1-1大学英语语法、重点分析、串讲、最新练习

大学英语语法--系动词与实意动词

在解答词汇和语法结构题时，可用以下几种方法：

1. 看准就选的直接选择法

"词汇与结构"考试的题型由题句和四个备选答案组成。在四个答案中，只有一个是正确的，其余三个都是干扰项。考生在答题时，首先应当运用直接选择法，也就是在做题时找出题句中与备选答案相关的词，利用语法规则--一般为固定搭配或习惯用法，直接选出答案。一旦看准，就不必再往下看，这样既能节省时间，又能提高正确率。

例：1994年1月四级第45题:

The police set a________ to catch the thieves.

a. plan

b. device

c. trap

d. trick

本句意思为：“警察设了一个陷阱来抓小偷。”“设圈套”的一般表达“set a trap”，是一个习惯搭配。

例：1994年1月四级第62题:

Medical research has shown that the widespread use of cigarettes contributes________the increase of cancers.

a. towards

b. for

c. with

d. to

本句涉及固定词组contribute to, 意为“有助于”“促成”，填入空格中，题句语义连贯。

例：1999年6月四级第51题

Tony is very disappointed________the results of the exam。

A) for B) toward C) on D) with

本题考查词组的搭配，be disappointed with意思是“对……失望”，大部分考生对此词组都很熟悉。

2. 逐个排除法

在答题时，如果不能从四个备选答案中根据词组的固定搭配或习惯用法直接选出答案的话，就应该从题的句子结构和上下文意思两方面加以考虑，通过对语义、语法、逻辑的分析，或通过词汇、语法、辨析来逐个排除，确定三项都有错误，以便推论不知意思的项为正确答案。

例：1999年月四级第50题

Being a pop star can be quite a hard life，________with a lot of travelling heavy schedules.

A) as to B) in relation to C) owing to D) with regard to

选项C) owing to 的意思是“由于”。符合题意“由于时间很紧……”。选项A) as to 意思是“至于，关于”。选项B) in relation to 意思是“关于，涉及，与……相比”。而选项D) with regard to 意思是“关于”。 A)、B) 、D)三个选项在意思上都不符合题意。

例：1995年6月四级第48题

While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television________the newspaper completely.

A) replaced B) have replaced C) replace D) will replace

本句的意思是“虽然人们可以从电视了解最新消息，但电视不大可能完全取代报纸”。句中unlikely表示说话人认为某事将来不大可能发生，或者认为不大可能成为事实，因此应当用陈述语气将来时。选项A) replaced 为一般过去时，从全句意思来看，显然不合适。应予以排除。选项B)have replace 违反了主谓语一致的原则，应予以排除。选项C) replace与单数主语television在数上不一致，也违反了主谓语一致原则，应予以排除。因此，本题答案为D) will replace。

再如：

Alone in a deserted house，he was so busy with his research work that he felt________lonely.

A) nothing but B) anything but C) all but D) everything but

nothing but（除……只有），all but（几乎），everything but不是惯用短语，若填入，意思就成了“除了孤独外，什么都感到了”。这样，在逻辑上就不通了。因此A，C，D均与文意不符，故排除。只有anything but（除……以外任何事；根本不……）符合文意，所以答案是B。

3. 按动词的适当形式选择

在英语的各类词性中，动词是变化最多、应用最广的词类。考生除了熟练掌握谓语动词的时态、语态，以及非谓语动词在句中的不同作用之外，在答题时，首先要根据题句中的时间状语来判断谓语动词的时态；其次，按照语法规则（包括习惯搭配）选择出动词的适当形式，同时，还应考虑到题句中时态的前后呼应和题句本身的意义。

例：1990年1月四级第57题

The manager promised to keep me________of how out business was going on.

A) to be informed B) on informing C) informed D) informing

全句意思是：“经理答应让我不断了解我们的业务进展情况”。“keep＋名词＋分词”表示“让……(保持)”。由于inform 是及物动词，me是它的动作对象，所以要用过去分词informed。答案是选项C) informed。keep on是一个短语动词，表示“继续做”，keep和on之间不能插入宾语，所以选项B) on informing不对。我们可以说keep on doing sth.，但不能说keep sb. on doing sth.。如果keep后面用现在分词，则keep的宾语是分词动作的主题，这与本题不符，所以D) 选项也不正确。

4. 概率确定法

考生做选择题时，在备选答案中遇到生词是难免的，这时候，不能一见到生词就不知所措，而是应该认真推敲认识的词，同时利用概率论的知识，比较准确地选择答案。如果能够认识四个备选答案中的一个、两个、或三个，可以做出以上的考虑；如果四个都不认识，这是虽用不上任何接题技巧，但也要利用构词知识根据上下文猜一个答案，这样至少会有25%答对的可能性。总之，一定要答题，不能空着。此外，需要强调的是，考生在答题时，对判断不准的答案，不能太犹豫不决，而应该当机立断做出选择。

以上几种答题方法，只是基本的常用方法。在答题时要全面考虑问题，不要顾此失彼

4. 形近动词辨析

例：1997年6月四级第38题

The old couple decided to ____________ a boy and a girl though they had three of their own.

