2015年职称英语考试综合类A级教材字典版

2015年职称英语考试综合类A级教材字典版
2015年职称英语考试综合类A级教材字典版

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School Lunch

Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day.In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime.Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen.

One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents.There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals,which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables,as well as meat,a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta.Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks,crisps and chocolate bars.Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunch time.

The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade.Unfortunately,the government cannot criticise parents,but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk,fruit and vegetables.Small changes in their children’s diet can_affect their future health.Children can easily develop bad eating_habits at this age,and parents are the only ones who can prevent it.A Powerful Influence

There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference1to our lives.Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet,hardly ever doing anything else in their spare time.Naturally,parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive,and they want to know if it can be harmful for their children.Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers?

Obviously,if children are bent over their computers for hours,absorbed in some game,instead of doing their homework,then something is wrong.Parents and children could decide how much use the child should_make of the Internet,and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework.If the child is not holding to this arrangement,the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other sort of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is_seriously alarmed about a child’s behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher.Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a child’s performance at school.Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet,he or she is probably just going through a phase,and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!The Old Gate

In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them.This was partly for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable,like people with contagious diseases.The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the end of the 18th century.The last of London’s gates was removed a century ago,but by a stroke of luck,it was never destroyed.

This gate is,in actual fact,not called a gate at all;its name is Temple Bar,and it marked the boundary between the Old City of London and Westminster.In 1878the Council of London took the Bar down,numbered the stones and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic.

The Temple Bar Trust was set up in the 1970’s with the intention of returning the gate home.The aim of the Trust is the preservation of the nation’s architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down,stone by stone,removing and rebuilding it near St Paul’s Cathedral.Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced,though there is a good chance that the basic structure will be sound.The hardest job of all,however,will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.Family History

In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before,many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past.One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history.They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did.This is now a fast-growing hobby,especially in countries with a fairly short history,like Australia and the United States.

It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own family’s past.It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully.It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and_cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning.

If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character,whether hero or criminal,do not let this idea take over your research.Just treat it as an interesting possibility.A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with;a more complex one may only get in your way.The most important thing,though,is to get started.Who knows what you might find?

Helen and Martin

With a thoughtful sigh,Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair.Would her brother never arrive?For a brief moment,she wondered if she really cared that much.

Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him had gradually weakened until now,as she sat waiting for him,she experienced no more than a sister’s curiosity to see what had become of her brother.

Almost without warning,Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office.Somehow the two of them hadn’t bothered to keep in touch and,left alone,Helen had slowly found

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her confidence in her own judgement growing.Ignoring the wishes of her parents,she had left university halfway through her course and now,to the astonishment of the whole family,she was gaining a fast-growing reputation in the pages of respected art magazines and was actually earning enough to live on from her paintings.

Of course,she took no pleasure in Martin’s sudden misfortune,but she couldn’t help looking forward to her brother’s arrival with quiet satisfaction at what she had achieved.

To Have and Have Not 逃亡It had been boring hanging about

在宾馆里闲待一个下午是很无聊的。巡回乐团道具管理组的成员在用美元玩儿游戏,把纸币折成纸飞机的形状然后看谁飞得最远。因为没有什么事情可以做,我加入了他们并且赢了五局,之后我找了个机会带着我赢的钱退出了游戏。尽管天色看起来不是很好,我还是决定出去走一走。我向前走到了街道另一边的一个小店里。与其他的小店不同,它没有吸引眼球的名字和主要经营的项目,取而代之的是普通的霓虹灯,里面则是吸引人的强光。奇怪的是并没有什么影子映射在窗户上。我并没有因为这个而停住脚步,我走了进去。我屏住呼吸,不知道看哪里也不知道从哪里开始看。一面墙上挂着三个手工缝制的美国壁毯,十分美丽,可能是新做的。我穿过易拉罐和散落的小玩意儿还有古董家具,在我面前的一面墙上挂着一个崭新的1957年的Straocaster 吉他。一张五十美元的卡插在琴弦上。我的手抚摸着放唱片的架子,读着标题。这里还有很多的……“我可以帮助你吗?”她吓了我一跳。我没有看见在柜台后面的女人。她看我的方式如此居高临下,这一时让我很紧张像是被一种磁场或是电场紧紧包裹住。很难避开那个眼神。但是尽管很不舒服,我还是觉得那种被直视的感觉很美妙,那种感觉对我来说不陌生,对她来说也不陌生。除了愉悦以外她的神情还流露出慈爱和怜悯。我猜不出她的年龄。尽管她的眼神充满了友善她使我想起了我的祖母。我能感觉到她是一个不喜欢与人争吵的人。最后我开口说话,“我真的只是看看”,私下里却在好奇有多少东西能够塞进汽车。她转身离开到后面的屋子,示意我应该跟随其后,但这并非是第一个房间,房间的灯光也让我感觉很特别,灯光来自天花板上的油灯,使一切都笼罩在巨大的阴影之下。这里没有罕见的电吉他,没有古老的项链,没有鲜花装饰的手绘盒子。很明显它是陈旧的用来存放垃圾和那些平淡无奇的旧文献的。我发现了一些旧书,那些金字已经退去使题目很难辨认。“它们看起来很有趣。”我迟疑地说。“要想了解上面所写你必须有相似的经历。”她清楚地说。她察觉到我的脸上充满了疑惑可是却没有再说什么。她伸出手拿了一本小书然后递给了我。“这是目前我能够给你的最好的书”,她笑着说道,“如果你要用它”。我打开书发现全部是一片空白,但依然给了她向我要的几美元,当我察觉到美元依然是纸飞机的形状时不免有些尴尬。我把书放到包里,谢过她并离开了。in my pocket,thanked her and left

1.Why did the writer want to leave the hotel?-To have a change of scene.

2.What attracted the writer to the shop?-The light

coming from inside.

3.The writer found the stock in the front of the shop -of top quality

4.What was unusual about the way the woman looked at him?-She seemed to know him well.

