语法复习——非谓语动词(二)
语法复习——非谓语动词（二）过去分词和不定式的用法
一、过去分词
过去分词一般表示被动和完成意义，可在句子中作定语、状语、宾语补足语、表语。不及物动词的过去分词则表示主动和完成意义。
1．过去分词作定语的几种情况
（1）过去分词作定语，通常与所修饰的名词存在动宾关系，意义上相当于使用被动语态的定语从句。例：
The injured man was taken to hospital.
那个受伤的人被送到了医院。
（the injured man=the man who were injured）
The letter posted yesterday will probably reach him the day after tomorrow.
昨天寄出的信他也许后天才能收到。
（the letter posted=the letter that was posted）
（2）少数不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示完成意义，不表示被动意义。
例：The ground was covered with fallen leaves.
地上铺满落叶。（fallen表示“已落下）
My father is a retired teacher.
我父亲是一位退休教师。（retired表示“已退休”）
You can see the risen sun there.
你在那里可以看到升起了的太阳。（risen指“已升起了的”）
（3）过去分词、现在分词被动式、不定式的被动式作定语均表达被动意义，但时间概念不一样。过去分词作定语表示完成。现在分词被动式作定语表示现在（或当时）正在进行。不定式被动式作定语表示将来。
例：①This is the material tested yesterday.
这是昨天试验的材料。
（the material tested= the material which/ that was tested）
②This is the material being tested now.
这是现在正在试验的材料。
（the material being tested= the material which/ that is being tested）
③This is the material to be tested tomorrow.
这是明天将要试验的材料。
2．可接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词
过去分词作宾补，分词与宾语具有动宾关系，即宾语是分词动作的承受者。
（1）see, hear, feel, think, find, notice, watch, observe, listen to等表示感觉或心理状态的动词宾语之后，接过去分词作宾补。一般说来，以上这些动词后面可以接动词原形、现在分词和过去分词作宾补，如果动词后面的宾语与作宾语补足语的动词为主动关系，即主动关系则用动词原形和现在分词，动词原形强调结果，现在分词指过程，强调当时的情景。反过来，如果动词后面的宾语与作宾语补足语的动词为动宾关系（即被动关系），则使用过去分词作宾语补足语。例如：
①We saw the thief steal the woman’s money.
我们看见那小偷偷了这个妇女的钱。
（see sb do sth强调结果，steal与the thief为主动关系）
②We saw the thief stealing the woman’s money.
我们看见那小偷正偷
这个妇女的钱。
（see sb doing sth强
调过程的进行，steal与the thief为主动关系）
③We saw the thief arrested.
我们看见那个小偷被逮住了。
（see sb done, arrest与the thief为被动关系）
④Everyone thought the battle lost.
每个人都认为战争失败了。（battle与lose为被动关系）
⑤When he got home, he found his house broken into.
当他回到家里，发现已经有人破门而入了。
（house与break into为被动关系）
（2）在have, make, get, keep, leave等表示“致使”的动词后面，接过去分词作宾补。例如：
①He is going to have his coat made.
他打算让人做件外套。（have sth. done）
②We have made our views known to all of them.
我们已使他们都知道我们的观点。（make sth. done）
③Jane got her bad tooth pulled out.
简让人把她的一颗虫牙拔了出来。（get sth. done）
（3）在表示“愿望、要求、命令”的want, like, wish, order, expect等动词之后接过去分词作宾补。例如：
①The teacher expected the students well prepared for the exam.
老师希望学生们好好准备考试。
②I wanted the house whitewashed before we move in.
我想在搬进去之前把房子粉刷好。
③He ordered the work started at once.
他吩咐立即开始工作。
注意：这些词后面接的过去分词作宾语补足语的前面，可以加上to be，例如以上例句可写为：
The teacher expected the students to be well prepared for the exam.
I wanted the house to be whitewashed before we moved in.
He ordered the work to be started at once.
3．过去分词作表语的几种情况
（1）过去分词作表语，大多来自及物动词，表示被动含义，即主语是分词动作的承受者。
①Many rivers became polluted. 许多河流遭到污染。
②Don’t get caught in the rain. 别碰上暴雨。
③The children looked puzzled. 孩子们像是迷惑不解。
（2）过去分词作表语，说明主语所处的状态。例如：
①He was determined to fulfill the task.
他决心完成这项任务。（be determined to do sth.）
②They were prepared for the worst.
