2016年职称英语考试教材_综合类新增文章
2016年职称英语等级考试教材_综合类新增文章(1)
Common Questions about Dreams
Does everyone dream?
Yes. Research shows that we all dream. We have our most vivid dreams during a type of sleep called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. During REM sleep, the brain is very active. The eyes move quickly back and forth under the lids, and the large muscles of the body are relaxed. REM sleep occurs every 90-100 minutes, three to four times a night, and it lasts longer as the night goes on. ___1___ We dream at other times during the night, too, but those dreams are less vivid.
Do people remember their dreams?
A few people remember their dreams. However, most people forget nearly everything that happened during the night — dreams, thoughts, and the short periods of time when they were awake. ___2___ It seems that the memory of the dream is not totally lost, but for some reason it is very hard to bring it back. If you want to remember your dream，the best thing to do is to write it down as soon as you wake up.
Are dreams in color?
Most dreams are in color. However, people may not be aware of it for two reasons ：They don’t usually remember the details of their dreams, or they don’t notice the color because it is such a natural part of our lives. ___3___
Do dreams have meaning?
Scientists continue to debate this issue. ___4___ Some people use dreams to help them learn more about their feelings, thoughts, behavior, motives, and values. Others find that dreams can help them solve p roblems. It’s also true that artists, writers, and scientists often get creative ideas from dreams.
How can I learn to understand my dreams?
The most important thing to remember is that your dreams are personal. The people, actions, and situations in your dreams reflect your experience, your thoughts, and your feelings. Some dream experts believe that there are certain types of dreams that many people have，even if they come from different cultures or time periods. Usually, however, the same dream will have different meanings for different people. For example, an elephant in a dream may mean one thing to a zookeeper and something very different to a child whose favorite toy is a stuffed elephant. ___5___ Then look for links between your dreams and what is happening in your daily life. If you think hard and you are patient, perhaps the meaning of your dreams will become clearer to you.
词汇：
vivid /'vivid/ adj. 清晰的，生动的，逼真的
lid /lid/ n. 眼睑（=eyelid)
motive /m?utiv/ n. 动机
stuffed /st?ft/ adj. 填充的，塞满了的
注释：
1. back and forth：来回地，反复地。
2. bring it back：回忆起它来。bring back：使回忆起来，带回来、拿回来，使恢复。
3. Scientists continue to debate this issue. 科学家们不断地讨论这个问题。“debate”作动词“争论，辩论，讨论”讲，既可以是不及物动词也可以是及物动词，作不及物动词时常与“about/ on/upon” 搭配。
练习：
A However, people who spend time thinking about their dreams believe that they are meaningful and useful.
B The final REM period may last as long as 45 minutes.
C People who are very aware of color when they are awake probably notice color more often in their dreams.
D Our most p owerful dreams don’t happen during deep sleep.
E To learn to understand your dreams, think about what each part of the dream means to you or reminds you of.
F Sometimes, though, people suddenly remember a dream later in the day or on another day.
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答案与题解：
1. B 文中第一部分主要介绍快速眼动睡眠期，而且前一句正好提到每晚快速眼动睡眠期的间隔时间、出现频率及其持续时间的情况。
2. F 题目所在的前一句提到大多数人会忘记晚上所发生的几乎所有事情，而后一句中又提到人们对梦的记忆好像没有完全丢失，由此可以推断出中间这一句应该说的是人有时会记起自己的梦。
3. C 文中第三部分提到梦是彩色的，前面主要讲的是人们可能意识不到这个问题以及意识不到的原因，由此可以推断后面应该会提到那些可以意识到这个问题的人。因此，答案为C。
4. A 文中第四部分讲的是梦的意义，纵观六个选项与部分主题相关的只有选项A，而且后面主要提到人们会利用梦做些什么，这也就意味着人们会思考他们的梦而且相信梦是有意义的。
5. E 由第五部分的标题就可以锁定选项E，而且后一句讲的是要寻找梦与现实的联系，正好与选项E的意思相吻合。
参考译文：
关于梦的常见问题
每个人都会做梦吗？
是的。研究表明我们都会做梦。在一种叫作快速眼动（REM）的睡眠期里，我们会有最清晰生动的梦。在这种睡眠期里，大脑非常活跃，眼睛在眼睑下面来来回回地快速移动，而且身体的大肌肉会得到放松。快速眼动睡眠期每隔90~100分钟会出现一次，一晚会出现3~4次，而且随着入夜渐深，每次持续的时间也会变长。最后一次快速眼动睡眠期可能会持续长达45分钟。我们在夜晚的其他时间段也会做梦，但是那些梦没有快速眼动睡眠期里的梦清晰生动。
人们会记得他们的梦吗？
一些人会记得他们的梦。然而，大多数人会忘记晚上所发生的几乎所有的事——梦、思想以及他们醒着时的短暂时光。但是，有时人们会在当天晚些时候或改天突然想起他们的梦。他们对梦的记忆好像并没有完全消失，但出于某种原因却很难回忆起来。如果你想记住自己的梦，最好的办法是一醒来就把它写下来。
梦是彩色的吗？
大多数梦是彩色的。然而，人们可能不会意识到这一点。这是基于两方面的原因：人们通常不会记住梦的细节，或者因为颜色是我们生活中的自然组成部分，所以不会注意到。那些在醒着的时候意识到颜色的人可能会更经常注意到梦的颜色。
梦有意义吗？
科学家们不停地讨论这个问题。然而，那些花时间思考他们梦的人相信梦是有意义的、有用的。有些人借助梦更多地了解自己的情感、思想、行为、动机和价值观。其他人发现梦可以帮助自己解决问题。艺术家、作家和科学家也确实经常从梦中获得创作的灵感。
我如何学会理解自己的梦？
要记得最重要的一点就是梦是个人的。梦里的人、行为以及情景都能反映你的经历、思想以及情感。有些梦境专家认为某些类型的梦是很多人都有的，即使他们来自不同的文化或时期。然而，通常对于不同的人，同一个梦会有不同的意义。比如，做梦梦到大象对于一个动物园管理员来说意味着一回事，而对于一个最喜欢大象毛绒玩具的小孩来说就意味着截然不同的事。为了学会理解自己的梦，首先要思考一下梦的每一部分对你意味着什么或者让你想起了什么。然后寻找梦与日常生活中所发生事情的联系。如果你认真思考而且有耐心，或许你会更清晰地理解梦的意义。
2016年职称英语等级考试教材_综合类新增文章(2)
Baby Talk
Babies normally start to talk when they are 13 to 15 months old. Ryan Jones is only eight months old, but he is already “talking” with his parents. When lie is hungry, he opens and closes his hand. This means milk. He also knows the signs for his favorite toy and the word more.