A) adapt B) bring C) receive D) adopt

本句的意思是：“这对老夫妇自己已经有了3个孩子，但还是决定……一个男孩和一个女孩。”空格中显然应填入一个表示“收养”意思的词。所以答案是D) adopt。选项A) Adapt和adopt形状相似，但意思截然不同。前者表示“（使）适应”，后者表示“收养”。其它两个选项也都没有“收养”的意思，都不可能是正确答案。

例：1997年6月四级第36题

I hate people who _________ the end of a film that you haven't seen before.

A) reveal B) rewrite C) revise D) reverse

在4个选项中，reveal的意思是make people aware of something（让人知道某事），常译为“泄露、揭露”，在本题中可译为“讲出来”，填入句中全句的意思完整。所以答案是A)。

选项B) rewrite（改写）和C) revise（修改）。虽然可以与the end of a film搭配，但本题显然不是说对修改或改写电影结局的人感到讨厌，因为本题指已经摄制完成并公演的电影。所以都是错误的。选项D) reverse的意思是“颠倒”，虽然词形与reveal相近，但与本题意思出入太大，也不可能是答案。

例：1998年6月四级第63题（六级）

It's a pleasure for him to _______ his energy and even his wife to research work.

A) dedicate B) dictate C) decorate D) direct

答案是A。dedicate oneself (sth.) to sth.意为“将（自己，时间，精力等）奉献给（崇高的事业或目的）”。全句的意思是：将自己的力量甚至使自己的妻子奉献给研究事业，对他而言是个乐趣。其它选项的意思是：dictate“口授，指使”；C) decorate“装饰，装修”；D) direct“指向，指导”。

5. 易混词及词组辨析

例：1995年6月四级第69题

A completely new situation will _______ when the examination system comes into existence.

A) arise B) rise C) raise D) arouse

本句的意思是：新的考试制度实行以后，就会_____一种崭新的情况。空格中应填入一个表示“出现”之类的词，因此答案是A。选项B) rise和arise的词形和读音相近，而且又都是不及物动词，但是两者词意不同，arise做“出现、发生”解，相当于happen，appear。rise则是一个多义词，在不同的上下文中，可译作“升起、上升、起立、上涨”等。题句谈论的是 a completely new situation（一种崭新的情况），与之连用的只能是arise，而不是rise。选项C) raise和D)arouse，都是及物动词，raise是个多义词，最常见的意义有“举起、引起”等；arouse则意为“引起、唤醒”。

6. 短语动词的用法

例：1996年1月四级第46题

A love marriage, however, does not necessarily _____ much sharing of interests and responsibilities.

A) take over B) result in C) hold on D) keep to

本句空格前的意思是：“然而，恋爱结婚未必_____”，该空格后的意思是“共同分享利益，共同承担义务”。结合选项看，空格中应该是表示“导致”之一的词，因此答案是B) result in。全句的意思是：“恋爱结婚的结果未必就能保证双方共同分享利益，共同承担义务”。其他三个选项的意思分别是：A) take over “接管、接收”；C) hold on“紧握，等一会儿”；D) k eep to“遵守，坚持”。

例：1996年1月四级第50题

The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally ____ because of the bad weather.

A) set off B) broken off C) worn off D) called off

本句的意思是：“原定于上星期五举行的运动会，由于天气不好，最终_____”。空格中应该是表示“取消”意思的词。因此答案是D) called off（取消）。其他三个选项：A) set off（出发，启程）；B) broken off（中止，中断）。C) worn off是不及物动词，意为“逐渐减少、逐渐消失”，相当于cause something to disappear or be removed gradually。

7. 同一动词搭配不同的介词或副词，组成意义不同、用法不同的动词词组，这类动词词组的词义辨析，也是历年考点之一，最常见的是：make，take，count，go，cut，get，have等等。

1) 动词make的搭配

例：1999年1月四级第64题

When he realized the police had spotted him, the man ___ the exit as quickly as possible.

A) made off B) made for C) made out D) made up

本句句意：“当意识到警察盯上他事，他立即______出口处”。该空格处应填入“朝……走去”之类意思的词。选项B) made for有“走向”的意思，所以答案是B。选项A) made off（离开，逃走），C) made out（理解，了解，辨认出），D)都不合题意。

2) 动词take的搭配

例：1991年6月四级第54题

Important people don't often have much free time as their work________ their time.

A) takes away B) takes over C) takes up D) takes in

本句的意思式：“大人物不是经常都有很多自由支配的时间，因为他们的工作________了他们的全部时间”。该空格中应是表示“占去，占用”这类意思的词，因此答案是C) takes up（占去）。take away意为“拿走”，take over意为“接管，接收”。

例：1997年1月四级第27题

The new appointment of our president ________ from the very beginning of next semester.

A) takes effect B) takes part

C) takes place D) takes turns

本句空格前是：“我们校长的新任期”，空格后是“从下学期一开始”。从4个选项看，答案是表示“生效、起作用”的A) takes effect。B) takes part意为“参加”；C) takes place 表示“发生、举行”；D) takes turns表示“轮流、依次”。

3) 动词go的搭配用法

例：1995年6月四级第61题

Then the speaker _____ the various factors leading to the present economic crisis.