5.The writer disliked the back room because -he saw nothing he really liked

Going Her Own Way 选择她自己的路When she was twelve,Maria made

当她12岁的时候,玛利亚做出了她人生道路的第一个重要决定。她决定继续读书。对于大多数来.自中产阶级家庭的女孩子来说,小学毕业就都选择待在家里,尽管有一些参加了教会办的女子精修学校。在那她们学习一些音乐、艺术、针线活,以及如何礼貌交谈。这些并不是玛利亚所感兴趣的或者可以说也不是她妈妈感兴趣的。此时,她对待学习更加认真。她不停地读书,她走到哪里就把书带到哪里。有一次她甚至把数学书带到了剧院里,设法在黑暗中学习。马利亚知道她想要继续正规学习。她想要到公立高中去学习,很少有女孩子这样做。在当时的意大利,有两种形式的高中,一种是“传统”学校,另一种是“技术类”学校。在传统学校中,学生们都依照一种非常传统的教学方式学习,包含拉丁语、希腊语及文学课,还有意大利的文学与历史。极少数能继续学习的女孩们也大多选择这类学校。但是玛利亚打算去技术类学校。技术类学校比传统学校要现代得多,他们提供的课程有现代语言数学、自然科学,以及会计学。包括玛利亚父亲在内的大部分人都认为,女孩子是不可能弄明白这些科目的。另外,他们也认为女孩子不适合学习这些。玛利亚并不在乎适合与否。数学和自然科学是她最感兴趣的学科。但是在她报名之前她必须争得她父亲的同意。最后在她母亲的帮助下她成功了,尽管过去很多年她的家庭关系依然很紧张。她的父亲一直地反对她的计划,而她的母亲却帮助她。1883年,玛利亚13岁的时候考取了罗马的“Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti ”学校。她在这个学校的经历对我们来说难以想象。尽管课程包括现代学科,而教学方式却是十分传统的。学习包括记忆长长的词条和事件,然后向老师复述。学生们不会以任何的方式被提问或是自己思考。老师非常苛刻,课堂纪律十分严格,未达标准或者不守纪律的学生会被给予严厉的惩罚。failed to achieve or were disobedient

1.Maria wanted to attend -technical high school

2.In those days,most Italian girls -did not go to high school

3.You can infer from this passage that -only boys usually attended technical schools

4.Maria’s father probably -had very traditional views about women

5.High school teachers in Italy in those days were -quite strict

Life as a Movie Extra 群众演员的人生Ordinary people have always been attracted

人们常常被电影和电影演员吸引,接近他们的方式之一就是当群众演员。虽然你见过群众演员,但可能从没注意过他们=群众演员就是主角在餐厅对话时在后面坐着的人,是主角举行婚礼时在现场的客人,是“坏人”被警察追捕的时候过马路的行人。

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虽然群众演员通常没有台词,但他们的存在使整个场景更真实。当群众演员看上去很有意思,你可以看到电影背后的情景。但是不要忘记群众演员是一个职业,而这个职业常常意味着无事可做。第一次当群众演员的人常常会感到震惊:原来拍电影这么缓慢。电影成品中的场景会播放的很快,但在拍摄的时候,屏幕上几分钟的镜头可能需要拍一整天。对群众演员来说.主要的要求就是要有耐心等待。可能告知你早晨五六点钟一工作,但你要一直等导演准备好你要出演的一幕,可能一等就是几个小时。说不定还会出现技术问题,那就要等更长的时间,导演说“开始”之后,你开始演你的第一场戏,要是导演不满意,你就要重演一遍。实际上,一追又一遍地重复是常有的事。在拍摄现场,你可能一演就是几个小时。有时还要一直待在很热或很冷的环境中。工作可能会持续到晚上十一二点。报酬也不是那么理想——很可能刚超过最低工资线,你还要从中拿出约10%给向你提供工作的中介。究竟哪些人会想当群众演员呢?虽然工作时间长而报酬又低,但还是有很多人乐意申请这份工作。有些人是真心喜欢这份工作,他们喜欢出现在电影中,也乐意同其他群众演员交流。这些人中大部分都是时间比较灵活的人,这样他们就能腾出时间来演戏。他们有可能是学生、服务生、家庭主妇、退休人员或者是失业的演员。一部分找不到工作的演员希望群众演员的工作能够帮助他们找到一份正式的演出工作。但是希望很渺茫。电影业里的人大都对群众演员和正式演员有严格的区分,通常不会考虑让群众演员出演大角色。下次看电影的时候,别总是盯着影星,也看一下做背景的人,问问你自己:他们是谁?为什么在这里?在生活中他们做些什么呢?也许在人群中,就有人过着跟你相似的生活。someone in the crowd who is just like you

1.What is true about movie extras?-They often have to wait around onmovie sets and do nothing.

2.What might surprise movie extras the first time they do the job?-It can take hours to do a scenethat is only a few minutes long in the movie.

3.Why do most people work as movie extras?-They want to be on a movie set.

4.What are the job requirements for being a movie extra?-You must be willing to repeat ascene many times.