他们已经准备应付最坏的情况。（be prepared for sth.）
③They have been married for twenty years.
他们已结婚二十年。（have been married）
（3）少数表示位置移动的不及物动词的过去分词如：gone, come, fallen, arrived, returned, risen, set等作表语，只表示完成意义，没有被动意义。例如：
①The sun is set. 太阳下山了。
②He is returned. 他已归来。
4．过去分词作状语，可以用来表示时间、原因、条件，伴随状况、让步等，分词与句子主语构成动宾关系，即句子主语是分词动作的承受
者，即句子主语与分词存在被动关系。
（1）Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.
从山上往下看，小城显得很美丽。（表示条件）
（相当于If the town is seen from the hill, …）
（2）Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
由于在沉思，他差点和他前面的车子相撞。（表示原因）
（相当于Because he was lost in thought, …）
（3）Given enough time, he could do it better.
如果给他充足的时间，他可以做得更好。（表示条件）
（相当于If he was given enough time,…）
（4）He went into the house, followed by some children.
他走进屋后，后面跟着一些孩子。（表示伴随状态）
（相当于…, and he was followed by some children.）
5．怎样使用过去分词独立结构作状语
如果过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，分词就须带上自己的逻辑主语。过去分词独立结构由“名（代）词＋过去分词”构成。过去分词独立结构作状语，分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的承受者。过去分词独立结构可作时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状语等。例：
（1）Her arm badly hurt, she had to be sent to hospital.
她的胳膊伤得很重，必须送她到医院。
（相当于Because her arm was badly hurt, …指原因）
（2）All things considered, her paper is better than yours.
各方面考虑起来，她的论文比你的好。
（相当于If all things are considered, …指条件）
（3）The job done, we went home.
工作做完后，我们回家了。
（相当于After the job was done, … 指时间）
（4）His eyes fixed on the fire, he did some serious thinking.
他目不转睛地盯着炉火，陷入了严肃的思考。
（相当于His eyes were fixed on the fire, … 指伴随）
分词独立结构前加介词with（with可省），常用来作伴随状语。例：
（1）The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.
杀人犯双手绑在背后被带了进来。（with＋n.＋done）
（2）He stood there for an instant, with his hand raised.
他在那里站了一会儿，一只手举了起来。（with＋n.＋done）
6．过去分词独立成分作状语
过去分词独立成分一般已形成固定结构，表示说话人对说话内容所持的态度或看问题的角度。例：
（1）Given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.
鉴于他的健康状况，他从手术中恢复过来需要一段时间。
（2）Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong.
总的来看，没有什么毛病。
二、动词不定式
动词不定式的基本形式是由“to＋动词原形”构成，其否定形式是not to do,不定式可以带有自己的宾语或状语，构成不定式短语
，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化，不定式的逻辑主语用“for＋名词或宾格代词”构成。不定式在句中可作
主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。
1．不定式的时态和语态
（1）不定式的时态
①不定式所表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生或是在谓语动词之后发生时，不定式用一般式。例：
He seems to be very angry. 他看起来很生气。
I hope to see you again. 我想再见到你。
They planned to employ some skilled workers.
他们计划雇佣一些熟练的工人。
②不定式所表达的动作与谓语动词同时发生，并强调动作正在进行或一直在持续，不定式用进行式。例如：
He pretended to be listening to English over the radio when I came in.
I am very glad to be working with you.
They seemed to be eating something.
③不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，不定式用完成式。例如：
I am sorry to have put you to so much trouble.
I seem to have met you somewhere before.
The disabled man is said to have translated several novels into French.
④如果强调不定式所表示的动作从过去某一时刻起一直持续到某一时刻，不定式用完成进行时，强调动作的持续性，不强调结果。例如：
She seems to have been reading the novel for three hours.
The rain was said to have been falling for a week.
（2）不定式的语态：当不定式的逻辑主语与不定式是被动关系时，不定式一般用被动式。例如：
The novel is said to have been translated into several languages.
Whether most countries can use natural energy in future remains to be seen.
2．不定式的句法功能
（1）不定式作主语
To say is one thing; to do is another.
说是一回事，做是另外一回事。
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
百闻不如一见。
如果不定式太长，为使句子结构匀称，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语（不定式）放在后面，从而出现以下结构：It＋be＋adj./ n.＋to do sth.
例如：It is possible to make electricity by building a dam across the sea.