A) went after B) went for C) went into D) went on

本句的意思：“接下来演讲人____了导致目前经济危机的各种因素”。空格中应该是表示“谈论”这一意思的词。4个选项都是“go＋介词”构成的短语动词。其中选项C) went into的意思是“谈论、叙述”，是本题的答案。其他选项的意思分别为：A) went after（追求、设法得到）； D) went on（进行）；

B) went for（袭击）。

4) 动词cut的搭配用法

例：1989年1月四级第70题

When the whole area was ______by the flood, the government sent food there by helicopter.

A) cut away B) cut down

C) cut up D) cut off

本句的意思是：“当整个地区被洪水时，政府派直升机讲食品运送到那里”。从所给的4个选项看，空格中应该是表示“隔绝、受阻”之意的词。因此答案是D)。A)cut away“匆匆跑掉；逃走”B) cut down“砍倒、削减”；以及C) cut up“切碎”。

5) 动词count的搭配用法

例：1996年1月四级第32题

The manager needs an assistant that he can _____ to take care of problems in his

absence.

A) count on B) count in

C) count up D) count out

从句子前后内容及所给4个选项看，空格中应填入表示“依靠”的动词。所以答案是A) count on，意为“依靠、指望”，相当于depend on，expect。其它选项意思分别是：B) count in“把……计算在内”；C) count up“把……加起来”；D) count out“不把……算在内”。

6) 动词have的搭配用法

have sb do sth：要某人做某事

have＋名词＋动词过去分词：使……被……

have＋名词＋动词现在分词：表示分词的动作正在进行。

例：1989年1月四级第53题

My sister's professor had her _____ her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.

A) rewritten B) to rewrite C) rewrite D) rewriting

have sb do sth意思是persuade or order sb to do sth（要某人做某事）。全句的意思是：“我妹妹的教授让她把论文改写了多次后，才同意她把论文提交委员会”。因此答案是C) rewrite。少数考生选了B) to rewrite。但是因为动词have不能用带to的不定式作宾语补足语，所以不对。

7) 动词give的搭配用法

例：1990年1月四级第56题

The engine ______ smoke and steam.

A) gives up B) gives in C) gives away D) gives off

这是一个简单的“主语＋谓语＋宾语”结构的句子。主语是the engine（发动机），smoke and steam（烟和蒸汽）是宾语。词题中的四个选项give off，give up，give in，giveaway是一组由“动词give＋副词”构成的短语动词，他们的意义不相同。答案是D) gives off（释放、放出）。其它选项的意思分别是：A) gives up（向上排放）；B) gives in（让步、屈服）；C) g ives away（赠送、泄露）。

8) 动词turn的搭配用法

例：1993年1月四级第56题

The French pianist who had been praised very highly _______ to be a great disappointment.

A) turned up B) turned in

C) turned out D) turned down

从所给的四个选项看，空格中应填入选项C) turned out。turn out有几个不同的意思，其中之一是“结果是，（最后）证明是”。全句意思是：“那个曾经受到很高评价的法国钢琴家结果却使人们大为失望”。其它选项的意思是；A) turned up出现，开大（收音机等）；B) turned in 交还；D) turned down拧小（收音机音量，水龙头等），拒绝。turn out 与turn up是不及物动词短语，而turn in与turn down为及物动词短语。

9) 动词break的搭配用法

例：1995年6月四级第59题

When a fire ________ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed.

A) broke off B) broke out

C) broke down D) broke up

本句的意思是：“当伦敦国家展览馆大火时，至少10幅珍贵的画被完全烧毁”。空格中应该是表示“发生”这意意思的词。题中的4个选型都是“break+副词”构成的短语动词。答案是

B) broke out，意思谓“爆发，突然发生”。其它选项的意思是：A) broke off“停止，中断”；

C) broke down“毁坏，失灵”；D) broke up“散，中止”。

英语一串讲

第一部分

单元重点句型和常考句子

Unit One

1. 主语+find + it + 形容词+to do sth.

Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it dif ficult to succeed in language learning. （line2）They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. (line 38)

2. It is + 形容词+for sb. +to do sth.

It is + 形容词比较级+to do sth.+ than + to do sth.

It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with the se people and to learn from them. （Line 36）It is more important for them to l earn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. (Line 32)

3 ….shows / showed that 从句Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. （Line 14）4. Language learning is diff erent from other kinds of learning. (Line 6)

5. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns an

d rules for themselves. (Line19-20)

6. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the technique outlined above.

Unit Two

1. … spend + (时间、钱等) on sth. 在…上花费时间、钱等… spend + (时间、钱等) in doing sth. 花费时间、钱等做..

They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. （L35）他们说政府在一些没有用处的、不切实际的项目上花钱太多。2. Taxes consist of the mon ey which people pay to support their government. (L5)

3. The percentage varies from person to person. (L11)

4. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the fed eral taxes are due. (L14)

5. Other states have a sales tax , which is a percentage charged to any item which

you buy in that state. (L20)

6. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on on

e subject: taxes are too high. (最后一行)

Unit Three

1.表示倍数的句型：倍数+ as + 形容词+ as

The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific. 大西洋只有太平洋的一半大。2. so + 形容词 that 从句/ such + 形容词+ that 从句表示如此… 以至于…

There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much ther e is .

大西洋里有如此多的水，以致于很难想象到底有多少。We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.

如今我们有许多如此之快的旅行方式，以致于大西洋几乎变得渺小了。

3. It takes sb. + 时间+ to do sth. 花费某人（多长）时间做某件事

It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up. 大西洋的水大约4,000 就会干涸。4. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.

