学术论文常用英语总结
再也不用愁SCI了，再也不愁论文中的英文怎么写了！！！英语学术论
文常用句型
英语学术论文常用句型
Beginning
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility
knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and
processing of fuzzy decision rules
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons
for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Chapter 0. Abstract
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
6. The technique used is to employ a newly
developed and versatile xx algorithm.
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
14. This paper analyses problems in
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.
23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Time
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
4. The development of ... is explored
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.
Objective / Goal / Purpose
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow
the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx
4. The scope of this research lies in
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed
15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods
20. This illustration points out the need to specify
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning
27. However, these studies do not provide much
attention to uncertainty in xx.
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
34. The central issue in all these studies is to
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
36. Applied ... techniques to
37. Characterized the ... system as
38. Developed an algorithm to
39. Developed a system called ... which
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
41. Emphasized the need to
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken
44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed
45. Proposed/Presented/State
that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
46. Point out that the problem of
47. A study on ...was done / developed by []
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
49. The approach taken by [] is
50. The system developed by [] consists
51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []
52. []'s model requires consideration of...
53. []' model draws attention to evolution in
human development
54. []'s model focuses on...
55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to
56. The published information that is relevant to this research...
57. This study further shows that
58. Their work is based on the principle of
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
60. Studies have been completed to established
61. The ...studies indicated that
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed
69. An unanswered question
70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....
72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed
73. The three prime issues can be summarized:
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
75. There have been many attempts to
76. It is expected to be serious barrier to
77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
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英语论文参考文献精选3篇
英语论文参考文献精选3篇 英语论文参考文献精选1篇 英文及其它语种的文献在前，中文文献在后，参照以下标准执行。 期刊论文 Bolinger, D. 1965. The atomization of word meaning [J]. Language 41 (4): 555-573. 朱永生，2006，名词化、动词化与语法隐喻[J]，《外语教学与研究》(2)：83-90。 论文集论文 Bybee, J. 1994. The grammaticization of zero: Asymmetries in tense and aspect systems [A]. In W. Pagliuca (ed.). Perspectives on Grammaticalization [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 235-254. 文秋芳，2003a，英语学习者动机、观念、策略的变化规律与特点 [A]。载文秋芳、王立非(编)，《英语学习策略实证研究》[C]。西安：陕西师范大学出版社。255-259。 网上文献 Jiang, Yan. 2000. The Tao of verbal communication: An Elementary textbook on pragmatics and discourse analysis [OL]. (accessed 30/04/2006). 王岳川，2004，当代传媒中的网络文化与电视批评[OL]， (2005年11月18日读取)。 专著 Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language [M]. New York: Holt. 吕叔湘、朱德熙，1952，《语法修辞讲话》[M]。北京：中国青年出版社。 译著 Nedjalkov, V. P. (ed.). 1983/1988. Typology of Resultative Constructions, trans. Bernard Comrie [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 赵元任，1968/1980，《中国话的文法》(A Grammar of Spoken Chinese)[M]，丁邦新译。英语论文参考文献精选3篇英语论文参考文献精选3篇。香港：香港中文大学出版社。 编著/论文集
考研英语写作议论文常见话题经典句型示例
考研英语写作议论文常见话题经典句型示例 1. When asked about..., most people say... But many other people regard...as... I personally think... 当被问及对......有什么看法时，大多数人认为......但是，还有很多人认为......我个人认为...... 2. When it comes to..., some people think that... Others argue that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth to both arguments, but... 涉及......这一问题，有的人认为应该......另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理，但是...... 3. It is widely acknowledged that...contributed to... Experts argue that China must introduce... But I doubt whether...alone will solve the problem。 人们普遍认为......专家认为中国必须推行......但我对仅仅......就能解决问题表示怀疑。 4. An increasing number of people are joining... In reaction to the phenomenon, some say... But do they realize that...can also lead to... 越来越多的人......进入了......针对这一现象，一些人认为......但是，他们有没有意识到......也能导致...... 5. One of the pressing problem facing our nation (China) today is...and... 我们国家(中国)如今面临的紧迫问题之一是...... 6. Perhaps the most dangerous phenomenon gripping the nation today is... 也许当今困扰国家的最危险的现象是...... 7. Never before in history has the issue of...been more evident than now。 历，......的问题从来没有比现在更加突出。 8. Perhaps it is time to reexamine the idea that... 也许现在是应该重新考虑......的时候了。 9. A growing number of people are beginning to realize that...is not the sole prerequisite for happiness。
初中英语教育教学经验总结.