Ryan is not deaf, and his parents are not deaf, but his mother and father are teaching him to sign. They say a word and make a sign at the same time. They repeat this again and again. When ___1___ Ryan’s parents think that he wi ll be a happier baby because he can communicate with them.
Ryan s parents are teaching Ryan to sign because of a man named Joseph Garcia. Although Garcia was not from a deaf family, he decided to learn American Sign Language (ASL). First, he took courses in ASL. Then he got a job helping deaf people communicate with hearing people. In his work, he saw many deaf parents sign to their infants. He noticed that these babies were able to communicate much earlier than hearing children. ___2___ When they were one year old, they could use as many as 50 signs.
Garcia decided to try something new. He taught ASL to parents who were not deaf. The families started to teach signs to their infants when they were six or seven months old. ___3___ More and more parents took G arcia’s ASL classes. Like Ryan’s family, they were excited about signing with their babies. They wanted to give their babies a way to communicate before they could use spoken words.
Some people worry about signing to babies. They are afraid that these babi es won’t feel a need to talk. Maybe they will develop spoken language later than other babies. ___4___ In fact, one study found just the opposite. Signing babies actually learned to speak earlier than other children. As they grow older, these children are more interested in books. They also score higher on intelligence tests1.
There is still a big question for parents: Which are the best signs to teach their babies? Some parents make their own signs. Other parents want to teach ASL. ___5___ There’s no clear answer, but we do know this: All signing babies and their families are talking quite a lot!
词汇：
normally /'n?:m(?)li/ adv. 正常地；通常地，一般地
infant /'inf?nt / n. 婴儿；幼儿；未成年人
communicate /k?'mju:nikeit/ 通信；交流；感染
opposite /'?p?zit/ adj. 相反的；n. 对立面，反义词
注释：
1. intelligence test：智力测试
练习：
A However, research does not show this.
B All parents want to teach babies to sign.
C Ryan learns a new sign, his family is very excited.
D These babies started using signs about two months later.
E It can be useful because many people understand it.
F They talked with signs by the time they were eight months old.
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答案与题解：
1. C 第二段主要是讨论Ryan学习手语的过程，当他学会一种新的手势时，父母非常高兴。
2. F 这一段讲的是婴儿在学习手语过程中的共同规律。题目前一句讲Garcia注意到学习手语的婴儿比普通婴儿更早开始交流，后一句讲婴儿1岁时能使用的手势多达50种，因此，此处应填“这些婴儿从8个月起就开始用手语交流”。
3. D 这一段讲有些家庭在婴儿六七个月的时候开始教他们手语。D选项中的these babies指代这些婴儿，符合题意。
4. A 前文讲有些人担心婴儿学习手语会导致其会话能力发展缓慢，后文讲的是研究表明并不是这样，因此空格处应填表示转折的句子。
5. E E选项是对前文中ASL的解释，ASL是通用手语，因此能被更多的人理解。选项中的it即指代ASL。
参考译文：
婴儿语
婴儿通常在1 ~15个月的时候开始说话。Ryan Jones刚刚8个月，但他已经开始和父母“说话”了。他饿的时候，就会把手一张一合，这个动作表示牛奶。他还懂得表示他最喜欢的玩具以及“更多”这个词。
Ryan不是聋哑人，他的父母也不是，但他们正在教他手语。他们在说话的同时做出相应的手语姿势，并不断重复。当Ryan学会一个新的手势时，家人都非常高兴。Ryan的父母认为，因为能和父母交流，Ryan会成为一个更快乐的婴儿。
Ryan的父母之所以教Ryan手语，是因为一名叫Joseph Garcia的人。Garcia也不是聋哑人，但他决定学习美国手语（ASL）。最开始的时候，他参加了一门相关课程的学习。之后，他得到了一份帮助聋哑人和正常人交流的工作，在工作中，他看到很多聋哑人父母用手语与他们的幼子交流。他注意到，这些孩子能比正常孩子更早地与他人交流。他们8个月大的时候就能通过手语进行交流，而到了1岁的时候，他们能使用多达50种手势。
Garcia决定进行一些新的尝试，他向非聋哑人父母教授美国手语。这些家庭在孩子六七个月的时候就教孩子手语，而孩子们在大约两个月之后就开始使用这些手语了。越来越多的父母前去参加的美国手语课程。和Ryan的家人一样，他们对于能和孩子通过手语交流感到非常兴奋。他们想让孩子在会说话之前学会一种交流的方式。
有些人对此很担忧，他们担心这些小孩会觉得开口说话没有必要，这样他们的语言能力发展可能比其他孩子慢。然而，研究表明，事实并非如此。实际上，有一项研究发现，事实正好相反，掌握手语的孩子实际上比其他孩子更早开口说话。随着年龄的增长，他们对阅读的兴趣更强，在智力测试中获得的分数更高。
对于父母来说，还有一个大问题：哪种手语对孩子来说是最好的？有的父母使用自己创造的手势，还有些父母使用美国手语，这种手语懂的人多，因此更有用。目前对于这个问题还没有明确的答案，但是我们确切地知道：会用手语的婴儿和他们的家人会“说”很多话！
2016年职称英语等级考试教材_综合类新增文章(3)
The Apgar Test
The baby was born at 3:36 p. m. At 3:37, she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test. At 3:41, she scored 8 out of 10. The doctor was glad.