几个世纪以来大西洋使美洲没有被欧洲人发现。5. ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.

洋流影响着它所流经地区附近陆地的气候。

Unit Four

1. Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help mem ory. (Para. 1)

2. Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember. (Para.

2)

3.How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order? (Para. 3)

4.Categorizing is another means of organization. (Para. 3)

5. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first on

e. (Para. 3)

Unit Five

1. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave.

2. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and br ave as their enemies.

3. Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone fo od.

4. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea.

5. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes togethe r as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.

1. In the 1600's , travelers from Europe _______(bring) back diamonds from India.

(00.4)

答案为brought 。考点是一般过去时，bring 是不规则动词，过去式是brought.

2. There are only four areas ______ very many diamonds have been found. (02.10)

A. when

B. where

C. that

D. which

答案为B。考点是定语从句。先行词为areas，因此用where 引导定语从句。

3. In the 1720's , diamonds _______(discover) in Brazil. (02.10)

答案为were discovered。考点是一般过去式的被动式，因为In the 1720's 是明显的过去时的时间状语。

4. The real difference between plants and animals ______ in what they do , and not in what they seem to be. (01.10)

A. is laid

B. is lain

C. lays

D. lies

答案是D。考点是lie in 在于。Lie 的词型变化为 lie , lay , lain

5. We now know that about ______ all the kinds of seaweed are animals. (01.10)

A. one fourth

B. one fourth of

C. one four of

D. the one fourth

答案为B。考点是四分之一的表达，并且根据本句的意思还要加上所属格of .此句的意思为"我们现在知道了在各种海草中约有四分之一是动物。

6. Animals can live only on ______ plants have already turned form inorganic to veg etable matter. (01.10)

A. that

B. which

C. what

D. how

答案是C . 此句的意思是动物只能靠植物将无机物转换成植物性物质来生活。What 引导宾语从句做on 的介词宾语。

7. The first ______(know) area was in India, where diamonds were found thousands of years ago. （01.10）答案是known 。考点是过去分词做定语。

Text B

1. Your first thought might be that a plant has leaves and roots and flowers, which an animal has not.

2. Students of Nature are not satisfied with guessing. 大自然的研究者不满足于猜测。

3. They see many things most people would fail to see. 他们看到了大多数人看不到的许多东西。

4. Besides the water, it takes up such parts of the soil as are dissolved in the wa ter.

此句是as 引导的定语从句。可以翻译为"植物还吸收土壤中那些溶于水的东西。"

5. Here then , you see in what ways the food of the plant is different form that of animals.

现在，你就可以明白植物的食物与动物的食物在那些方面有区别

1. Generally , the children stay in the nuclear family ______ they grow up and marr y.

A. although

B. as

C. until

D. where

答案是C. until ：表示直到… 才

2. Traditionally , all the members of an _______(extend ) family lived in the same area.

答案是extended extended 。extended 在这里是形容词，表示展开的，延伸的。3. 汉译英：大多数单亲父母发现独自照顾家庭很困难。Most single parents find it difficu lt to take care of family alone.

Text B

1. In addition , the traditional husband usually made the big decisions about spend ing money.

2. Also, the traditional husband did not help his wife with the housework or meal p reparation.

Help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事3. Their mother is busy getting ready for wor k, so they may even have to make their own breakfast.

Unit Eight

1. By the middle of the century, both radio and television had become established m eans of transmitting sounds and /or pictures.

2. Satellites are capable of transmitting not only television broadcasts, but telep hone calls and printed materials such as books and magazines.

3. The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in is olated areas where transportation is difficult.

4. Another worry is that telecommunication systems may isolate people from each oth er.

Unit Nine

1. There are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation.

2. On the other hand, our language includes a large number of words which are relat ively seldom used in ordinary conversation.

On the other hand 另一方面; a large number of 大量的，修饰可数名词Used 过去分词作状语。

3. Their meanings are known to every educated person.

4. The difference between them and popular words is of great importance to a right understanding of language.

be + of + 名词= be + 形容词; 操练：

相互理解对于友谊是至关重要的。Understanding each other is of great importance t o friendship.

5. Different opinions may come up as to the classification of any particular word.

操练：

如果形势变坏，可能出现严重问题。Serious problems may come up if the situation b ecomes worse.

Unit Ten

1. There are scientific ways in which man solves problems. 人们可以以科学的方法来解决问题。

2. Problems arise in a variety of ways. 问题出现的方式有多种方式。

3. Problems are arising from new discoveries in the fields of nuclear physics, biol ogical engineering and microelectronics. 问题多产生于核物理、生物工程和微电子领域的新发现。

4. The development of industry has also brought about large numbers of problems whi ch have to be solved. 工业的发展也带来了大量的必须解决的问题。

5. Often this means going to the library and studying books which contain accounts of man's experience and knowledge of the problem.

Means 后面接动名词作宾语，表示"意味着"。后面接动词不定式表示"企图，打算去做… "。英语一串讲第一部分

单元重点句型和常考句子

Unit Eleven

1. Sorting through their possessions, they came up with some 1,500 old, unwanted it ems.

2. Eager buyers bought all but 50 of the items in one weekend, leaving the family $442 richer.

3. Garage-sale items usually are priced at a very small part of their original cost.

4. One psychologist suggests that people are fed up with the computerization of the ir lives.

They spend their weekends going from sale to sale , hoping to run across a real tre asure.