初中英语教育教学经验总结 虞城县第一初级中学：周青峰 2017年4月11日
初中英语教育教学经验总结 虞城县第一初级中学：周青峰 从学校毕业走上我喜爱的工作岗位至今已经十八个年头了，十八年来，受学校领导的重视，我一直从事着初中英语教育教学工作，从刚开始对教学手段、方法的一无所知到现在对教学手段、方法的有效应用，有着太多的心酸与苦楚，但现在的我是快乐的，快乐学生喜欢听我的课，快乐中有喜欢、爱我的学生，快乐中家长的认同、学校的认可，快乐付出与回报的真理。下面就我这几年来从事的中学英语教育教学工作谈一下自己的体会： 一、要取得好的课堂教学效果首先要学会爱学生 我一直认为只有拥有关爱学生之心的老师才会真正热爱自己的教师职业，才会尽职尽责完成教学任务。会去爱学生的老师自然就可以营造出良好的师生关系，才会去努力营造良好的教学氛围，如果师生之间能处于一种和谐的状态，教学当中出现的问题便能迎刃而解。所以在教学过程中，我始终把关爱学生放在了第一位。只要是我的学生，无论成绩好坏，我都一视同仁，平等对待。对性格孤僻的学生和学习状态调整不过来的学生，尤其给予了更多热情帮助。有付出就一定会有回报，教师的真诚学生是能感受到的，在任教多年的班级中，学生都能够将自己的想法告诉我，当然包括成长的喜悦和烦恼，也包括教学上的成绩与不足，我感觉到了莫大的喜悦与满足，学生让我成长了许多，学到了许多！在课堂上一直提醒自己要坚持与学生平等相处，鼓励他们谈自己的想法，尽量使师生之间形成一种平等交流的习惯，才能充分发挥学生的学习主动性，课堂教学的效果才能得到真正实现，学生的自信度才会增强！ 二、教师自身素质的提高是教学的保证，要“身正学高”师生同乐 要成为一名优秀的教师，光有爱心还远远不够，爱心只是作好称职老师教好书的前提。所谓“身正为范，学高为师”，要作一个好老师，不仅要能得学生心，还要在各方面都能在学生面前起到表率作用，无论是工作还是学识上都应该让学生佩服，这样学生才会对你产生信任感，才会甘心听从你的教导，才会喜欢上你的课。老师对学生的承诺一定要做到，否则在学生心中的信任度就会大打折扣，学生对老师
英文学术论文常用词句
英语学术论文常用词句 1. 常用词汇与短语 差别：gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference 存在，出现：occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数：the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法：approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率：Incidence, frequency, prevalence 发现，阐明，报道，证实：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation 改变：change, alteration, 高，增加：high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced 各种，多种：in multiple types of, in various types of, in a variety of 关系，相关，参与：closely involved in, associated, 广泛的：in an extensive survey 执行：perform, carry out 降，少，缺：decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed 角色，起作用：role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role） 可能性：feasibility 密切地：intimately 难理解的，似谜的：enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)
英语论文审稿人审稿经验与建议
