2020职称英语新增文章：理工类B级
2020职称英语新增文章：理工类B级
What Is a Dream? For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind
has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams
are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions. Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a person's wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud' s. Jung, however, had a different idea
about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was
to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the
other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn
that they think too little of themselves. Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A
criminal, for example, might dream about crime. Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age.
His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men
and women are different. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women's dreams. 3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11
cultures around the world, including both modem and
traditional ones. Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this： If
you dream that something terrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the
real world.
词汇：psychologist n.心理学家 psychiatrist n.精神病学
家(医生) Austrian adj.奥地利的 gender n.性别注释：
1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德.费洛伊德(1856-1939)，犹太人，奥地利精
神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的
欲望绝绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有
《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等 2.Carl Jung：卡尔.
荣格，瑞士精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人 3.For
example.the people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of
women’s dreams.例如，男人做梦会梦到男人，并且常与打斗相关;女
人做梦与男人则不同。练习： 1. Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned 2. According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned 3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
4. In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned 5. According to Dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned 6. Men and women dream about different things. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned 7. Scientists agree that dreams predict the future. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned 1.A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义;而有些人则认为，梦能够揭示人的思维和情感。. 2.A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、想法或恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。
3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of
a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(荣格认为梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息)He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己)。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。 4.C文中没有提及。 5.A依据第六段，Domhoff 研究得出：婴儿不像成人做那么多的梦，做梦是一种需要时间提升的技能。这就说明了婴儿不具备成人做梦的水平。 6.A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。7.B最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。译文：什么是梦? 很多世纪以来，人们都对他们梦到的奇异事情感到疑惑。一些心理学家认为，这种大脑的夜间活动并没有特殊含义。另一些人则认
为，梦是生命中重要的一部分。实际上，很多专家认为，梦能揭示人
的心理和情感活动。
近代以前，很多人认为梦传递的是上帝的信息。直到20世纪，人
们才开始从科学的角度研究梦。奥地利心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德
或许是第一个用科学的方法研究梦的人。在他的著作《梦的解析》(1900)中，弗洛伊德写道，梦是一个人愿望的表达。他认为梦打开了
一扇窗，让人们得以表达在生活中不敢表达的情感、思想和恐惧。
瑞士精神病学家卡尔·荣格曾是弗洛伊德的学生，但他对梦的看法与
弗洛伊德不同。他认为，做梦的目的是要给做梦的人传递一种信息。
而人们想想自已做的梦，便能对自己有一个更深刻的了解。比如，如
果梦到从高处坠落，那么他应该反思自己是不是白视过高。反过来，
如果梦中自己成了英雄，应该想想平时可能太看低自己了。现代
心理学家还在继续发展关于梦的理论，来自位于圣克鲁兹的加利福尼
亚大学的威廉·多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他认为，梦境和一个人的日
常生活、思想和行为都紧密相关，比方说，一个罪犯就可能梦到犯罪。多姆霍夫还认为，梦和年龄也相关系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人
做梦做的那么多。他认为，做梦也是一项心理机能，也需要随着年龄
增长而发展。多姆霍夫还发现梦和性别之间的关系。通过研究，他发
现男性和女性的梦境常常是不同的。例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常
是其他男性，而且常与打斗相关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。多姆霍
夫通过研究包括来自现代文化以及传统文化背景在内的11种不同文化
背景的人群梦境中的性别差异得出了上述结论。梦能协助我们更
好地理解自己吗?心理学家还在尝试通过不同方式来解答这个问题，不过，有一件事他们是意见一致的：如果你梦到有不好的事要发生，不
要慌张。梦可能会有意义，但也不意味着你梦到的一些恐怖事情就一
定会发生。要记住，梦中的世界并不是真实的世界。
2015年全国职称英语考试 理工类新增文章汇总 考试重点内容 word版 全网独一份
2015年全国职称英语考试理工类新增文章汇总 word版全网独一份 注：押题皇后王霞老师授意，新增文章仍然是考试热门文章，务必掌 握。 2015年职称英语教材理工类的变动比较小，一共只有5篇新增文章。2015年职称英语教材理工类新增的5篇文章，分布在阅读理解和补全短文：阅读理解理工C和理工B各新增一篇文章；补全短文理工A、B和C各新增一篇文章。完形填空理工类整体都没有新增文章。
理工C阅读理解新增文章 第九篇An Essential Scientific Process All life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live. The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose. Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops. If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet. 词汇： nutrient n.营养物 organism n.生物体，有机体 carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳 chloroplast n.叶绿体 molecule n.分子 vapor n.水蒸气 oxygen n.氧气 photosynthesis n.光合作用 chlorophyll n.叶绿素 glucose n.葡萄糖 cease v.停止 注释： 1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。 练习： 1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means Aheavy. Bextra. Cgreen. Dliquid.