5.It can be inferred from the passage that -being a movie extra can be boring

Pop Music in Africa 非洲的流行音乐Young musicians in African countries

非洲国家的年轻音乐家们创造了一种流行音乐的新形式。音调与旋律不仅有传统的非洲因素也有当下十分流行的各种形式,比如嘻哈、说唱打击乐、摇滚、爵士或者是瑞格舞。这样就使这种音乐让世界各地的听者都觉得很熟悉,而它又是典型的非洲音乐。这种音乐在另一方面也有所不同:很多音乐有着严肃的主题,与当今非洲重要的社会问题和政治问题相关。Eric Wainaina 是这些非洲音乐家的其中之一。他成长于肯尼亚内罗毕的一个音乐世家。少年时期他就听美国的流行音乐,之后就读于波士顿Berklee College 学习音乐。现在他在肯尼亚发了一张CD 。他最红的歌曲是“Land of ‘A Little Something ’”,这首歌是有关肯尼亚行贿受贿问题的。他希望人们听他的歌曲然后思考如何让肯尼亚变成更好的居住地。另一个写有关严肃主题音乐的音乐家是来自坦桑尼亚的Witness Mwaijaga 。她的个人经历让她能够切身体会非洲妇女所受的苦难。她15岁的时候失去了家,但是比起和她一样无家可归的年轻人来说她很幸运。她可以靠写歌和在街头卖唱维持生计。在她18岁的时候,她成为一个明星。她用嘻哈和说唱的风格写歌,歌曲的内容是坦桑尼亚的各种问题,特别是艾滋病和女性权利的缺失。来自塞内加尔的Baaba Maal 也认为流行音乐不仅仅是为了娱乐。他在塞内加尔说过,故事的讲述者往往是重要的人物。在过去,他们是人民历史的书写者。他认为写歌者也拥有同样的责任。他们必须写他们周围的世界,帮助人民明白如何使它变得更好。事实上,歌词的内容十分重要。他倡导在非洲要和平与协作,同时也包括妇女权利、热爱家庭和保护环境。南美最流行的音乐家之一是Brenda Fassie.她可以与美国流行巨星麦当娜媲美,因为她的舞台表现力震撼人心。但是她也喜欢让人深思。20世纪80年代她因为一首有关反对种族隔离的单曲而一炮走红。现在种族隔离已经终止了,她的歌曲有关于南美政治和文化的其他方面。她使用传统的非洲语言与一种新的流行形式库威多来歌唱。近些年,非洲以外的人们都开始听这些年轻音乐家的歌曲。通过音乐,年青一代的音乐家使非洲与世界其他的地方相连接,同时也影响着世界的其他地方。influencing the rest of the world.

1.This passage is about how African pop music is -more serious than most pop music

2.For people outside of Africa,African pop music is -both familiar and different

3.The musicians mentioned in this passage all -write about serious problems

4.Eric Wainaina -studied music in Boston

5.Witness Mwaijaga writes about the problems of women partly because -she has had a difficult life herself

Why So Many Children 为什么有这么多的孩子In many of the developing countries

非洲和亚洲的很多发展中国家,人口增长迅速。原因很简单:这些国家的女人生育率很高——每个女人平均有三个到七个孩子。这些女人大部分都很穷,没有足够的食物和资源来照顾家庭。为什么她们要有这么多孩子呢?为什么她们不限制家庭的大小呢?答案是大多数时候她们没办法选择。这有很多原因。其中之一是经济原因。传统的农业经济中,家庭成员数目多是十分有利的。孩子多意味着田里的劳动力多且有人给父母养老。在工业经济国家中情况就不同了。多数孩子不帮助家里,而是增加家庭开销。因此,工业化极大降低了生育率。这是意大利的一个例子,意大利最近几年工业化发展十分迅速。在20世纪前叶,意大利是个贫穷的农业国家,有着很高的生育率。第二次世界大战之后,意大利的现代化和工业化十分迅速。世纪之末其生育率降到世界最低,平均每个女人1.3个孩子。然而经济并不是唯一重要的影响出生率的因素。以沙特阿拉伯为例,那里并没有以农业为基础的经济,而且是人均收入最高的国家之一。然而还是有很高的生育率(7.0)。而像墨西哥和印度尼西亚,主要是农业经济的穷国,但他们的人口还在不断地下降。很明显有其他的因素。最重要的就是妇女的状况。高的生育率往往与妇女缺乏教育与社会地位低下相

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关。这就能解释沙特阿拉伯的出生率为什么如此之高。传统的文化使妇女缺乏教育或者不能独立,并且在外生存的技能很少。相反,墨西哥、泰国、印度尼西亚的生育率就低。他们的政府给妇女提供更多的教育和机会。另一个重要的因素是计划生育。女人们也许想限制家庭的大小,但是她们没有办法。一些倡导计划生育的政府为她们提供有效而且不贵的方式,生育率下降。比如新加坡、斯里兰卡、印度和印度尼西亚、泰国、墨西哥、巴西。在这些国家妇女被提供健康和计划生育的帮助。这些趋势表明有效的控制人口的方案并不依赖于良好的经济状况。如果是致力于帮助妇女适应她们的需求那么就是有效的。事实上只有这样,才能有机会取得成功。does it have any real chance of success

1.In a traditional agricultural economy,a large family -can be an advantage

2.When countries become industrialized,-the birth rate generally goes down

3.According to this passage,Italy today is an example of an -industrialized country with a low birth rate

4.Saudi Arabia is mentioned in the passage because it shows that -factors other than the economy influence birth rate

5.In Mexico,Thailand,and Indonesia,the government -has tried to improve the condition of women Eat to Live 为了活着吃饭

A meager diet may give you health

节食可能使你健康长寿,但并不好玩——节食可能不是非做不可的事。即使上了年纪再节食,我们仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力。Stephen Spindler 和他在加利福尼亚大学河滨分校的同事们已经发现,一只高龄老鼠只要连续四周限制它进食,它的某些肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化,但却有助于肝脏代谢药物或除去毒素。Spindler 的团队正常饲养三只老鼠直到它们死亡,而另外三只老鼠只喂饲料正常定量的一半。另外三只老鼠在34个月大的时候——相当于人的70岁,从正常饲养转到半量饲养一个月。研究者检查了这些老鼠肝脏的11000个基因的活动,发现正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有46条肝脏基因会发生变化。这种变化与炎症和身体组织无限激增相关——这大概对老鼠的健康来说是个坏消息。在那些终生节食的老鼠中,这46条肝脏基因中的27条继续像年轻的基因一样活动。但最惊人的发现是那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能70%的基因变化中受益。华盛顿附近的国家老年协会的Huber Warner 说:“这是这些影响迅速起作用的第一个迹象。”还没有人知道热量限制是否在人身上和在老鼠身上一样起作用,但是Spindler 怀有希望。他说:“有吸引人的证据表明它能起作用。”如果它确实能在人身上起作用,那就有足够的理由使肝脏焕发青春。当我们变老时,我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢就不那么高效。Spindler 说短期的节食足以使药物充分发挥药效。但是Spindler 不能肯定节食是否值得。他说:“老鼠们病少了,活的更长,但是它们感到饥饿。即便明白节食的作用,仍旧很难在饭馆里说我只能吃一半。”Spindler 希望在不久的将来,我们不必节食。他的公司,加利福尼亚寿命遗传学所,正在寻找有热量控制作用的药物。have the effects of

calorie restriction.