如果大家仔细看了这些高质量期刊对审稿人审稿的要求或者说直接点，就是对稿件的要求，我想大家心里都有底了。结合我个人的审稿经验，我个人认为一篇高质量的学术论文应该具有下面十个要素： （1）原创性 （2）创新性 （3）题目合适 （4）好的摘要 （5）论文组织论证严密（逻辑性强） （6）图表清晰可靠 （7）英语表达好，语法拼写等错误少 （8）精选参考文献 （9）LETTER 要求投的文章要适合该期刊 （10）可读性，好的文章通俗易懂，有影响力 我审稿时看稿件的顺序是题目、摘要、图表、前言、参考文献和正文，我觉得题目、摘要、前言、图表、参考文献很重要，实验部分我觉得其次。大部分期刊的基本要求：原创性、创新性、图表、论证、组织、写作、参考文献。 一般国外期刊至少两个审稿人，也有三个甚至还有六七个的，审稿人会有不同的审稿方位和审稿重点，所以按照审稿人意见逐条仔细修改很重要的，当然主编根据多位审稿人的意见，进行综合后给出最终决定的，所以你在写作时要从审稿人的角度去写作尽量方方面面考虑到，语法、语言组织、论文逻辑结构、图表表达，实验结果配合理论、仿真等会更好，如果是快报，当然可以只给出实验结果也行。只有实验数据的文章，除非创新性很强，一般不会发表在高档期刊的。也许有人认为差一点的杂志档次要求应该低一些，实际上，如果你认为档次差一点的期刊要求低一些，这对你会有害处的，不管档次高低，高标准要求自己是最好的，而且现在低一点档次的期刊投稿数量越来越多，如何在这么多文章中脱颖而出并被录用，高标准是关键因素。 至于期刊的审稿周期，我审稿的期刊都要我一个月内审完，我都提前十天审完，如果审稿人一个月内没审完，可以申请延期。当然很好的查询审稿周期方法是：下载该期刊最近五六篇文章，查看摘要下面或者页尾的文章时间信息，会有submit、revise、accept 和available online 等信息，算算相关时间就能估计该期刊的审稿周期了。 现在来谈谈英文文章的写作和注意事项 （1）题目： 概括性强、体现创新性、精炼 题目写作注意事项： 英文题目以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或) 后置定语构成。例如：The fabrication of …。短语型题目要确定好中心
英语教育教学小学经验总结
英语教育教学小学经验总结 在本学期的教学工作中，我能够紧紧围绕新课改的要求，贯彻落实新课标，以学生为主体，以人为本开展各项工作，效果也还不错，下面给大家整理了关于小学英语教育教学经验总结，方便大家学习。 小学英语教育教学经验总结1 一学年来，我自始至终以认真、严谨的治学态度，在教育理论指导下勤恳、坚持不懈地从事教育、教学工作。本学期是我担任小学六年级英语教学工作。在本学期的教学中，我深深地感到教小学英语之难之累。正因为如此，我严格遵循教学五环节，课前认真备课，做到既备教材，又备学生，因材施教，努力实施课堂改革，积极探索小学英语快乐课堂，小学阶段英语教学的目的是：激发学生学习英语的兴趣，培养学生学习英语的积极性，使他们树立学习英语的自信心，同时培养学生一定的语感和良好的语音、语调基础，为进一步学习打下基础。在英语课堂教学中，怎样创设良好的学习氛围、激发学生的兴趣是搞好小学英语教学的重要一环。下面结合本学期教学实践总结一下教学情况如下： 一、认真备课、面向全体授课
在教学中，认真备课，根据学生的实际学习情况和向其他教师取得的经验，不断地加以改善修改;在传授学生知识时，不厌其烦，耐心教导学生，还耐心地辅导学生复习遗漏知识;在传授学生知识的同时，并对他们进行思想教育，教育优生帮助后进生。 二、在课堂教学中 第一、在课堂上，认真授课，运用实物教具、简笔画，情景教学、手势语言等方法来启发、教育学生。教学生做游戏、唱英语歌等来激发学生的学习兴趣。鼓励学生大胆质疑，注重师生互动、生生互动的教学，充分调动学生的学习积极性。 第二、在批改作业方面。学生的作业总是及时批改，并详细地做好批注，对普遍性错误，在全班重复讲解、分析。针对个别学生的作业还采取面批方法，提高了教学质量。 第三、在听力方面。为提高学生的听力水平，常让学生听英语歌曲及英语会话的录音磁带，还让学生表演对话，背书。 三、教学过程的总体把握 1)在教学总体目标上，重兴趣、重成就感、重自信心的培养。并通过多种激励的方式，激进学生积极参与、大胆实践、体验成功的喜悦。有了成就感，就有了自信心，学习就渴望学习英语。在课程实施上，重环境、重频率。教学中特别强调语言环境的创
初中英语教学工作总结5篇精选
初中英语教学工作总结5篇精选 通过总结，人们可以把零散的、肤浅的感性认识上升为系统、深刻的理性认识，从而得出科学的结论，以便改正缺点，吸取经验教训，使今后的工作少走弯路，多出成果。下面是小编给大家精心挑选的工作总结，希望能帮助到大家! 初中英语教学工作总结篇一 一学年来，我认识搞好自己的本职工作，不断提高自己的思想觉悟和教学水平，认真学习新的教育理论，与时俱进，不断创新，积极推进教育教学改革，积极完成学校的各项工作，尊重并热爱学生，使学生学有所长，全面发展，下面就我本学年的工作作如下总结： 一、政治思想方面： 在本学年的教学中，我认真贯彻党的教育方针，以三个代表为理论指导，以八荣八耻严格规范自己的言行，不断学习教育教学法规，把对学生的思想品德教育入在首位，不断学习新的教育理论，及时更新教育理念，积极地投身于教育教学工作之中。新的教育形式要求我们必须具有先进的教育观念，才能适应教育的发展。所以我积极参加校本培训，做了大量的政治笔记与理论笔记，从中汲取营养，不断提高思想认识和政治修养。