Another baby, born at 8:24 p. m., scored 3 out of 10 on his first test. He scored 4 out of 10 on his second test. He took another test at 8:34 and scored 5. ___1___ He called for help1.
These newborn babies took a test called the Apgar test. This test helps doctors diagnose problems. ___2___ Most babies take two tests. The first is at 1 minute after birth, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth. If a baby’s score at 5 minutes is less than 6, the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth.
The Apgar test is not an intelligence test. It’s a test that shows a baby’s health right after it is born. The Apgar test measures things such as a baby’s color, heart rate, and breathing. The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0, 1, or 2. ___3___
A doctor named Virginia Apgar developed the test. Apgar went to medical school at Columbia University in New York City in 1929. She faced many challenges because she was the first woman in the program. However, she was one of the best students in her class. After medical school, she started treating patients2.
Apgar also became a researcher in anesthesiology, a new topic in medicine at the time3. During her studies, she learned how to give patients anesthesia. ___4___
In the 1940s, many women started to have anesthesia when they gave birth. Apgar had a question: How does anesthesia affect newborn babies? In 1949, when Apgar was a professor at Columbia’s medical school, she created he r simple test. She wrote a paper about her methods in 1953. Soon after, people started using the Apgar test around the world.
In her work, Apgar saw that many newborns had problems. She wanted to help these babies survive. She stopped practicing medicine in 1959, and she went back to school to get a master’s degree in public health. ___5___
Today, the Apgar test is still used all over the world. Newborn babies don’t know it, but Virginia Apgar is a very important person in the first few minutes of their lives.
词汇：
diagnose /'dai?gn?uz/ vt. & vi. 诊断（疾病）
anesthesiology /,?nis,θizi’?l?d?i/ n. 麻醉学
anesthesia /,?nis'θizi?/ n. 麻醉
注释：
1. called for help：需要帮助，求救。call for：需要，要求，提倡；来找（某人），来取（某物）。
2. she started treating patients：她开始治疗病人。treat sb.有三种意思，分别是“对待某人”“治疗某人”和“款待某人”。treat作“治疗”讲，是普通用语的治疗，意义广泛，cure多用于疾病方面，heal多用于创伤或外伤方面。
3. at the time：当时，在那时。同义短语有at that point, at that time, on the occasion。练习：
A Doctors add the scores together for the total Apgar score.
B She spent the rest of her life doing research and raising money to help newborn babies.
C A score of 10 is uncommon.
D The doctor was worried.
E They decide if a baby is normal or needs special care.
F Anesthesia is a procedure that makes patients lose consciousness, so they do not feel any pain during surgery.
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答案与题解：
1. D 由第二段的前半部分可知这个婴儿三次健康测试的分数都不理想，而且最后一句提到他需要救助，说明他的情况不容乐观，所以医生应该担心。因此，答案为D。
2. E 第三段中第二句话提到这项测试帮助医生诊断新生儿的问题，即医生可以根据测试结果判断新生儿的健康状况。因此，答案为E。
3. A 顺承本段倒数第二句的句意可知选项A和选项C都可以，但选项C说10分的成绩不常见，这一点由全文其他地方推断不出来。因此，答案为A。
4. F 本段第二句话最后提到阿普加学习给病人实施麻醉，而选项F讲的是麻醉是什么，正好与本段第二句话句意吻合。因此,答案为F。
5. B 本段主要讲的是阿普加帮助新生儿的愿望以及她为此所做的努力，纵观六个选项符合段意的只有选项B。因此，答案为B。
参考译文
阿普加测试
下午3:36，一个婴儿出生了。3:37时，她的第一次健康测试成绩是4分（总分10分）。3:41时，她的成绩是8分，医生感到非常高兴。
另一天晚上8:24，另外一个婴儿出生了。他的第一次测试成绩是3分，第二次成绩是4分。8:34时又进行了一次测试，成绩是5分。医生非常担心，这个婴儿需要救助。
这些新生儿进行的是一项叫作阿普加的测试。这项测试帮助医生诊断新生儿的问题，他们根据测试成绩判断新生儿是正常的还是需要特殊护理。大多数的婴儿会接受两次测试。第一次是在出生后1分钟，第二次是在出生后5分钟。如果婴儿在第二次测试中的成绩少于6分，那他们需要在出生10分钟后再进行一次测试。