1.According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true?-We have to begin dieting from childhood.

2.Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?-To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.

3.What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?-They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.

4.According to the author,which of the following most interested the researchers?-The mice that started dieting in old age.

5.According to the last two paragraphs,Spindler believes that -dieting is not a good method to give us health and a long life

New US Plan for Disease Prevention 美国疾病预防新政策Urging Americans to take responsibility

周二,健康及人道服务部秘书托米·汤姆森发起了一项耗资1500万美元的计划,大力推进社区在预防诸如心脏病、癌症及糖尿病等慢性病上发挥更大能量,以鼓励美国人对自己的健康负责。这一行动强调了慢性病——造成美国国人死亡的主要原因的代价,概括了预防疾病的途径,包括改善饮食和增加锻炼。卫生与公共服务部在报告中指出,“今天,在美国70%的死亡、绝大多数重病、残疾及健康医疗是由慢性病造成的,绝大多数医疗费用也花在慢性病的治疗上。”原因往往是行为上的——吸烟、不良的饮食习惯以及缺乏锻炼。“我确信通过增进健康来预防疾病是一项利在将来的精明之举。”汤姆森在发起该倡议的会议上说。“我们当前的健康医疗体系不是为应付治疗那些基本上可以通过改变生活方式来预防的疾病的费用不断上涨而设立的。”汤姆森说道,全国心脏病和中风将在2003年将要耗资3510亿美元。“男性和女性死亡的主要病因都基本上可以预防,但是作为一个国家,我们却尚未采取必要措施使人们生活得更为健康长寿。”他说道。调拨1500万美元给社区来推动预防工作,促使变化,细微到修建人行道,鼓励人们多多步行。每天锻炼,比如走步,能够预防以及治疗心脏病和糖尿病,且能预防癌症和中风。这批款项也将拨给社区组织、诊所及营养师,鼓励他们合作,教育有患糖尿病风险的人们如何进行预防,鼓励人们多做早期癌症筛查。美国癌症学会估计,所有类型癌症的一半可用早期癌症筛查测出,包括针对宫颈癌的巴氏试验、针对乳腺癌的乳房X 线照片、结肠镜检查以及前列腺检查。如果所有这些癌症都能够由早期筛查测出,该组织估计癌症存活率将上升到95%for cancer would rise to 95percent.

1.Which of the following is NOT true of chronic diseases in the US?-They often result in unhealthy lifestyles.

2.The author mentions all the following as ways of disease prevention EXCEPT -higher survival rate for cancer

3.The article indicates that more money spent on disease prevention will mean -much less money needed for disease treatment

4.The $15million program is aimed at -promoting disease prevention

5.Early cancer screening can help reduce significantly

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-cancer death rate

The Operation of International Airlines 国际航空公司的经营International airlines have rediscovered 国际航空公司重新发现,商务游客经常定期乘坐国际航班,这甚至成为他们工作的一部分。这并不一定意味着国际航空公司曾经忽视了商务乘客。相反,汉莎航空公司和瑞士航空公司声称他们总是尽量满足商务人士阶层的乘客。但是许多航空公司被指责说过去太注重由运载量吸引乘客,造成老顾客的流失。公司经常为了数量而非质量进行调整。主要航线的经营本质上是要找到合适的乘客组合。航空公司可以让低价位机票乘客乘坐宽机身飞机的后舱,不能忘记前舱需要让机票价位较高者乘坐。两家主要的廉价航空公司的倒闭并不是巧合。但是低票价需要总是满机以使班机在经济方面可以生存,在最近的萧条期运载量并没有增长。容量过剩和残酷的竞争引起票价下降,迫使一些航空公司倒闭,把许多别的公司推到倒闭的边缘。在这种严峻的背景下,航空公司不断转向商务游客以提高利润率就不足为奇了。他们付出了大量的时间和精力去满足他们对座位的要求,并将他们与普通游客相区分。在优先取舍的列表上还有准时性,经理们的时间是宝贵的。客机服务是航班为了争取商务人士注意力的又一个领域。免费的饮品、耳机和可口的食物都是很有诱惑力的因素。另外一个发展是强调座位的安排。老乘客对座位的倾斜度很精通——因为这会影响前后座之间的间隙。一等舱提供倾斜式,这样在长时间的旅程中,乘客能得到一个良好睡眠。实践证明,卧椅很受乘客们的喜爱,它将会在所有飞机的前仓被普遍应用。航空公司还试图改善地面服务。商务人员休息室变得很寻常了,这样乘客们等待航班的时间可以变得更好过一些。行李处理服务也改善了。不过遗憾的是,在加快烦琐的入境通关手续方面,航空公司能做的很有限。各大洲各阶层的乘客们只能继续厌烦沮丧了。尽管航空公司的目的是从它们的竞争对手中吸引商务乘客,航空公司将尽力改变这类乘客的坏习惯——预定昂贵的机票却没有乘坐。这种现象在欧洲尤为广泛,商务人士常常同时在几个航班预定返程机票。journeys home one on several flights.