It’s our duty to make our country more beautiful.
如果需要说明是谁发出不定式所表示的动作，则要在不定式前加上逻辑主语。
例如：It’s important for us to form good habits.
于是上述结构要改为：
It＋be＋adj. / n.＋for sb. to do sth.
这个结构中的形容词如果是clever, foolish, silly, stupid, wise, unwise, kind, nice, rude, polite, impolite, careless, careful, cruel, crazy等，则应把其中的for改为of ,即：
It＋be＋adj. / n.＋of sb. to do sth.
例如：It’s foolish of you to make such mistakes.
It was unwise of parents to give their children whatever he or she wants.
（2）不定式作表
语
例如：At that time his job was to write reports for the newspaper.
The problems remain to be studied.
The first thing that be wanted to do was to thank his teacher for his help.
（3）不定式
作宾语：在下列及物动词后，常跟不定式作宾语：want, need, hope, wish, expect, manage, know, begin, start, intend, plan, decide, pretend, prefer, agree, refuse, learn ,fail, promise, desire, seek, attempt, ask等。
例如：We intended to collect some money for the project.
They have decided to visit the national park at the weekend.
不定式作宾语时，如果后面有宾语补足语，通常用it作形式宾语，将不定式后置。
例如：I found it not easy to learn English well.
I feel it my duty to help others.
（4）不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语：通常用于及物动词或动词短语之后。例如：
Jim told me to give his best wishes to everyone here.
What caused you to change your mind?
①在部分感官动词及使役动词后，用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，常用的动词有let，make, have, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to, hear, feel等，help后面有无to都可以。例如：
The teacher had us recite the text every day.
The boss made his men work all day and all night.
She often help her mother (to) do some housework.
把上面句子变成被动语态后，不定式成为句子的主语补足语，需要加上不定式符号to，即在被动语态中不定式一律带to，不存在省略问题。例如：
They were made to work all day and all night.
The girl was heard to sing in the garden every morning.
②在谓语动词think, consider, suppose, believe, imagine, prove, find等后面跟to be作宾语补足语，不跟to do，但其中有些可跟to have done作宾补。例如：
Imagine yourself (to be) in his place.
I suppose him to be about fifty.
We suppose him to have stolen it.
（5）不定式作定语：不定式作定语时，与前面被修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系，如果不定式是不及物动词或所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如：
She was the first person to think of such a wonderful idea.（主谓关系）
I have a meeting to attend.（动宾关系）
Pass me a piece of paper to write on.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
（6）不定式作状语
①作目的状语。例如：
I got up early in order to catch the 6﹕30 train.
The boy ran all the way so as not to be late.
I have come here to say goodbye to you.
②作原因状语。例如：
He smiled to think of his clever plan.
They jumped with joy to hear the news.
③在某些形容词后面作状语。例如：
I’m sorry to disturb you.
We are glad to have seen you.
The problem is easy to work ou
t.
④作结果状语。例如：
The boy is too young to dress himself.
They arrived at the railway station, only to find the train had already left.
She woke up at midnight, only to hear the wind was blowing fiercely.
3．不定式省略“to”的
情况
（1）当and或or连接同一概念的不定式时，或者当它们之间的关系并列时，可将and或or后面的to省去。例如：
I’d like to go and see a film.
He had to have a job or go hungry.
但是，有时为了表示对照，或加强语气，则不可以省去to。例如：
It is easier to say than to do.
（2）不定式在一部分感官或使役动词后面作宾补省略to。（前面已提到）
（3）不定式在介词but, except后面作介词宾语时，如果but, except前有行为动词do，那么but, except后面省略to。例如：
They had nothing to do but wait for the doctor.
The whole night he did nothing except watch TV.
（4）在固定句型中would rather do…than do…/ prefer to do rather than do中。例如：
The bus was so crowded that I’d rather walk home than take a bus.
I prefer to play tennis rather than (play) basketball.
（5）to可以代表整个不定式：有时为了避免重复，省去不定式后面的内容，保留不定式符号to，如果是to be/ have，保留到be或have。例如：
I intended to take an umbrella, but I forgot to.
You can’t come into the lab if your teacher doesn’t allow you to.
—Will you please give him a message when you see him?
—I’ll be glad to.
—Would you like to go shopping with me?
—I’d like to.
Our village is not what it used to be.
He hasn’t finished his homework yet, but he ought to have.