阿普加测试不是一项智力测试。它是一项在婴儿出生后表明其健康状况的测试。这项测试会测量诸如婴儿的皮肤颜色、心率、呼吸一类的项目，总共包括五部分，每一部分的成绩可以是0分、1分或2分。医生把每一部分的成绩加起来就是这项测试的总分。
一位名叫弗吉尼亚·阿普加的医生设计了这项测试。1929年，阿普加去纽约的哥伦比亚大学医学院就读。由于是这个学科里的第一位女性，使她面临了许多挑战。然而，她却是班上最好的学生之一。完成医学院的学业后，她开始给患者治疗。
阿普加还是麻醉学方面的研究者，当时麻醉学是一项新的医学课题。在求学过程中，她学会了如何给患者实施麻醉。麻醉会使病人失去意识，因而他们在手术过程中不会感到任何疼痛。20世纪40年代，许多妇女在分娩时开始使用麻醉。但阿普加有个疑问：麻醉是如何影响
新生儿的呢？1949年，当阿普加在哥伦比亚医学院担任教授时，她创造了这项简单测试。1953年，她写了一篇关于该测试方法的论文。不久之后，人们开始在世界范围内使用阿普加测试。
在工作中，阿普加发现许多新生儿都有健康问题。她想帮助这些新生儿活下来。1959年，她中止了行医，回到学校攻读公共卫生硕士学位。她把自己的余生都奉献给了医学研究以及筹集资金帮助新生儿。
今天，阿普加测试仍然在全世界范围内被广泛运用。虽然新生儿们并不知道，但弗吉尼亚·阿普加却是他们生命的前几分钟里非常重要的一个人。
2016年职称英语等级考试教材_综合类新增文章(4)
Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job
John Harrison has what must be the most wanted job in the United St ates. He’s the official taster for Edy’s Grand Ice Cream, one of the nation’s best-selling brands. Harrison’s taste buds are insured for $1 million. ___1___ And when he isn’t doing that, he travels, buying Edy’s in supermarkets all over the country so that he can check for perfect appearance, texture, and flavor.
After I interviewed Harrison, I realized that the life of an ice cream taster isn’t all Cookies ’n Cream —a flavor that* he invented, by the way. No, it’s extremely hard work, which requires discipline and selflessness.
For one thing, he doesn’t swallow on the job. Like a coffee taster, Harrison spits. Using a gold spoon to avoid “off” flavors, he takes a small bite and moves it around in his mouth to introduce it to all 9,000 or so taste buds. ___2___ Then he breathes in gently to bring the aroma up through the back of his nose. Each step helps Harrison evaluate whether the ice cream has a good balance of dairy, sweetness, and added ingredients 一the three-flavor components of ice cream. Then, even if the ice cream tastes heavenly, he puts it into a trash can. A full stomach makes it, impossible to judge the quality of the flavors.
During the workweek, Harrison told me that he has to make other sacrifices, too: no onions, garlic, or spicy food, and no caffeine. Caffeine will block the taste buds, he says, so his breakfast is a cup of herbal tea. ___3___
Harrison’s family has been in the ice cream business in one way or another1 for four generations, so Harrison has spent his entire life with it2. However, he has never lost his love for its cold, creamy sweetness. ___4___ On these occasions3, he does swallow, and he eats about a quart (0.95 liters) each week. By comparison4, the average person in the United States eats 23.2 quarts (21. 96 liters) of ice cream and other frozen dairy products each year.
Edy’s ice cream is available in dozens of flavors. So what flavor does the best-trained ice-cream taster in the country prefer? Vanilla! In fact, vanilla is the best-selling variety in the United States. ___5___ “It’s a very complex flavor,” Harrison says.
词汇：
taste bud 味蕾
texture /'tekst??/a/ n. 质地
aroma /?'r?um?/ n. 芳香
vanilla /v?'ml?/ n. 香草
注释：
1. in one way or another：以某种方式,用这样或那样的方式
2. has spent his entire life with it：为此他已付出一生。spend.…with sth.：花（时间等）在某事上
3. on these occasions：在这种场合下
4. by comparison：相比之下
练习：
A However, you should never call it plain vanilla.
B He even orders ice cream in restaurants for dessert.
C Next he smack-smack-smacks his lips to get some air into the sample.
D This is a small price to pay for what he calls the world’s best job.
E In his younger days, he would help out at the ice cream factory his uncle owned.