2018年职称英语的理工类新增文章译文
2010年职称英语等级考试用书（理工类） 新增文章参考译文 第四部分阅读理解 第三篇 公民科学家 理解大自然对气候变化有怎样的反应需要监视世界各个角落的关键生命周期事件——花开、叶子的出现、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到来。但是生态学家不可能去到世界的各个角落，所以他们向非科学家求助，这些非科学家有时也被称作公民科学家。 气象科学家不可能足迹遍及天下。因为在世界上有如此多的地方，没有足够的科学家来观察它们。所以他们请求你来帮助观察全世界气候变化的迹象。公民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方面——鸟儿、树木、花开等等——并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。这有助于数量有限的科学家得到如果只靠他们自己根本收集不到的巨大数据。就像公民记者帮助报道传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区的相关信息一样，公民科学家也对他们所居住的环境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出几分钟来搜集数据并发送过来。 一群科学家和教育家在去年发起了一个叫做纽约国家物候学的组织。“物候学”就是科学家们所说的在自然中研究每个事件的时间。 其中一个小组的首要尝试就是依靠科学家和非科学家来收集关于每年植物开花和长叶子的数据。这一项目叫做花季追踪计划，它收集遍布美国的各种各样的植物生长周期的数据。参与这一项目的人们——这一计划对所有人开放——把他们的观察记录在花季追踪计划网站上。 “人们不需要是植物学家——他们仅仅需要环视四周看看周围有什么。”Jennifer
Schwartz说，她是这项计划的教育顾问。“通过收集数据，我们就能够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会有怎样的影响。” 第六篇 北极冰山融化 地球的北极和南极都以冰冷闻名。但是，去年北冰洋上的冰含量跌到了历史最低点。 正常情况下，每年冬天在北极附近的北冰洋开始结冰，并在夏天缩减。但是多年以来，在夏天结束时冰的含量在下降。 自从1979年以来，每l0年在夏季末的冰覆盖量都下降11.4％。在1981到2000年之间，北极冰的厚度下降了22％——变成了l.13米这么薄。 去年，北极的冰雪覆盖达到了最薄的程度。在2007年夏天快结束的时候，冰层已经缩减到只覆盖四百二十万平方公里。这比那年的平均覆盖面积少38％，比两年前最低记录少23％。这个持续的趋势令科学家们万分担忧。 冰雪融化有许多原因，话雅图华盛顿大学的海洋学家张金伦说，有许多原因导致了冰层融化。极不寻常的强风去年刮过大西洋，风把大西洋中部的冰散去，留下大面积的薄冰和没有冰覆盖的海面。 科学家们还怀疑在大西洋上空有比过去越来越少的云层。晴朗的天空使更多的阳光照射大西洋。升高的温度使水和空气都变温暖。在去年大西洋的部分海域，表面温度比平均温度高3.5摄氏度，比历史最高点还高l.5摄氏度。 由于空气和水都变暖，冰从上面和下面都开始融化。在波弗特海的部分海域，阿拉斯加的北部和加拿大的西部，夏天开始时冰的厚度为3.3米，但到了季末仅仅为50厘米。 新的测量表明，情况远远比科学家们仅仅从表面上看到的要严重得多，新罕布什尔州汉
2015职称英语综合类B级真题及答案
2015职称英语综合类B级真题及答案 第1部分词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定一个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The organization was bold enough to face the press. A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D .sensible 2. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A. accept B. control C. observe D. regulate 3. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A limit B. fear C. power D. fool 4. Most people find rejection hard to accept. A. excuse B. client C. destiny D. refusal 5. She's extremely competent and industrious. A. hardworking B. honest C. objective D. independent 6. The doctors did not reveal the truth to him. A. hide B .handle C. disclose D. establish 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. clear B. share C. gather D. spare 8. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. punishment C. guilt D. obligation 9. Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. A. flexible B. terrible C. reasonable D. serious 10. These products are inferior to those we brought last year. A. poorer than B. narrower than C. larger than D. richer than 11. The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly. A. improved B. changed C. worsened D. developed 12. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building. A. coexisting B. fair C. full D .pubic 13. They're petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport. A. requesting B.planning C. preparing D. looking 14. He said some harsh words about his brother. A. unkind B. proper C. normal D. unclear 15. We were attracted by the lure of quick money. A. amount B. supply C. sum D. temp 第2部分: 阅读判断(第16-22题,每题1分,共7分) 下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A: 如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B; 如果该句的信息问中没有提及，请选择C。 Living History at Jamestown Settlement A woman in Native American clothes is sitting in the sun, sewing a dress from skin. Inside a building, a colonist is making a wooden chair, using very simple tools. And all around, tourists are taking pictures with their digital (数码的) cameras. This is Jamestown Settlement today.