Unit Twelve

1. For students , almost all studying involves reading.

对学生来说，差不多所有的学习都涉及到阅读。involve 后接动名词作宾语。

2. The purpose of scanning is to get a quick understanding of what to expect from t he reading, so that you will know what you are reading as you go along. (para.4) 浏览的目的是迅速了解能从阅读中获取什么，这样你就在阅读过程中清楚你读的内容。

3. The expression "haste makes waste" does not apply to reading.

“欲速则不达”这个说法并不适用于阅读。

4. Remember , nothing hurts concentration more than reading too slowly.

要记住，没有什么比读得太慢更能影响注意力集中了。

5. By always reading at your top speed, you challenge your understanding and make i t easier for your mind to concentrate on the material.

通过始终以最快速度阅读，你向你的理解力提出挑战，从而使你的思想更容易集中在你的阅读材料上。

6. The more words you are familiar with , the less you are aware of reading words a nd the more you are aware of content and meaning .

你认识的单词越多，你越不觉得你是在读词，而越觉得你在理解内容和意义。扩大词汇会帮助你读得更快，效果更好。

7. Many people simply skip over words they do not understand.

很多人对不理解的单词只是单纯地跳过去。

8. Other people stop at each new word and look it up in the dictionary, but this me thod can slow down your reading, affecting concentration and comprehension.

9. But you can build your vocabulary without using a dictionary each time.

10. The key to the method is to be alert to new words.

使用这个方法的关键是特别留意生词。

Unit Thirteen

1. The American consumer often feels constantly disturbed by insurance agents. (par

a.1)

2. Three reasons why we are unwilling to discuss insurance can be suggested. (para.

3)

reason 后面定语从句的关系副词由why 来引导。be unwilling to do sth. 表示"不愿意做…"

3. In effect , they pay as much for the insurance as they do for the car itself. (p ara.3)

In effect 实际上，本句意思是：实际上，他们买保险付的钱和买汽车付的钱一样多。

4. Insurance also reminds us that we live in an unsafe world. (para.4)

保险也提醒我们生活在一个不安全的世界里。

5. We would rather talk about football or the weather or what we had for lunch. (pa ra.4)

Would rather 宁愿，更愿，后接动词原形。

He would rather join you in this work than stay at home .

他宁愿和你们一起参加这项工作，而不愿呆在家里。有时would rather 后可跟一个名词从句，这时从句中的动词要用虚拟语气形式，从句谓语动词用过去时。例如：

I would rather you came tomorrow than today. 我宁愿你明天来。

I would rather you didn't tell him now. 我宁愿你现在不告诉他。

6. We feel inadequate and try to hide our ignorance by avoiding discussions of insu rance. (para.5)

7. We don't depend entirely on salespeople when we buy a car,a house,or a suit of c lothes. Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance. (para.

6)

depend entirely on 完全依赖于8. The intelligent consumer looks problems in the fac

e. (para.7)

9. Although insurance can be complex, its basic concepts are neither difficult nor impossible to learn.

neither….nor 既不…. 也不10. Insurance fundamentals can be understood by those wi lling to study them .

"Willing to study them"是those 的定语。

Unit Fourteen

1. This is what manners are about: acting in a civilized way to avoid misunderstand ing, friction, and conflict. (para.1)

avoid 后面要接动名词作宾语。

2. Yet we cannot interact with others without some rules of behavior, rules that ar

e set by some form o

f social consensus.(para.2)

interact with 与….打交道

3. Rude people are those whose behavior shows little respect for the rules that the majority follow.(para.2)

某些人的行为很少尊重大多数人所遵从的准则，他们就是粗鲁的人。

4. They are not even aware that this habit will bother the other members of the aud ience. (para.2)

注意此句的翻译 be aware that 表示意识到….. 他们甚至意识不到这种习惯会影响其他观众。

5. It is better to remain unknown than to make people hate you. (para.3) "make" 后面接省略to 的不定式作宾补。

6. Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later. (para.4)

不知什么叫礼貌的孩子们迟早要为此付出代价的。

7. Since getting a job is usually based on making the right impression, it is alway s a good idea to be kind and polite.

" be based on" 建立在…基础上；on 是介词后面要接动名词。

Unit Fifteen

1. For more than a quarter of a century, evidence has been increasing that children 's exposure to violence on television has long-lasting effects on their behavior. (para.1)

2. Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these prog rams. (para. 3)

Shown on 与advertised 都是过去分词作定语修饰toys 。

3. Children simply imitate the behavior observed during the program, thus undermini ng both the imaginative and the expressive functions of play. (para. 3)

observed 是过去分词作定语修饰behavior .