1.According to the passage,in operating airlines it is essential to -cater to the need of passengers sitting,at both ends of the jets

2.The following are all mentioned as reasons why the airlines are having a hard time EXCEPT that -the tourist industry is experiencing an all-time low

3.The improvements the airlines attempt at include all the following EXCEPT -showing more movies during the long flights

4.There is not much the airlines can do when it comes to -speeding up customs procedure

5.Which of the following is a bad habit of the executive passengers that frustrates the airlines?-They do not travel on the flight they have booked.Sauna 桑拿浴Ceremonial bathing has existed for

仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史,并且有多种形式,其中的一种就是桑拿浴。芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴,也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上,或是一种干热浴。日本人、希腊人、土耳其人、俄国人以及美洲土著人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。用于热浴发汗的方式是古罗马优先使用的,而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用发汗小屋。最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于当时还没有掌握烟囱技术,山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的浓烟。人们在火槽里生火,加热山洞的四壁。当墙壁达到一定的温度时,将浓烟排出洞外,这使得墙壁还能保持几个小时的高温。今天,有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴,“烟熏桑拿”,才是真正的桑拿体验,而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。现在,尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用,大多数的桑拿浴都是用电炉。桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。热气还可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道,使呼吸更加顺畅。桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒,但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感,加快康复的速度。在蒸桑拿浴时,人体温度通常会上升1-2度,就像发低烧一样的感觉。因此,蒸桑拿可以说是印证了一句老话:“伤风时宜吃,发热时宜饿。”定期蒸桑拿浴可以在第一时间预防感冒的发生。蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处,它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。在这个过程中,成年人一般每小时要蒸发2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中的污垢,使皮肤变得光洁。失水只是暂时性的,人体机能能够很快补充合适的水量。在热气交换的过程中,心脏跳动得更快,这就使心血管系统也得到了锻炼。蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的平均每分钟72下增加到每分钟100-150下。健康的心脏可以承受这种变化,而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该征求医生的建议。同样地,老年人和糖尿病患者也应如此。孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴,尤其是在怀孕的头三个月。其实,每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴时都应该先是短时间的,直到适应了这种沐浴方式。become accustomed to this type of bath

1.Ceremonial bathing -has various forms

2.What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?-Saunas with smoke.

3.According to the third paragraph,saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT -curing asthma

4.According to the fourth paragraph,sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because -pores are cleaned by sweat

5.Who are advised not to take a sauna?-All of the above.

Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack 建筑设计能使建筑抵御恐怖袭击吗In the aftermath of the terrorist attack

在世贸中心遭受恐怖袭击后一段时间内,建筑工程师们试图解决一个在一个月前人们从未想过的问题:建筑设计能使建筑具有抵御恐怖袭击的性能吗?恐怖分子袭击双子塔10天后,布法罗大学的建筑工程师和总部设在布法罗大学多学科中心的地震工程研究所作为国家科学基金出资的一个项目的一部分来到了世贸中心被毁现场。参观了地震研究所部分人员考察的地点,他们用了2天时间开始将如何设计抵抗袭击的建筑的想法系统化并且在那些已损坏但未倒塌的建筑中寻找如何设计的线索。“我们考察被毁现场的目的是去看看世贸中心周围的建筑,那些被损坏但没倒塌的建筑。”M.Brunean 博士说。“我们当前的愿望是能对那些建筑没倒塌的原因有更好的认识,而我们的长远目标是看能否将抗震技术与现有建筑技术结合以提高在

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H

恐怖袭击事件中建筑的性能。”他补充说。研究者拍摄的照片以惊人的细节展示了恐怖袭击对世贸中心及其附近建筑造成的严重损坏。一幢离世贸中心一街区远的建筑虽被严重损坏但未倒塌。“这幢建筑离世贸中心数英米远,然而我们在被毁现场还看到过去曾是其一部分的一个圆柱”,A .Whittaker 博士说,“这个圆柱充当了一枚发射物,跨过了道路,穿过了窗户和楼层。”据工程师们说,在被毁现场的考察也发现了一些令人惊奇的事。例如,附近一幢建筑的楼板骨架系统非常坚固,这使那些被成吨的残片击穿的楼板得以完整无缺。“高度充分的伸展的骨架系统可以为具有抗爆炸性能提供简单而有效的方法。”他补充说。其他方法可以包括在承重部分失去作用时为重力的下落提供多种途径。“我们也需要更好地认识倒塌的过程”,A.Whittaker 说,“我们需要找到是什么引起建筑倒塌和如何对其进行预测。”A.Reinhorn 博士特别提到“在过去,地震造成的震动使许多建筑物倒塌。它引起动力的反应、极强的压力和建筑结构部分变形。抗震性能设计的发展也许可直接适用于爆炸工程和抗袭击性能的设计,我们在布法罗大学任务的一部分是吸收这些解决方法并找到未知的新方法。”new ones where none exist at present

1.The question raised in the first paragraph is one -that was never thought of before the terrorist attack

2.The project funded by the National Science Foundation -was to find out why some buildings could survive the blasts

3.The column mentioned by Dr.Whittaker -was part of the building close to the World Trade Center

4.A surprising discovery made by the investigators during their visit to ground zero is that -some floor framing systems demonstrate resistance to explosion

5.What Dr.Reinhorn said in the last paragraph may imply all the following EXCEPT that -blast engineering emerges as a new branch of science

Americans Get Touchy 越来越爱肢体接触的美国人The New York Times recently reported

《纽约时报》最近报道,美国的青少年现在几乎见到每一个人都会拥抱。与过去见面时的握手问候到分别时的击掌再见不同的是,如今的青少年选择拥抱为他们最新的问候方式。女孩儿拥抱女孩儿,男孩儿拥抱男孩儿,女孩子和男孩子之间互相拥抱。并且,最新的潮流是,拥抱的形式有了多种多样的变化。有古典式的、全身的、手臂环绕对方身体的拥抱或是随意的单臂搭肩,群体拥抱和从背后拥抱。握手逐渐转变成拥抱,而拥抱又将简化为背后的轻轻一拍。表面看起来这股流行思潮很简单。然而,一些父母、老师和学校管理人员对青少年越来越多地以拥抱的方式打招呼这一趋势表示关切。包括担心有一些人纯粹因为来自同伴的压力而不得不接受这样一种方式,担心那些不接受拥抱这种打招呼方式的人有被边缘化的感觉,甚至担心见面拥抱会成为性骚扰的保护外衣。为了回应社会的这些质疑,一些学校已经建立了一些新的规章来限制和减少拥抱。一位学校的领导提出了将拥抱限制在三秒钟之内的倡议。一些学校甚至在此方面实施了更为严格的规定,甚至严禁任何形式的学生之间的拥抱。这场社会大讨论忽视了一些重要的方面。LC 如,美国从传统来讲在拥抱和亲戚间、恋人间、朋