F He gets to sample 60 ice creams a day at Edy’s headquarters in Oakland, California.学派网王霞2016职称英语考前押题下载地址https://www.360docs.net/doc/6811820185.html,/RymM9LG，100%压中原题！或加入学派王霞2016职称英语群512575130下载！
答案与题解：
1. F 文中第一段讲了Harrison的工作情况。后文提到他休假时的情况，所以此处应为对他工作状态的介绍。
2. C 第二段主要介绍了他工作时品尝冰淇淋的过程。前文介绍了刚入口中的情况，此处应该是后续介绍。
3. D 第四段讲了他为此工作做出的牺牲。
4. B 此处前文讲到他仍然爱吃冰淇淋，所以此处B选项最符合原文。
5. A 根据后文讲“香草是一种复杂的口味”可以推断此处应为A选项。
参考译文：
冰淇淋品尝师一一一份甜蜜的职业
约翰·哈瑞森拥有一份可能是美国人最想要的工作。他是一名职业的冰淇淋品尝师，供职于美国最畅销的冰淇淋品牌之一Edy’s Grand Ice Cream。哈瑞森已经给味蕾投保了100万美元。他每天要在位于加州奥克兰的Edy’s总部尝试60种冰淇淋样品。休假时，他会去旅行，并且到全国各地的超市买来Edy’s产品，以便检査外观，质地和口味是否完美。在采访完哈瑞森之后，我发现一个冰淇淋品尝师的生活并不像他发明的奶油曲奇味雪糕那样甜。这是一个需要克制和无私的艰难工作。
首先，工作时他不能咽下冰淇淋，只能像咖啡品尝师那样吐出。为了避免其他味道的混入，他用金制的汤匙舀取冰淇淋，咬一小口在口中搅动，让大约9 000个味蕾全部都能感觉到味道，然后他不断咂嘴唇好让空气进入口中。接着，他轻轻吸一口气，让冰淇淋的芳香窜入鼻中。每一个步骤都有助于哈瑞森判断出这款冰淇淋的牛奶、甜度和添加剂这三种成分是否已达到完美的平衡。即使这个冰淇淋尝起来极其美味，他接下来也会把它扔到垃圾桶里。饱腹感是不可能判断出口味的品质的。
哈瑞森告诉我说，在工作周，他也不得不做出很多牺牲：不能吃洋葱、大蒜或辣的食物以及含咖啡因的食物。因为咖啡因会限制味蕾，所以他早饭时只喝一杯花草茶。这只是他为了自己口中世界上最好的工作所付出的一个小代价。
哈瑞森的家族中已经有四代人以这样或那样的方式在冰淇淋行业工作，所以他已经为此付出了一生。但他并没有失去对这种凉爽油腻的甜品的爱。他甚至会在餐厅中点冰淇淋作为甜品。在这些时候，他会咽下它们，他每周大概会吃掉一夸脱（0.95升）的冰淇淋。而美国普通人平均每年要吃掉23.2夸脱（21. 96升）的冰淇淋和其他冰冻奶制品。
Edy’s的冰淇淋有几十种口味。哪种口味才是这个国家最有经验的冰淇淋品尝师的最爱呢？
香草味的！事实上，香草口味是全美最畅销的。但是，你不能称它是纯香草口味。“这是个很复杂的口味，”哈瑞森说道。
2016年职称英语等级考试教材_综合类新增文章(5)
Primer on Smell
In addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us? Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are,” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. ___1___ “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of infor mation about who is around us based on smell,” says Reed.
Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble —spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “It’s a great alert,” offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it.
With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. Let’s say, for example, that the smell is purple petunias. ___2___ Now let’s imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. You wouldn’t need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor.
Compared with3 animals, how well do people detect smelts?
That depends on what you mean by “how well”. We are low on receptor cells ：current estimates say that humans have roughly five million smell-receptor cells, about as many as a mouse. ___3___
Reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the number of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. “You can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a human brain ——it’s a pea-sized object. In a mouse, it’s a little bigger. It’s bean-sized in a rat, about the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of your thumb in a bloodhound.”
Does that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute?
Not exactly. While we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any animal. ___4___ A trained “nose”, such as that of a professional in the perfume business, can name and distinguish about 10,000 odors. Reed says that a perfume expert can sniff a modem scent that has a hundred different odorants in it, go into the lab, and list the ingre dients. “In a modest amount of time, he comes back with what to you or me would smell like a perfect imitation of that perfume. It’s amazing.”
What happens to4 our sense of smell as we age?
Many people continue to have good olfactory function as they get older. ___5___ Leopold says that smell is generally highest in childhood, stays the same from the teens through the 50s, and drops starting at about 60 for women and 65 for men. “The average 80-year-old is only able to smell things half as well as the average 20-year-old,” says Leopold.
词汇：
scent /sent/ n. 气味，香味
petunia /p?'tju:ni?/ n. 喇叭花
olfactory /?l'f?kt(?)ri/ adj. 嗔觉的，味道的
sniff /snif/ v. 嗅，闻，用力吸
注释：
1. bring out：使……显出，使……变得明显
2. warn of：发出关于……的警告。warn sb. of sth.：警告某人某事
3. compare with：与……相比
4. happen to：发生于，发生在
练习：
A These flowers have a rich spiciness that no other petunia has.
B Odors, or smells, can warn us about trouble.
C That’s not the rule, however.
D And smell tells us about people.
E We can also think, and we make conscious (and successful) efforts to tell the difference between one smell and another.
F A rat has some 10 million, a rabbit 20 million, and a bloodhound 100 million.