二、教育教学方面： 要提高教育教学质量，就要搞好教学中的各个环节，本学年我做了下面的工作： 1、备好课，认真钻研教材，从备课本、备学生、备教法等方面入手，积极做好课前准备。 认真钻研教材，对教材的基本思想、基本概念、每个知识点都钻研清楚，了解教材的结构，重点与难点，掌握知识的逻辑，能运用自如，分析应补充哪些资料，怎样才能教好。了解学生原有的知识技能的质量，他们的兴趣、需要、方法、习惯，学习新知识可能会有哪些困难，采取相应的教学措施。考虑教法，包括如何组织教材、如何安排每节课的活动，解决如何充分挖掘教育资源，利用现代传媒，把知识传授给学生，让学生形成技能、能力等。 2、认真组织教学，创设良好的课堂氛围，形成良好的师生关系，提高每节课的教学效率。 组织好课堂教学，关注全体学生，注意信息反馈，根据学生的身心特点，调动学生的有意注意，使其保持相对稳定性，同时，激发学生的情感，使他们产生愉悦的心境，创造良好的课堂气氛，课堂语言简洁明了，克服了以前重复的毛病，课堂提问面向全体学生，注意引发学生学英语的兴趣，课堂上讲练结合，布置好家
英语论文参考文献总结参考文献论文
英语论文参考文献总结,参考文献论文 外国文学 剑桥文学指南丛书（英文版），上海外语教育出版社，1999—2000（包括莎士比亚研究、英国诗歌研究、18世纪英国小说、英国浪漫主义文学、现代主义研究、哈代、奥斯丁、詹姆斯、福克纳、海明威、艾略特、康拉德、乔伊斯、奥尼尔、王尔德、萧伯纳、梭罗、惠特曼、马克吐温、庞德、伍尔夫等英美小说家、诗人和文学流派研究著作共30种） 戴维洛奇小说的艺术北京：作家出版社，1998 高奋西方现代主义文学源与流宁波：宁波出版社，2000 侯维瑞现代英国小说史上海：上海外语教育出版社，1986 胡经之，王岳川主编文艺学美学法论北京：北京出版社，1994 黄晋凯主编荒诞派戏剧北京：中国人民大学出版社，1996 霍夫曼佛洛伊德主义与文学思想王宁译北京：三联书店，1987 拉曼塞尔顿编文学批评理论刘象愚，陈永国等译北京：北京大学出版社，2000 霍纳韦勒克近代文学批评史（第4卷）上海：上海译文出版社，1997 李维屏英美现代主义文学概观上海：上海外语教育出版社，1998 柳鸣九编选新小说派研究北京中国社会科学出版社，1986 吕同六主编 20世纪世界小说理论经典北京：华夏出版社，1995 罗伯特斯皮勒美国文学的周期——历史评论专集王长荣译上海：上海外语出版社，1990 罗德霍顿美国文学思想背景房炜等译北京人民出版社，1991 梅佛里德曼意识流，文学手法研究上海：华东师范大学出版社，1992 米兰昆德拉小说的艺术孟湄译北京：三联书店，1995 史志康主编美国文学背景概观上海：上海：上海外语出版社，1998 徐葆耕西方文学心灵历史北京清华大学出版社，1990 殷企平小说艺术管窥天津：百花文艺出版社，1995 语言学 奥马利第二语言习得的学习策略上海：上海外语出版社，2001 陈保亚 20 世纪中国语言学方法论济南：山东教育出版社，1999 丁言仁英语语言学纲要上海：上海外语出版社，2001 费尔迪南德索绪尔普通语言学教程本论文由无忧论文网整理提供长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001 冯翠华英语修辞大全北京：商务印书馆，1996 桂诗春，宁春言主编语言学方法论北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998 桂诗春应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998 何兆熊新编语用学概要上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000 何自然语用学与英语学习上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997 侯维瑞英语语体上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988 胡壮麟语言学教程（修订版）北京：北京大学出版社，2001 黄国文语篇与语言的功能北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002
英语学术论文写作常用句型
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
学术论文常用英语总结
再也不用愁SCI了，再也不愁论文中的英文怎么写了！！！英语学术论 文常用句型 英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility
knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
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初中英语教学工作总结2篇 Summary of junior high school English Teaching 汇报人：JinTai College
初中英语教学工作总结2篇 前言：工作总结是将一个时间段的工作进行一次全面系统的总检查、总评价、总分析，并分析不足。通过总结，可以把零散的、肤浅的感性认识上升为系统、深刻的 理性认识，从而得出科学的结论，以便改正缺点，吸取经验教训，指引下一步工作 顺利展开。本文档根据工作总结的书写内容要求，带有自我性、回顾性、客观性和 经验性的特点全面复盘，具有实践指导意义。便于学习和使用，本文档下载后内容 可按需编辑修改及打印。 本文简要目录如下：【下载该文档后使用Word打开，按住键盘 Ctrl键且鼠标单击目录内容即可跳转到对应篇章】 1、篇章1：初中英语教学工作总结 2、篇章2：初中英语教学工作总结 篇章1:初中英语教学工作总结 一学年来，我认识搞好自己的本职工作，不断提高自己 的思想觉悟和教学水平，认真学习新的教育理论，与时俱进，不断创新，积极推进教育教学改革，积极完成学校的各项工作，尊重并热爱学生，使学生学有所长，全面发展，下面就我本 学年的工作作如下总结： 一、政治思想方面：
在本学年的教学中，我认真贯彻党的教育方针，以“三个代表”为理论指导，以“八荣八耻”严格规范自己的言行，不断学习教育教学法规，把对学生的思想品德教育入在首位，不断学习新的教育理论，及时更新教育理念，积极地投身于教育教学工作之中。新的教育形式要求我们必须具有先进的教育观念，才能适应教育的发展。所以我积极参加校本培训，做了大量的政治笔记与理论笔记，从中汲取营养，不断提高思想认识和政治修养。 二、教育教学方面： 要提高教育教学质量，就要搞好教学中的各个环节，本学年我做了下面的工作： 1、备好课，认真钻研教材，从备课本、备学生、备教法等方面入手，积极做好课前准备。 认真钻研教材，对教材的基本思想、基本概念、每个知识点都钻研清楚，了解教材的结构，重点与难点，掌握知识的逻辑，能运用自如，分析应补充哪些资料，怎样才能教好。了解学生原有的知识技能的质量，他们的兴趣、需要、方法、习惯，学习新知识可能会有哪些困难，采取相应的教学措施。考虑教法，包括如何组织教材、如何安排每节课的活动，解决
英语专业毕业论文参考文献汇总
【英语专业】毕业论文参考文献汇总 【文学类】 柳鸣九编选新小说派研究北京中国社会科学出版社，1986 徐葆耕西方文学心灵历史北京清华大学出版社，1990 殷企平小说艺术管窥天津：百花文艺出版社，1995 戴维洛奇小说的艺术北京：作家出版社，1998 高奋西方现代主义文学源与流宁波：宁波出版社，2000 侯维瑞现代英国小说史上海：上海外语教育出版社，1986 胡经之，王岳川主编文艺学美学法论北京：北京出版社，1994 黄晋凯主编荒诞派戏剧北京：中国人民大学出版社，1996 霍夫曼佛洛伊德主义与文学思想王宁译北京：三联书店，1987 拉曼塞尔顿编文学批评理论刘象愚，陈永国等译北京：北京大学出版社，2000 霍纳韦勒克近代文学批评史（第4卷）上海：上海译文出版社，1997 李维屏英美现代主义文学概观上海：上海外语教育出版社，1998 吕同六主编20世纪世界小说理论经典北京：华夏出版社，1995 罗伯特斯皮勒美国文学的周期——历史评论专集王长荣译上海：上海外语出版社，1990 罗德霍顿美国文学思想背景房炜等译北京人民出版社，1991 梅佛里德曼意识流，文学手法研究上海：华东师范大学出版社，1992 米兰昆德拉小说的艺术孟湄译北京：三联书店，1995 史志康主编美国文学背景概观上海：上海：上海外语出版社，1998 【语言学】 奥马利第二语言习得的学习策略上海：上海外语出版社，2001 陈保亚20 世纪中国语言学方法论济南：山东教育出版社，1999
丁言仁英语语言学纲要上海：上海外语出版社，2001 费尔迪南德索绪尔普通语言学教程长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001 冯翠华英语修辞大全北京：商务印书馆，1996 桂诗春，宁春言主编语言学方法论北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998 桂诗春应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998 何兆熊新编语用学概要上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000 