友间互相拥吻方面就很保守,然而,在世界的一些其他国家,人们世世代代都这样互相问候。在拉丁美洲或西欧,如西班牙、法国、意大利,女人之间,甚至不很熟悉的男女之间互相亲吻面颊都是很常见的。面颊亲吻有着地域的不同。有时仅仅是擦过脸颊的一吻。在其他地方,最正确的问候是在脸颊两侧各吻一下,甚至有时会再重复亲吻第一次吻过的面颊。拉丁美洲的男人之间更倾向于问候时候互相握手。但是在一些其他国家,如土耳其,男人见面时互相亲吻脸颊很正常。而新西兰的毛利人的一种名为“洪基”的问候方式是互相碰触鼻子。所以,从全球范围来讲,美国青少年的互相拥抱毕竟不算是什么新鲜事。全世界的人们都拉近了问候的距离,美国人仅仅是才加入而已and Americans are just now joining in.

1.The word “practically”in the first paragraph could be best replaced by -nearly

2.Which of the following is NOT among the typical ways of greetings in the past?-Embrace

3.Some parents,teachers and school administrators concern the new trend of hugging for the following reasons EXCEPT -Diseases could be transmitted more easily through the extra-long body contact

4.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?-In some countries,it’s usual for men to kiss each other on the cheek.

5.We can infer that the author holds a ______attitude toward the new trend of hugging.-positive

Women Staying in Mini-Skirts for Longer 女性穿超短裙时间更长British women are happy nowadays 根据Debenhams 百货公司的调查,英国女性在40岁之前钟情于穿超短裙。可就在20年前,只有很少数的女性在33岁以后还敢穿超短裙。Debenhams 百货公司透露,这表明现代女性对自己身材的信心与日俱增,并在一份声明中补充到现代女性也很喜欢穿衣打扮,如果这个趋势继续下去的话,那么在下个10年的时间里40岁中到50岁初的英国女性的衣橱无疑将被超短裙占据。百货公司调查显示,在过去6个月购买36厘米长的超短裙的女性的最新年龄分布出现了新的数字。他们的研究结果表明,在新千年开始之际,平均年龄已由36岁上升到40岁。1980年的数字显示,平均起来,当达到33岁时女性就停止购买迷你裙了——这一数字从20世纪60年代中期一直没有改变。百货公司注意到,专家相信高密度的健身文化的流行,给女性更加长时间地保持良好体形提供了依据。英国生活独立的女性越来越多也是其中一个因素。Debenhams 百货公司调查表明,现代女性开始喜穿超短裙开始于14岁,但直到16岁才开始购买自己的第一条超短裙。取而代之的是她会藐视校规把校服的腰带向上卷,给别人穿起短裙的感觉。16岁到19岁之间裙子变得越来越短,从46厘米减少到36厘米,23岁时达到32厘米,达到最短。23岁到27岁迷你裙长度又逐渐增长,增加到37厘米,可能是由于女孩感情第一次稳定下来,没有再去吸引人的必要。百货公司报道说。然而,由于女孩第一次感情的破裂,新关系的形成,从27岁到34岁超短裙又突然流行起来。40岁时超短裙又开始变长,达46厘米,稍稍在膝盖上面是标准的流行模式。从那时起,超短裙的长度急剧增长,在42岁时又达

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到膝盖以下,这是自从离开校门后首次达到膝盖以下。time since school days at the age of 42

1.Debenhams could most possibly be -a department store

2.According to the passage,British women are happy to wear mini-skirts up until an older age because of the following reasons EXCEPT -The Climate of Great Britain are getting warmer in recent years,thus women can wear minis for a longer time.

3.We can.infer from the second and third paragraph that in 1970s -most women no longer wore mini-skirts when they reach the age of 33

4.Which of the following statements about the length of the mini-skirts is true?-From the age of 23,skirt length increases because girls are in their first stable relationship.

5.The word “zoom”in the first sentence of the last paragraph can be best replaced by -soar

Defending the Theory of Evolution1Still Seems Needed 捍卫进化论仍有必要Judith S.Weis,a biology professor

美国生物科学研究所主席Judith S .Weis 正发动全国的力量来“捍卫”进化论。研究所看到了来自学校董事会和政府部门的反对和冷漠,尽管如此,Weis 仍带领大家为捍卫进化论而努力。研究所认为美国的进化论教育由于神创论教育和高中完全缺少达尔文理论的讲授而减少。“没有命令要求学校教授进化论。高中老师有时就忽略了它。然而,从生物学家的角度来看,进化论是生物学的中心理论,是万物存在的基础,”Weis 说。“不幸的是,在美国许多地方和美国生物科学院,讲授进论成了一个政治事件,作为生物学家的代表,我想为进化论教育而疾呼。”Weis 说生物科学院正和美国地质研究所、国家生物教师联合会及其80多个成员组织合作来对抗来自政治上和法律上的关于教授进化论的威胁。在国内,面对进化论教育的挑战,生物科学院寄信给学校董事会和国家立法机关,在公众会议上展示证据,通报其成员及联合组织。生物科学院拥有80多个成员社团和250,000个成员,它建立了一个电子邮件系统使各州的科学家、教师和成员社团能相互联系,告知进化论教育面临的威胁。达尔文的进化论主张生物变化以适应他们的环境,并且现有物种(包括人类)是由早期物种经过自然选择的改造遗传下来的。这个理论已经被科学家接受了近100年,Weis 说,并且由于古生物学的发现和生物学的发展而被完善、拓展和加强。基因、分子生物学和整组遗传因子方面的发现——这些都对人类健康大有好处——如果离开进化论是不可能实现的。而且,Weis 补充说,“现代分子生物学和基因学加深了我们对进化论的认识。”然而,进化论仍是政治性而非科学性的争议问题。Weis 说仅今年,7个州地方性或全州性地减少了进化论教育或使其处于和神创论教育同等的地位。神创论是指从宗教上相信物种是由一种更高级的力量,例如上帝分别创造的。“极少有人使用‘神创论’这个词,因为它太明显了,”Weis 说,“目前使用的术语是‘天才的设计”’。is intelligent design

1.According to the first paragraph,which of the following statements about the theory of evolution is true?-School boards oppose AIBS’s effort to defend the theory of evolution.