4. Some research even suggests that children apply the behaviors observed on TV pro grams to their real-life situations. (para. 3)

"apply … to …" 把…应用到…. 上

5. It is a good idea for parents to monitor the amount as well as the kind of telev ision their preschool child watches. (para. 4)父母监督学龄前儿童所看电视的数量及种类，这是一个好主意。

6. Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brough t into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter. (para. 6)

7. Look for other parents who share your views (para.6) 还可以找找与你们持有同样看法的其他父母。

Unit Sixteen

1. The death rate from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years.(para.1)

2. Western health -care systems are spending huge sums of money on the surgical tre atment of the disease. (para.1)

3. The emphasis on treatment is clearly associated with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen years.

4. More and more people are realizing that there is a connection between heart dise ase and the way they live.

5. Many are paying more attention to reducing stress in their lives.

Unit Seventeen

1. Frightened by the thought that she was having a heart attack, Anne screamed for help. (para.1)

2. More and more Americans nowadays are having panic attacks like the one experienc ed by Anne Peters.(para.2)

3. A person seized by a panic attack may show all or as few as four of these sympto ms. (para.4)

4. There has been a lot of explanations as to the causes of panic attacks. (para.5)

5. It is reported that there are at least three signs that indicate a person is suf fering from a panic attack rather than a heart attacks. (para.6)

6. It is generally agreed that a panic attack does not directly endanger a person's life.

Unit Eighteen

1. The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3,800 BC. (para.1)

2. It was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound footing.

it was not until ….that 直到…才3. Given the state of knowledge of those times, h

e got things wrong; for example, his estimate o

f China and the Atlantic Ocean was f ar from bein

g accurate.

Given 鉴于，考虑到；far from 远远不…

4. North at the top remained the accepted arrangement until the early Middle Ages, when the Church began to interfere seriously with the advance of science.

Unit Nineteen

1. An animal species becomes extinct when it fails to produce enough young in each generation to keep pace with the death-rate. (para.1)

2. A number of examples can be given of the way in which natural environment are be ing rapidly changed - Amazonia, for instance. (para.2)

3. Often the numbers are so great the hunters may not realize the danger. (para.2)

4. It is important to realize, though, that animals are sometimes killed out of fea r. (para.2)

5. Many people are concerned about animals and wildlife conservation. (para.3)

Unit Twenty

1. In the same way that disease range from the common cold to fatal forms of cancer, crimes vary in degree. (para. 2 , Text A)

2. In addition to breaking the law themselves, people tolerate various levels of cr ime. (para.3)

3. It may be that, by seeing others do something, we accept it more easily. (para.3) see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事，省略to 的不定式。

4. For instance, most people will find it easier to speed on a highway when everybody else is driving over the speed

limit. (para. 3)

5. We become used to seeing blood on the news on television, or in full color in ne wspapers and magazines. (para.4)

6. Yet , when it comes to respecting the rights of a mass of anonymous individuals, we might not be so responsible.

Unit Twenty-one

1. Uncertainty spreads through our lives so thoroughly that it dominates our langua ge. (para.1)

2. Our everyday speech is made up in large part of words like probably, many, soon , great , little. (para.1)

Unit Twenty-two

1． He assured us that he would be no better served by a fitness program than by le arning to ply bridge. (para.1)

2. This student has seen being physically fit as an end rather than the means we kn ow it to be. (para.2)

see … as 把…看作…3. I'm already fit, and with my schedule, I'll have no difficul ty staying that way. (para.4)

have difficulty (in ) doing sth. 做…有困难4. Keep in mind , however, that all peo ple are different and some may progress faster than others.( para.12)

Unit Twenty-three

1. When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval.

2. In this way you signal your reactions, and communicate them to the speaker witho ut saying a word.

3. I referred a moment ago to "the average European", because body language is very much tied to culture , and in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misundersto od, you must realize this.

4. A smiling Chinese , for instance, may not be approving but somewhat embarrassed .

5. Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC.

6. In fact, non-verbal communication can , as the saying goes, speak volumes.

Unit Twenty-four

1. According to many scientists , the burning of rainforests is also directly contr ibuting to the so-called greenhouse effect. (para.3)

2. The countries in which the rainforests are located are all quite poor and overpo pulated. (para.6)

3. One of them , Brazil , has a population of 140 million, about half of whom are l

iving in absolute poverty. (para.6)

4. The government often have no choice but to turn a blind eye. (para.6)

5. The local people could also be taught to earn more money by cutting the selected trees and making them into furniture on the spot. (para. 8)

Unit Twenty-five

1. American men don't cry because it is considered not characteristic of men to do so. (para.1)

2. Cry is a "weakness" characteristic of the female, and no American male wants to be identical with anything in the least weak or feminine. (para.1)

3. In a land so devoted to the pursuit of happiness as ours, crying really is rathe r un-American .(para.1)

4. Adults must learn not to cry in situations in which it is permissible for a chil

d to cry. (para.1)

5. Women being the "weaker" and "dependent" sex, it is only natural that they shoul

d cry in certain emotional situations. (para.1)

6. So goes the American belief with regard to crying. (para.1)

大学英语高自考应试技巧及复习建议

为便于同学们更好地进行复习，并在考试中取得好成绩，现结合高自考英语（一）的考试题型，介绍应试技巧并提出复习建议，供同学们参考。I.词汇和结构选择填空题(Vocabulary and Structure)一、题解

顾名思义，“词汇和结构”，那肯定是考查语法结构和词语用法搭配。在本题中，语法题约占一半，它主要考查关联词、介词和代词的应用。当然此题中也可能有考查动词、形容词和副词的形态变化的内容，以及词义选择方面的内容。1．经常考查从句：句法：重点是各种从句以及倒装句、强调句的用法。考前要重点复习第15、16、17、19、20单元的语法讲解例句和语法练习。主语从句：what, that 区别定语从句：引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；that , which的区别;

例：There are only four areas _____ very many diamonds have been found. (02.1

0)

A. when

B. where

C. that

D. which

答案： B.