学派网王霞2016职称英语考前押题下载地址https://www.360docs.net/doc/6811820185.html,/RymM9LG，100%压中原题！或加入学派王霞2016职称英语群512575130下载！
答案与题解：
1. D 根据后文提到的“我们能够根据气味收集到有关人的很多信息”可以推断此处答案是D选项。
2. A 前文提到以紫喇叭花的香味举例，选项中只有A选项提到了喇叭花。
3. F 前文提到人类和小鼠的嗅觉受体细胞数量，可以推断此处应介绍其他物种的嗅觉受体细胞数量。
4. E 后文都在介绍人类可以区分味道的不同，所以此处E选项最符合原文意思。
5. C 后文介绍了不是每个人都随着年龄的增长嗅觉能力不发生变化，所以此处C选项最符合原文。
参考译文：
嗅觉入门
嗅觉除了能让我们感受到食物的气味外，还能做什么？
美国约翰霍普金斯大学研究嗅觉的专家Randall Reed教授指出，气味能提供给我们关于位置，关于我们在哪儿，以及有关人的信息。“无论我们是否意识到，我们能根据气味收集到许多关于谁在我们身边的信息，”Reed讲道。
即使还隔着一段距离，气味就能提醒我们注意很多麻烦：变质的食物，煤气泄漏，或是火灾。“它是一个很好的警告，”约翰霍普金斯大学的医生Donald Leopold说道。比方说，烤箱中有东西烧焦了，屋内的每个人都会知道。
仅仅是简单的气味，嗅觉就会引起强烈的情感。比如说那种气味就是紫喇叭花。它的气味中有一种其他喇叭花没有的香味。现在我们想象一下，你的母亲在你3岁时就去世了，她曾经拥有一座花园。你不必去辨认那种气味或者有意识地回忆起你的母亲或者她的花园，只要是你闻到那种紫喇叭花的香味，你就会感到伤感。
与动物相比，人类感知气味的能力有多强？
那要取决于你所谓的“多强”是什么意思。我们人类的受体细胞很少：目前估计人类有大概500万个嗅觉受体细胞，差不多和一只小鼠的一样多。一只大鼠大约有1 000万个，一只兔子有2 000万个，一只寻血犬有1亿个。
Reed谈到，在不同的物种中，受体细胞的数量和嗅觉的强弱大体是正相关的。“人的大脑中是几乎找不到嗅球的，它像豌豆般大小。小鼠的脑中，嗅球大一点。大鼠的脑中，嗅球有蚕豆那么大，兔子脑中的有你的小手指那么大，而寻血犬脑中的有拇指那么大。”
这是不是就意味着我们的嗅觉不够敏锐呢？
不完全是。尽管我们的嗅觉范围可能没有其他生物的那么广，但是我们已有的受体细胞和其他动物的一样敏感。我们也可以认为，我们在有意（并且成功地〕努力区别不同的气味。受过培训的鼻子，比如研究香水的专家的鼻子就能够区分1万种气味并说出其名字。Reed说，一个香水专家可以在闻完一种含有100种不同香料的现代香水后，走进实验室，列出这些成分。“一段时间过后，他调制出来的气味对于你我来说都是那种香水气味的完美复制，太不可思议了。”
随着年龄的增长，我们的嗅觉会发生什么变化？
许多人年龄增大时还会有很好的嗅觉能力。但并不都是这样。指出，一个人的嗅觉在儿童时最强，在青少年时期一直到50多岁都保持不变，女人通常从60岁、男人从65岁开始下降。“通常来说，80岁的人能闻到的东西是20岁的人能闻到的一半，”Leopold说道。
理工类职称英语新增完整版
理工类职称英语新增标准化管理处编码[BBX968T-XBB8968-NNJ668-MM9N]
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】 【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】 第八篇What Is a Dream For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions. Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. 1 The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by
2018年职称英语的理工类新增文章译文
2010年职称英语等级考试用书（理工类） 新增文章参考译文 第四部分阅读理解 第三篇 公民科学家 理解大自然对气候变化有怎样的反应需要监视世界各个角落的关键生命周期事件——花开、叶子的出现、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到来。但是生态学家不可能去到世界的各个角落，所以他们向非科学家求助，这些非科学家有时也被称作公民科学家。 气象科学家不可能足迹遍及天下。因为在世界上有如此多的地方，没有足够的科学家来观察它们。所以他们请求你来帮助观察全世界气候变化的迹象。公民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方面——鸟儿、树木、花开等等——并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。这有助于数量有限的科学家得到如果只靠他们自己根本收集不到的巨大数据。就像公民记者帮助报道传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区的相关信息一样，公民科学家也对他们所居住的环境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出几分钟来搜集数据并发送过来。 一群科学家和教育家在去年发起了一个叫做纽约国家物候学的组织。“物候学”就是科学家们所说的在自然中研究每个事件的时间。 其中一个小组的首要尝试就是依靠科学家和非科学家来收集关于每年植物开花和长叶子的数据。这一项目叫做花季追踪计划，它收集遍布美国的各种各样的植物生长周期的数据。参与这一项目的人们——这一计划对所有人开放——把他们的观察记录在花季追踪计划网站上。 “人们不需要是植物学家——他们仅仅需要环视四周看看周围有什么。”Jennifer
Schwartz说，她是这项计划的教育顾问。“通过收集数据，我们就能够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会有怎样的影响。” 第六篇 北极冰山融化 地球的北极和南极都以冰冷闻名。但是，去年北冰洋上的冰含量跌到了历史最低点。 正常情况下，每年冬天在北极附近的北冰洋开始结冰，并在夏天缩减。但是多年以来，在夏天结束时冰的含量在下降。 自从1979年以来，每l0年在夏季末的冰覆盖量都下降11.4％。在1981到2000年之间，北极冰的厚度下降了22％——变成了l.13米这么薄。 去年，北极的冰雪覆盖达到了最薄的程度。在2007年夏天快结束的时候，冰层已经缩减到只覆盖四百二十万平方公里。这比那年的平均覆盖面积少38％，比两年前最低记录少23％。这个持续的趋势令科学家们万分担忧。 冰雪融化有许多原因，话雅图华盛顿大学的海洋学家张金伦说，有许多原因导致了冰层融化。极不寻常的强风去年刮过大西洋，风把大西洋中部的冰散去，留下大面积的薄冰和没有冰覆盖的海面。 科学家们还怀疑在大西洋上空有比过去越来越少的云层。晴朗的天空使更多的阳光照射大西洋。升高的温度使水和空气都变温暖。在去年大西洋的部分海域，表面温度比平均温度高3.5摄氏度，比历史最高点还高l.5摄氏度。 由于空气和水都变暖，冰从上面和下面都开始融化。在波弗特海的部分海域，阿拉斯加的北部和加拿大的西部，夏天开始时冰的厚度为3.3米，但到了季末仅仅为50厘米。 新的测量表明，情况远远比科学家们仅仅从表面上看到的要严重得多，新罕布什尔州汉
职称英语用书
阅读理解：第三篇Cooking Oil Fumes Tumor C级 The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking ,said medical experts after a five-year research study . Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger, especially women. According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else .Following breast cancer ,it has the second-highest incidence rate. “An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer ,” said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center. He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them, 1,483 were male. Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report. However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat. About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women’s bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchens. However , local women were adjacent to then cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer .come claimed they may change food preparation methods. “Unless my family and I don/t eat at home every day , I must stay in the kitchen to cook,” said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman. “I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less.” Doctors said women’s lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems. Other experts agreed with He. “Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men,” said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University’s Medical College. “It’s true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women.” He’s research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used. The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, experts said. 练习： 1.What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers? D A Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women. B Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men. C Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males. D Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females. 2. Which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in Shanghai? B A Heart disease. B Breast cancer. C Infectious diseases. D Lung cancer. 3. What symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long term, close contact with cooking oil fumes? A
