concerned, … = I am of the opinion that子句

英语作文用于文章主题句.

用于文章主题句 1. 不用说; … It goes without saying that子句 = (It is (that子句 = It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S. + V. 例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2. …是不可能的 ; 无法… There is no Ving= There is no way of Ving.= There is no possibility of Ving.= It is impossible to V .= It is out of the question to V.= No one can V.= We cannot V. 例︰不可否认的 ?成在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 3. 我深信… I am greatly convinced (that子句 = I am greatly assured (that子句例︰我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种…之中; … Among various kinds of …, …= Of all the …, … 例︰在各种运动中 ; 我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 5. …是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved (that子句

英语作文主题句承转句结论句汇总

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2011年成人高考专升本英语作文复习用于文章主题句 1.不用说？… It goes without saying that子句 = （It is）needless to say （that）子句 = It is obvious that子句 = Obviously，S. + V. 例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2.…是不可能的；无法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving. = There is no possibility of Ving. = It is impossible to V. = It is out of the question to V. = No one can V.

= We cannot V. 例︰不可否认的？成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 3.我深信… I am greatly convinced （that）子句 = I am greatly assured （that）子句例︰我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4.在各种…之中？… Among various kinds of …，… = Of all the …，… 例︰在各种运动中？我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports，I like jogging in particular. 5.…是很容易证明的。

英语四级作文万能句式之主题句

英语四级作文万能句式之主题句 I. 用于文章主题句 1. 不用说... It goes without saying that 子句=(It is) needless to say (that)子句=It is obvious that 子句=Obviously, S. + V. 例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2. ……是不可能的，无法…… There is no Ving =There is no way of Ving. =There is no possibility of Ving. =It is impossible to V. =It is out of the question to V. =No one can V. =We cannot V. 例：不可否认，成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 3. 我深信…… I am greatly convinced (that)子句=I am greatly assured (that)子句例：我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种……之中

Among various kinds of ..., ... =Of all the ..., ... 例：在各种运动中?我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 5. ……是很容易证明的 It can be easily proved (that)子句例：时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time. 6. ……无论如何强调都不为过 ... cannot be overemphasized 例：交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。 The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 7. ……就我的看法……；我认为…… In my opinion, ... =To my mind, .... = As far as I am concerned, . =I am of the opinion that 子句例：就我的看法?打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。 In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health. 8. (A) 每个人都知道…… Everyone knows (that)子句 (B) 就我所知…… As far as my knowledge is concerned, ... 例：就我所知，下列方法对我帮助很大。

练习写主题句

练习写主题句一篇文章通常包括开头、主体和结尾三个部分，段落的主题句通常位于文章开头，它要概括整个段落的内容而且要引人注目。从某种程度上讲，主题句决定着读者对整篇文章的第一印象。所以我们要使主题句语言组织简练，概括性强，同时还应表达完整的意义，同时又能强化思想，甚至要给读者留下回味的余地。我们可以采用开门见山型、交代目的型、交代要素型或概括要点型，来组织主题句。常用的写作句式有： 1. 开门见山型 Should students make friends on line? Some people s ay yes, while others think students shouldn’t … 这里用疑问句式或者陈述句式作为主题句，直接引出所谈话题，记叙文或是议论文都可以采用这种类型的主题句。 2. 交代任务型 In order to make full use of learning materials, the students’ union of our school is arranging an activity … 此处主体句直接交代文章的写作目的是什么，让读者有个清晰的认识，本文写作目的是为了充分利用学习材料，安排一项活动。 3. 交代要素型。即主题句直接交代时间、地点、人物或周围环境，这种主题句常用在记叙文的写作中。At about 9 o’clock last night, I was doing my homework when I heard my neighbor shouting and laughing loudly. 4. 概括要点型 In the society full of materials, some people often say money is the most valuable thing in the world. But in my opinion, knowledge is more valuable than anything else, because knowledge gives us power and knowledge is power .… 先对文章中的人或事件进行了概括，给出一个观点，之后再提出自己的观点，但通常与之前所提出的观点有一定联系，或深入或对应等。【典题示例】请就良好的饮食习惯写一篇文章，内容包括： 1）部分同学饮食习惯：不吃早餐，爱吃甜食，偏食或饮食过量； 2）良好的饮食习惯：饮食多样化，饮食定时定量 3）个人看法：重要性，有助于身体健康要求：1）以开门见山的方式先给出文章的主题句； 2）词数100左右； 3）参考词汇：偏食 be particular about food; 零食 snack ___________________________________________________________ 【参考范文】 As we all know, we are what we eat. Therefore, it’s very important for us to form healthy eating habits. However, bad eating habits are still very common among us students. Some of us often go to school without breakfast; some like to have snacks; some others are particular about food; and still some eat or drink too much. All these bad habits will surely do harm to our health. To keep fit, we should have various healthy diets, which generally include proper amounts of fish, meat, vegetables, fruit as well as main food. Besides, we’d better have meals regularly.