职称英语新增文章一
职称英语新增文章一 职称英语文章一 1. On the night of August 17, 1959, at about 20 minutes before midnight, the ground in the vicinity of Yellowstone National Park began shaking violently. At the time there was a rumbling sound, something like a huge truck would make. Both the heaving of the ground and the noise were very frightening but lasted not quite 45 seconds. 1、1959年8月17日的晚上，大约午夜前20分钟，黄石国家公园附近大地开始猛烈 摇动。同时，大地发出如同重型卡车发出的轰响。大地的升降和啸叫都令人非常害怕，但 是一切不超过45秒。 2. What was even more frightening was the sound of huge boulders which began rolling down the steep mountain. In one part of the upper reaches of the Madison River, a whole mountain began shifting, then came crashing down to fill the deep valley and dam the great river with millions of tons rock and trees. 2、更令人害怕的是巨石开始从陡峭的山上滚下来的声音。在麦迪生河上游的一条支 流处，一整座山开始移动，之后，它崩塌下来填满深深的山谷，上百万吨岩石和大树如坝 般阻挡住大河。 3. A dozen or more campers along the river were buried deep beneath the great landslide. Others were able to climb to safety, some of them badly hurt, but were trapped by the slide. Finally these people were saved, many of them by helicopter. 3、十几个，或许更多沿河的露营者被深埋在大滑坡下。幸存的野营者开始爬向较安 全的地方，其中一些人伤得很重，仍然不时陷入滑坡。最后这些人都获救了，其中多人得 救于直升飞机。 4. This earthquake near Yellowstone Park was just one of nearly a million that happen every year all over the world. And as bad as this quake was, many have been worse. Earthquake experts say that the Yellowstone quake of 1959 was about as bad as the one which hit San Francisco in 1906.But the San Francisco quake caused more damage because it struck in a place where there were so many people living. In San Francisco 700 person lost their lives. An earthquake in Japan in 1923 took 160,000 lives. In china in 1920 an earthquake took 200,000 lives. It is easy to understand why earthquake are so feared.
2015职称英语考试卫生类新增文章
第五篇Tracking Down HIV In the summer of 1980, a patient had a strange purplish spot removed from below his ear. It was Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare form of skin cancer. This patient also had lymph node swelling and exhaustion. In November 1980, a Los Angeles immunologist examined a young man who had diseases linked to immune system malfunctions. The doctor had a T-cell count taken of the patient’s blood. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role1 in immune responses. The patient had no helper T-cells. By the end of 1980, 55 Americans were diagnosed with infections related to immune system breakdown; four had died. A year later the death toll was 74. Intravenous drug users had T-cell abnormalities. People who had received blood transfusions showed symptoms of immune system breakdown. By July 1982, 471 cases of the disease, now called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), had been reported; 184 people had died. In April 1984, American virologist Dr. Robert Gallo isolated the pathogen, or disease producer, responsible for2 AIDS. He called it HTLV-III. In Paris, Dr. Luc Montagnier identified a virus he called LAV. An international panel of scientists determined that both men had found the same virus. It became known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blood banks began screening for HTV in 1985, but by then about 29,000 people had been infected through blood transfusions. Some 12,000 hemophiliacs had contracted HIV through blood-clotting products. By 1995, 477,900 Americans had AIDS; 295,500 had died.
职称英语综合类新增文章阅读判断第十一篇
第十一篇Stage Fright Fall down as you come onstage. That‘s an oddtrick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he wasa teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich trippedhim purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,2 Mr. Feltsmansaid,"All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen？" Today,music schools are addressing the problem ofanxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and careerpreparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn tofight stage fright and its symptoms:icy fingers,shaky limbs,racing heart,blank mind.3 Teachers and psychologists offer wide-rangingadvice,from basics like learning pieces inside out,4 to mentaldiscipline,such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don‘tdeny that you’re jittery,they urge,some excitement is natural,even necessary for dynamicplaying. And play in public often,simply for the experience. Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests somestrategies for the moments before performance,“Take two deep abdominalbreaths,open up your shoulders,then smile,she says. ”And not one of these‘please don’t kill me‘ smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in theaudience,people you would communicate with and make music to,and make eyecontact with them.“She doesn’t want performers to think of the audience as ajudge. Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often atthe root of stage fright,says Dorothy Delay,a well-known violin teacher. She tells otherteachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve. When Lynn Harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist ofthe Cleverland Orchestra,and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There weretimes when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chestresponding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where Ithought,"If I have to go through this to play music,I think I’m going to lookfor another job.”5 Recovery,he said,involved developinghumility-recognizing that whatever his talent,he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert wasnot a disaster.6 It is not only young artists who suffer,ofcourse. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz‘s nerves were famous. The greattenor Franco Corelli is another example.“They had to push him on stage,"SopranoRenata Scotto recalled. Actually,success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career,when you‘re scared to death,nobody knows who you are,and they don’t have anyexpectations,"Soprano June Anderson said. “There‘s less to lose. Later on,whenyou’r e known,people are coming to see you,and they have certain expectations.You have a lot to lose.” Anderson added,"I never stop being nervous until I‘ve sung my last note.”
2015年职称英语考试综合类B级试题及参考答案
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