概括大意与完成句子--职称英语考试辅导《综合类》第三部分讲义5
正保远程教育旗下品牌网站美国纽交所上市公司(NYSE:DL) 职业培训教育网职业人的网上家园https://www.360docs.net/doc/6811820185.html, 职称英语考试辅导《综合类》第三部分讲义5 概括大意与完成句子 4.问句不是主题句，需参考问答来确定主题 例1：So who decides which names are used each year? The World Meteorological Organization uses six lists in rotation, so each list is reused every six years.（2006） A.Reason for naming hurricane B.Warming of an approaching hurricane C.Deadly women D.History of naming hurricanes https://www.360docs.net/doc/6811820185.html,anization responsible for naming hurricanes F.Ways to track hurricanes [答疑编号505916030701] 【答案】E 例2：That leads to another question.Why does anyone wear a tie? Ties serve no purpose.They do not cover any part of your body and keep you warm.They always seem to get covered in food stains.Perhaps that is the purpose of the tie.It lets everyone know what you just ate.（2007） A.Origin of the tie B.British ties https://www.360docs.net/doc/6811820185.html,elessness of the tie D.Old-fashioned ties E.Role of the tie F.Signs of a tieless era 老师手写内容： reason n. 原因 use n. 使用 purpose n. 目的，用途 useless adj. 无用的 useful adj. 有用的 uselessness n. 无用，无效 usefulness n. 有用，有效 no purpose 没有目的 [答疑编号505916030702] 【答案】C 例3：Is there a future for ties? The signs are not promising.Many political leaders, including British Prime Minister Tony Blair, now go without ties. A.Origin of the tie B.British ties https://www.360docs.net/doc/6811820185.html,elessness of the tie D.Old-fashioned ties E.Role of the tie
职称英语综合类新增文章阅读判断第十一篇
第十一篇Stage Fright Fall down as you come onstage. That‘s an oddtrick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he wasa teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich trippedhim purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,2 Mr. Feltsmansaid,"All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen？" Today,music schools are addressing the problem ofanxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and careerpreparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn tofight stage fright and its symptoms:icy fingers,shaky limbs,racing heart,blank mind.3 Teachers and psychologists offer wide-rangingadvice,from basics like learning pieces inside out,4 to mentaldiscipline,such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don‘tdeny that you’re jittery,they urge,some excitement is natural,even necessary for dynamicplaying. And play in public often,simply for the experience. Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests somestrategies for the moments before performance,“Take two deep abdominalbreaths,open up your shoulders,then smile,she says. ”And not one of these‘please don’t kill me‘ smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in theaudience,people you would communicate with and make music to,and make eyecontact with them.“She doesn’t want performers to think of the audience as ajudge. Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often atthe root of stage fright,says Dorothy Delay,a well-known violin teacher. She tells otherteachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve. When Lynn Harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist ofthe Cleverland Orchestra,and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There weretimes when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chestresponding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where Ithought,"If I have to go through this to play music,I think I’m going to lookfor another job.”5 Recovery,he said,involved developinghumility-recognizing that whatever his talent,he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert wasnot a disaster.6 It is not only young artists who suffer,ofcourse. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz‘s nerves were famous. The greattenor Franco Corelli is another example.“They had to push him on stage,"SopranoRenata Scotto recalled. Actually,success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career,when you‘re scared to death,nobody knows who you are,and they don’t have anyexpectations,"Soprano June Anderson said. “There‘s less to lose. Later on,whenyou’r e known,people are coming to see you,and they have certain expectations.You have a lot to lose.” Anderson added,"I never stop being nervous until I‘ve sung my last note.”