2.Which one of the following is NOT the reason for an overall lack of teaching Darwin’s theory?-Darwin’s theory is denied as the central theory of biology

3.AIBS is composed of -more than 80societies and 250,000members.

4.According to Weis in the 5th paragraph,the theory of evolution -is fundamental to the development of modern genetics,molecular biology and genomics

5.Why do people replace the term creationism with the term intelligent design nowadays?-Because the term creationism is too direct.

Narrow Escape 九死一生We had left the hut too late 那天早上我们离开露营的小屋已经很晚了。我们走到外面,东面笼罩在山上的天空是青灰色的。这意味着将会是很热的一天,温暖会使被冰紧裹的石头慢慢地松开。正当我们走在表面的时候,很明显它变成了一段很难走的路。主要的问题是斜坡,在山坡上有很多的碎石。斜坡被登山者反感的原因有两个。首先,爬在上面的人很容易摔下去。其次,它使你走的每一步都很危险。我们平稳前进了30分钟。岩石的状况很不好。当我们试图把自己拉上去,它就会滑向我们,像一个打开的抽屉。我的手逐渐出汗变得冰冷。突然有一声大喊“Cailloux !Cailloux !”我听到来自上面的一个女人的呼喊。声音成回声向下传向我们。我抬起头寻找它来的方向。最开始只有两块石头,弹跳着移向我们,在半空中撞击。而此时上方的空气也好像随着掉落的石头有了生命,巨大的噪声充斥在空气中。撞击声在石头表面,嗡嗡声游荡在空气中,之后又有了撞击声。每次撞击声之间都有一段时间的空隙,石头越跳越远。我一直盯着石头,感觉马上它就要到我这里来一样。在学校一个比我高几年级的男孩告诉过我,当石头掉下来时千万不要抬头。“为什么”?“因为石头砸在你的头盔上要远远好过砸在你的脸上。”他告诉我们。低头,永远低头。我听见那天和我一起登山的同伴Toby 在喊我。我看了过去,他在一个延伸出的石头下面,已经安全了。我不能理解他。然后我感到了一阵重击,紧紧向后拉扯,像是有人使劲儿地用手夹住我的肩膀然后把我转向面对他的方向。一块石头砸在了我背包的盖子上。我再次抬起头。一块石头垂直地向我砸下来。本能地,我向后倾斜,拱起我的背,保护我的胸部。我的手指怎么办,我想,如果被砸上肯定会被砸扁,再也不能恢复。我听到了在我正前面的一声巨响,有人使劲儿拉我的裤子。Toby 大喊:“你还好吧,石头径直向你砸过来了。”石头在我双腿间擦身而过,虽然没有碰到我,但是刮到了我的衣服。Toby 和我用整晚的时间回味早上发生的一切:假如那块大石头没有从旁边滑过,如果我被撞到,你会扶住我吗,我会把你也刮倒吗?对于一个有丰富登山经验的人来说这也许没有什么,但我知道我永远不会忘记这件事。I knew I would not forget it.

1.Why was it “too late”by the time they left the hut in the morning?-Rocks loosened by melting ice could be dangerous

2.The first reason given to explain why mountaineers hate talus is -that climbers above you might cause it to fall on you

3.What is likely to be the meaning of “Cailloux”?-Rocks are falling.

4.What is sarcastic in the words of the boy in

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H

paragraph four?-Being hit by a rock isn.t “pleasant”at all.

5.In what sense was Toby “safe”?-The overhanging rock would protect him from falling rocks.

Finding Enlightenment in Scotland 苏格兰启蒙运动In the 1740s,the famous French philosophy

18世纪40年代,法国著名哲学家伏尔泰曾经说过:“苏格兰汇集了我们所要寻找的所有文明。”这对一个国家来说无疑是不错的广告,尤其可以吸引那些正在寻求一流教育的人。然而有些人认为还不仅如此。据美国作家阿瑟·赫尔曼所说,是苏格兰人创造了现代社会的一切。他认为苏格兰思想家和知识分子提出了很多现代生活引以为据的思想,涵盖科学理论到市场经济等多个领域。他们的思想不仅在学术界广为流传,那些构建西方世界的商人、政府官员及科学家等也深受他们的影响。各种思潮的蓬勃开始于1740年到1800年之间发生的苏格兰启蒙运动。当时苏格兰聚集了一大批使西方哲学产生巨大转变的思想家。在这之前,哲学以宗教作为它的主要研究对象。而苏格兰启蒙思想家则认为人类应以人本身作为研究对象。启蒙思想家们主张分析的实用性。哲学家大卫·休谟认为哲学应把人类作为研究对象,因为这样我们可以审视人的行为从而求证人类究竟是如何思考和感知的。在此基础上我们就可以对我们居住的社会作出评价,进而提出具体的改进意见,造福全人类。休谟本身不是科学家,但他对知识性质的研究为从经验中寻求真理的科学理论奠定了思想基础。他的好友也是他在爱丁堡时的室友亚当,斯密,以将人类学研究应用于经济学而著称。亚当·斯密曾经说过贸易是一种信息。金钱是人们相互告知自己需求的一种方式,而人们的消费金额是我们了解一个人对某种商品的需求程度的最好途径。人们在市场贸易中寻求自身利益的过程是互利互惠的。亚当·斯密的启蒙性的“自身利益”的观点不仅已成为现代经济学的主流,它在其他方面还有更广的应用。他是第一个提出世界各国可以通过和平、贸易和创造发明而不是通过战争和掠夺来变得富裕、自由、强大的哲学家。最初的苏格兰启蒙运动随着亚当·斯密、休谟等在苏格兰居住的思想家们的去世而衰落了。但是我们仍可以看到启蒙运动的痕迹,那时产生的思想仍是我们当今很多理论的基础。在今天的苏格兰,其教育传统仍是将学术精湛和实用目的相结合的。系统水平整合研究所就是一个很好的例子。该所1998年由四所苏格兰大学创建,以计算机科学、电子工程和信息学为学术专长。虽然他的许多学科都走在科学前沿,其最终教学目的还是基于现实社会的需求,即为当今全球多变的半导体工业培养高水平的设计工程师和研究者。虽然这只是苏格兰众多教育机构中的一个,但是该研究所的教育理念证实了苏格兰启蒙运动思想在今天仍有体现。苏格兰仍然在创造、发展,并努力地传播着它的启蒙思想。doing its best to spread enlightenment.