何自然语用学与英语学习上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997 侯维瑞英语语体上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988 胡壮麟语言学教程（修订版）北京：北京大学出版社，2001 黄国文语篇与语言的功能北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002 黄国文语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988 李延富主编英语语言学基本读本济南：山东大学出版社，1999 李运兴语篇翻译引论北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000 刘润清西方语言学流派北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999 刘润清等现代语言学名著选读（上下册）北京：测绘出版社，1988 刘润清等语言学入门北京：人民教育出版社，1990 陆国强现代英语词汇学（新版）上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999 戚雨村现代语言学的特点和发展趋势上海外语教育出版社，1997 秦秀白文体学概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1990 孙志外国语言研究论文索引（1995—1999）上海外语教育出版社，2001 索绪尔普通语言教程北京：商务印书馆，1999
七年级上英语教学经验总结
七年级上册第一学期英语教学经验总结 陶敏 这学期，我接了初一年级的英语教学工作，通过一学期的教学，使我产生了一些困惑：首先是七年级的学生在小学基本未接触英语，少部分学生也只在暑假时接触了一些，程度不同这给我的教学造成了很大的困难，新课改倡导全人教育，强调课程要促进每个学生身心健康的发展，培养学生良好的品质的终身学习的能力；新课改倡导建设性学习，注重科学探究的学习，关注体验性学习，提倡交流与合作、自主创新学习。课程改革的成败关键在于教师，教师是课程改革的实施者，作为教师的我必须做好充分的准备，学习新课程改革理论，更新教学观念，迎接新课改的挑战。下面简单地回顾一下这学期所做的一些英语教学工作。 一、面向全体学生，为学生全面发展和终身发展奠定基础 1、创设各种情景，鼓励学生大胆地使用英语，对他们在学习过程中的失误和错误采取宽容的态度。在教学过程中，每个需要掌握的知识点，我都从差生入手，使他们掌握最基本的知识的同时，注意拓宽知识面，关注优生的情况，给他们自主学习和直接交流的机会。 2、为学生提供自主学习和直接交流的机会，以及充分表现和自我发展的一个空间。
3、鼓励学生通过体验、实践、合作、探索等方式，发展听、说、读、写的综合能力。 4、创造条件让学生能够探究他们自己的一些问题，并自主解决问题。 二、关注学生情感，创造民主、和谐的教学气氛 学生只有对自己、对英语及其文化有积极的情态，才能保持英语学习的动力并取得成绩，刻板的情态，不仅会影响英语学习的效果，还会影响其它发展，情态是学好英语的重要因素，因此我努力创造宽松民主、和谐的教学空间，做到： 1、尊重每个学生，积极鼓励他们在学习中的尝试，保护他们的自尊心和积极性。 2、把英语教学与情态有机地结合起来，创造各种合作学习的活动，促进学生互相学习，互相帮助，体验成就感，发展合作精神。 3、关注学习有困难的或性格内向的学习，尽可能地为他们创造语言的机会。 4、建立融洽、民主的师生交流渠道，经常和学生一起反思学习过程和学习效果，互相鼓励和帮助，做到教学相关。 5、加强课外辅导、个别辅导。 三、加强对学生学习策略的指导，让他们在学习和适用的过程中逐步学会如何学习 1、积极创造条件，让学生参与到阶段性学习目标，以及实
英文学术论文常用替换词
1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons. 2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good. rosy ；adj. 蔷薇色的，玫瑰红色的；美好的；乐观的；涨红脸的 3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive 替换。） Adverse；adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的（名词adverseness，副词adversely） 4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many. if not most:即使不是大多数 5. a slice of, quite a few 替换some. a slice of:一片，一份 6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。 