2016年职称英语考试必过技巧(完整版)
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材练习4-9题，所以必须记住教材中的词组题。教材词汇练习一共100题，其中有词组的也就20个左右，记住绝对没有困难； 2.2.3、因职称英语词汇数量有限，直接查同义词词典，一般前三个义项就会有答案。 3、阅读理解（3分/题*15题=45分） 3.1、必杀技： 3.1.1、熟记教材文章练习题的正确答案，重点掌握去年教材上没有的新增文章，考试时先找教材上的文章，做出来。 3.1.2、其他文章，先作考试题目中有人名、地名、国家名、数字、年代等专有名词的题。 3.1.3、勾画出考试题目中的关键词（一般是名词，不必认识它也不必查词典），然后到文章中找一样的关键词定位。 3.1.4、定位关键词后，对比文章中关键词附近的词或词组，与答案选项中词或者词组重合的最多的即为正确答案。（就像玩拼图游戏，考察你的眼力！ˇ?ˇ） 3.1.5、如果你无法定位关键词，则： 3.1.5.1、如有选项为“以上X项皆是”，即为正确答案， 3.1.5.2、看四个答案选项中有无大部分相似的。如有，若意思完全相反的其中一个必是答案；若意思并非相反的则较长选项为答案，如没有大部分相似的，则最长的选项为答案。 3.1.6、如果考试题目是针对文章中的某个单词的意思，那么就相当于是一个词汇题，则同义词词典又派上用场了！ 3.1.7如果考试题目是问文章主旨（如作者的观点，替换文章标题等）的，则需要细读文章题目，每段第一句和文章最后一句，并大致搞清意思。然后选择意思最接近的一项答案。 3.2、详解： 3.2.1、考题共3篇文章，其中1篇（5个题占15分）来自教材。根据历年经验，教材新增文章作为考题的概率较大。所以熟记教材上所有文章（以教材新增文章为重点）的练习题答案，即可保证稳拿15分！注意：因为考试会把ABCD4个答案选项次序打乱，所以不要只记正确答案的ABCD编号，而要记住正确答案
2014年职称英语理工类ABC级讲义
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第一部分 了解职称英语 一、概述 总述：全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由人事部组织实施的一项国家级外语考试。 专业类别 注：三类考试的共同点和不同点：每个级别的试卷内容，除综合类外，普通英语和专业英语题目各占50%。对于类别的区分意义不大，原则上考生报综合、理工、卫生的任何一类都是可以的，考生可结合自身情况及单位规定进行报考。在正式考试中，50%的题都是一样的。 等级 总分：100分 考试时间：120分钟 注：参加考试的考生允许带一本普通的英语字典进入考场。建议参加C 级和B 级考试的考生可以使用《牛津英汉双解词典（中级）》，参加A 级考试的考生适用《牛津英汉双解词典（高级）》，还可以同时考虑准备一本《牛津英语同义词词典》。 二、评价目标 总目标：
2015职称英语新增文章(带翻译)
Real World Robots When you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic devi ce having the same general shape as a human being, performin g humanlike functions, and responding to your questions i n a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, bu t in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a r obot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficien tly carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by huma ns. T o d a y’ s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one t ask again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varyin g degrees of artificial intelligence— that is, a robot contains a computer program that tell s it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning,drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience. A robot does not posses s a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A
2021年职称英语考试必过技巧(完整版)
2016年全国职称英语考试必过 技巧 欧阳光明（2021.03.07） 1、试题概况及答题顺序 1.1、必杀技：见下表中“答题顺序”： 1.2、详解 1.2.1、词汇、阅读理解、完型填空所占分值最高（合计高达75分），放到前面来做，避免万一时间不够，可以确保先抓住大部分分数。 1.2.2、词汇、阅读理解、完型填空都是部分来自教材，放到前面来做，记忆比较深刻，答题成功率较高。 1.2.3、阅读判断放到最后，是因为本题根据经验蒙答案（具体方法后面详述）成功率可拿到全部7分中的3分，这样可以腾出时间给需要查词典即可稳拿分数的词汇题，所以阅读判断的答题时间只有1分钟。 2、词汇（1分/题*15=15分）
2.1、必杀技： 2.1.1、准备一本正式出版的英语同义词词典，推荐牛津出版社出版，外研社翻译出版的《牛津英语同义词词典》。 2.1.2、教材练习不用做，把答案勾画出来，只需记住其中题目划线部分或者答案是词组的，其余不用看。 2.1.3、考试时看到有教材中的词组题则直接答上，其余的查词典。 2.2、详解： 2.2.1、职称英语考试允许带一本正式出版的，并非针对职称英语考试而编写的词典。而本题考核内容就是同义词（词组），显然使用同义词典效率更高。 2.2.2、词组记忆相对容易而查词典找同义词组相对较困难，又因试题来自教材练习4-9题，所以必须记住教材中的词组题。教材词汇练习一共100题，其中有词组的也就20个左右，记住绝对没有困难； 2.2.3、因职称英语词汇数量有限，直接查同义词词典，一般前三个义项就会有答案。 3、阅读理解（3分/题*15题=45分） 3.1、必杀技： 3.1.1、熟记教材文章练习题的正确答案，重点掌握去年教材上没有的新增文章，考试时先找教材上的文章，做出来。 3.1.2、其他文章，先作考试题目中有人名、地名、国家名、数字、年代等专有名词的题。
2020年职称英语新增文章：教材理工类第十四篇
2020年职称英语新增文章：教材理工类第十四篇 第十四篇 Primer on Smell In addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what does the sense of smell do for us? Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are，” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. 1 “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell，，，says Reed. Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble — spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “It’s a great alert，，，offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it. With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very intense emotion. Let’s say, for example，that the smell is purple petunias. 2 Now let’s imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden. You wouldn’t need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor.
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职称英语理工类教材变 动情况完整详细版 Document number【AA80KGB-AA98YT-AAT8CB-2A6UT-A18GG】
2015年职称英语理工类新增文章 plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live. The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose. Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops. If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet. 必不可少的科学过程
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