It is important to realize that the same technology _____ helps us may also har m us.

A. as

B. that

C. what

D. when

同位语从句：注意先行词经常是fact , evidence, idea, thought , belief,

A few years ago the belief became generally accepted _____ orange juice and mil k should never be drunk at the same meal. (01.10\02.4)

A. which

B. that

C. how

D. why

答案：B

状语从句：引导各种从句的关连词。The children stay in the nuclear family ___ __ they grow up and marry.

A. because

B. once

C. after

D. until

答案：D.

The difference between the baby twins is so small _____ it is even hard for the ir Mum to tell.

A. as

B. that

C. since

D. if

答案：B.

宾语从句：一般用that , what , where , which , how 等等引导。注意宾语从句的语序是倒装语序。例：Studies have shown ______ teenagers often suffer from depressio n. (02.4)

A. that

B. which

C. in which

D. in that

答案：A

She decided to do ______ a lot of other girls were doing those days. (02.10)

A. how

B. why

C. which

D. what

答案：D

倒装句：倒装句的几种形式强调句：注意强调句的句型。It was ______ many centur ies later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of mapmaking on a sound footin g.

A. not

B. until

C. not until

D. until not

答案：C

二．词汇搭配：１. The burning of rainforests is directly _____ to the so-c alled greenhouse effect.

A. contributing

B. attributing

C. constituting

D. associating

2. One way to preserve species ______ threat of extinction is to remove them to zoos and parks and breed them there.

A. for

B. with

C. under

D. beyond

3. Science began to develop rapidly when man laid _____ his wrong beliefs and b egan to seek true explanations.

A. out

B. down

C. aside

D. outside

词义选择： 1.Tomatoes were once called love apples and were supposed to make th ose who ate them ____ in love.

A. fell

B. feel

C. fall

D. felt

2.Remember , nothing hurts concentration ______ reading too slowly.

A. rather than

B. as well as

C. more than

D. instead of

3.Heart surgery causes the costs of general hospital care to _____.

A. raise

B. arise

C. rise

D. arouse

名词主要考察名词的数3．代词：重点代词的考查either…or，neither…nor 搭配 ; few, a few , little , a little 的区别；other, another, the other, others , 的区

别；other 指另外的人或物；others 泛指别人，可与some 连用；the other 指两个中的另一个，常和one 连用；the others 表示其余所有的人或物；another 则泛指另一个。So me pupils are reading the text loudly, others are doing their homework.

Mrs. Clark has two beautiful hats. One is red, the other is blue.

This suit doesn’t fit me. Would you please show me another one?

4．数词：序数词、分数的表达序数词：the first, the second, the third , the forth. …..

分数：三分之二， two thirds ; 四分之三，three fourths ;

one hundred ; two hundred (正)， two hundreds (误) ； hundreds of (正) ， two h undreds of （误）；例： We now know that about _____ all the kinds of seaweed a re animals.

A. one fourth

B. one fourth of

C. one four of

D. the one fourth

答案： B.

The atmosphere consists of an ocean of gases _____ miles high.

A. hundreds

B. hundreds of

C. of hundreds

D. of hundreds of

5．形容词和副词：比较级、最高级，以及比较句式

A. 对于单音节和少数如以-er, -ow, -le, -y 结尾的双音节词变化规则为：

比较级：原级+词尾-er ; 最高级：原级+词尾-est ；词尾若为字母e , 可直接加-r 和-s t。

large – larger – largest ; narrow – narrower – narrowest ;

B. 词尾以“辅音+y”结尾时，先将y 改成i, 再加-er 和-est .例如：

happy – happier – happiest; busy – busier – busiest ;

C. 单音节词尾为“短元音+辅音”时，双写结尾辅音，再加-er和-est。例如：

big – bigger – biggest ; fat – fatter – fattest

D. 多音节词和大多数双音节词构成比较级和最高级时分别加more 和most.例如：

active – more active – most active ; carefully – more carefully – most carefull y

少数形容词和副词的变化是不规则的：原级比较级最高级

good , well better best

bad, badly, ill worse worst

many, much more most

little less least

far farther, further farthest, furthest

old older, elder oldest, eldest

farther 与 further 都是far 的比较级和最高级，但是farther 指具体含义的“更远”， further指抽象含义的“更远”，有“进一步”的意思。 Elder 与eldest 也是old 的比较级和最高级，主要表示兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。

比较结构：1). … as + 形容词、副词原级+ as … The tree is as tall as the bu ilding.

He is as busy as before. 他还是像以前那样忙。2) … as + 形容词+(a)+ 名词+ a s …We’ll give you as much help as we can.

He wants to be as great a scientist as Newton .

3) 表示倍数：倍数+ as + 原级+ as Fresh fruit costs twice as much as canne

d fruit. 新鲜水果的价钱比罐头水果贵一倍。4) … not as /so + 原级+ as … I’m not so experienced as you think .