harbor v/n庇护；怀有 7. affair, business, matter 替换thing. 8. shared 替换common . 9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits. 10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion. 11. Increasing, growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.） 12. little if anything或little or nothing 替换hardly. 13. beneficial, rewarding 替换helpful. 14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换customer. 15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very. 16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换unnecessary, avoidable. 17. indispensable 替换necessary. 18. sth appeals to sb., sth. exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb. take interest in / sb. be interested in. 19. capture one's attention 替换attract one's attention. 20. facet, dimension, sphere 替换aspect. 21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换indicate, suggest, fear. 22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause. 23. There are several reasons behind sth. 替换…reasons for sth. 24. desire 替换want. 25. pour attention into 替换pay attention to. 26. bear in mind that 替换remember. 27. enjoy, possess 替换have（注意process是过程的意思）。 28. interaction 替换communication. 29. frown on sth 替换be against , disagree with sth. 30. as an example 替换for example, for instance. 31. next to / virtually impossible 替换nearly / almost impossible. 32. regarding / concerning 替换about. 33. crucial /paramount 替换important. 34. 第一（in the first place/the first and foremost）；
初中英语教学经验总结名师优秀资料
英语教育教学经验总结 从2002年任教英语至今已经有十几个年头，根据这些年的一线教学，积累摸索了一些英语教学经验。 一节好的英语课，需要教师课前认真准备。我认为每堂课的教学反思是很有效的提高课堂教学效果的方法。在进行英语课堂教育教学时，应该注意以下问题的处理： 一、抓好语法教学 现行英语教材所涉及的内容多，课时又极有限。语法教学揭示了语言的内在规律。对于学生来说，一定的语法知识有助于更正确和更标准地使用语言。语法学习是掌握一门语言的捷径。近些年英语教学方法不断翻新。在语言教学过程中，英语的语法都是贯穿在教学中的，英语对于学生们来说，有许多陌生的地方，如单词难记，句子结构不容易掌握。所以，在教学中，要腾出时间进行语法教学，但教授语法不能脱离语境——如能将语法知识融入语言材料中，通过阅读材料分析重点内容、强化难点等方法，让学生明白其中的内容。选取的材料应有趣：与学生生活有关的小文章、诗词、对话等，都可以用。也可选取英美小说简易本中的东西，让学生读。网络上、报纸上许多与学生所学知识有关的材料也可以拿来用。另外，让学生做点语法练习，这样做，有百益而无一害。我认为语法教学在基础英语教学中不可缺少，方法应多样。 二、加大背诵力度