1.Scotland is thought to have made important contributions to the civilization of the Western world because of -the ideas proposed by some famous thinkers and intellectuals

2.Which of the following is the ultimate aim of Hume’s humanity-oriented studies?-To find ways to improve human society as a whole.

3.Smith’s idea of “enlightened self-interest”has great significance for -the prosperity of all nations

4.Which of the following statements is true of the Scottish Enlightenment?-It is still alive in a broad sense.

5.The Institute for System Level Integration is used as an example to illustrate -the tradition of Scottish higher education

The Beginning of American Literature 美国文学的开端American has always been a land of beginnings 美国一直是一个充满新开端的地方015世纪欧洲人发现美洲之后,这个神奇的新世界给很多人提供了真正的新生活的希望,让他们远离贫穷和迫害,开始一次新生。我们可以说美国,作为国家是在这种对新生活的美好愿望中诞生的。那么美国文学是何时开始的呢?美国文学是在美洲生活经历中产生的。早在第一个殖民者踏上美洲大陆之前,在哥伦布到达这里之前,甚至1000年北欧人声称发现了美洲大陆之前,这块土地上就有美洲印第安人居住。每个部落的文学都紧密地交织到日常生活的构架中去,反映了和土地密切相连的确凿无疑的美洲生活经历。另一种美洲经历是充满恐惧又令人兴奋的哥伦布及其他探险家带回家乡的用西班牙语、法语和英语写成的报告。另外还有一些新英格兰荒原上生活的人在日记中记载了早时那难忘的困苦以及有时让人心痛的经历。美洲的生活经历是美国早期文学产生的关键因素。这个新世界给人们提供了各种各样的生活经历,这就需要大量的美国早期文学家用各种各样的方式来描述美洲生活。这些文学家包括仅在美国居住两年半的约翰,史密斯,还有约翰逊·爱德华和威廉姆·白伊德。这两位自认为是大英帝国臣民的英国作家对一场将会创造出一个拥有自己文学的美利坚合众国的革命从来没有任何怀疑。不管是美洲印第安人、探险家,还是清教徒、边疆妻子、农场主等,他们都是最初美国文学的创造者。

the creators of the first American literature.

1.What does “that hope”in the first paragraph refer to?-The hope to start a new life.

2.When did American literature begin?-Long before the year 1,000

3.What can we learn from the literature of the tribes of the native Americans?-About the everyday life of the native Americans.

4.The main purpose of the last paragraph is to tell the readers that -early-day experience provided the foundation for American literature

5.According to the last paragraph,which of the following statements is true about American literature?-Some British writers had great confidence in the future of American literature

Older Volcanic Eruptions 远古火山喷发Volcanoes were more destructive in

古代的火山更具破坏力,不是因为它们更大,而是因为它们释放出的二氧化碳更容易毁灭生命。来自里兹大学的Paul Wignall 正在调查火山爆发和大规模物种灭绝之间的联系。不是所有的火山都会造成大量动物死亡。但在过去的三亿年间,巨大的火山岩石的形成都伴随着大规模种族灭绝。让他惊奇的是,远古的火山造成的破坏更大。他通过比较火山

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释放出的熔岩的体积与杀死生命的比例计算这些火山的杀伤效力。他发现,体积相同的情况下,老远古火山要比近期火山的杀伤力大十倍。例如,发生在两亿五千年前的二叠纪物种灭绝就与西伯利亚的火山爆发发生在同一时期。当时的火山岩大约覆盖了西欧那么大的面积。当时火山释放出了大约100亿吨二氧化碳的碳,随之而来的全球变暖杀死了80%的海洋生物。500万年以后,地球才恢复到原来的状态。然而,6000万年前,火山大规模爆发,以及而后的全球变暖并没有带来种族灭绝。一些动物确实消失了,但几万年以后,地球又恢复到以前的水平。“最近的一次火山爆发基本上没带来什么影响。”Wignall 称。他并没有将6500万年前的恐龙灭绝计算在内,因为大部分的科学家认为那是由小行星撞击地球所引起的。他认为,远古火山之所以杀伤力大是因为近期的生物能够更好地适应二氧化碳含量上升。法国巴黎地理研究所的所长Vincent Courtillot 称Wignall 的观点很具争议性,并且很难做出这样的计算。他指出火山爆发的杀伤力是由其持续长度所决定的。并且很难知道是否大规模爆发会持续上百万年。他补充道,很难计算远古火山灰喷发多少火山岩,并且火山岩的数量也不一定和二氧化碳释放数量相一致。

correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.

1.Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?-Because they killed off life more easily.

2.How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?-By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced

3.When did dinosaurs become extinct?-65million years ago.

4.What can be inferred from paragraph 3concerning dinosaurs?-The cause of their extinction has remained a controversial issue.

5.What is the main thesis of the article?-Older volcanic eruptions were more destructive.--assignment is given,instructors expect student to be

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Obviously,if children are bent over their computers for hours,absorbed in some game,instead of doing their homework,then something is wrong.Parents and children could decide how much use the child should_make of the Internet,and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework.If the child is not holding to this arrangement,the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other sort of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is_seriously alarmed about a child’s behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher.Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a child’s performance at school.Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet,he or she is probably just going through a phase,and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!The Old Gate In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them.This was partly for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable,like people with contagious diseases.The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the end of the 18th century.The last of London’s gates was removed a century ago,but by a stroke of luck,it was never destroyed. 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