I haven’t made as much progress as I should. 我没有取得应有的进步。I don’t sing popular songs half so well as you. 我唱流行歌曲还没有你一半好。5) 比较级+ than This bed is more comfortable than the other. 这张床比那张要舒服。 A whal e is no more a fish than a horse is. 鲸和马同样不是鱼。She goes to school earli er than the other classmates. 她上学比其他同学都早。注意：比较级前可加表示程度的状语，如：a little, a bit, slightly, a lot, by far, somewhat等。This room is far/ much cooler than that one. 这间屋子比那间要凉快得多。6) the +形容词比较级…，the +形容词比较级表示越…就越…Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels. 事实上，他越忙越高兴。6．介词：主要掌握介词与某些其他词的固定搭配关系，如：动词+介词（belong to , insist on 等）；名词+介词（key to , search for 等）；

形容词+ 介词（fond of , similar to 等）；介词+其他词构成的习惯用法，如：before lo ng, at first, of course 等。常考的介词搭配如：as to , as for , substitute for , lay aside , in terms of , be sure of , succeed in doing sth., remind sb. of sth. ; prot ect …from , result in , result from , as a result of , concerned about , depend on , rely on , live on , lie in , consist of , be satisfied with , look up , in addit ion to , serve as , regardless of , despite, in spite of , contribute to , at least , spend … on sth.

三．词汇学习要注意用法和固定搭配，特别是各类词与介词的搭配。考前要重点复习第12单元的语法讲解和语法练习。书后所附的词组表也是复习的重点。四．本题所用的句子是根据教材中出现的句子编写的。其中70％句子选自课文、课文注释或课文练习，30%选自语法讲解部分的例句或语法练习。所以必须将教材学好学通。

II．完型填空题(Cloze Test)

一、题解

按考纲规定，完形填空题的考查重点是语法，包括一致关系、动词时态、语态，名词的数，代词，形容词和副词的级，连词，介词等。从最近的几次考试看，完形填空题的语法重点仍在连接各种从句的关联词上，除此之外，也有一部分题是考查介词和代词的。

完形填空的选择项可能是名词、动词、形容词、介词、副词或连词。

二、应试技巧

完形填空是测试考生语篇理解能力和词汇运用能力的一种综合手段。做完形填空题，考生必须具有扎实的语法基础、比较牢固的词汇基础以及良好的语感。

1．做题步骤

1)通览全篇，分文体，定结构，知大意。

做完形填空题，答题的关键在于准确理解短文的大意。要做到这一点，就要分清文章的文体与行文结构．本题的短文多为说明文或议论文，结构较紧凑，往往开门见山地提出主题，然后逐点说明或评议，最后小结。所以做题前应浏览全篇，重点是首段、尾段以及每段的首句、尾句。

2）初选答案，理脉络，顾前后，忌恋战。

在掌握文章大意的基础上，根据上下文所提供的搭配、结构、语义等线索来初选答案。初选时，要着眼空格所在的完整句子，瞻前顾后，重点解决与结构、搭配有关的小题。对于个别词汇的考题，如果一时难以抉择，不要恋战，而是继续往下进行，往往进行到下文，对前边的问题就会有了主意。

3）复读全文，核答案，句通顺，意要畅

题目做完后，要通读“完形”后的全文，核查自己所选的答案能否使文章连贯，语法正确。如果你发现你所选的某个答案放在句中读起来很别扭，那么你的语感在提醒你对此答案要三思。

2．判断技巧

做完形填空题时，在遵循以上三个步骤的同时，还要注意解题思路或技巧。

1)搭配判断法

根据对以往考试的分析，搭配型题目在完形填空题中占的比例最重。搭配型问题主要测试常见搭配的熟练程度，比如说哪些词要搭配不定式、动名词或某种从句，哪些词必须与某个介词搭配。我们在复习时要特别注意短语动诃和介词的固定搭配。

2）结构判断法

结构型问题主要包括句型、句式、连接词的选择等，解题时要运用句法知识，把握关键词，从而做出迅速正确的判断。完型填空题目中有很多是利用语法的正确性与逻辑的排斥性间的矛盾来设计的。因此考生应结合上下文的合理性及意义关系的逻辑性选择最佳答案。完型填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有：

A. 转折、让步：这种关系表明后一种观点或事实与前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。常见的表示转折、让步的词或词组有：but , still , yet , however, though , although, n o matter, in spite of ，anyway, even if , 等。

B. 因果关系：表原因的连词或词组有： because (of ), due to , owing to , thanks t o , since, for , as , 等。表结果的词或词组有： so , therefore, then , as a result, in consequence, consequently, thus, 等。

C. 表示递进、补充关系：这种关系表示对前一事实或观点做进一步阐述。常用的词、词组有： moreover, likewise, besides, in addition , also , too, not only … but also , apart from , what’s more 等。

D. 表示对比、比较关系：对比表示观点或事物间的差异性，比较表明观点或事物间的同一性。表示对比的词或词组有：in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, conversely, un like, oppositely 等。表示比较的词或词组有：like, in comparison , compare… with , a s , just as 等。

3）词义判断法

词汇型问题也是完形填空的一个考点，主要测试考生在段落语篇中把握语义连贯性的能力，提供选择的词可能是近义词、近形词也可能是随意拼凑的四个选项‘遇到这类题，既要联系上下文，又要具有扎实的词汇基础，有时还须根据自己的文化背景知识做出判断。

III.阅读理解题(Reading Comprehension)