在七年级教学中，我一般比较注重培养学生对英语的兴趣，从学生一开始学英语，就要注意指导学生去背诵。由背句子，背对话，再到背诵长文章，作为老师要有督促学生朗读背诵的意识。学生一旦养成良好的学习习惯，教学就成功了一半。入门阶段有的时候对于基础薄弱的学生来说需要死记硬背和灵活方法相结合。想不费功夫，就牢记单词、脱口而出讲英语，恐怕是徒劳的 三、努力用英语组织课堂 用英语教英语，这应当成为英语课堂教学的要求之一，应该倡导。尽量用英语讲课，语速自然停顿恰当，不给学生在大脑中进行英汉转换的时间，这对教师的口语也是有一定的要求了。课堂上，教师如果用英语组织课堂教学，刚开始学生可能不太适应，但如果坚持做下去，学生的听说能力、语言运用能力就会逐渐增强。在课堂上我一般会鼓励学生，客服他们“害羞、怕开口”的毛病。课前几分钟的说话练习，培养学生的学习热情，营造课堂气氛，对学生起帮带作用。热身对话以新颖愉快的方式拉开教学帷幕，以迅速简洁的形式整合学生思维，从而把学生带入轻松活泼的教学活动中。 四、打好基础 基础很关键。在刚开始英语教学时，作为教师应当抓好学生的语音关、书写关，教学生国际音标的读音、元音字母和字母组合的读音规则，让学生朗读单词。反复认真的模仿及大声朗读，有助于培养学生的语音和语调。对学生进行看、听训练的同时也要求学生反复模仿，养成良好的语音习惯。对于长词、长句的语音训练，要分音节
专业英语论文参考文献范例
https://www.360docs.net/doc/139672122.html, 专业英语论文参考文献 一、专业英语论文期刊参考文献 [1].硕士研究生基础英语和专业英语词汇学习策略研究. 《外语教学与研究》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京 大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2001年6期.张萍. [2].《食品专业英语》教学中培养学生阅读理解能力的探讨. 《西南师范大学学报（自然科学版）》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2015年8期.杨吉霞.杜木英.贺稚非. [3].《植物保护专业英语》教学模式探析. 《安徽农业科学》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大 学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年32期.陈孝仁.苏宏华.王燕萍.张清霞. [4].基于研究生专业英语发展的PDA服务模式探讨. 《图书馆工作与研究》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南 京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2013年1期.王彩虹.李琼华. [5].低年资护士专业英语认知情况的调查. 《中华现代护理杂志》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.2014 年6期.潘丽华.曹宴宾. [6].陕西省某医学院“卓越医生”专业英语能力培养体系构建. 《医学与社会》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.2015年9期.薛英利.弥曼.党少兵.吴戈.梁栋. [7].城乡规划专业英语教学现状及改革探索. 《安徽农业科学》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大 学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2013年14期.于晓淦. [8].专业英语在软件工程建设中的教学改革与实践. 《计算机工程与科学》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北 京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2011年z1期.毛宏燕.姜宁康.张居阳. [9].浅谈专业英语文化教学. 《教育探索》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学 《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2011年7期.陈艳虹.