高考英语作文亮点句子大全

高考英语作文亮点句子大全 I. 用于文章主题句 1 It is needless to say that子句 = It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S. + V. 2. …是不可能的; 无法… There is no Ving= There is no way of Ving.= There is no possibility of Ving. = It is impossible to V.= It is out of the question to V.= No one can V. = We cannot V. 例︰不可否认的,成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 3. 我深信… I am greatly convinced that子句= I am greatly assured that子句例︰我深信预防是重于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种…之中… Among various kinds of …, …= Of all the …, … 例︰在各种运动中,我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 5. …是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved that子句例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.

主题句、支持句和结论句

主题句、支持句和结论句 1．主题句（topic sentence）主题句概括段落的主要内容，它不仅确定段落的主题，而且限定该主题在本段落详细讨论的范围。因此，主题句是整个段落的纲领。围绕主题句，作者逐步展开段落，包括列举事实，提供例证，描写细节，说明理由等。 1）怎样写好主题句主题句的好坏直接关系到段落是否成功，因此，我们必须认真写好主题句。写作主题句有三忌：一忌不完整（incomplete），二忌不清楚（unclear），三忌过于笼统（general）。也就是说，主题句的句子结构和思想内容必须完整；主题句的主题思想必须清楚，不能模棱两可；主题句包含的内容必须具体，不能空泛。例如作文题是The Advantages of Travel（旅行的好处）。试比较其中一段的主题句，前三种写法均不可取。不完整：Enjoy the beautiful scenery in different places．不清楚：To travel，one needs to know something about it．太笼统：By travelling one enjoys a lot．较好：By travelling one can enjoy the beautiful scenery indifferent places． 2）主题句的位置首先，主题句通常置于段落之首（beginning）。这符合英语族人的语篇思维特征，先采用主题句开门见山地摆出问题，随之辅以细说。其作用是便于读者迅速地把握主题，抓住段落的中心思想，容易引起读者的兴趣。这是演绎法（deduction），便于初学者仿效。例如： There are many factors that bring air pollution to us．We can not have fresh air in the morning．This is mainly because of the poisonous smoke coming from the factories，especially the chemical ones．Moreover，there is also carbon dioxide coming from the engines of the cars，trucks and buses．段落第一句是主题句，道出了全段的中心思想——造成空气污染的因素。air pollution和factors是关键词。其次，主题句也常置于段落之尾（ending）。作者先不说出本段的中心思想，一直留到最后才披露。这可以使读者产生一种悬念，迫切要求读下去，同时对读者产生的印象也特别深刻。放在段末的主题句，通常还有对前面所述作一个总结的作用。这可称为归纳法（induction）。例如：

英语写作之主题句

Definition of Topic Sentence ★ 1866 年,Alexander Bain 首次提出英语段落主题句的概念为“a collection of sentences with unity of purpose” ,即主题句统领段落的主题,决定了段落的一致性。 ★根据Brooks and Warren ,主题句是“a kind of backbone ,a spine ,which supports the body of the paragraph and around which t he rest of the structure is formed” ★一般说来,为了保证段落的统一性,每个段落应有个中心思想(central idea) ,这是写作者要表述的主题思想。在大多数情况下段落的中心思想是由主题句表述的。起提纲挈领的作用。 ★在对语言的掌握得心应手的作者手中,主题句可以应用自如,不用主题句也可以使段落中所有的句子统一、连贯,中心思想突出、明了。但是“In the hands of the less experienced writer ,this controlling idea had better be expressed in the first sentence. ” Composition of Topic Sentence ◇主题句一般由两部分构成: ( 1) 主题( Subject)和( 2) 关于该主题的观点或态度。也就是说, 一个恰当的主题句不仅讲述某一主题, 同时还应阐明作者对该主题的看法或者态度, 而这种看法就决定了什么内容可以放在该段中。所以, 有的修辞学家也把主题句称作“支配性思想”。 ◇例如:( 1 ) Smoking cigar ettes can be an expensivehabit.该句作为一个段落的主题句, 由两部分组成:“Smoking cigaret tes”是主题, 而“an ex pensive habit”则表明作者对该主题的看法或态度, 这种看法决定了只有与“吸烟浪费钱”有关的内容才能放在围绕该主题句展开的段落中。而吸烟引起的其它问题, 比如危害健康或污染环境, 则不能放进去。 The Place of Topic Sentence ◎人们一般认为, 主题句可以放在段首、段中、段未, 甚至可以隐含在文中。这种观点实际上缺乏对主题句重要性的认识。 ◎根据Wesbster 's New World Dictionary 的定义, 主题句是“一个段落或篇章一部分的主要句子, 提出( 段落的) 主要思想, 通常位于段首, 尤其适用于说明文体”。 ◎根据对美国出版的Reader's Dig est 和T imes 的两本期刊中的100 篇短文的调查，其中仅有2 篇短文主题句较为模糊, 而68 篇的主题句位于段/ 文首, 其余30 篇已经将段落的主题句升格为小标题。由此可见, 主题句在英文段落和篇章写作中占有相当重要的地位。 Characteristics of Topic Sentence ⊙一个好的主题句应该具备三个主要特征, 或者说有三个功能. [1] 对文章走向的前瞻性。 [2]对文章结构的支配性, [3] 对作者的制约性。 ⊙前瞻性(predict) 好的主题句应能前瞻文章总的走向是否有前途,并暗示作者应提供什么样的细节、论据、事例等以对主题加以展开或者论证。如果主题句为:Horses are bigger than rabbits. 马比免的个儿大, 显然是毫无前途的, 因为任何读者都是不会对这个连三岁小孩都明白的道理感兴趣的。而且, 除了孤零零的主题句外, 作者还能写什么呢?当然,这只是个非常极端的例子, 借以说明类似的主题句只能使文章走进死胡同。 ⊙下面再举几例主题句 In our country, pop stars are greatly admired. Automobile accidents cause many injuries and deaths. College students in dorms are restricted by hours regulations.

如何写好主题句

如何写好主题句 2007年高考以来读写任务的“写作内容”都是三个要点, 三个要点最好依次用三个段落来写, 每个段落前最好用一个主题句, 这样做既不会漏掉要点，不会离题，又显得层次清楚，能让阅卷老师一目了然。段落的主题句其实就是一句过渡的话, 用来表达观点(赞成或反对)或引出类似的经历，使上下文衔接得更加紧密。 ◆主题句的定义：段落主题句就是全段的核心，统帅全段，并决定全段的发展方向。全段其他句子都是围绕主题句，对其进行说明、支持或扩展的，这些句子称作“扩展句(supporting sentence)”。 ◆主题句的模式： 1.说出感受（1）你读信后的感受（2012广州一模） I appreciate what you say and sorry to have caused you so much worry.I’m also touched that ..... (2) 你读完这个故事后的感受 After reading the passage,I was deep in thought ..... (3)你读完这篇演讲稿后的感受（2011广州一模） After reading this speech, I felt really sorry for the student who ....... 可以套用的模版： 1.After reading the passage,I was shocked and at the same time I felt sorry for ...... 2. After reading the passage，I'm really moved and learn a lot from ..... 3.From the story, we learn that ....... 4.I was deeply moved by........ It made me realize ......... 实战演练：（1）Tom来信说他现在学习压力大，请谈谈你读信后的感受。（2）吴菊萍挽救了一个从10楼掉下来的2岁女婴后被评为“最美妈妈”，请谈谈你对此的感受。. 2.引出经历（1）讲述一次想家的经历（11广东） Like Sam, each of us may have the experience of missing our family, me included. （2）. 你或你同学的做兼职的经历。 This reminds me of an unforgettable experience of my part-time job. I once had an experience of doing a part-time job in a summer vocation . (3)上文使你想起哪位对你帮助最大的老师（2012年广东高考） After reading this story，it suddenly reminds me of my respectable teacher Miss Wang，an English teacher who always carries a big smile on her face. 可以套用的模版： 1.The story reminds me of ...... 2.The story reminds me of my personal experience. 3.Taking_the_example_of_me,_I think it's not bad for Chinese parents to learn to be a little “westernized”！以我为例，我认为中国父母适当西化也是不错的事情。 4.There_are_some_examples_in our daily life, among_which_is the wasting of water.